and blockishness Symptomes consisting Or in the Cavities and passages in the Cavities and passages are very many appertaining to Sence and Motion and to sleeping and waking as dead sleep sleeping Trance Sympâ—omes of Motion are Walking in ones sleep to be taken stiff as it were blasted or Planet-struck the Night-Mare Convulsion Falling-sickness Unquietness and tumbling Sâ—ivering Shaking Trembling Palsies Feebleness of the Limbs and Apoplexy Symptomes in the undue proportion of what should be voided forth do belong Symptomes of the Membranes Pain to the passages and Cavities as a Caâ—arrh Rbeumatismus Bleeding at Nose All these Symptomes â—foresaid I wil now declare particularly The Head-ach either occupies the Pericranium or the Meninges if the Pericranium the pain is outwards if the Meninges the pain is inward Each of these pains reaches unto the Eyes because the internal Membranes do produce the Coats of the Eye called Cornea and Vvea and the Pericranium produces the Coat Conjunctiva The kind of the Pain shews the Nature of the Disease A sharp and biting pain does argue a Cholerick Distemper of the Head a heavy pressing pain shews a Flegmatick Distemper a panting or pulsing pain argues somwhat of an Inflamation A pricking pain shews an Erosion or gnawing caused by a sharp Humor or a Worm which is rare A stretching pain argues abundance of Humor or of windy Spirits which distend the Membranes Now the Pain is either in the whol Head or in the half or in some one particle thereof If it infest the whol Head it is called Cephalalgia if half the Head Hemicrania because the brain is divided into two parts If the pain possess one part as if a Nail were driven in there the Arabians call it Clavus and Ovum the Nail or Egg. If the pain of the Head be of long Continuance it is termed Cephalaea which together with the Hemicrania is periodical but the Cephalalgia is a continual universal Head-ach A continual Pain of the Head joyned with a continual Feaver and signs of malignity is exceeding dangerous according to Hippocrates in the Second of his Prognosticks Pains of the Head are Primary and Proper or Secundary and by Sympathy from other parts These are not so dangerous as the former The Principal Actions of the Brain Imagination Ratiocination and Memory Symptomes of the Substance of the brain are diminished depraved and abolished Depravation of the Fantasie and Reason is Raving the Imminution thereof is Foolishness There is a three-fold Hurt of the Memory but the Abolition thereof has only found a name being called Oblivion The Cause of Foolishness is every great distemper of the brain which is known Foolishness by its Causes as by signs or some ill shaping of the Head which is easily discerned Dotage or Raving consists in absurd Thoughts Words or Deeds The Sayings Dotage of such as rave are estranged from Truth and Reason or not to the point in hand their Deeds are either unusual or undecent their Thoughts are absurd ridiculous and Chymerical The manner of Raving ought to be distinguished to know the differences of the Melancholy Melancholly which causes the same for a Delirium or raving with depravation of the Fansie is termed Melancholly which consists in a false Opinion touching things past present and to come which being manifold it is defined by vain fear anxiety or sorrow Again Melancholly is either Primary or Secondary The Primary has its Original in the brain the Secondary springs from the Hypochondriacal parts whence it is termed Hypochondriaca Melancholia which is either Humoral or Flatulent the former is the worse of the two and brings at last Madness and Out-ragiousness The Melancholy Ecstasie is an excess of Melancholy which is three-fold An Ecstasie Ecstasie simply so called an Ecstasie with silence an Ecstasie with a Frenzy they are caused by black Choler according to the divers degrees of its Adustion Foolishness with laughter is better and safer than with seriousness and fierceness Raving without a Feaver is so much the better by how much the Parts under the short Ribs or the Brain are less heated The Resting and binding up of the Sences is Natural Sleep The breaking off or hindrance of sleep is Watching Either of which being out of measure is hurtful Coma or Dead sleep If Sleep be profound 't is called Coma or Carus Dead-sleep If this Symptome be mixed of Sleep and Watching so that the Patient seems to incline to sleep with his Eyes shut but is not able to sleep it is termed Coma-Vigilans the Drowzy Watch. But if one that has a sleeping Disease upon him every time he is awakened does rave and talk idlely the Disease is called Typhomania And if a man lie stiff with his Eyes open and when he comes to himself remembers The Night-Mare what was done about him it is termed Incubus the Mare which is wont to happen in the right to such as lie upon their backs or have glutted themselves with feasting and it seems that they are choaked by some Devil lying upon them or by some Theif that has laid hold upon them to Rob and Murther them The abolition of al sence and motion saving Respiration is called Catalepsis or Catalepsis Catoche whereby a Man is Frozen as it were in that posture he was in when the fit seazed upon him It springs from a Cold distemper of the Brain with Flegm Carus is a deep Sleep which comes upon Feavers and wounds of the temporal Carus Muscles or from an hot and moist distemper or from much evaporation with serosities moistening the substance of the brain A Lethargy is an Imminution of sence and Motion and also of the Memory of A Lethargy necessary things It Springs from a Primary hot and moist distemper of the brain joyned with a putrid Humor which provoks a Feaver and cherishes and keepes it up a long time There is also Dotage adjoyned Touching this Disease there is a saying of Hyppocrates in his Coicks Page 75. Which explaines all the Symptomes thereof The existence or particular Nature of the Lethargy and Coma consists in a loosness as that of the Catalepsis in a Tension or bending Those that are in a Lethargick Sleep at last become Apoplectick An Apoplexy does oft times primarily and unexpectedly invade a Man and somtimes An Apoplexy it followes some other Sleepy disease It is an Abolition of sence and motion with respiration hurt which at last brings snoring and suffocation by reason thick Flegm flowing out of the Funnel and obstructing the Larynx or Wesand It is Caused by a Repletion of the Ventricles of the brain either with a pituitous or Wheyish Humor or with blood some smal Artery of the Rete Mirabile being broken in the Basis of the Brain or blood being carried aloft in a Plethorick body by the fourth Channel rushes into the Ventricles If it be Simple and meer Whey by strength of Nature out of
the anterior Ventricles it slips into the fourth Ventricle and from thence into the Spinal Marrow and so Causes a Palsie If it be a Flegmatick Humor stopped in the fourth Ventricle or in the third it cannot be discussed and the brain is overwhelmed thereby If the blood be shed out of the vessels it suddainly suffocates In the Carus or other Sleepy Disease only the foremost Ventricles of the brain are overwhelmed with Serosities so that there is yet freedom for the spirits to pass into all Parts of the body But in an Apoplexy all the ventricles of the brain but especially the fourth are obstructed and unless the matter be discussed into the spinal Marrow Death fallows unavoidably Fernelius avouches that an Apoplexy is bred by an Obstructiou of that Rete Mirabile the afflux of Arterial blood out of the Heart into the brain being thereby intercepted Therefore they are termed Carotides because being obstructed they cause Carum or the Sleepy-Evil In the Apoplexy and Sleepy Diseases besides general Medicines as blood-letting Cure of the Apoplexy Carus and sucid like Diseases liberally twice or thrice repeted out of the Arm and foot strong Purgation of watry Humors Cupping-Glasses fixed unto the shoulders and the hinder Part of the Head Topical Remedies are not be neglected which draw and Evacuate near the Part affected such as is the opening of the Veins under the Tongue and of the external Jugular Vein and likewise of the Temporal Artery great Vesicatories applied towards the top of the shoulders to the Cephalick Vein strong Medicines to provoke Sneezing a Seton in the Neck the string being often drawn about and anointed with Oyl of Vitriol that it may bite the more and attract opening the Veins of the Nose after the manner used by the Ancients with a split Toothed Quil thrust up as far as the bottom of the Colander a sharp injection into the Nostrils Nostrils by a syring and within the furrows placed between the spaces of Os Vomeris drawing out of the Flegmatick clammy matter which sticks in the Throat and stops the Larynx but thrusting a feather far into the throat to which intent a strong vomit is good to cast forth any Humor that has flowed into the Wind-Pipe neither must we omit extream hard rubbings with salt and continual stirring of the body if it be possible All which remedies are to be applied with all possible speed one upon the Neck of another in an Apoplexy because there is danger in delay In Sleepy Diseases which proceed slowly and are caused by matter falling down from the Parts above they are more slowly administred and without Precipitation You shal observe also that a great Part of these Humors is gathered together in the turnings windings which are outmost in the upper substance of the brain which do either putrifie there or slip into the ventricles of the brain and yet these windings of the brain are not considered The Palsie is an Abolition of sence and motion not in the whol body as in the Apoplexy but only in the greatest Part of the body or in half The Palsie thereof which is termed Hemiplegia or in one Part which is called Paraplegia Fernelius observes that sence is taken away the motion remaining unhurt and somtimes motion is taken away and the sence remains because of the difference of the Nerves of the brain and the Spinal Marrow In the Palsie the Nerves of the Spinal Marrow are obstructed but those of the brain not and therefore many Parts remain unhurt especially the internal Somtimes the Palsie happens without obstruction of the Nerves because the sostning and Humectation of the Nerves brings a kind of Palsie In an imperfect Palsie when motion and sence are only dulled the Disease is Stupor termed Stupor or Nothrotis which arises from a moist distemper of the brain A Stupidity or dulness of sence and motion in a Feaver is wont to foretel a sleepy Disease to follow When it comes alone without Feaver it foretels a Palsie or an Apoplexy Vertigo is a depravation of sence and motion which makes the Patient think Vertigo that al things turn round it springs from a windy Humor which being agitated within the foremost Ventricles of the Brain causes the foresaid Apprehension of all things turning about If it Causes a darkness before the Patients Eyes it is called Vertigo Tenebricosa or Scotodinos It arises from the Brain or from vapours ascending from the inferior Parts That is worst which arises primarily from the brain and it is a fore-runner of the Falling Sickness The convulsion is a violent pulling back of the Muscles towards their Head or Convulsion beginning It is threefold Emprosthotonos when the body is bent foreward Opisthotonos when the body is drawn backward and Tetanos when both sides remain stif by reason of an equal bowing or stretching of the Muscles on both sides The Cause of a Convulsion is either an obstruction of the Nerves or their being pricked by a sharp Humor or a dry distemper which dries the Nerves and so makes them stif as a dried Lurstring this is incurable In one word all Convulsions are said to arise either from too much emptyness or over fulness An Epilepsie or Falling-sickness is a Convulsion of the whol body coming by Falling-Sickness fits and hurting the Mind and sences It is caused by an obstruction of the foremost Ventricles of the brain caused by an Abundance of sharp Humors either Cholerick or Flegmatick Either it comes from the brain Primarily affected or from some other Part sending Malignant Humors to the brain If it proceed from the brain Primarily affected it is the more dangerous if by fault of the Spleen or some other Bowel venemously infected the coming of the fits may be foreseen and prevented The former comes in a moment the latter by degrees Fernelius besides the Humor which is the common Cause accounts the peculiar Cause to be a venemous Air or vapour which is exceeding hurtful to the brain and therefore he conceives it must be cured with specificks and appropriate Remedies as wel as those vulgar ones Trembling is a depravation of Motion through weakness It is caused by the Trembling weakness of the motive faculty and the bodies heavyness So that look how much the motive faculty endeavours to lift up the Member so much does the heavyness of the said Member not sufficiently illustrated with spirits press it down again And therefore it arises from obstruction of the Nerves or from their being over-much softened or from some external Cause as by anointing with Quick-silver or other Application thereof There is a certain mixture of the Convulsion and tremblings which is called Spasmo-Tromois Shivering and shaking are motions of the body which happen in Feavers and Shivering and Shaking they are forerunners of the fits of Agues or of the Exacerbations of Feavers They happen also to such as have ripe Impostumes when the Impostum
Practice and Theory I cal that the Theory which is conversant in the knowledg of their conformation and use The Practice is the manual operation which comprehends both Ossilegium and Ossifragium Ossilegium is the manner of preparing Bones to make a Sceleton Ossifragium is that which searches out the joining and knitting together of the Bones and Joynts by Ligaments and Cartilages and by breaking and deviding them searches out their internal and hiden Parts See Chap. 26. and 27. Lib. 6. Of this Book Chap. 4. Of the Composition and Definition of a Bone THat the Nature of a Bone may be perfectly understood there are four Four Confiderations things to be considered in it The Matter Efficient Form and End The Matter of the Bone is Proper or Diverse 1. Matter Proper Generation Proper is considered Generally or Specially Proper Matter taken Generally is double the one for Generation the other for Nourishment the Bones are made of the Seed by consent of al Physitians The Seed consists of Humor and Spirit The Humors are of two Parts the one thinner of which the noble Parts are formed the other thicker of which the Bones are ingendred The matter of Nourishment is also two fold Remote and Neer Remote is Blood by which al the Parts of our Body are nourished Neer is the Marrow Nourishment contained in the Cavity of the Bones or a Marrowy Juyce shut up in the Spongious Bones The Proper Matter considered specially regards the Bone already made which is various in respect of substance and quality and so the substance of Constitution one Bone is diverse by reason of the Epiphysis which is Softer then the rest of the Bone or the Apophysis which is harder then the rest of the Bone also the whol Bone if it be Sollid is harder without then it is within If it be hollow the Internal Superficies is hardest As for what belongs to Quality and Namely Color the Bone the more 〈◊〉 it is the more White it is that which is hollow is pale or reddish By the diverse Matter of the Bone understand that which compasseth it Matter diverse about and it is a Membrane and a Cartilage The Membrane which compasseth about the Bone is called Periostion and sticks firmly to it By benefit of which it Obscurely feels The extremities of the Bones are covered with a Cartilage which Facilitaces the Motion of the Bone and hinders its wearing The Efficient Cause of the Bone is the Implanted Generative Spirit or 2. Efficient cause rather heat which â—orreâ—â—es and dryes the Matter of the Bone Gal Lib. 1. â—e facâ—l natural acknowledgeth the faculty which forms the Bones to which Heat and Spirit do administer The form of a Bone is double Essential and accidental That is called 3. Form Essential Essential which makes it to be a Bone Namely the Vegetable Soul The Face saith Aristotle Lib. 2. de Generat animal is no Face if it want the Soul and so is the Flesh and Bone But with Physitians the form of Similar Parts is nothing else then their temper The temper of the Bone is cold and dry therefore Coldness and Driness constitute the form of the Bone The accidental form is the Figure of them which is Proper and peculiar Accidental to every Bone and is most commonly round in al Bones both in Longitude and Latitude The end of the Bones is their Use and this is general and particular 4. End General Special That is called General which serves for the whol Body and that is three fold 1. To establish and make firm the soft Parts 2. To give shape and Figure to the Parts 3. To help the Motion and Progress of the Body The Particular end or use is that which is Proper to every several Bone From what hath been written this Definition of a Bone may be gathered It is a Similar Part most cold and dry Formed by heat of the thick and Fat Definition substance of the Seed for the form and settlement of the whole Body Chap. 5. Of the Qualities or Natural Disposition of the Bones THe Doctrine of Bones ought to be double one which treats of the Doctrine of Bones Double Of Infants and men grown up Bones of infants which from their Birth til seven years of Age differ in many things from such as are grown up the other of men of perfect Age which we now handle And seeing al Doctrin of Bones is referred to Physical use we must know the Condieions and affections of Bones wel and Naturally affected which are either common to al or Proper to some The common are nine which shal be Described and Demonstrated in our Affection of the â—…ones are Common new Osteology at the latter end of this Manual In dry Bones wel Prepared are five things shewed 1. Hardness and solidity 2. They have holes outwardly Especially toward the Extremities by which is ingress given to the little Veines and arteries for Nourishment and life 3. A cartilaginous Crust at the Extremities and the Periostion which compasseth about the whol Bone the Cartilaginous extremities excepted 4. Continuity and Equallity in its whol substance wherefore the callous by which broken Bones are united is not Natural 5. A fit and convenient joyning of one Bone with another The affections Proper to the several Bones are twofold either such as regard Proper every Bone severally or such as regard more Bones then one joyned together 1. The affections of the first sort are four Hollowness Prominence 2. of Bones seperated Roughness and Smoothness which affections are considered in the extreme superficies of the Bone in as much as Bones are referred to mutual conjunction because they cannot subsist alone by themselves The Head of the a T. 21. f. 2. C. â–¡ Omoplata is hollow the b f. 1. a. â–¡ Shoulder Bone sticks out the c f. 4. B. â–¡ Ischium or Huckle-bone is hollow the d f. 1. D. â–¡ Bone of the Thigh sticks out the Skul is rough behind for the e T. 15. f 4. C. â–¡ insertion of Muscles in other places 't is smooth and Polished Al which affections if they are such as Nature made them they are according to Nature if otherwise they are beside Nature Also a Cavity is deep or superficiary that which is deep is called f T. 21. f. 4. B. â–¡ Cotyle the superficiary g f. 4. F. f. 2. F c â–¡ Glene A Prominency or Parts sticking out is called Apophysis or Epiphysis Both of them are round or long or hollow If it be round it is called a Head if it be large and long it is absolutely Named a h f. 1. dd f 4. a. â–¡ Head but if it be short and depressed it is called i f. 2. II. â–¡ Condyluâ— The Heads or Condyli of smal Bones are not Epiphysis but Apiphyâ—is as in the nether Jaw and in the Ribs and the Bones
