and parallel to the Equator are term'd Parallels of Latitude But besides those actually inscrib'd we are to conceive the Globe as furnisht with a vast multitude of such Circles for every degree of Latitude yea and every sixtieth part of each degree is supposed to have an imaginary Parallel Circle passing through the same But since Latitude as aforesaid is the Distance from the Equator to either of the Poles it from hence follows that the greatest Latitude consisteth of 90 Degrees Now correspondent to each of those Degrees or the 1 360 of a great Circle in the Heavens is a certain Space of the Surface of the Earth which is every where of the same Extent in it self but different in its number of Parts according to the different reckoning of various Countries To know the said different number of Parts of what sort soever whether they be Miles Leagues or other Measures corresponding to one Degree in the Heavens is absolutely necessary for the right understanding of the true Distance of Places in different Countries we shall therefore illustrate the same and that by the following Table answerable to one Degree are Common Italian English and Turkish Miles 60 Ordinary French Leagues 20 Spanish Miles according to Vulgar reckoning 17½ German Dutch Danish and Great Poland Miles 15 Miles usual in Swedeland 12 Miles usual in Hungary 10 The Versts of Muscovy 80 Persian Arabtan and Egyptian Parasanga 20 The Indian Cos. 24 The Stades of China 250 The Inks of Japan 400 But here note That though these are the most remarkable Measures of Distance throughout the inhabited World with their respective Proportion to one Degree in the Heavens yet we are not to imagine that these Measures are of the same Extent in the various Provinces of the same Country as is evident from the different length of Leagues in different Parts of France as also the diversity of Miles in the South and North of England Def. 15. Longitude is the Distance from the first Meridian and measured upon the Equator In reckoning the various Degrees of Longitude which are 360 in all you are to begin at the first Meridian where-ever it is and to proceed upon the Equator quite round the Globe Correspondent to each of those Degrees in the Equator as to Degrees of Latitude on the Meridian are sixty Italian Miles or twenty French Leagues according to Vulgar Calculation But this is to be understood only of Places exactly under the Equator for the true Distance between two Places lying due East and West in any considerable Latitude is far less in Miles than between other two Places lying exactly under the Equator and likewise under the same Meridians The Reason of which is most evident namely the approaching of the Meridians nearer and nearer to one another till at last they unite all in the Pole But that you may readily find the true Distance in Miles from East to West between any two Places in any Parallel of Latitude we shall here subjoin the following Table in which is set down to every Degree of Latitude the exact number of Miles and sixtieth Part of a Mile that are answerable to one Degree in the Equator still allowing sixty Italian Miles to such a Degree Lat. m. s Lat. m s Lat m. s Lat. m. s 0 60 00 23 55 12 46 41 40 69 21 32 1 59 56 24 54 48 47 41 00 70 20 32 2 59 54 25 54 24 48 40 08 71 19 32 3 59 52 26 54 00 49 39 20 72 18 32 4 59 50 27 53 28 50 38 32 73 17 32 5 59 46 28 53 00 51 37 44 74 16 32 6 59 40 29 52 28 52 37 00 75 15 32 7 59 37 30 51 56 53 36 08 76 14 32 8 59 24 31 51 24 54 35 26 77 13 32 9 59 10 32 50 52 55 34 24 78 12 32 10 59 00 33 50 20 56 33 32 79 11 28 11 58 52 34 49 44 57 32 40 80 10 24 12 58 40 35 49 08 58 31 48 81 9 20 13 58 28 36 48 32 59 31 00 82 8 20 14 58 12 37 47 56 60 30 00 83 7 20 15 58 00 38 47 16 61 29 04 84 6 12 16 57 40 39 46 36 62 28 08 85 5 12 17 57 20 40 46 00 63 27 12 86 4 12 18 57 04 41 45 16 64 26 16 87 3 12 19 56 44 42 44 36 65 25 20 88 2 04 20 56 24 43 43 52 66 24 24 89 1 04 21 56 00 44 43 08 67 23 28 90 0 00 22 55 36 45 42 24 68 22 32 Def 16. Zones are large Tracts of the Surface of the Earth lying Parallel to the Equator and distinguish'd by the four lesser Circles of the Globe They 're term'd Zones from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Zona vel Cingulum because they encompass the Globe of the Earth in some manner as a Girdle doth surround the Body of a Man and are in number Five Viz. Two Frigid comprehended between The Polar Circles and the Poles Two Temperate The Polar Circles and the Tropicks One Torrid The Two Tropicks and divided by the Equator Of these the Ancients imagin'd only the Two Temperate to be habitable esteeming the scorching Heat of the Torrid and pinching Cold of the two Frigid to be equally intollerable according to that of the Poet Quarum quae media est non est habitabilis aestu Nix tegit alta duas Ovid. Metam 1. Def. 17. Climates are those Tracts of the Surface of the Earth bounded by imaginary Circles running Parallel to the Equator and of such