Appendices are not Numbred which if you ad to three hunded fourty five the Body of the Infant wil be composed of six hundred seventy Bones The End of the First Book THE SECOND BOOK OF ANATOMY AND PHYSICK OF John Riolanus Chap. 1. General Precepts which he that would be an Anatomist must be first Acquainted with SEeing that according to Aristotle Chap. 1. Lib. 1. post Analyt Every Doctrine and discipline which consists in reason and intelligence is perfected by fore-knowledg and Tullius Lib. 1. de nat Deorum saith that without fore-knowledg neither any thing can be understood nor studyed nor disputed Before I set about my Anatomical work I thought good to premise certain general Precepts which are the foundations of Anatomy and wil give great light to our proceeding The Body of man is considered by Anatomists as composed of many How Anatomists Consider the Body of Man Parts which they examine Limb by Limb and by a diligent Dissection they divide the whol Body into its smallest Parts They divide it first into three grand Parts Containing Contained and Impelling that is into the Parts humors and Spirits But in the Anatomical dissection of a dead Body the Humors Its Parts and Spirits are not considered the Speculation of which belongs to Physiology only the Sollid Parts are regarded which are either such as make or such Sollid Parts how many fold as contain Humors and Spirits or the instruments of Motion which is the Chief Action of a living Creature for which it was made The sollid Parts are similar or dissimilar They are called similar Parts because they are most simple from Similar Parts what how many which as from a principle the dissimilar Parts are composed The similar Parts according to Anatomists are Bones Cartilages Ligaments Membranes Fibres Veins Arteries Nerves Flesh Fat These are found almost in al Compound and dissimilar Parts and the Corpulency of the Parts is formed of them The Hairs and Naills are excrements of the external Parts Therefore an Anatomist ought to be wel instructed what these similar Parts are that when he searcheth out the structure of the organical parts Limb by Limb he may know the Fundamentals of this structure 1. A bone is a part of the Body most cold and dry Terrestial and therefore 1. A Bone hardest that so it may prop up the other parts of the body 2. A Cartilage or Gristle is not so hard as a bone which in Old Men somtimes 2. A Cartilage degenerates into a bone The Cartilages are placed about the extremities of the bone to ease them in their Motion some are found separated from the bones as the Cartilages of the inferior Jaw in the Articulation of the Claviculae in the Sternum in the Articulation of the Tibia to the Thigh besides the Cartilages of the Larinx Wind-pipe and such as are placed to prop up other soft Parts as the Nostrels and Ears 3. A Ligament or bond is a part which binds the bones together being of a 3. Ligament middle substance between a Cartilage and a Membrane softer than a Cartilage harder than a Membrane 4. A Membrane Skin or Coat is very soft and subject to dilation It is the 4. Membrane covering of other parts or the Receptacle of somthing as the Stomach Bladder of Gal Iâ— being a hollow body it receiving somthing it may be called Tunica a Coat If it Embrace and cover a sollid body it is propperly called Membrana 5. A Fibrae is like a threed stretched over a Membrane or Interwoven therewith 5. Fibra to strengthen it and because of its various Scituation it is called Right Oblique and Transverse not only to help the Membrane but also to strenghten it Every sort of Fibres is thought to perform a several action as the Right to draw to the Transverse to retain and the Oblique to expel Which Motions notwithstanding absolutely depend upon the inbred faculty of the Part which as it hath a violent dilation so hath it a willing and Natural contraction and is helped in these by the Fibres 6. A vein is a Membranous Vessel round and hollow allotted to contain 6. A Vein Blood and distribute it for the Nourishment of the whol Body 7. An Artery is a Membranous Channel of the same Nature but somthing 7. Artery harder and thicker ordained for the containing and Distributing of the Arterious blood The original of both which Aristotle thought was from the heart but wiser Physitians hold the beginning of the Veins to be in the liver but of the Arteries in the heart 8. A Nerve is a Channel made to carry animal Spirit and because this spirit is 8. Nerve most subtil therefore the Cavity is so smal that it is not discernable 9. The Flesh is the foundation of organical and dissimilary Parts where bone 9. Flesh is wanting and makes up the chief Part of our bulk The flesh is in substance soft and thick made of blood alone compacted together and wel concocted if it be red but of blood and Seed if it be white A four-fold sort of flesh is observed in the Parts Viscerous and Musculous both of them very red Membranous and Glandulous both of them white For every substance of the bowels is called Flesh or Parenchyma The thicker substance of certain Membranes which are the containers of somthing which by dilating and contracting their bodies they attract retain and expel are also called Flesh or a Flesh-like substance The thick and spongy substance of the Glandulae is called Flesh but especially the substance of the Muscles deserves the Name of Flesh 10. The Fat although it appear not til the whol body be formed and when the 10. Fat Child is big and grows to the Parts yet because in the composition of organical Parts it often concurs to make up the bulk it is Numbered amongst the similar Parts Fat is the thinnest substance of blood Fat and Oyly sweating out through the tender Coats of the Veins and hardning between the Membranes It is two-fold according to Aristotle Soft and external Hard and internal The one is Grease The other Suet. These three similar Parts Bones Cartilages and Ligaments shal be treated of as they are shewed in a Carcass from top to Toe after we have shewed the Muscles because they are so joyned together that one cannot be shewed without another But I desire al such as are studious in Physick first to be wel acquainted in the Osteology or History of the dry bones in the Skeleton of a Man before they come to the inspection of a Carcass for so they wil the better understand the whol anatomical discourse of the dissection and find out the reason of my other Osteology in the bones of Carcasses The Rest of the similar Parts shal be shewed severally in the explication of the dissimilar Parts seeing of the similary Parts aforesaid viz. Bones Cartilages Ligaments Membranes Fibres Veins
strong and fit for labor unless it be thick In the bigness of the body is Magnanimity and beauty quoth Aristotle Ethic. Lib. 4. For a man of a little and smal body cannot be fair yet if you regard understanding there is little Wit commonly in those Tal bodies Elegantly said Celsus Lib. 2. Ch. 1. The best disposed body is wel set neither slender nor Fat a tal stature is comely in youth but not so in Age a slender body is weak a Fat body dul The Color of the body is diligently to be marked for such a Color as flourisheth 5. Color in the Skin and countenance the same is predominant in the Humors and therefore sanguine people are Red Chollerick Yellow Mellancholly Black or brown and dusky Flegmatick are pale a brown and ruddy Color are preferred before pale which argues softness of body There is some difference in Authors about the Color to be Chosen in a Nurse Aristotle perfers brown others a Mingled Color of Red and white Now the Natural and Legitimate form of the Head Brest Belly and Limbs is to 6. Form of the Head be considered The Head ought to be round and not Copped unless the Neck be very thick a great Head is preferred before a little one from the Head ought the Nature of the Nerves Veins Flesh and Humors to be collected A great Head requires a great Neck which gives indication of a great breast by reason of the Parts contained in the Neck a great breast makes a large belly and therefore the proportion of the rest of the Cavities depends upon the Head The Chest ought to be large of an Oval Figure and the Back-bone straight the Breast breast ought to be somwhat convex not sharp nor flat nor depressed The Papps of Men ought to be depressed but in Women swelling round and Glandulous rather than Fatty or Fleshy because they are the Emunctories of the breast if the Woman give not Suck If the Duggs be smal the Women are sickly and if the Nipples look pale the Womb is Diseased according to Hippocrates Whether are large breasts to be chosen in Nurses or such as are mean in bigness What Breasts are to be chosen in Nurses Great breasts please not Moschio because they are Fat neither have they plenty of Milk and therefore Fat Nurses are not to be preferred before such as are Lean and Juicy neither such as are tal before such as are of a mean Stature Aristotle Lib. 3. de hist animal White colored Women because they are Flegmatick have but bad Milk From the breast we pass to the belly which ought to be round and sticking out Belly Women that have such bellies the Poets praise and say Venus had such a one Hipp. Lib. de veâ— Med. Notes that long and round bellies ought to be considered of Physitians because by looking upon them 't is easie to know which are fit for strong Purgations for such whose Parts in the Abdomen are strong and wel disposed may easily Purge but such as are slender take strong Medicines with danger Very Fat Women are hard to conceive with Child Hippoc. Aph. 4. Lib. 5. As for what belongs to the Privities Heliogabalus chose such for Soldiers as Privities had large Privities because he thought they were lusty stout Men. A very long yard is not fit for Venery either because the strength of the Seed passeth out by reason of the length of the Yard if you wil beleeve Galen or because the Muscles are tyred by erecting a great and long Yard A mean Yard is most fruitful and Limbs gives most longest pleasure in the act of Copulation A long Yard though indeed it fil the Neck of the Womb yet it makes it not so fruitful and is hurtful to such Women as are subject to the fits of the Mother by stretching the Genitals Neither are the Testicles when they are great and Pendulous to be commended We pass to the Limbs viz. The Hands and Feet which ought to be equal in proportion to the rest of the Body The Longitude of the Foot from the Os Pubis to the extremity of the Heel ought to be equal to that of the Hand from the Ala to the top of the middle Finger If the whol body be six Foot long the Foot is three both Hands and Feet are somwhat fleshy in strong bodies for although slenderness of Legs be commended in Horses 't is not so in Men. An example of a perfect and absolute body wel formed is to be Read in Sidonius Apollinaris Lib. 1. Epist 2. de Theodorico rege wherein is one remarkable fault to be amended not Noted by interpreters for Excrementa read Extrema Inter Extrema Costarum spiâ—a discriminat Chap. 3. The Division of Mans Body BEfore we expose the whol Body of Man to Anatomical dissection it ought to be divided into its Parts or principal regions that the Number and order of the regions and where they begin may be known A mongst the various divisions of the Body of Man this in my mind seems the Division of the Body best and to be preferred before the rest The body is divided into the Trunk and the Limbs The Trunk is divided into three Principal Regions the Head Breast and Belly The Head obtains the Superior place The Breast the middle and the Belly the lowermost The Members or Limbs are four branches sticking out from the Body two Arms and two Legs What are the bands of these Regions I shal shew when I come to speak of each Region apart The Medicinal Consideration I wil not stand here in rehearsing designing the external Parts of the whol body which are expounded in every Region of the same but only consider the corporature or fleshy habit which is covered with the Skin like a Garment which though it look for the most part beautifully without it looks ill favoredly within This habit of the whol body makes the third Region of the body to which the Humors come from the deepest Parts the ill effects of which are cleerly seen in the Diseases and Symptomes which appear outwardly The juyce which is seen in the leaf and branch comes from the Root I shal reckon up the cheife Diseases which use to infest the outward habit of the body Viz. Immoderate Fatness or Leanness Defluxions Gouts Dropsy Cachexia the whores Pocks Plenty or defect of Sweat by reason of the openness or closeness of the pores Palsie Convulsion Unquietness and weariness and al kind of swellings The Flesh of man because it s Nourished by purer Blood is delicater than the flesh of other Creatures and prefered before it by Canibals or Man-Eaters Flesh seeing it is Porous and Musculous it hath empty spaces which in men in health are filled with spirit and blood but in such as are sick with Water and wind thence come Defluxions over the whol body and other Diseases of the Skin The Habit of the whol body
neither yet is it sensible therefore it wants both Veins Arteries and Nerves and yet al three of them pass through the Fat that so they may come at the Skin As for the use of it it warms the body in Winter like a Garment and cools it use in Summer by hindring the penetrating of the heat It is like a Cushion for men to sit on and in long fasting it is turned to Nourishment of the Fleshy Parts neer to it which Suck out its juyce Chap. 8. Of the Fleshy Membrane THe Fleshy Membrane lies under the Fat and sticks to it and is conspicuous in young Children newly born where it is not hid with Fat It is more obscure in such as are grown up and yet it retains it Fleshy substance as is evident Substance about the Loynes Cods Forehead and Neck It s temperature is like the rest of the Flesh hoâ— and moist and it hath its Temperature original from the Blood It is scituated under the Fat and stretched out over the whol body universally Scituation and is the fourth covering of the body In bruits it is next to the Skin which often moves by the intervening of this Membrane It is one single Membrane Number Figure Color It hath no proper Figure unless the Figure of the body which it covers It hath various colors in Disverse places for it is more red in the Neck Forehead and Cods than else where It is joyned to the Fat inseperably in some places so that the 〈◊〉 and Connexion Fatty Membrane seem to make but one in other places it may be seperated It communicates with the principal parts by the extremities of the Veâ—â—s Arteries 〈◊〉 and Nerves And that it is very Sensible the rigor and trembling of the body which depends Action upon this Membrane witnesseth besides it hath a peculiar Motion in the Neck Forehead and Cods where it is Musculous and endued with Nervous Fibres It s use is to give foundation to the collecting and generating the Fat to Cloath Vse the Body and cherish the internal heat and defend it from external injuries The Medicinal Consideration Although Cutaneous Diseases seem to belong to the Skin yet if they continue long they have their foundation in the fleshy and fatty Membrane shivering shaking and trembling belong especially to the Fleshy Membrane Chap. 9. Of the Common Membrane of the Muscles THe Fleshy Membrane being taken away the common Membrane of the Muscles of the Abdomen follows next being the fiâ—t common covering of the body which comprehends al the Muscles in the body besides the proper Membrane of every Muscle least in their Motion they should pass out of their places It s Substance is very strong yet thin and Nervous Substance Temper Original Scituation Quantity It is spermaâ—â—cal cold and dry in temperature It hath its original from the first formation It immediatly covers and straitly binds in the Muscles over which it is stretched It s wideness is thought to equal the dimension of the whol body but in the Face Neck and superior Limbs it is not easily found and in the Legs the Fascia Lata performes its Office Seeing it is admirable thin it cannot be divided into two Membranes Number Figure Color Connexion It acquires its Figure from the Parts it contains In Color it is whitish It sticks stoutly to the Muscles which it compasseth neither can it be pulled off but by a Skilful Dissector It hath no peculiar Nerves Veins nor Arteries It is nourished and is sensible like the other common parts Communion Vse It is of admirable use for it compasseth the Muscles like a girdle and together with the Fleshy Membrane is the foundation of the Fat therefore where it or somthing like it which performs its Office is wanting there the Fat also is wanting as in the Forehead Head Face and Cods where the Fleshy Membrane immediatly toucheth the Skin without any Fat between them Chap. 10. Of a Muscle in the general BEfore I treat of the Muscles of the Belly I wil premise the general Doctrine of the Muscles A Muscle is an instrument of voluntary motion which depends upon our own Definition Substance wil and because it governs the actions It is a dissimilaâ— part compounded of many similar ones but of those Parts Flesh is predominaâ—te So that the substance of the Muscle is judged to be Fleshy Yea and the Muscles are to be understood by the word Flesh in antient Authors as Hippocrates and Aristotle Besides the Flesh a Vein an Artery a Nerve Fibres a Membrane a Ligament or â—endon help to make up the composition of a Muscle 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 they are Fleshy their Temperature it hot and moist Temperature Original and â—nsertion The true original of a Muscle is from blood in the conformation of the first Parts but by reason of its Connexion in two extremes It is said to arise from a stable Part and to be inserted into a movable part because it is ordained for motion and al motion is caused by that which moves not This original and insertion is known by the ducture and series of the Fibres by which you may Judg of the Scituation of the Muscle whether right Oblique or transverse for in these positions al the Muscles in the body of man both internal and external lie Their quantity and magnitude is various according to the variety of places Quantity and parts to be moved which require either greater or smaller Muscles There are aboundance of them in number which according to my Observation Number and computation are four hundred thirty one but because our body is double the Muscles also are double few their are without fellows such as are the Sphincters and the Diaphragma or Midrif Their Figure is various a T. 10. f. 1. N N. T. 14. f. 2. O O. â–¡ Square b T. 10. f. 1. â–¡ Triangular c T. 22. f. 1. C D. â–¡ round d T. 14. f. 2. M M. T. 15. f. 18. A A. â–¡ Long e T. 14. f. 1. A A. â–¡ Trapezia Figure Lozing fasâ—ond f T. 22. f. 1. A. â–¡ Deltois like the Greek Delta Δ g T. 13. f. 18. B B. Scalena usually they are round whether you regard their Circumference or bulk in long and thick Muscles Therefore Hippocrates in Lib. de art Defines a Muscle to be Flesh Circumducted in an orb but the greatest Parts of the Muscles have a longish figure For the most parts you shal observe the middle Part swelled the extremities Belly Head Tendon narrow The middle part is called the Belly in the immovable extremity the Head the moveable extremity the Tendon or Aponeurosis which is the end or insertion of the Muscle into the Part to be moved Each extremity of the Muscle for the most Part is Nervous but the Tendon is Nervous in almost al the long Muscles the Belly is fleshy and
and Guts 4. That within the Liver it hath either very smal or no Communion at al by its Roots with the Roots of the Vena Cava and therefore each Vein carries its Communion peculiar Blood The blood of the Vena Porta is thick and nourisheth the parts of the first Region The blood of the Vena Cava is subtile fit for circulation which nourisheth the parts of the second and third Region 5. That the branches of the Vena Porta within the Liver are larger than those of the Vena Cava if that do arise from thence Largâ—… 6. That in a Diseased body it is usually filled with Caco-Chymia which whether it ought to be emptied by breathing a Vein a man may wel make a scruple lest the Circulation of blood infect the whol Mass 7. Whether the Vena Porta after two or three Evacuations by the Arm may not better be purged by the Hemorrhoids or opening a Vein in one of the Evacuation Feet 8. That al impurities of the Belly are contained in this Vein from whence come terrible obstructions of the Spleen and Mesenterium Obstructions 9. That there are no Shutters found in this Vein as there are in the branches of the Vena Cava 10. That the Vena Porta hath waies whereby it disburdens it self as the Veins of the Hemorrhoids its reflux into the great Artery by the Caeliacal and Vomiting of Blood against Nature in Plethorick Bodies Chap. 22. Of the Caeliacal Artery THis is a branch of the great Artery descending and accompanies the branches Original of the VenaPorta for look how many branches the Vena Porta is divided into so many also is the a T. 12. f. 2. p. q. r. â–¡ Caeliacal Artery divided which notwithstanding hath Pulse from the heart and follows the motion thereof as other Arteries do but seeing his blood injoyes not the benifit of circulacion as other Arteries do so that it seems like a seperated Artery Somtimes his motion is hindered when there Motion is an Inflamation in the Abdomen the rest of the Aâ—â—eries gently mooving as is often observed in Hypocondriack Melancholy and other inflamations of the Hypocâ—ondrium Notwithstanding it hath Communion with the Vena Porta by mutual conjunction Anastomosis of their mouths by which means there is a conflux of blood between them whereby the vital Spirit of the Abdomen is preserved This Pulâ—ation or Palpitation was known to Hippocrates in Lib. 7. Epid. In that History of his about the pulsation of the belly neer the Navel and in his Prâ—gnosticks he makes mention of the same If the Veins about the Midrife â—eat they foreshew either trouble of mind or Madness The Caeliacal Artery in Hippocrates Book of the Diseases of Women is called the breathing place of the inferior Belly See Duretus in Coacis Page 183. The b f. 2. t. Splenical Artery is notable which is not brought by the Sweet-bread Doctrine of the Splenical Artery but creeps along the Longitude of the Diaphragma neer the back bone it is as big as the Splenical Vein but Ambiguous in his progress and gives no branches to the Parts neer it It is inserted into the Spleen by a double branch as the Splenical Vein is and therefore when the Caeliacal Artery is taken away it is in vain to look for the Splenical for there remains none but two or three sinal Arteries which pass to the Stomach From the Splenical Artery neer the Spleen pass two smal Arteries to the Stomach From this faithful and true relation you may easily know how malignant Vapours are carried from the Spleen and Mesenterium to the Heart whence in Plaâ—tus he complained that he had a Splenitick Heart it leaped and beat his Brest Chap. 23. Of the Stomach THe Stomach is the Kitchin of the first Concoction it consists of proper Membranes Membranes of the Stomach and one a T. 12. f. 2. t. common one which it receivs from the Peritoneum The b T. 3. f. 4. C C. internal is rugged and hairy like a peice of Silk The c T. 3. f. 4. E. External is fleshy that it may receive the heat of the Bowels which lie upon it to wit of the Liver and Spleen which heat it And that it may the more easily compress and hold together the internal it hath a threefold sort of strings which strengthen it to that end and also when it is slackened with store of Meat they do contract it again so soon as the digested Aliment is forced out of the Stomach It s Scituation It is b T. 2. f. 10. C. Scituate between the Liver and the Spleen as it were between two fires bending a little towards the left Hypochondrium if the Spleen hold its natural bigness otherwise when the Spleen is bigger than ordinary it thrusts the Stomach Its Size into the middle The greatness of the Stomach cannot be exactly defined because being empty and exhaust if strong it is so contracted that it is no bigger than a mans Fist Being stretched and widened with store of Beily Cheaâ— it wiâ— containe six pints of Drink with a Pound or two of Meat as is daily seen in Gluttons and Toss-Pots There is but one Stomach in Mankind which is somtimes divided according to Number the Longitude into two Cavities which have their Ingress and Egress like the Stomachus and Pylorus And such persons do vomit with great difficulty and when they do they cast up Excrementitious Humors without that broth which they took the same moment Shal we say the separating faculty can work so quick or rather that the broath is slipt down into the Lower division of the Stomach from whence it cannot easily returne because of the narrowness of the upper Orifice If the Stomach be single and rightly shaped it is of a longish Spherical Figure Figure and is compared to the Belly of a Bag-Pipe setting aside the Oesophagus and Guts The Egress of the Stomach is equal in height unto its Ingress that is to say the Two Orifices two Orifices thereof are equal in height least the Meat and Drink should slip through before they be digested and then being digested by the strength of the Stomach Contracting it self the Pylorus is opened and the Chylus sent into the Gut The Ingress or upper a T. 3. f. 2. H. f. 4. A. Orifice of the Stomach is in a special manner termed The upper Somachus being the Seat of Hunger and Thirst because it is crowned with two Nerves called b f. 2. F G. Stomachici Nervi and is consequently of an Exquisite sense The lower Orifice is called c f. 2. K. f. 4. B. Pylorus in which you shal observe a Valve The Lower round in shape and as visible and remarkable as the Valve in the Gut Colon. This Valve is to hinder the Chyle from returning back again into the Stomach Besides these two Orifices in
Pain of the Stomach There is feling in the whol Stomach but it is exquisite in the upper Orifice by reason of certain Nerves of the Six Pare which are there interwoven with admirable workmanship Feeling is Abolished and Diminished when there is need of hungring and Reâ—â—sing Meat thirsting and yet the Stomach perceives it not but refuses both Meat and drink This proceeds from a great diâ—temper of Heat or Cold which causes Morâ—ification unless the Patient be distracted The sence of feeling is depraved in the Pain of the whol Stomach or of the upper Heart-burning Orifice thereof which drawes the Heart and noble Parts to Sympathise therewith wherefore this pain of the Stomach is called Cardiogmos Cardialgia and the aking of the Heart or Heart-burning and causes that kind of swouning which is called Syncope Stomachica the Stomach swouning and comes through the Hearts Sympathising with the Sâ—omach And to this Pain of the Stomach belongs Anxiety and Uâ—quiet tumblings and Anxiety â—ossings which the Greekes terme Riptasmâ—s or Asse from whence the Feaver Assodes has its Name in which the Sick are ful of unquietness The motion of the Stomach is Relaxation Coarctation By the Want of Contraction upon the Meat Hâ—ccuping Belâ—hing latter it shuts it self upon the Meat to digest the same and when that motion failes there is nothing but â—â—uctuations and risings both when a man is ful and fasting The motion of the Stomach is depraved in Hiccupings and Belâ—hings Hiccuping is more trouble some then Belching and is an il sign in feavers whether it come by fault of the Stomach it self or by its Sympathising with some other Part especially the Liâ—er Hippocrates mentions a Disease called Morbus Ruâ—â—uosus the Belching Disease Disorders in point of Excretâ—on are frequent in the Stomach either upwards in Symptomes in excretion aâ—e Vomitings and Spawlings or downwards in the Lienteria Diarrâ—â—a and Coelâ—aâ—a Affectio Vomiting happens either by reason of obstruction of the upper or of the lower Vomiting Orifice if the upper be obstructed the Meat is stopped in the upper Orifice a while and presently after Vomited if the fault be in the lower the Meat is retained a longer time and at last Vomited up A daily Vomitiâ—g up of Choler without further trouble is no Disease nor ill Of Châ—ler Symptome because it happens by reason that a branch of the Choler carrying Vessel is carryed into the Stomach as Galen observes and proves by examples Vomiting of Blood is an evil Symptome wheâ—her the Blood flow from the Liver Of Blood by the Veins which are branched from the porta into the Stomach or from the Spleen by the h Taâ— 4. Fig. 8. let h. â–¡ Vas Breve Somtime the Patients life is Vomited up this waies according to that expression of a Poet. Oâ—t of his Mouth he sperves his Purple Soul The frequent breaking up of wind with Belching may be reduced to this Symptome Of wind of Vomiting and this may be that which is termed Cholera Sicca known to Hippocrates and declared with its signs by Ludovicus Dureâ—us in his Comment upon the Coick Praedictions of Hippocrates But there is a Malignant Symptome called Cholera humida Of Choler up and down which is a violent and plentyful voiding of Choler upwards and downwards which kills within four daies becauses very much Evacuation suddenly caused is dangerous H. p. 1. Book of Aphorismes and al excess is an Enemy to Nature according to the same Hippocrates It proceeds from an Inflamation of the Stomach which is allayed by cooling aud astringent Remedies inwardly taken and outwardly applied but especially by the drinking of the spaw Waters and other Medicinal springs of the like Nature and by Laudanum discreetly given We must avoid the use of cordial and Stomach Pouders of an hot Nature because they vex and fret the Stomach The Physitians of Paris do let Blood in a smal Quantity though the pulse be very weak least the Stomach Heat being suffocated a Gangraene should arise Spawling or Salivation unless it be caused by anointing the Body with Quicksilver 2. Spawling which they cal Fluxing comes either from the Brain or else and that oftentimes from the Spleen whose superfluous serosity is received into the Stomach and voided at the Mouth by spitting and spawling The Cardiacus Morbus belongs to the Diseases of the Stomach of which read Morbus Cardiacus Trallianus Lib. 3. Chap. 5. 25. And Mercurialis in Varjis Lectionibus T was knowingly said of Seneca in his 15 Epistle Bibere et sudare Vita Cardiaci est drinking and sweating is the Life of a Cardiacal Person Pliny in his 23. Book Cap. 1. of his Natural History saies that al Hope of Curing this Disease consists in the use of wine Which he borrows from Varro out of the 14. Chap. of the 13. Book This Morbus Cardiacus is an extreme Faintness of the Stomach joyned with much sweating it proceeds from an hot Distemper thereof Among Diseases of the Stomach Rumination ought to be reckoned which is an Rumination inversion or turning of the Stomach as it were Inside out which in some Living Creatures is no trouble as in those that chew the â—ud Of this Disease see what Horstius saies in his Epistles Out of this Anatomical and Pathological Discourse may be collected what parts Vomits warily to be used are purged through the Stomach by way of Vomit whether it be safe to exagitate this Part by Violent Vomits whether it be good to use a mans self to this kind of Evacuation seeing no good Huâ—wife makes a â—loâ—e-stool of her Pottage-Pot The best way is diligently to preserve the Stomach and to Roborate â—s Tone or contractive Vigor rather than to dissolue and sâ—â—cken the same by Vomiting unless Nature desire to di burthen her self that way and the patient be easie to vomit and such preparatives be premâ—â—ed as the Antients were wont to use Wherefore they deal unskilfully not to say wickedly who after many other Vomits not to be given to persons very weak Medicines tried do give vomits to such as are at Deaths door as the last help which suffocate that little life which remaines and bring a speedy death But some wil say that Empericks and Mountebancks do this with good success I answer if you should reckon up those patients who have taken them to their cost you would find an hundred dead for two robustions persons saved who scaped by their good fortune not by help of the vomiting Medicament it is better to use vomits rather at the beginnings of Diseases while Choler works and ferments in places neer the Stomach than when the Pangs of Death have seized upon the Patient 'T is Man slaughter to wrong People in their health The discreeter sort of Empericks when they are called to such Patients are wont to find fault with what other Physitians have acted and to declare the Patient