a breadth from South to North that the length of the Artificial Day in one surpasseth that in the other by half an Hour They 're term'd Climates from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Declino vel Inclino because in numbring of them they decline from the Equator and incline to either Pole Not to mention what the Ancients taught of Climates either as to their number or manner of reckoning them It 's sufficient for our present purpose to consider that Modern Geographers have advanc'd the Number of them to 60. From the Equator to each of the Polar Circles are 24 arising from the difference of ½ Hour in the longest Day and from the Polar Circles to the Poles themselves are Six arising from the difference of an intire Month the Sun being seen in the first of these a whole Month without setting in the second two and in the third three Months c. How all these Climates are fram'd viz. the true Parallel of Latitude in which they end that being likewise the beginning of the following with the respective breadth of each of them you may clearly see by the following Tables Climat Climates between the Equator and Polar Circles d. m. d. m Clim d. m. d. m. Par. of Lat. Breadth Par. of Lat. Breadth 1 08 25 8 25 13 59 58 1 29 2 16 25 8 00 14 61 18 1 20 3 23 50 7 25
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 citò 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Fluo is a mighty Rendesvouz or large Collection of Waters environing a considerable Part of the Main Continent Def. 34. The Sea Lat. Salum à sale quia salsum is a smaller Collection of Waters intermingled with Islands and intirely or mostly environed with Land Def. 35. A Gulf Lat. Sinus quasi sinu suo mare complectens is a part of the Sea every where environed with Land except one Passage whereby it communicates with the neighbouring Sea or main Ocean Def. 36. A Strait Lat. Fretum à ferveo quod ibi ferveat mare propter angustiam is a narrow Passage either joyning a Gulf to the neighbouring Sea or Ocean or one part of the Sea or Ocean to another Def. 37. A Lake Lat. Lacus a Gr. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Fossa vel Fovea is a small Collection of deep standing Water intirely surrounded with Land and having no visible or immediate Communication with the Sea Def. 38. A River Lat. Flumen vel Fluvius à fluo is a considerable Stream of fresh Water issuing out of one or various Fountains and continually gliding along in one or more Channels till it disgorgeth it self at last into the gaping Mouth of the thirsty Ocean These being all the necessary Terms commonly us'd in Modern Geography and particularly those that either need or can well admit of a Definition Description or Derivation We proceed in the next place to SECT II. Containing some pleasant Geographical Problems Prob. 1. THE Diameter of the Artificial Globe being given to find its Surface in Square and its Solidity in Cubick Measure Multiply the Diameter by the Circumference or a great Circle dividing the Globe into two equal Parts and the Product will give the first Then Multiply the said Product by ⅙ of the Diameter and the Product of that will give the second After the same manner we may find the Surface and Solidity of the Natural Globe as also the whole Body of the Atmosphere surrounding the same providing it be always and every where of the same height for having found the perpendicular height thereof by that common Experiment of the ascent of Mercury at the foot and top of a Mountain double the said Height and add the same to the Diameter of the Earth then Multiply the whole as a new Diameter by its proper Circumference and from the Product substract the Solidity of the Earth the Remainder will give the Solidity of the Atmosphere Prob. 2. To Rectify the Globe The Globe being set upon a true Plain raise the Pole according to the given Latitude then fix the Quadrant of Altitude in the Zenith and if any Mariner's Compass upon the Pedestal let the Globe be so situated as that the brazen Meridian may stand due South and North according to the two Extremities of the Needle Prob. 3. To find the Longitude and Latitude of any place By Longitude we do not here understand that Opprobrium Navigatorum of Easting and Westing but simply the distance between the given place and the first Meridian inscrib'd on the Surface of the Globe For the finding of which bring the given place to the East-side of the brazen Meridian and observe what Degree of the Equator is just under the said Meridian for that is the Degree of Longitude peculiar to the given place and the Degree of the Meridian exactly above that place is its proper Latitude which is either Southern or Northern according as the place is South or North of the Equinoctial Line Prob. 4. The Longitude and Latitude of any place being given to find that place on the Globe Bring the given Degree of Longitude to the brazen Meridian reckon upon the same Meridian the Degree of given