dangerously sick and there upon warily to give their Aurum Potabile or som such other Medicine as a cordial and restorer of strength until Nature being freed from al disturbance of Physick begins to gather strength and then they take opportunity to give a gentle Vomit which Purges serous or such like Excrements up and down In very many Diseases Hippocrates saies 't is better to be quiet than to do any thing that is 't is better to leave the work to Nature than to give any Medicament And if the Physitian knew that he is the Servant and Assistant of Nature he would cure more Patients than he does See Valesius upon the 19. Text of Sect. 2. of the 6. Book of Hippocrates Epidemicks Sluggishness of the Belly and impurity of the Vessels brings al into confusion Hippocrates Chap. 24. Of the Liver THe Liver which is the Instrument of making Blood consists of a Substance Substance of the Liver It s Color proper to it self fitted and ordained to that end for it is like congealed blood and therefore red and the same color it imprints upon the blood howbeit the Liver of some Fishes is of another Color viz. green black yellow as Saffron in which Creatures the blood receives its red color by passing through the substance of the Heart But in Men and other living Creatures which have the two Veins distinct called Blood where and how made Porta and Cava the whol Mass of blood is wrought in the Liver but one part thereof less perfect than the rest is by the Vena Porta distributed among those Parts which serve to nourish the Body another part being conveighed by the Vena Cava is perfected in the Heart of which is made the Arterial blood which is distributed to al the parts and afterwards is transmitted into the Veins that so in a Circular motion it may pass again into the Heart that by its flux it may maintain the perpetual motion of the Heart as the Wheels of a Mil are continually turned about by force of the Wind or Water-fal Such blood is furnished to those parts which having sence and motion depend upon the Brain or Heart The Liver is a T. a. f. 10. 1. D. T. 4. f. 1. A B. â–¡ scituate in the right Hypochondrium under the bastard or short Scituation of the Liver Bigness Ribs and fils with its bulk al that Cavity to the Sword-like Cartilage Somtimes it is so enlarged as to exceed those Natural Bounds and then it rests upon the Stomach reaching as far as the Spleen and descends three or four fingers breadth below the bastard or short Ribs which happens partly through relaxation of the bands wherewith it is bound to the Midrif and short Ribs partly through swelling of the Liver it self over loaded with Nutriment In Man-kind there is one single Liver which is not divided into Lobes or Fingers Number as in bruit Beasts yet there is a certain b T. 4. f. 5. C. â–¡ Cleft to be seen where the Umbilical c f. 1. a. f. 5. B. T. 2. f. 10. G. â–¡ Vein creeps into the Liver and many times two little Lobes or Laps are d T. 4. f. 4. A A. â–¡ seated Lobes or laps under the greater ones somtimes there is only e f. 5. B. â–¡ one which being hollowed receives the Trunk of Vena f f. 5. I. â–¡ Porta which is included in a Duplication of the Omentum or Call that the Excrements of the Liver might be derived thither Although the Liver be one continued Substance yet Anatomists divide the same Two Regions of the Liver into two Regions the one superior and exterior the other inferior and internal The superior or upper is called the g f. 1. B. f. 4. A A. â–¡ Gibbous or bunching part of the Liver the inferior is called the h f. 1. A. f. A A. â–¡ hollow part of the Liver Into the upper Region the Vena Its Vessels i f. 4. D D. â–¡ Cava sprinkles its Roots into the nether Region the Vena k f. 5. I. c. â–¡ Porta sows abroad its Suckers Besides these Roots there are observable certain Branches of the Channel of Choler dispersed among the Roots of Vena Porta and certain little twigs of the Milky Veins which neer the Trunk of Porta do enter into the Cavity of the Liver m T. 9. f. 1. a a a a. â–¡ l f. 15. H. â–¡ It is the mind of Physitians that both these Regions ought diligently to be observed Diversity of the Regions to be observed in practice because in either of these Regions the morbifick matter may be contained which is diversly to be purged according as it possesses the one or other Region for as much as the bunching part of the Liver is purged by the Kidneys through the Vena Cava the hollow part is purged by the Guts by means of the Branches of Porta which are terminated in the Guts conveighing blood and the evil humors of the Liver I have seen Impostumes in the bunching part when the hollow part has not been at al tainted and on the other side I have seen the hollow part impostumated without any detriment to the bunching part Howbeit inasmuch as I cannot see those two Regions separated so much as by a Membrane I cannot beleeve that one part can be sick and the other sound unless the morbifick humor be contained within the Pipes of the little Veins Many Anatomists do affirm that the Roots of Vena Cava and Vena Porta do Whether the Roots of Cava and Poâ—â—â— are united in the liver meet together and are united one unto another by many Anastomoses others deny that there is any such Conjunction among which I willingly acknowledg my self for one and give my voyce on their side my Reasons I have els-where laid down and Nature would have it so that natural and vicious Humors might not be confusedly jumbled together in the Liver You shal observe how the Vein which is taken for Cava takes its rise out of How blood is distributed from the Liver the upper part of the Liver and is inserted into the Trunk of Cava neer the midrif that the Cava may forth with powr out the blood which it hath received from the Liver or rather transmit the same into the neighboring Heart scituate only two or three fingers breadths off and inclosed in the Pericardium which cleaveth circularly to the Nervous Centre of the Diaphragma whereby thou maiest perceive that the greater part of the blood goes into the right Ventricle of the Heart that it may become Arterial by a double Circulation Particular and General A double Circulation of the blood I cal that the particular Circulation which is made from the right Ventricle of the Heart through the midst of the Lungs so as that the blood comes again into the left Ventricle of the Heart The general
Circulation is that which is made through the Channels or large Pipes of the Cava and the Aorta after that manner which is described in my Treatise of the Circulation of the Blood The Medicinal Consideration The Liver being affected contrary to Nature is subject to any distemper either Diseases of the liver in respect of Temper substance Scituation with or without matter and instead of good blood it breeds that which is Cholerick Flegmatick or Melanchollick It is altered and corrupted in its substance whiles it loses its Tone and becomes flaggy and faint It changes its Scituation when it is placed in the left side and the Spleen on the right which seldom happens or when upon the slackning of those Ligaments wherewith it is fastened to the Midrif and Sword-like Cartilage it sinks below the short Ribs as far as to the Navel It s Magnitude is changed when it is so over-charged with Humors that it swels Magnitude again It 's Figure or Shape is also changed if we feel it to be round Oftentimes its Shape passages are stopt namely the Roots of the Cava and Porta or the Roots of the Gall-Bladder are stopt though the other be open It has communion in regard of Neighborhood with many parts which it touches Communion with other parts but especially with the Stomach which it often harms being inflamed or impostumated and somtimes it exulcerates the same and makes an hole therein to empty its self that way of its Quittor With its hollow part it touches the Guts which are offended in Diseases of the Liver and also the Peritoneum it self by reason of the Coate which it imparts and the Midrif by reason of â—…m Connexion they have with the Liver are drawn to sympathize in its Diseaâ—… The Action of the Liver which is Sanguification or Blood making is here by Action the fore-recited Diseases whereupon divers Diseases and divers Pains do arise Wherefore the Similary Diseases of the Liver are al Distempers and the Laxity It s Similar Diseases thereof from which some are termed Hepatici who having a looseness do void Excrementitious Blood like the Water in which Raw flesh has been washt or Excrementitious Humors of bad and diverse Colors It s Organick Disease is obstruction It s Disease common to the Similar and It s Organick Common and Compound Diseases Organick Parts is an Ulcer and a wound It s Compound Disease is al sort of Tumors whence comes the Term of Inflamation of the Liver also a scirrhus and a purulent Impostum which is frequent enough Its Symptomes are Action hurt and that manyfold and first of all its attraction Its Symptoms of Chyle being abolished breeds a looseness of the Belly in which Chyle is voided It s Retention abolished breeds the Liver looseness called Diarrhaea Hepatica But the Principal Action of the Liver viz. Sanguification or Bloodboiling is abolished in the Dropsie is diminished in Atrophia and is depraved in Cachexia The Dropsie is defined to be a frustration of Sanguification in the Liver when Dropsie in stead of blood or natural spirit it produces nothing but Water and Wind which are emptied forth into the Belly whence come the Ascites and Tympanites that is the Bottle-bellied and the Drum-bellyed Dropsie or else they are conveighed into the Habit of the body whence comes the Dropsie Anasarca and Empneumatosis viz. The Bloat-fac'd Puf-Cheek'd Dropsie Somtimes a Dropsie is caused through fault of the Spleen and other Parts but not without the Liver be hurt and likewise the heart by means of the Circulation of the blood Atrophia or falling away of flesh is an hindrance of the bodies nourishment Atrophy by reason of the badness of the blood which the Liver Makes Cachexia is a depraved kind of Nourishment by reason of bad Sanguification Cachexâ— Before these is wont to march a simple accident viz. Badness of Color in the Skin either blewish white or Yellow by reason of Serosity or Choler shed into the Habit of the whol Body even as far as the face by which we discerne the evil dispositions of the Liver Chap. 25. Of the Bladder of Gall. NOw follows the Folliculus Fellis or Cystis Billiaria the Bladder which It s Name is ordained to containe that Excrementitious Choler which flowes from the Liver It s substance is Membranous being distinguished into two Coates Substance Scituation It is placed under a T. 4. f. 1. C. f. 5. F. â–¡ the Liver affixed to the greater Lobe or lap thereof and as it were overwhelmed therein The bottom of the Gal Bladder respects the inferior Parts Its Neck the superior Bottom Neck Sinus parts and a pipe derived from the Gall-Bladder called Canalis Cysticus is carried obliquely til it meet the Canalis Hepaticus There is a Sinus or bending neer the Orifice of the Bladder Its Magnitude varies according to the plenty or Scarsity of Choler It is only one Bigness Number It has been found somtime double but that was contrary to the intention of nature It 's divided into the bottom which is the lower Part and into the Neck which is the upper Part. It has an oblong shape resembling a large Pear broad at the bottom and straitter Shape towards the Neck It is hollow that it may receivve Choler and retaine it til a convenient time of Passages of Choler emptying the same is has certaine pipes or Channels to carry Choler the one b f. 5. H H. f. 3. c. â–¡ broader and longer drawn out from the Liver to the beginnigng of the c f. 3. D. â–¡ Intestinum Jejunum that is the Hungry Gut or Gut termed Jejunum by which the thicker Meatus Hepaticus Choler passes directly away the other Pipe is d T. 4. f. 8. b. â–¡ smaller and shorter which is drawn Cross-waies from the Neck of the bladder to the foresaid passage The former I cal Meatum Hepaticum the Liver Channel the latter I cal Cysticum Meatum the Bladder passage by reason of its Rise and Orifice For the Meatus Cysticus carries the thinner Choler into the Meatus Hepaticus which a porous Meatus Cysticus Membrane ful of little holes rooted in the Liver had suckt therefrom Aud therefore we must observe that there are two sorts of Choler in the Liver Two sorts of Choler â—in the Liver Communion and two Channels to Purge them away at divers times which is a Consideration of great moment in the Cure of Diseases The Gall Bladder communicates with the Stomach by touching the same which it heates so as somtimes to burn the same when the Gall Is inflamed in its Bladder Somtimes it sticks to the Gut Colon which passes along hard by which it often Colers Yellow and provokes it to expell the Excrements This expurgation of Choler being liable to be stopt does vex the body with many Inconveniences There is seldom observed a
third channel of Choler which goes into the Stomach unless some Part creep from the Meatus Hepaticus unto the Pylorus It has manifest Veins from the Porta called Venae Cysticae Its Arteries and Its Vessels Nerves are not so visible The Medicinal Consideration THe Gall-Bladder is subject to few Diseases The most common are when its Diseases of the Gall-Bladder Cavity or its Channels are obstructed When its Cavity is ful of little stones or filled with one great one by reason of thick Choler changed into a stony substance Its passages are stopped in the Liver or in the Gut Also it is broken through violeut motion in Vomiting and sometime it is so distended with Choler when the passages are stopped that should Evacuate the same that it has been seen as big as both a Mans Fists Somtimes when it is empty of choler it dries up so that nothing therefore remaines saving the ductus Hepaticus If we beleive Fernelius there could be no other Cause found of the death of some persons than that their Gall-Bladder had no Choler in it if so the evil and venemous Quality of the suppressed Choler was so great as to infect the heart or to weaken and corrupt some noble part The Symptomes of this Part are more manifest which do consist in its action Its Symptomes hurt or in the undue proportion or quantity of the Excrementitious Choler The Action of the Gall-bladder is attraction of Choler which is either diminished or abolished The undue proportions or quantity of the Choler is when either too little or too much is voided forth Which Symptomes cheifly appear in those Parts which Sympathise with the Gall-bladder Their Signs as in the Stomach when Choler is vomited up in the whol body when Choler is shed abroad through the Veins into the habit of the Body and deformes the Skin or when it takes its Course into the Guts and causes a dysentery or a Cholerick looseness But the original of these Symptomes is to be charged upon the Liver being il disposed Their Original And Democritus had good Reason to search diligently into the seat and Nature of Choler when he made dissection of divers living Creatures that he might be more able rightly to cure the Diseases of Body and mind When I see in an extream Yellow Jaundice the whol Skin infected with Choler Diversity of Choler proved that the Urins die cloaths Yellow the stooles being in the mean time whitish And when I see in another sort of Jaundice both the Urins and stooles Yellow This confirmes to me that there are two sorts of Choler and several waies for the expurnation of each of them In the Yellowest sort of Jaundice in which the stooles are By the different sorts of Jaundice whiteish the Meatus Hepaticus or Liver passage of Choler is stopped in the Cavity of the Liver In the other sort of Jaundice when the stools are Yellow it shews that a quantity of Choler passes away by the Urins and Guts and the obstruction is not so great nor so stubborn as in the Yellowist sort of Jaundice and therefore it is to be hoped the Cure will be more speedy Chap. 26. Of the Spleen THe Spleen is a Bowel placed right against the Liver as its Lieutenant and a The Spleen described kind of Bastard-Liver that when the Liver is Diseased it may assist the same in Sanguification or blood making It is of a a T. 4. f. 7. C. â–¡ Substance spongy soft sprinkled al over with very many Vessels like It s Substance Fibres or threds yet it is altogether unlike the substance of the Liver It is infolded in a Membrane b f. 7. B B. â–¡ proper to it self seeing it receives none from the Peritoneum It s Color is Black and Blew and obscurely Reddish Color Greatness It s greatness is uncertaine and not determinable because it grows greater or less according to the abundance or defect of Humors which flow thither are collected therein So that there is none of the Bowels which does so easily grow bigger and lesser as the Spleen In respect of Number it is wont to Be single Somtimes it has been observed to Number be double and threefold Consider in the Spleen its upper Part which is termed the Head and its nether Parts Part which is called the Taile T is a T. 4. f. 1. D. â–¡ placed in the left Hypochondrium under the short Ribbs opposed as it Scituation were to weigh against the Liver that the Body might remaine equally ballanced When it keeps its Natural Constitution its Temper is hot and moist enclining to Temper dryness It is of an oblong shape like a Tongue in Brutes but in Mankind it is more Shape like the Sole of a Mans Foot In the fore Part towards the Stomach it is b T. 4. f. 8. A A A. â–¡ hollowed that it might receive the c T. 4. f. 1. I. I. f. 8 B. and C. â–¡ splenical Veins and Arteries on the back part towards the Ribbs its d T. 4. f. 7. A. â–¡ bunching It s knit into the Stomach by two or three Veines remarkable enough which do Connexion make that so famous e T. 4. f. 6. h. â–¡ Vas Breve so called by reason of the shortness of the way Through those Veins it disburthens it self into the Stomach by the Veins and Arteries Splenical it Purges it self into the Guts and Kidnies Ii's fastened to the bastard Ribs by Membranous Fibres sufficiently strong somtimes it 's fastened to the Stomach and is knit at its point to the Midrif or Diaphragma It Communicates with the Heart by a remarkable peculiar and admirable Artery which it hath which by a short way carries thither the Vapours or â—l Juyces thereof The Action of the Spleen is much doubled and controverted among Physitians Action controverted divers Opinions thereof and Anatomists so Many Men so Many Minds Hippocrates did beleeve that it drew superfluous serosity out of the Stomach which Opinion Aristotle followed though others draw it to an attraction of Chyle either out of the Pancreas and Mesentery or out of the Stomach Galen will have it emploied in Purging away Melancholy which it draws from the Liver Others are of Opinion that it prepares Blood for the Heart that it may become Arterial whether it be of the thicker parts of the Chyle or of the dregs of the Blood carried thither Others say it prepares a superfluous wheyish matter being the excrement of its own digestion which it sends back again into the Stomach to ferment the Meats when they are turned into Chyle The Arabian Physitians acknowledg such an Humor but they assigne its office to be the provoking of Appetite Galen thought that it did help to strengthen the Stomach In so great dissent of Authors what shal we resolve upon every one brings probable reasons for his Opinion Hofmannus
out with the Blood and the Air is likewise by them received in to Cool the Body In Antient tâ—…nes and the daies of Yore it was a Part of Sooth saying to view the blood which flowed from their sacrifices which if it appeared pure and laudable it was a token of happy and joyful success iâ— bad and corrupted it was an ill sign according to Lucan Nec Cruor emicuit solitus sed Vulnere Largo Effluxit nigâ—um rutilo pro sanguine Virus That is No usual Blood did spring from the large Wound But black and Venemous for Red and found The Medicinal Consideration Seeing the Veins are the Cisterns of blood it comes here to be considered how The conditions of good Blood the blood ought to be qualified in sound bodies that so we may be able to judg of that which is corrupâ—… Now inbodies that are healthy the blood is Red Fibrous and has a smal quantity of Wheyâ—â—h Watermingled with it Whether the Eabres are made of an earthy and flegmatick matter which is drawn How the Fibres in the Blood are brâ—â—â— out into threds within the Channels or greater Veins and is made smaller in the lesser Veins many doubt supposing the four Humors to be conteined in the Mass of blood Some admit of blood but severed from the other Humors which in the first Region are separated from the blood Others distinguish the Alimentary Humors from the Excremenâ—â—tions the former are confused and mingled with the Blood the latter are to be seen collected in several Parts as Choler in the Gall-bladder Melancholy in the Spleen and Flegm is diffused through al the Parts of the Region of the belly notwithstanding Hippocrates acknowledged two fountains of Flegm the Head and the Stomach Now the Quality or temper of blood is hot and moist It s Quantity cannot be The natural Temper of the Blood Quantity of the Blood defined The Arabian Physicians especially Avicenna do write that in a Sanguine body wel constituted there are twenty four pounds of blood so that a Man may bleed twenty pounds and live but if he bleed more Death follows inevitably That which preserves our life is likewise the occasion of Death for as good Blood in a moderate quantity preserves our life so the same being vitiated or too much in quantity is the Cause of Sickness and Death it seâ—â— When blood offends in quality it is termed Cacochymia when in quantity Cacochymia Plethora what they are it 's called Plethora Somtime the blood is corrupted and not the Serum oâ— Wheyish Water Somtime the serum is corrupt and the blood remaines found Now the serum or Wheyish Water being corrupted is the worst Humor in the body grievously infecting weakening and destroying such parts as are therewith diseased Some Practitioners do make it a Question Whether in the Veins every Humor has its own proper Serum or not I beleeve that there is but one kind Corruption of the Serum of Serum which according to the several degrees of its Corruption and Tincture appears somtimes yellow and Cholerick somtimes green and livid or black and blue somtimes Melancholick and somtimes Milky Aristotle counts the Blood corrupted when it is changed into Serum Somtimes the Putrefaction of Blood is so great that the whol Mass is turned into a rotten putrefied Serum When the Corruption of blood is yet greater somtimes Worms are bred Worms breed in the blood therein which I have seen come away in the opening of a Vein Such a Worm being bred in the Veins may somtimes flow into the right Ear of the Heart and grow Heart eaten by worms bred in the blood great and at length gnaw and eat upon the Heart as has been often observed in the Dissection of dead Bodies The Veins have in them a Retentive Faculty whereby they hold fast the Blood Retentive faculty of the Veins being lost what follows within themselves which Faculty being perished they suffer the blood to leak out through al the parts of the Body yea even to sweat out as I have seen in some Patients But more often it flows out immediately by the Nostrils Mouth Lungs Guts Bladder by the Womb and by vomiting I have divers times seen in malignant burning Feavers that the blood has been Blood congealed congealed within the Veins like unto the pith of an Elder stick which has been noted by Fernelius in his Physiologia Aretaeus writes That the Vena Cava is somtimes inflamed and thereupon Vena Cava inflamed comes to break which I have seen my self to happen The Trunk of Vena Cava cannot be dilated so long as the blood circulates freely Neither is it subject to swellings termed Varices which are wont to happen only in the Veins of the Thighs and Legs Of the Diseases of this Vein and of the Blood contained therein there is a twofold Cure of the diseases of Vena Cava and the blood twofold Purgation Blood-letting Cure Purgation and Blood-letting but blood-letting is more necessary of the two in a Plethora either ad vasa or ad vires or in a Plethorick Cacochymia or in a very great and putrid Cacochymia that a portion of the extreamly corrupted blood may be taken away Blood-letting takes away such Obstructions as are caused by blood but not those that are caused by Humors congested in some part of the Body and therefore that same Euroâ—a so often mentioned that freeness of passage caused by blood-letting must be understood of the motion and free passage of the blood through the Veins and not of the removal of an Humor that is gathered together and wedged fast into any part of the body Iâ— blood-letting cannot be put in practice the Question is Whether Purgation If blood may be lessened by other waies beside bloodlessing alone may supply its place according to Galens Opinion in his Book de Sanitate tuenda or spare eating exercising the body frictions sweating I suppose where there is no Feaver the blood may be diminished by the means aforesaid and also by such Medicaments as draw the Serum out of the Veins for so the Veins being emptied the rest of the body may be extenuated and this is observed and put in practice in such Nations where the People are afraid of blood-letting Howbeit to open a Vein twice or thrice is a more speedy and safe Remedy Forasmuch as Sylvius and Carolus Stephanus have written that there is a Valve A Valve in Vena Cava within the Liver by the Trunk of the Vena Cava which hinders the blood from returning back Conringius saies that it is to be found in Oxen. This favors that Opinion of the bloods being carried from the Liver unto the Heart It seems to me that Nature has placed that Valve that the filth of the mass of blood should not It s use flow back into the Liver and obstruct the same which filth either she carries by some way
In a word the Womb is a furious Live-wight in a Live-wight punnishing Poor women with many Sorrows Although Hippocrates hath written and Fernelius confirmd the same that the womb like a Globe does rowle it self in the Cavity of the Belly yet are they rather the Horns of the womb which are receptacles of Seed Spirituous and hot or putrified which being swelled do move themselves this way that way til they have shed their Seed into the Cavity of the Belly which Seed being dispersed brings very cruel pains and stretches the Belly until the force of the Spirits be Evaporated hence comes that same swelling of the Belly and stifling about the Midrif Somtimes malignant Vapors ascending from the Womb by the Veins a T. 7. f. 2. V V X X. â–¡ and Arteries Suffocation unto the Lungs and Kernels of the Throat may cause choaking and stifling and the malignant vapor of the Seed being so pernicious is violently darted into the Brain and al parts of the Body from the VVomb as from a Beast that spits poyson The VVomb is but little when empty but when it is silled with evil Humors it swels above measure and it has been seen to equal the Head of a new-born Child Cancerous Scirrhus which is an incurable Infirmity because it is a Cancerous Scirrhus which is the worse for being tampered with by Medicines Somtimes the Orifice of the Womb being closed and firmly sealed up Water Dropsie flows out of the Belly into the Cavity thereof and coming to a quantity it brings the Dropsie of the Womb. Somtimes evil Humors are collected there and by the force of Nature do afterwards break forth This often happens to Virgins and others from the suppression of their Courses the internal Orifice being stopped as I said before The Womb is watered with a two-fold Humor Seed and Menstrual Blood the Whether seed suppressed hurteth women suppression of both which does many waies afflict Woman-kind and the evacuation thereof does them much good in many respects Howbeit we do not read in Hippocrates any where that the retention of their Seed is hurtful unto Women he writes indeed that the Womb being dry does ascend to the superior parts to receive moisture which Galen laughs at and that it desires to receive the Mans Seed to moisten it self and that therefore marriagable Virgins that are troubled with fits of the Mother should be married and have the carnal society of Men. And therefore he makes the retention or over-great flux of the Courses the only general cause of Womens Diseases and saies that Women cannot be in Health unless they play the Women that is void their Menstrual Blood In case therefore that a What must be observed in letting blood to move the courses Woman or a Virgin have her Courses stopt whether or no may we hope by blood-letting three or four times repeated from the Arm or Foot to draw the blood unto the Womb I remember the Story of a Woman in a Consumption because of the stoppage of her Courses from whom Galen drew blood in a large quantity That we may know to resolve this Question three things are to be noted The Matter the Place and the Expulsive Faculty The Matter is Blood which remains 1 The sufficiency of matter over and above what was necessary to nourish a woman for a months time which was ordained to conceive Child and to nourish it being born wherefore we must consider whether the woman abound with blood so that she has what to spare and void forth for if she want blood by reason of some fore-going disease or because she eats little we are not to expect that she should have her Courses The place through which it ought to flow is the womb with the Hypogastrick 2 Fitness of the place and Spermatick Veins for these Vessels do contain the superfluous blood until the due time appointed for this Purgation and they send it forth either by the Cavity of the womb or by the Spermatick Vessels into the neck thereof But if so be the Womb shal be dry or hard and the Spermatick Vessels and Veins obstructed we cannot hope to procure the Courses to flow by often blood-letting And the Expulsive Faculty is not seated in the Genital Parts which receive this blood 3 Strength of the faculty but depends upon the general strength of Nature which thrusts this superfluous blood out of doors These three things ought therefore to concur that a woman may have her Courses Matter Place and the Expulsive Faculty and Medicaments ought to have a Medicaments other means to accomplish the Cure respect thereunto A Vein is to be opened in the Foot rather than in the Arm Cupping-glasses must be applied without Scarrification to the inner part of the Thighs above the Vessels Convenient Purges must be given with Apozemes that move Urine attenuate and open the mouths of the Veins Pils of Steel Mirrh and Aloes must somtimes be given and Baths made to sit in or a Vaporary must be used somtimes of blood-warm Water alone and somtimes boyled with Hysterical and opening Herbs the steam whereof the Patient must receive into her Womb. Also Fomentations must be applied to the Os Sacrum and the lower part of the Belly and good Diet appointed not heating but attenuating and opening The Action of the Womb is Conception if it be abolished the Patient is barren Symptoms in the Actions hurt Sterilitie Which barrenness depends either upon the distemper of the womb or upon the il shape thereof or the hardness of the inner Orifice or the distortion thereof or from fault of the Stones and Spermatick Vessels in which somwhat is wanting either in point of structure or of matter and if a woman be sickly she cannot make good Seed fitting to cause a Conception til she recover the soundness of her health and til the faults of her womb if not incurable shal be amended But forasmuch as the Womb is ordained not only for Conception but to evacuate Suppression of blood or seed the Superfluicy of Natural Humors in the Body such as are superfluous Seed and Menstrual blood if they be totally or in part suppressed the woman cannot be in Health nor if they flow too much Hence comes the Gonorrhoea Over-great flux thereof simplex simple running of the Reins or the Feminine Flux either of blood or Humoral when only Humors come away which last if it be malignant and the Humor be sharp exulcerating and of evil color it is dangerous and comes somtimes from an outward venemous and contagious cause and therfore women ought discreetly to be questioned touching that matter that they may be brought to acknowledg their Disease and not deceive the Physitian under a pretence that they have the ordinary whites to their own hurt unless they acknowledg themselves faulty or lay it upon their Husbands whom it is better to accuse if they be
between the Hammer and the Anvil as the Proverb is but between two Hammers wherewith they are beat upon and hurt on both sides whil the Head distils upon the Lungs and the Liver affords impure or over plentyful Blood unto the Heart whichthe Heart spues and casts back into the Lungs whereby they are infected and overwhelmed Which infection of the Lungs springs not from the Heart but from the distempered and ill disposed Bowels which suggest unto the Heart very impure blood whose vitiousness the Heart is not able to correct save after many Circulations In the mean whil the Lungs are greivously offended by the foresaid blood passing The chief Diseases of the Lungs through the substance thereof for they are subservient unto the Heart as it were in the Nature of an Emunctory Emissary or Common-shore whiles the filth of the Heart flowes unto the Lungs with the Blood whereupon the Lungs are subject to sundry Diseases For they are troubled with an hot or cold distemper with a Cholerick and Distemper Inflamation Consumtion Flegmatick Tumor and a frequent Inflammation called Peripneumonia or at least with an inflammatory disposition also with Impostumes and Ulcers which bring the Consumption for from spitting of Blood comes spitting of quitter and from thence the Consumption Also they are subject to a certain kind of Push or rising which in the end Push Vomica turnes into a secret mischievous Impostum termed Vomica of which few escape If the Quitter be derived from the Lungs into the Heart unless it pass readily into the Aorta it suddainly choakes or stifles the Patient If it be carried into the right ventricle it Causes the greater danger because it cannot be so easily Purged out Furthermore the Lungs are obstructed in the Asthma either perpetual or coming Asthma by fits which causes difficulty of breathing which as it is more or less is distinguished with different names The lesser is termed Dyspnea the greater It s Kinds when the Patien cannot breath save standing or sitting upright is termed Orthopnaea Oftentimes the Patient is vexed also with a cough which is somtimes moderate Cough and somtimes vehement with great wheezing and ready to choak the Patient which Springs from a cruel feirce Catarrh or sudden and plentyful Defluxion Whereupon by reason of the extreme troublesomness of the Cough which shakeâ— the Lungs there arises that disposition termed Spadon Vasorum or a dilatation of the Vessels being a dangerous and formidable â—ort of Aâ—eâ—risma In the Peripneumonia or Inflammation of the Lungs there is no smal dispute Whether Blood-letting is good in these Cases about Blood-letting for it is written that Blood must be drawn from the common Veins Now there is none of those Veins which are usually opened that communicates with the Veins of the Lungs neither are there any branches distributed from the Vena Cava into the Lungs which has by Galen in many places been disputed against Erasistratus The motion likewise of Nature shewes the same for whereas in Diseases of the Bowels and in burning Feavers the Crisis is wont to happen by bleeding at the Note in a Peripneumonia there is no such Crisis because the Veins of the Nose from whence blood is wont to Issue have no Communion with the Lungs If it be true that Blood naturally does pass from the right Ventricle of the Heart unto the Lungs