Latitude whether South or North and make a mark with Chalk where the reckoning ends the Point exactly under that Chalk is the place desir'd Prob. 5. The Latitude of any place being given to find all those places that have the same Latitude The Globe being rectify'd according to the Latitude of the given place and that place being brought to the brazen Meridian make a mark exactly above the same and turning the Globe round all those places passing under the said mark have the same Latitude with the given place Prob. 6. To find the Sun 's place in the Ecliptick at any time The Month and Day being given look for the same upon the wooden Horizon and over against the Day you will find the particular Sign and Degree in which the Sun is at that time observing withal the difference between the Julian and Gregorian Kalendar which Sign and Degree being noted in the Ecliptick the same is the Sun's place or pretty near it at the time desired Prob. 7. The Month and Day being given as also the particular time of that Day to find those places of the Globe to which the Sun is in their Meridian at that particular time The Pole being elevated according to the Latitude of the place in which you are and the Sun's Place found in the Ecliptick at the time given bring the same to the brazen Meridian and setting the Index of the Horary Circle at the upper Figure of XII turn the Globe till the said Index point at the given Hour of the Day Which done fix the Globe in that Situation and observe all those places exactly under the brazen Meridian for those are the places desired Prob. 8. To know the Length of the Day and Night in any place of the Earth at any time Elevate the Pole according to the Latitude of the given place find the Sun's place in the Ecliptick at that time which being brought to the East side of the Horizon set the Index of the Horary Circle at Noon or the upper Figure of 12. and turning the Globe about till the aforesaid place of the Ecliptick touch the Western side of the Horizon look upon the Horary Circle and wheresoever the Index pointeth reckon the Number of Hours between the same and the upper Figure of 12. for that is the Length of the Day at the time desir'd the Complement whereof is the Length of the Night Note There is a Mistake in working the 7th Problem for the same ought to be performed thus The Pole being elevated according to the Latitude of the given Place bring the said Place to the brazen Meridian and setting the Index of the Horary Circle at the Hour of the Day in the given Place turn the Globe till the Index point at the upper Figure of XII which done fix the Globe in that Situation and observe what places are exactly under the upper Hemisphere of the brazen Meridian for those are the Places desir'd Prob. 9. To find by the Globe the Antaeci Periaeci and Antipodes of any given place Bring the given Place to the brazen Meridian and finding its true Latitude count upon the Equator the same number of Degrees towards the opposite Pole and observe
on purpose to come at the same Another call'd Grotto-Popetschio with many other subterraneous Caverns in Carniola near the Zirchnitzer-Sea above-mention'd And finally that near Hamelen about 30 miles from Hanover at whose mouth stands a Monument expressing the Loss of 130 Children who were swallowed up alive in that very place above 400 Years ago 4. Stately Edifices especially some famous Cathedrals as particularly those of Strasburg and Magdeburg in the latter of which are 49 Altars as also that of Ulm Remarkable for its curious Organ so much talked off it being 93 Foot high and 28 broad being likewise furnish'd with 16 pair of Bellows and having Pipes of such a prodigious Bigness that the largest of them is 13 Inches Diameter 5. Some Observable Rocks and Stones particularly those two Rocks nigh to Blackenburg above-mention'd which naturally represent two Monks in their proper Habits and that as exactly as if design'd for such and near to Blackenburg are several Stones dug out of the Ground having on them the Representation of divers Animals especially Fishes in a neighbouring Lake and sometimes the Resemblance of a Man In another Lake in the Earldom of Mansfeild are Stones exactly shap'd like Frogs and various sorts of Fishes Add to these the Remarkable Stones commonly found upon Count Calenberg about two German miles from Vienna having the lively Impression of Trees and Leaves of Trees upon them As also a Quarry in those Parts out of which are dug some Stones equally transparent with refin'd Sugar-Candy 6. Many choice Cabinets of Rarities especially That in the Palace of Inspruck with another at Dresden but the chief of all is that in the Emperour's Palace at Vienna whose Curiosities are so vastly numerous that a bare Catalogue of them makes a compleat Volume in Folio To all these add that modern Curiosity kept at Mentz and commonly shewn to Strangers viz. a Leaf of Parchment on which are fairly written twelve different