that it may be brought into the left Ventricle and from thence into the Aorta and if the Circulation of the Blood be acknowledged who sees not that in Diseases of the Lungs the blood flowes thither in greater quantity than ordinary and oppresses the Lungs unless it be first liberally taken away and afterwards Affermed at several times a little at a time be let out to ease the said Lungs which was the advice of Hippocrates who when the Lungs were swelled did take blood from al Parts of the Body from the Head Nose Tongue Armes Feet that the quantity thereof might be diminished and the Course thereof drawn from the Lungs He himself in Diseases of the Lungs bids us draw blood til the Body were Blood-less and in one that had a Consumption when he saw that the corruption of the Blood infected and corrupted the Lungs he took away blood in so great a quantity that the Patients body remained quite empty of the same in a manner Supposing that the Blood circulates the Lungs are easily emptied by Phlebotomy If the Circulation be denied I cannot see how blood may be from thence drawn back for if it should flow back by the Vena a T. 11. f. 2. E E G. â–¡ Arteriosa into the b T. 11. f. 3. D D. â–¡ right Ventricle the c T. 11. f. 4. B B B. â–¡ Sigma shaped Valves do hinder it and the d T. 11. f. 3. C C C. three forked little Valves do hinder the recourse thereof from the right Ventricle of the Heart into the Vena Cava And therefore when the Veins of the Armes and Feet are opened blood is drawn from the Lungs by reason of the Circulation thereof and consequently the Opinion of Fernelius comes to nothing namely that in Diseases of the Lungs blood should be taken rather from the right Arm than the left because the blood cannot return into the Vena Cava save by breaking two doors and Bolts placed in the Heart Ulcers of the Lungs do often happen by reason of a fierce cough caused by very Some Causes of Consumption of the Lungs sharpe Serosities or by spitting of Blood which if it come from an opening of the mouthes of the Veines by reason of Aboundance of blood it is not so much to be feared as when it proceeds from eating asunder the Coats of the Veins by the acrimony of Humors Nature in this case out of Pitty that our life might be preserved haâ— distinguished Why the Lungs are distinguished into Lobes or Laps the Lungs into divers pipes and sundry Lobes Laps or Scollups that the infection might not spread over the whol Body of the Lungs which is usual in al continued or evenly united bodies And therefore we see many that have Ulcers in their Lungs do live long if they have but an indifferent Care of themselves If the Circulation of the blood be allowed so that it passes often through the A twofold Circulation of the Blood Lungs not through the Septum Medium or Partition-Wal of the Heart we must maintain a two fold Circulation of the blood the one is performed by the Heart and Lungs whiles the blood spirting from the right Ventricle of the Heart is carried through the Lungs that it may come unto the left Ventricle of the Heart for it is squirted out of the Heart and returnes thither again the other is a longer Circulation by which the blood flowing from the left Ventricle of the Heart compasses the whole body by the Arteries and Veins that it may
observed in Book 11. of his Method In which case blood letting is good for Ventilation and must be repeated if need be Unnatural Respiration is somtimes necessary in those that have their Health to Vnnatural Respiration somtimes 〈◊〉 in healthy persons expel smoaky vapors by forcible blowing out of the breath or to expel the Excrements of the Bellâ— or to force out a Child by holding the breath â—xâ—â—fflation or forcible puffing out of the breath answers to Expiration and holding of the breath is a long Inspiration as much as the party is able to endure for some necessary use and it is performed which is strange by one very smal muscle which shuts the Arythenois and the Glottis Chap. 8. Of the Heart THe Heart is the Principal and most Noble Bowel of the whol Body the Nobility of the Heart Fountain of Life-giving Nectar by the Influx whereof the virality or lively force of al â—he parts is recreated and cherished It is the first that lives and the last that dies by the benefit whereof al the parts of the body do live and subsist And therefore it is that Nature has framed this principal Part with admirable Workmanship both without and within of a a T. 11. f. â— B. â–¡ fleshy substance strong and thick It s Substance interwoven with al sorts of Fibres and because it is the Seat of Native Heat lest it should become dry and parched up she hâ—s â—oâ—stened it with fat placed round about and waâ—ered the same by cuâ—cumfusion of a wheyâ—sh Liquor It is scituate in the middle of the Chest hanging by the a T. 11. f. 4. A A. Mediastinum and b â— 11. f. 1. A. Pericardium It s Scitâ—ation For those two parts do joyn in this Office as hath been said in our Chapter of the Mediastinum The Heart is alwaâ—es of the same greatness in some strong men it is more smal Bigness and solid than ordinary in feebâ—er Perâ—ons iâ— is greater and of a looser substance as â—n some men and frequently in women It is shaped like a Pine-Apple having a broad bottom and growing pointed towards Shape the top The broad end is called the Basis or bâ—ttom which receives four Vessels the Vena c T. 11. f. 1 C. Cava running through the Breast and opened neer the Heart Vessels and fastened thereunto the Vena d f. 2. E E. G. â–¡ Arteriosa the e f. 1. M. f. 2. C. â–¡ Aoâ—â—a and the Arteria f f. 2. H H. â–¡ Venosa In the Basis we find little Cases or Covers placed by the Vessels which carry blood into â—he Heart They are called 〈◊〉 Cordis the g f. â— C C. Ears of the Heart Ears and are hollow In grown persons the right Ear is larger than the left but in the child in the womb and al Infants the left Ear is larger than the right The other end of the Heart is termed the Conus or poinâ—ed end There appear Veins and Arteries h f. 2. by B. â–¡ creeping upon the surface of the Heart which seem ordained to repair the Fat as it spends Before we proceed to the inner Structure of the Heart we are to consider how it Action viz. the pulse is moved For its Action is Motion or Puliation because look what blood it receives in it drives the same out by pulsation There are therefore two parts of the Hearts motion Systole and Diastole or Systole Diastole Contraction and Dilatation when it takes in blood it is dilated or widened when it expels the same it is contracted or drawn together between both which motions there intercedes a pause or resting time which is termed Peri-Systole How these motions are caused is a doubtful Question Rejecting the various Opinions of others I wil tel you how I conceive this motiâ—ion Cause of the pulse according to our Author is performed It is probable that the Heart being widened cannot receive the blood unless its dilatation be made by drawing back the Basis thereof to the Cone that the Vessels may shed their blood and the heart draw the same to it self In the Systole the heart is contracted and the blood received is thrust out and then the Heart becomes narrower and longer than it was before And because it is shut up in the Pericardium or Heart-case which is fastened circular-wise to the Sinewy Centre of the Midrif with its Cone or pointed end it smites the Nervy Centre of the Midrif and with its Basis or broad end and the Aorta sticking out it smites the Breast at the same instant when it is extended and prolonged This perpetual motion of the Heart though it depend in respect of its production How necessary the circulation of the blood is to continue the motion of the Heart upon the inbred faculty thereof yet can it not alwaies continue save by the coming in of blood out of which the Heart frames the vital Spirit and in case at every pulse the Heart receive one drop of blood or two which it casts into the Aorta and that in an hours space the Heart pulses two thousand times it must needs be that a great quantity of blood or al the blood in the Vessels should pass through the Heart within the space of twelve or fifteen hours Now this quantity may come to fifteen or twenty pounds of blood which is as much as is contained in the Vessels and therefore it must needs be that in the space of twenty four hours the whol mass of Blood is twice or thrice passed through the Heart according as the motion of the Heart is quicker or slower And that this Circular Motion of the blood might be performed with the greater Whether the blood do pass from the right Ventricle of the Heart unto the Lungs commodity and facility William Harvey an English man the Kings Physitian the Author and Inventor of this motion of the blood and Joannes Walaeus a Professor of Leyden and most eager Defender and Protector thereof wil have the blood to be carried through the Lungs from the right unto the left Ventricle of the Heart not allowing that it should pass through the Septum or Partition wal between the Ventricles of the Heart and that the whol mass of Blood in an hour or two hours space is circulated through the Heart and the whol Body which I do not allow of and I have els-where laid down my reasons of the impossibility and inconveniency of such a motion The Heart is the Original of Vena Cava When I had observed that the Trunk of the Vena Cava was separated from the Liver running continually from the Jugulum to the Os Sacrum without any interruption and that it passed not through the Liver as we may see with our Eyes and perceive also by thrusting a smal stick thereinto I came to be of Opinion that The Liver of Vena Porta They
have different blood in them the Vena Cava did spring from the Heart as the Vena Porta takes its rise from the Liver and that two sorts of blood were contained in those Veins though both of those sorts are labored and wrought in the Liver the one of these sorts of blood being sent into the Porta the other by a branch rooted in the Liver twice as smal as the Trunk of Vena Cava carried unto the Heart What kind of blood is circulated The blood which is contained in the Vena Porta is not circulated although it have a flux and reflux within its own Channels and communicate with the Caeliacal Arteries which are joyned one to another by mutual Anastomoses Within those Vessels the blood may pass to and fro reciprocally but it does not run out according to the longitude of the body neither is it in such a sense circulated In what Vessels And therefore the Circulation which is made in the Heart does borrow its matter from the Liver by the Vena Cava The Circulatory Vessels are the Aorta and Cava neither do their branches receive that Circulation because the blood being shed into al the parts of the second and third Region does remain there to nourish the said parts neither does it flow back unto the greater Vessels unless it be revelled by force when there is great want of blood in the larger Vessels or when it is stimulated into some violent motion and so flows unto the greater Circulatory Vessels After what manner And so the blood which is brought from the Liver unto the right Ventricle of the Heart does pass through the Partition wall of the two Ventricles into the left Ventricle I confess that in a violent Circulation the blood is carried through the Lungs unto How the circulation is performed the left ventricle of the Heart where it is forcibly ejected into the Aorta that it may afterwards be carried into the greater Veins of the Limbs which communicate by mutual Anastomoses with the Arteries and then from the Veins it flows up into the right Ventricle of the Heart and so there is made a perfect Circulation by the continual flux and reflux of the blood So that the blood in the Veins does naturally and perpetually ascend or return unto the Heart the blood of the Arteries naturally and continually descends or departs from the Heart Howbeit if the smaller Veins of the Arms aud Legs shal be emptied of blood the blood of the Veins may descend to succeed in the place of that which is taken away as I have cleerly demonstrated against Harvey and Walaeus No man can deny the mutual Anastomoses of the Veins and Arteries seeing that Galen has said it and demonstrated the same by Experiments and our dayly Experience confirms the same Hippocrates himself in his third Book of the Joynts takes notice of this communion of the Veins and Arteries in a Discourse by it self How necessary the circulation of the blood is You see how necessary it is for the blood to circulate that the motion of the Heart may not cease and how this Circulation may be performed without confusion and perturbation of the Humors and without destroying the Ancient Art of Healing And therefore the Circular motion of the blood is necessary to continue the motion of the heart as in Mils the Water must perpetually fal upon the Wheel to make it turn about also to warm again and restore the strength of the blood The Vtility thereof which is decayed by the loss of Spirits dispersed up and down the body whereas in the Heart it is refurnished with new Spirits and that the Heart being the Fountain of Native Heat may be moistened with a perpetual Dew lest by little and little it should parch and wither away for want of that dewy moisture or Life-giving Nectar By the Circulation of the blood in the Heart the Causes of Life and Death are more easily declared than by the Humidum Primigenium or Original Moisture bred in the Heart when the Child is formed which is so little that it is soon consumed and the perpetual motion of the Heart continuing day and night without ceasing would at length wear away the Substance of the Heart unless by a perpetual flowing in of the circulated blood it were moistened and repaired Whether the Heart and Arteries are moved at the same time Howbeit we must hold that the Heart and Arteries do move by Course one after another not being moved at the same instant with the same kind of motion but taking their turns and performing their work interchangably for when the Heart sends out the blood the Arteries receive it and transmit it into the Veins not that which is expelled the same instant but that which is neerest the Veins This being granted these parts must of necessity be moved one after another and the swelling motion of the Artery when it rises under our Finger is dilatation or widening and not contraction although it seem very like the pulse which the Heart makes when it contracts it self Having explained the Circulation of the Blood we must now open the Heart The right Ventricle of the Heart which you shal see divided into two Ventricles by the Septum Medianum or a T. 11. f. ☉ D D. □ Middle Partition The one is termed the b f. ☉ C C. f. 3. D D. f. 4. C C. □ Right Ventricle being the wider and softer The other the c f. ☉ B. f. 5. C C. f. 6. D D. □ Left being harder narrower and compassed with a thicker wal reaching as far as the Cone or Point of the Heart which the Right does not The Right Ventricle receives the Vena d f. 1. C. f. ♃ E. □ Cava and the Vena e f. 2. E E G. f. 4. A. T. 12. f. 3. all □ Arteriosa The Its Vessels Cava pours blood into the Heart the Vena Arteriosa carries back all or a part thereof into the Lungs To the Orifices of the Cava are adjoyned certain three-pointed f T. 11. f. 3. C C C. □ Valves or Their Valves Shutters which hinder the going back of the blood The Orifice of the Vena Arteriosa is compassed with three Valves or Shutters shaped like an old fashioned g f. 4. B B B. □ Greek Sigma which hinder the reflux of the blood The Left Ventricle receives two Arterial Vessels the a T. 11. f. 1. M. f. 2. C. f. 5. A. □ Aorta and the Arteria b f. 2. H H. f. 6. A. T. 1. e. f. 6. all □ Venosa Which latter according to the Doctrine of some Anatomists carries The left Ventricle of the Heart Its Vessels blood from the Lungs into the left Ventricle of the Heart or carries Air prepared in the Lungs into the said Ventricle and likewise carries back fuliginous Vapors howbeit many do not allow the said use