sorts of Hands with variety of Minatures and Draughts curiously done with a Pen and that by one Thomas Schuveiker who was Born without Hands and perform'd the same with his Feet As for the famous Tun of Heidelberg being 31 Foot long and 21 high 't is so notoriously known that we need say nothing of it Arch-Bishopricks in this Country are those of Mentz Magdeburg Triers Saltzburg Cologn Bremen Prague Bishopricks in this Country are those of Metz Brandenburg Paderborn Brixen Toul Havelberg Constance Gurk Verdun Spire Halberstadt Vienna Liege Worms Bamburg Newstadt Munster Strasburg Freisenghen Lubeck Minden Wirtzburg Ratisbon Ratzburg Osnaburg Aichstat Passaw Scheweirin Meissen Verden Chiemse Olmutz Maesburg Ghur Seckaw Leutmeritz Maumburg Heldesheim Lavant Koningsgratz Universities in this Country are those of Vienna Leipsick Francfort on Oder Helmstadt Prague Erfurt Marpurg Sigen Mentz Friburg Strasburg Paderborn Cologn Ingoldstadt Gipswald Altorfe Triers Tubingen Dillinghen Olmutz Liege Rostock Jena Kiel Heidelberg Wittenberg Lewenghen Gratz This People hath a mighty Genius for Mechanical sort of Learning and several of them are famous for some singular Inventions particularly that of the fatal Instrument the Gun accidentally discovered by one Bartholdus Swart a Friar when making a Chimical Experiment with a Crucible set over the Fire having Saltpetre and Sulphur and other such like Ingredients intermixt They are also said to have found out that most useful Art of Printing but the Hollanders do eagerly deny them the honour of that Invention ascribing the same to one Laurence Coster of Harlem and upon strict enquiry it appears that the Germans had indeed the first hint of this Art from Holland and that they only improv'd and perfected the same at Mentz The most noted of the many mechanical Operations of this People of late is that curious Watch of the Emperour Charles the Fifth set in the Jewel of his Ring as also that Clock of the Elector of Saxony's fixt in the Pommel of his Saddle As for the Iron Fly and Wooden Eagle of Regiomontanus they are so well known that it 's superfluous even to name them The Language here us'd is that call'd the High Dutch a Language very Ancient and generally esteem'd both Noble and Manly in the Pronunciation more becoming a General than a Courtier None of the Western European Tongues hath less Affinity with the Latin than it has The Maternal Languages of several Kingdoms and different States in Europe are Originally from the German It 's now divided into a great many Dialects very different from one another The purest of which is generally esteem'd that spoken in Misuia Pater-Noster in the High German runs thus Unser Vatter der du bist in himmel geheyliget werde dein Nahim Zukomm uns dein Ritch dein Wille geschene uf erden wte im himmel Unser taeglich brodt gibbuns heut und vergibuns unser schuldt al 's wir vergoben unsern schuldigern und fuchr uns nicht in Versuchung sonder erlaese uns vom ubel Amen This great Body comprehends above three hundred different Soveraignties but all or most of them are Homagers to one Head own'd as Supream viz. the Emperour of Germany The Empire is Elective and Govern'd by Dyets almost like the General Estates of France The standing Law of the Empire which bindeth all the several States as the various members of one Body is the Civil or Roman mix'd with the Canon to which add the ancient Customs of the Germans and the various Statutes of the Dyets made from time to time The several States have their peculiar Laws obligatory within themselves The whole Empire being divided into Ten Circles each of them excepting Belgium or the Circle of Burgundy which now is allow'd no Vote in the Dyet hath one or more Directors who preside at their Assemblies viz. For Westphalia the Bishop of Munster and Duke of Neuburg are Directors For Lower Saxony are the Marquess of Brandenburg and Duke of Brunswick by turns For Upper Saxony is the Elector of Saxony For the Lower Rhine are the Elector Palatine and Bishop of Worms For Franconia are the Bishop of Bamberg and Marquess of Gulemback For Suabia are the Duke of Wirtenberg and Bishop of Constance For Bavaria are the Elector of Bavaria and Arch-Bishop of Saltzburg And lastly Austria its Director is the Arch-Duke of Austria or his Imperial Majesty Two or three Circles may meet when one of them is attackt from without or in any Confusion within The General Dyets consist of three Bodies viz. Electoral Princes other Princes and Imperial Cities But more particularly In this great Body we may reduce all Soveraignties to these Five namely The Emperour The Ecclesiastick Princes The Electors The Secular Princes The Free Cities I. The Emperour who being of the House of Austria doth claim three sorts of Dominion viz. that of Austria as Hereditary Bohemia as his Right and Hungary by Election In his Life-time he causeth his own Son or Brother or failing of these one of his nearest Kinsmen to be