The Arteria Venosa hath in its Orifice only two c T. 11. f. 6. C C. â–¡ three-pointed Valves or Shutters The Aorta carries back Arterial blood out of the left Ventricle of the Their Valves Heart and its Orifice is stopped by three d f. 5. B B B. â–¡ Sigma shaped Valves or Shutters which hinder the blood from returning back again It is to be observed that these three-pointed Valves or Shutters are membranous neer their Vessels but they depend upon fleshy Pillars which within the Heart are like unto Muscles being fastened to the sides of the partition wall or Septum of the Heart which remains unmovable saving towards the Basis where it is softer and gives way a little when the Basis is drawn back in the Diastole or Dilatation of the Heart The Septum e f O D D. medium or Partition-wall of the Heart is porous ful of little holes which are somtimes manifestly discerned towards the Cone or Point of the The Septum Medium of the Heart Whether the blood pass through it or no Heart It is more probable according to the Doctrine of Galen that the blood does naturally pass through the said Septum or partition wall than through the Lungs Howbeit I deny not but that in the violent Agitation of the Heart and Lungs the blood is carried through the midst oâ— the said Lungs The Medâ—cinal Consideration Having finished these Observations I proceed unto the Diseases of the Heart The Heart as Pliny saies cannot endure long Diseases nor suffer lingring torments Vsual Diseases of the Heart art And Galen tels us That Physitians have not been able to find out or invent Medicines able to cure an evil and malignant distemper which has taken hold of the substance of the Heart Wherefore this part is diligently to be preserved which suffers not by its own fault but by the Impurities of other parts wherewith it is infected and corrupted Wherefore if the Heart be supplied with pure and good blood and be not infected by conâ—agion of the neighboring parts he Lungs and the Liver it flourishes Swouning most cheerfully and causes a very long life But by our Intemperance we suffer it not to continue in Health for the good of the whol Body And therefore it is exercised with divers Diseases by the loss of strength that is to say of Spirits or by their Dissipation such as are Syncope and Leipothymia or swouning and fainting Fainting away which differ only in degrees Syncope being greater than Leipothumia Oftentimes the Heart does counterfeit and make shew of a kind of Apoplexy but without snorting neither does it leave a Palsey after it or any feebleneis of Body or mind If this Disease return often with violence at length it over-whelms and stifles the Heart not only because the blood is stopped from going forth by reason of the fulness of the Vessels but by the Hearts being oppressed by some gross substance of the blood forcibly crowded into the Ventricies of the Heart stopping the pulsative motion of the Heart and Arteries and causing somtime that the Patient cannot speak and bringing him finally to his Grave This Disease is as common among the Germans as is the Apoplexy by reason of their full and Champion-like habit of body contracted by their dayly Feastings and liberal drinking especially at dinner which lasts til within Night they in the mean time taking no care to abate their Plethorick habit by liberal blood-letting Nor is it any wonder if from so great plenty of blood they fal into an Apoplexy or the Heart-swoonings aforesaid Hence depends the Explication of the 42. Aphorism of the Second Book The motion of the Heart is depraved in the Palpitation or Panting thereof and Palpitation it is interrupted in Syncope and Leipothymia The Ventricles and Partition are oftentimes obstructed being filled with little The Circulation intercepted by obstruction of the Ventricles Or of bits of Flesh or Fat wherewith the Heart is choaked the Circular motion of the blood being stopped Somtimes they stick in the right Ear of the Heart whence follows Palpitation or inequality or Interception of the Pulse Worms are also bred in the Heart of which Salius treats There is a memorable Story of a certain English man whose Heart was eaten into by a Worm You may read the Story in Aurelius Severinus The Circulation of the blood is stopped not only in the Heart but also in the The Velns Veins when they are stopped with very thick blood or with blood congealed like the pith of an Elder stick as I have often seen it after burning Feavers and as it has been observed by Fernelius The most frequent Diseases of the Heart are Feavers wherewith it is inflamed A Feaver and roasted as it were so that the Original moisture thereof becomes exhaust and dried up for as Ludovicus Duretus saies in his Commentary upon Hippocrates his Coick Discourses We lose more of our strength by a feaver of seven daies continuance than by the depraedation of our Natural Heat in seventy yeers time a yong man dies in seven daies consumed by a Feaver who might have lived seventy yeers under the sole Regiment of his Natural Heat Differences of Feavers In respect of the Cause a Feaver is Spirital The History of Feavers belongs to this place which I shal dispatch in few words The Hot Distemper of the Heart is termed a Feaver The Differences of Feavers are taken from their conjunct Cause which is three-fold The Spirits the Humors in the Vessels and the Humors fixed in the solid parts of the body From the Spirits a Feaver is termed Spirituosa or Spirital from the Humors in the Vessels it is termed Humoralis and from the Humors fixed in the solid parts it is termed Hectica Though there be three sorts of Spirits Natural Vital Animal yet is it the Vital Spirit alone which being inflamed causes the Spirital Feaver There are four Humoral Humors contained in the Vessels whence comes four sorts of Humoral Feavers the Sanguine the Cholerick the Flegmatick and the Melanchollick But the Hectick Feaver is distinguished by three degreee For the simple Hectick arites Hectick from the fixed Humor being only inflamed the middle Hectick is when the said Humor begins to wast and the Hectica Marasmodes when it is quite exhaust and consumed The Modi of Feavers or their manner of afflicting is two-fold for either the In respect of the manner Continual Intermittent Feaver is continual or it intermits it is putrid or not putrid malignant or wel-affected A continual Feaver never ceases burning til it go wholly away An intermitting Feaver leaves the Patient some space of time free from burning The Cause of the Continualness of a Feaver is the plenty of Morbisick matter and its nearness to the Heart and the distance and paucity of the said matter is the Cause of its Intermission A Putrid Feaver is caused by
are distributed into the Parts of the lower Belly All e T. 3. f. 8. B B B. â–¡ Anatomists derive â—he Costal Nerve from the sixt pair when as in the mean Costal while it ariâ—es from the same poinâ— of the Bâ—â—â—n â—rom which the â—â—xt pair arises The costal Nerve being come without the Scul is strengthened as it were with a Knot tied about it and it descends undivided upon the Neck and when it is câ—â—â— to the three last Vertebra's of the Neck it is deâ—ended by anoâ—â—er Knot and grows thicker by addition of three smal Nerves and being slipped down within the â—hest in its progress near the Back-bone under the Membrane Pleura it is augâ—ented by additions of other two smal Nerves proceeding from the Marrow of the Back Having peirced the Midâ—iâ—â— it is Joyned to the Stomachick Nerves to make that same Contexture of Nerves â—â—â—embâ—â—ng a Net which is between the two Kidneys The End of the Third Book THE FOURTH BOOK OF THE ANATOMY AND PATHOLOGY OF John Riolanus THE KINGS PROFESSOR OF PHYSICK Chap. 1. Of the Head THE Hâ—ad being the Seat of the Soul the Mansâ—on House of Why the Head is placed in the â—igâ—est place the brâ—in is placed a loâ—t in the higâ—est part of the Body as it were the prime Castle which coâ—mâ—â—ds and bears Rule over the whol â—â—y 〈◊〉 saies â—â—â—â—eaâ— was thâ—â— plâ—â—â—d on the top of the Body because of the Eyes which are the â—couts and Guides of the Body Aristotle saies iâ— was for to cool the Heart by that coldneâ—s which â—he brain would shed down thereupon â—Aâ— Head that is wel â—ramed ought to be of an indifferent Size for a great and It s Size a little Head are disallowed and dispraiâ—ed The Natural Figure of the Head is round or spherical son what longiâ—h bunching Shape out before and behind with two Eminences and a little flat or compresâ—ed towards the Temples The Head is divided into the hairy Part and the â—mooth Part so long as it is Division whol and unparted The smooth part is termed the Face and thereunto is the Forehead appertaining The hairy part retains the Name of the Head The Head is otherwise considered in the History of the Bones for it is divided into the a T. 15. f. 3. A B C. â–¡ Skul and the two Jaws the b f. 5 and 6. â–¡ upper and the c f. 3. L M N. â–¡ lower and the Forehead appertains unto the Scull Again The whol Head is divided into two direct parts and two side parts The External parts of the Head direct are the d f. 3. A. â–¡ fore part of the Head which from the beginning of the Hair arises four or five fingers breadth towards the top or Crown of the Head After which the space of two â—ingers and as much after the Vertical point of the Crown where the Hairs turn is termed e f. 3. B C. â–¡ Vertex the hinder part is called f f. 4. C. f. 6. A A. â–¡ Occipâ—t the lateral parts are called Tempora g f. 3. D. f. 6. B. â–¡ the Temples or Times because they discover the Times of a mans Age by their hollowness hoariness or baldneâ—s The Head is compounded and made up of many parts of which some aâ—e external The constiâ—â—â—ing parts others internal â—ontaining and contained The Containing oâ— Membranous or Bony the contained or internal are the Brain the Cerebellum or petty brain the four roots of the Spinal Marrow and such Particles as are included in their Cavities The first containing part we meet with is the h f. 1. A A. â–¡ hairy Skin which has also its Epidermis The hairy Skin The flâ—shy Membrane or Scarf-skin Under the Skin lies the Fleshy i f. 1. B B. â–¡ Membrane which is the Foundation Seed-plot of the Hairs which if it be Fleshy it makes the hairy Skin movable because it sticks close hereunto without any fat coming between The Pericraneum follows which does immediately compass the bony Skul It Pericranium is produced from the thick Meninx which in Children goes through the Suâ—ures at what time they are not firmly closed noâ— ioyned Tooth within Tooth k f. 1. C C. â–¡ Besides the Pericranium there is scraped from the Skul as from other bones Periostium the Periostium being a thin Skin which immediately covers them Wherefore the Pericranium is not the Periosteon of the Skul but is spread out upon the Skul by a great Providence of Nature that it might hold fast the Muscles which arise It s use from the Skul such as are the temporal Muscle the strongest in the whol Body which with its companion contracts and liftâ— up the Jaw and bears greater burdens in some bodies than the other Muscles acting al together Also it strengthens and closely comprehends the Muscles of the hinder part of the Heâ—d Descending to the Eyes and stretched out under the Eye-lids it makes the Conjunctive Coat of the Eye These Membranes being separated and plucked off and the a T. 15. f. 1. D D. Skul having its The Skull Cap taken off it presents it self to ouâ— sight being framed together of many bones which are â—oyned one to another by looser or faster Sutures or Seams Somtimes there are no Sutures or Seams to be seen when the Skul is one continued bone But the History of the Skul appertains to that double Osteology or Bone-story the one of which has been prâ—mised unto this Work and the otâ—â—â— shal be demonstrated at the end hereof The Medicinal Consideration The Head being the Fountain and Original of almost al Diseases according to General Diseases of the head Hipyocrates by reason of Fluxes of Rhewm which flow from the Head into the inâ—erior parts even as low as the Feet does condole and has a fellow feeling with all parts Being placed on the top of the Trunk of the Body like a Cupping-glass it attracts and receives vapors which mount from the inferior parts according to Hippocrates in his fourth Book of Diseases which vapors the brain being sâ—â—â—gy like a kernel does drink and sup in according to the said Hippocrates in his Book of Glandules or Kernels The Vapors being conâ—ealed into Water do fal down and return up again like a River that ebbs and flows according to Aristotle which Hippocrates had taught before him having in that respect termed the Brain the Metropolis of a cold and moist glutinous and clammy Humor If the Shape of the Head be depraved so that it be sharp pointed or the longitude Shape depraved thereof be turned into latitude such an Head cannot be â—ound and healthy and therefore either it is diseased or the principal Faculties are weakened If in Children new born â—uch a Figure be observed it may â—e corrected by Art and with the Hand as if it be great and large when the Child is a
these The first Meninx g f. 1. A A. c. â–¡ hard and thick being united to the Sutures of the Head suspends the whol bulk of the brain these Connexions must be viewed when the Skul is taken off In the thick Meninx are observed innumerable h f. 1. a a. â–¡ Vessels wherewith it is sprinkled and strewed they are rather Arterial than Venal being produced from the Rere Mirabile being drawn out from beneath upwards as far as the Channels of the Meninx where they unload their blood and therefore it is the Membrane which is seen to beat and pant rather than the substance of the Brain Now the Pipes belonging to this Coat are four whereof two are lateral which The Pipes run along the sides of the Sutura Lambdoides that they may receive the blood from the internal Jugulars and from the Neck Veins or by them according to the Doctrine of Circulation the blood may flow back unto the Heart From the Union of these two Channels is formed a third longwise drawn out directly as far as the Nostrils In the Concourse of the three beneath there springs a fourth c f. 5. e e. â–¡ Channel or Pipe which goes into the Substance of the Brain between the Brain and the Petty-Brain it is not shut up in the â—oldings of the Dura Mater but there is a great Vein so called by Galen which descending into the d f. 3. D E â–¡ former Ventricles makes the Plexus e T. 17. f. 1. O O R R. T. 16. f. 3. F F. f. 5. f f. â–¡ Choroides which is diâ—persed tâ—â—ough al the Ventricles Plexus Choroides Torcular unto the Basis of the Brain The Channel which runs longwise deserves rather the name of Torcular than the f T. 17. f. 5. F. â–¡ fourth because from thence is the blood distributed into the lower parts by innumerable little Veins through the turnings and windings of the brain These lateral Channels neither do the Veins nor the Arteries go into and pass through with their Coats but are terminated at the entrance and therefore those Channels are rather Arterial than Venal for the Brain being of its own Nature cold and soft ought rather to be nourished with hot subtile and Arterial blood than with such as the Veins afford being thick and hard to penetrate And in case the Vein and Aâ—terial blood were confused and mixed together in these Channels they would not pant or beat and the Pulsation of the Channels demonstrates that it depends not upon the Body of the Arâ—eries for there are noâ—e in that place but upon the leaping of the blood after the manner of Arteries a T. 16. f. 5. a b. â–¡ bf 2. a a. f. 5. c c. â–¡ Now this Menbrane namely the Crassa Meninx divides the Brain into two parts as far as the middle thereof by the Corpus Callosum This Partition is termed a T. 16. f. 3. A A. f. 5. E E. â–¡ Falx and being doubled on both sides it severs the Brain from the Petty-Brain Falx The Tenuis b f. 1. B B. â–¡ Meninx follows which immediately incloses the brain being Tenuis Meninx Why the Brain is full of windings and turnings closely conveighed into the windings and turnings thereof for the substance of the brain is c f. 1. b b. â–¡ without after a wonderful manner ful of deep turnings and windings for the lighter passage of the Arteries which disperse the blood here and there and therefore Pelops the Master of Galen seeing those little Arteries dispersed up and down the Brain did beleeve that there was the beginning of the Veins The Tenuis Meninx is three times so long as the Crassa Meninx because it passes into the inner Parts of the Brain and as a Veil it covers and separates and divides the whol Bulk of the Brain into three Parts For near upon the upper half of the Brain which covers the Ventricles being placed upon the Corpus Callosum it is on both sides Circularly separated and lifted up as high as the Roots of the Marrow of the Back which do knit together that same upper portion So that the Brain is divided into three Parts on each side one over the Ventricles and the third which includes the Ventricles being continued and no waies disjoyned A smal quantity of the d f. 2. B B. f. 3. B B. â–¡ Corpus Callosum being cut of the Two e f. 3. D D. E E. f. 4. C C. D D. â–¡ former and The two former Ventricles upper Ventricles appear which in their lower Part towards the basis of the Brain are larger from whence they take their rise upward being smaller at the top They are separated by a Thin Membranous Partition which is framed of the Tenuis Meninx doubled together and is called Speculum Lucidum or the Bright Septum luciduÌ„ Mirror because it is transparent a T. 16. f. 3. G. â–¡ The former Ventricles are perforated in the forepart towards Os Ethinoides that the serosities may flow down from the superior Partâ— to that place Above the foremost Ventricles there is spred out a b T. 16. f. 3. b b. f. 4. B. â–¡ Tripartite body which is termed Corpus Psalloides or the Welch Harp sustained by three Pillars whereof Fornix two are c T. 17. f. 1. G G. â–¡ Lateral turned back about those d T. 16. f. 4. b b. c c. c. â–¡ Eminencies which Galen calls the Chambers of the Optick Nerves The other foreward e T. 17. f. 1. F. â–¡ Colomne is placed between the two Ventricles If you shal follow those two lateral Columnes you wil find them to be productions of the Optick Nerves which within the Ventricles do Joyn themselves one to another as in the Basis of the Brain behind the Choana they are again united whence I conjecture that the power of understanding and knowledg is principally contained in the former Part of the Brain and that from thence the Animal spirit is drawn which is administred unto the Eyes By the Concourse of the two Ventricles Between the two large Hillocks aforesaid and other subsequent Eminencies is formed a Guttur or Channel which makes the third f T. 16. f. 4. E. â–¡ Ventricle In the Basis of which Channel there is seen an g T. 17. f. 1. below Q. â–¡ hole The third Ventricle which penetrates into the Choana to purge out Wheyish Flegm into the throat near the Palate In the sides of this Channel the Circumjacent Eminences do form some the Nates Testes Anus h T. 16. f. 4. b b. â–¡ Nates or Buttocks others the Testes or i T. 16. f. 4. c c. T. 17. f. 1. M M. â–¡ Stones For so those Eminencies or bunchings out are termed being interchangably disposed and from that Channel the Hole which goes into the fourth Ventricle is termed Anus or the a T. 17.
f. 1. above Q. f. 2. F. â–¡ Arse-hole In the upper Part of this Channel is superincumbent that same Kernel which is Conarium termed b T. 16. f. 4. â— T. 17. f. 1. L. â–¡ Conariâ—m the Pine-Apple Kernel because t is shaped like a Pine-Apple And over this Channel and the fourth c f. 2. N N. â–¡ Ventricle is a thin Membrane stretched out derived from the Tenuis Meninx upon which runs the d T. 16. f. 3. F F. T. 17. f. 1. O O. R R. â–¡ Plexus Chorâ—ides deffused through the foremost Ventricles In the entrance of the fourth Ventricle there is placed a certain portion of the Processuâ— Vermiformis Brain more firm than ordinary which represents the taile of a River-Crab when the shel is peeled off It is called Scolicoides and Vermiformis e T. 16. f. 6. E. T. 17. f. 2. C C. â–¡ Processus the Worm-fashioned Production is opens and shuts the passage into the fourth Ventricle This is placed in the Cerebellum or Petty Brain which contained within it self the two hinder most portions of the spinal Marrow as the Brain contained the other two foremost which I have named with Galen the beds of the Optick Nerves In that same f f. 1. N N. f. 2. D D. G G. T. 18. f. 4. F. â–¡ fourth Ventricle there appeares a certain g T. 17. f. 2. H. T. 18. f. 4. â— â–¡ Chink like a Writing-Pen The fourth Ventricle which is the Separation of the Marrow of the Back The Petty-Brain being pulled asunder you shal see how it conteins within it the fourth Ventricle between the two aftermost Roots of the Marrow of the back and how being drier than the Brain it gives Original to h T. 18. f. 3. â–¡ seven or eight pair of Nerves saving the Optick Nerve It is not ful of windings above but beneath according to the external form of the brain it self In like manner it is divided beneath into i T. 18. f. 4. A A. â–¡ two Parts being continued above If you shal gently draw upwards the formost Part of the brain as far as its basis Pelvis Glandula Pituitaria you shal observe the k T. 17. f. 1. S. T. V. T. 18. f. 1. B. f. 3. B B. â–¡ Optick Nerves and the Nerves serving for a T. 18. f. 1. C C. f. 3. G G. â–¡ Motion and then the b T. 18. f. 3. D. â–¡ Choana or funnel dropping Wheyish moisture upon the c Glandula Pituitaria or Flegm-Kernel which fils up and possesses the Sella Equina or Horse-Saddle In the Choana or Funnel you shal see Four Pipes distilling Tubuli Seven pair of Nerves Wheyish moisture into the Palate and throat Then you shal consider the order of those seven pair of Nerves recorded in the following Verses The d T. 18. f. 1. B B. f. 3. B B. â–¡ First Pair sees the e f. 1. C C. f. 3. G G â–¡ Second moves the Eyes f f. 1. D D. f. 3. H. H. â–¡ Third and Fourth tast h f. 1. F F. f. 3. K K. â–¡ Fift hears and makes us Wise The i f. 1. G G. f. 3. L L. T. 3 f. 8 all â–¡ Sixth is large and wanders all about k f. 3. M M. â–¡ Seventh Larynx moves a prating Tongue so stout Then you shal search under the Dura Meninx in the basis of the brain about the Compass of the Sella Sphenoides for the Rete Mirabile or wonderful l f. 3. P P. â–¡ Net of Arteries Rete Mirabile interwoven one among another being formed of the two m f. 3. C C. â–¡ Carotides or sleep Arteries You shal observe in the Basis of the brain that Wheyish Humors of blood is powred forth in extream pains of the Head coming with Inflammation which while they seek to go forth by the Cavities of the Ears they cause extream sharp pains which bring the Patient into Madness and Sicknes Whether or no in such a desperate Case may we boar either side of the Hindermost Part of the Head to let out the superfluous putrid Humor which corrupts the substance of the Brain The n T. 18. f. 1. F F. f. 3. K K. â–¡ Auditory Nerve is worthy of Consideration which is inserted into the Cavity of the Eare and by a little Channel slides down into the Palate and is distributed into the inner Part of the Larynx from whence comes that same Concent that is between the Tongue and Teeth the Larynx and the Lungs g f. 1. E E. f. 3. I I. â–¡ Observe Whether or no they be intersected Crose-wise so as the right should from its original be carryed unto the left Part and the left unto the right which I have never seen Whether the Nerves in their Rise have Arteries Joyned in company with them Whether the Nerves are made up of many smal threds Whether the other Nerves differ from the Optick Nerve I wil not wholly pass over those four notable Questions Whether the brain be moved Whether or no the brain does cool the Heart Whether the Ventricles of the brain are ordained only to contein Excrements Whether or no the blood be there Circulated and how As to the first Question I say that the substance of the Brain is not moved of it Whether the Brain have any Motion self by Diastole and Sistole after the manner of the Arteries but only the Crassa Meninx which is sprinkled al over with Arteries arising from the wonderful Contexture of Arteries unto the upper Channels of the said Crassa Meninx also the Channels do pant and the brain is moved by elevation and depression of the substance thereof according as it is driven by the Animal spirits The brain does cool the Heart in asmuch as by Circulation it sends back the Whether it cools the heart blood unto the Heart being cooled in the Brain The foremost and uppermost Ventricles are Receptacles for spirits the whey may The use of the fore Ventricles indeed descend into the upper Ventricles from the whole Mass of the brain but it presently fals down into the lower Ventricles that from thence it may flow through Os Ethmoides into the Nostrâ—s if the Os Ethmoides or Colauder-bone be obstructed it distils by the Choana or Funnel or by the little holes over the Funnel into the Palate and Jaws or Throat The Circulation of the blood is performed in the brain with a slow pace The Whether or nâ— and how th ulood is Circulated in th Brain blood rises out of the Net like-Contexture by the Arteries of Dura Meninx unto the foure Channels afterwards it descends by the Veins unto the Heart having been plundred of its spirits which the brain drank up And so the blood being cooled is said to coole the Heart Of al which I shall treat more fully in my Anthropographia or large Description of the body of Man The Brain
being of its own Nature cold and moist is nourished only with the What Blooâ— the Brain nourishâ— with purer and more spiritous arterial blood which ascends by the Carotides and passes speedily forth And though the Spirits are tempered they loose none of their subtility because they are not mingled with the Air. From the Plexus Mirabilis blood ascends by the Arteries which spring from the said Plexus unto the Crown of the Head where the blood Channels of the brain are Scituate From whence it distils into the lower and side Parts of the brain and also by that same great Vein mentioned by Galen which makes the Plexus Choroides it is distributed into the inferior Parts And therefore in bleedings of the Nose the most pure blood does alwaies come What Blood comes away in the Nose bleeding away whereas that which is taken away by opening the Veins of the Arms or feet seems alwaies most impure Whereby you may know that it is only the Arterial blood which nourishes the brain and which comes away by the bleeding at Nose and it was not without Cause that Fernelius would have it stopped after it had bleed a pound to coole the body and extinguish the Feaver And therefore refrigerating and astringent Medicaments are to be applied not only to the hinder Part of the Neck but also before upon th Carotick or sleepy Arteries You shal observe that the Air drawn in by the Nostrils does not pass under nor Whether the Air goes which is drawa in at the Nostrils Whether it is mingled with the Spirits enter into the foremost Ventricles of the brain because they are void of any Insets but being shed externally round about the Crassa Meninx it cools the Surface of the brain Nor is it mingled with the Spirits because they ought to be most subtile otherwise by permistion or mingling of the Air they would become more thick and would not run so swistly by the Nerves al the body over The same I conceive touching the Air received into the Lungs that it is not mixed with the vital Spirit but only cools the Lungs Now that the brain may be demonstrated after that manner which Varolius describes The Manner of Dissecting the brain and the History of its Parts in a particular Book You shal saw in sunder the Scul of a body newly dead round about near the Eyes and the hollow of the hinder part of the Head and with a pair of Pinsers you shal take of the upper portion of the Socket of the Eyes that you may draw out the Eyes hanging at their Optick Nerves Afterwards having pulled the Dura a T. 16. f. 1. A A. f. 2. D D. c. T. 17. f. 1. A A. â–¡ Meninx from the Scul round about with help of a Spatula leave it at the Basis of the Scul where it sticks exceeding fast to the Bones Then you shal take out the Brain and as much of the Spinal Marrow as you can both at once and let some body hold the Brain turned upside down in both his hands whiles you shal dissect it But you shal first search within the Dura Mater for those four bendings or c T. 16. f. 5. a b c e. â–¡ Hollownesses for the place of the d f. 5. F. â–¡ Press the great Vein described by Galen which makes the Plexus e f. 5. f f. â–¡ Choroides and that division of the brain which resembles a f f. 2. A A. f. 5. E E. â–¡ Sickle Afterwards returning to the Basis of the Brain you shal observe the Tenuis Meninx to be more easily plucked and separated in the lower than in the upper Part because the Petty-Brain in its Basis or Bottom is not so ful of turnings away and windings as on the top And therefore the thick Meninx being first taken we meet with that same Rete Mirabite or Miraculous g T. 18. f. 3. P P P P. â–¡ Net made of Multitudes of smal Arteries springing from the h f. 3. C C. â–¡ Carotick Arteries and two other i f. 3. O O. â–¡ ascending through the holes of the Vertebraes of the Neck but it will be torn which cannot be prevented Now each of the Carotick or Sleepy-Arteries enters within the Scul divided into two to Weave that same wonderful Net and creeping upwards through the windings of the brain it is disseminated up and down every way even as far as the Longitudinal Cavity of the Dura Meninx The Carotis is drawn obliquated and as it were crook backt within that same winding hole at the Basis of the Scul and within its Cavity containes certain very smal Bones like those which are called Sesamoidea Neither has Nature placed these little bones only in these Arteries but she has likewise inserted them into other Arteries where it was requisite that they should be kept open b T. 17. f. 2. I I. â–¡ Then you shal observe that the Processus a T. 18. f 3. a a. â–¡ Mammillares or Teat-like Productions do not run out so far as Varolius has described them Then you shal see the growing together of the b T. 17. f. 1. T. â–¡ Optick c f. 1. S S. V V. â–¡ Nerves near the Choana or Funnel And therefore Masticatories may do good in the Diseases thereof Also you shal observe that the Veins of the Plexus d f. 1. O O R R. â–¡ Choroides descending to the Basis of the e f. 1. P P. â–¡ Brain are interwoven with exceeding smal Kernels In that place the Plexus Choroides is more easily discerned than upon the foremost Ventricles Afterward you shal contemplate four tuberous Eminencies two f T. 16 f. 4. c c. â–¡ before scituate in the middle of the brain and the other two g f. 4. b b. â–¡ behind which constitute the Cerebellum or petty Brain Those Eminencies or Risings do receive four white and hard Roots of the Spinal Marrow whereof the foremost longest and hardest are drawn along between the greater Eminences of the Brain The other two short ones are carried within the petty brain which a thickened Portion of the Marrow of the said petry-brain placed athwart as broad as a mans Thumb does fasten together like a Swath-band and is by Varolius termed h T. 18. f. 4. by C C C. â–¡ Ponticulus or rather it is the pavement of the Channel from the third into the fourth Ventricle And the said Channel lies above those foremost Roots of the Spinal Marrow and is stretched out according to their longitude Between the growing together of the Optick Nerves and the foremost Roots of the Spinal Marrow there appears a foursquate hole which is taken for the i f. 3. E. â–¡ Choana or Funnel serving to discharge the Excrements of the Ventricles of the Brain When you have viewed al these things you shal pass over unto the a T. 16. f. 6. D D. T. 17. f. 2. A A. T.
is ready to break And therefore Hippocrates observes a threefold Shaking-fit the one feaverish the other Ulcerous and the last Symptomatical Unquietness Anxiety tumbling and tossing of the body this way and that way Tumbling and Tossing called by the Greekes Asse is a depravation of motion which proceeds from a misaffection of the Stomach by reason of a sharp Humor Nettling and Stinging the Nerves of the body or the Membranes of the Back-bones Marrow Which makes that the Sick cannot rest in one place or posture but are forced every foot to change place and tumble here and there and to change the posture of their Bodies Night-walking ought to be reckoned among the Symptomes of motion depraved Walking in ones Sleep because it is not preformed by Judgment and Reason but by force of a Disease namely of sharp Fumes which compel the Sick person or the healthy to rise up and walk in their Sleep I proceed to the Irregularity of the Excrements The proper excretion of the Symptomes of things voided forth brain is either an Exhalation of a thin Vapour by the seames of the Scul or the pores of the Skin or it is an Efflux of a thick Humor by the Nostrils and Palate of the Mouth The Disproportion of this Excretion consists either in excess ot defect That in defect has no Name but it degenerates into a Cause of Diseases of the brain of which we have already spoken The disproportion in Excess is various either when blood does immoderatly Nose bleeding flow from the Nose or by drops Both which Symptomes are Malignant The former decaies the bodies strength by reason of the loss of blood and Spirits the latter betokens a repletion of the Head and a Vain endeavour of oppressed Nature And therefore drops of Blood coming from the Nose is bad in a Vaporous Feaver both as a Cause and as a Sign The disproportion in Excretion of a serous and Phlegmatick Humor is manyfold Catarrhs Their general Name is a Catarrh which is a distillation of Humor from the Head into the Inferior Parts from which Parts it receives divers Appellations If it fal into the Nostrils it is called Coryza or Gravedo if into the Throat Branchos Hoarsness if into the Mouth and Palate Ptyelismos or the Spawle And these three sorts of Catarrhs are vulgarly comprehended under the Name of Rheum A Catarrh falling upon the outward Parts of the body is named Rheumatismus Rheumatismus or Rheumaticus affectus the Rheumatick Pains If it fal upon the Joynts it resembles the Gout save that it comes not by fits wherefore an Eunuch may suffer upon the Rheumatick pains but not the true Gout See Galens Comment upon that Aphorisme Boys and Eunuchs are not troubled with the Gout Galen makes frequent mention of the Rheumatick Disease which was common at Rome as it is with us in Paris in his Second Book to Glauco in his Book of Blood-letting against Erasistratus c. This Disease he cured by liberal Bloodletting It is described by Hippocrates in his Book of the internal Diseases under the Name of a Joynt-pain which is wont to trouble young People more than Aged The other differences of Catarhs with Reference to the diversity of Parts on which they fal are Vain It suffices to know that al Fluxions upon internal Parts are called likewise Rheums The Cause of a Catarrh or Flux of Rheum is a cold and moist distemper or an hot distemper with an abundance of Humors working in the Vessels or without Galen acknowledges both these Causes in his Comment upon the 24. Aphor. Of the third Book The latter Physitians following the Doctrin of the Arabians wil have the Humor which Causes the Catarrh to be bred in the Head only without the Vessels by reason of Vapours ascending Fernelius contends that the Conjunct Cause of a Catarrh is a serous matter collected under the Skin of the Head without the Vessels and that the Antecedent Cause is an Humor shut up in the Veins If you desire to know more of this subject Read Fernelius who wil give you abundant satisfaction Chap. 3. Of the Eyes BEcause the Eye and the Ear may be demonstrated without meddling to The Eyes dissect the Face I wil dispatch these Parts before I proceed unto the Countenance The Eye the Instrument of the Sight is the principal Part of the face placed Scituations in the Fore-Part of the Head to direct the Actions of the body because al actions are directed forwards by reason of the Scituation of the Hands Seeing it is an Parts Organical Part made up of many Similar Parts some of those Parts are external and some internal The external are the a T. 19. f. 1. â–¡ Eye-lids which are the Coverings of the The Eye-lids Eyes wherewith they are covered shut and opened And therefore each Eye-lid is movable howbeit the motion is more evident in the upper Eye-lids and is performed by help of Muscles of which we shal treat in our fift Book containing the History of Muscles From whence the Reader may fetch what does appertain to the present occasion The Eye-lid is made up of the Skin a Membrane and muscles The Membrane It s Membrane stretched out under the Skin it produced from the Pericranium which descending by the length of the Forehead unto the Eyes is an underwofe for the Eye-brows withal makes the conjunctive Coat of the Eye which being fixed to the Brain of the Socket detaines and binds the Eye in its Hole or Cavity The Extremities of al the Eye-lids are terminated with a Cartilaginous or Tarsus Gristle edging which is called b f. 1. C C. â–¡ Tarsus whereupon one by one in a row are fastened the c f. 1. beneath B. â–¡ Hairs of the Eye-lids which are born with us and look how long they are at our Birth the same length they keep during our whol life They seldom falt of by reason of Sickness unless in a Malignant Whores-Pocks Cilia which mows down and makes wast of al the Hairs of the Body These Hairs of the Eye-lids are termed Cilia The angular Extremities of the Eye-lids meeting together are termed Anguli Corners the corners of the Eyes The one is d f. 1. by D. â–¡ greater towards the Nose the other is e f. 1. E. â–¡ lesser towards the Temples In the Eye-lids by the greater Corners are observed two little f f. 1. d d. holes which are Tear-Spouts termed Puncta Lachry malia or the Tear-Spouts because the superfluous Humidities of the Eyes or tears do flow thither and Issue out of those Holes which Humidites to receive the Glandula Lachrymalis or a T. 19. f. 1. D. â–¡ Tear-Kernel is ordained being thrust into the little perforated bone that the Humor might rather distil through this Hole into the Nostrils than fal out upon the external Parts The upper Eye-lid has a Muscle that lifts
because of the Apparencie Saphena which is a new name brought into use by the late Greekes unknowen to Galen When the crural veine has produced the Saphena it is soon after divided into four branches of which the two f T. 24. f. 4. b b. c. â–¡ external and lateral ones which are the shortest are disseminated into the superior Muscles of the Thigh both the internal namely the Biceps and the external viz. the vasti and the Musculus Cruraeus a T. 24. f. 3. i i. â–¡ d T. 24. f. 4. f f f. â–¡ The Ramus â—erâ—ius which penetrates into the inner parts is termed Ischiadicus Ischiadicus The fourth is called b T. 24. f. 4 d d. â–¡ b T. 24. f. 4. g g. â–¡ Muscularis Muscularis These branches being propagated the Trunke of the Vena cruralis being split into two descends unto the knee being attended with the crural Artery branshched The lesser branches into two But one of the c T. 24. f. 4. h h. â–¡ branches is aloft and waters the external parts the other is more d T. 24. f. 4. g g. â–¡ deep both of them do afford twigs to the neighbouring parts and when they have reached unto the Ham being spread along between the Soleus and the Gemelli they descend to the two Ankles But the external Ankle is princspally watered from the low-laid crural veine yet so that in the compass of the Ankle two notable veines are observed That which quarters upon the Malleolus internus or inner Ankle-bone is the branch of the Saphena That which takes its course beneath the malleolus being spread out above the Tarsus is a branch of the crurall Veine Neither of these Veines can be safely opened unless they swel by reason of the neighbouring arteries which the Vena Saphena placed in the inner Ankle is free from And this Veine is opened in all diseases aswel of Men as of Women Yet nevertheless in the Sciatic the Veine beneath the Malleolus externus is more advantageously opened because it has greater Communion with the Part affected namely the Coxendix or Hip. The Distribution of e T. 24. f. 5. A A. â–¡ Arteria Cruralis is not equal to the Vena Cruralis because The Arteries it produces no Saphena For a little lower than the Groine it transmits two Cruralis f T 24. f. 5. c. â–¡ within the Musculus triceps which are lengthened out as far as to the Gloutij Afterwards it sends forth g T. 24. f. 5. d d. c. â–¡ two into the former parts of the Thigh a T. 24. f. 4. c c. c. â–¡ And then the Cruralis descends undivided as far as to the Ham Where it is divided Its branches into two Branches the a T. 24. f. 5. i i â–¡ one of which does laterarlly creepe all along the outside of the Leg upon the Musculus Peroneus The other being thrust into the Muscle soleus and sliding downe unto the Heele is disseminated into the sole of the Foot and the other is branched forth into the outside of the Foot The Vena Saphena has no Artery to attend it and there is not any nerve near it and therefore it may safely be opened The Nerves of the foreside of the Thigh are two distinguished in their original The Nerves of the fore parâ— The first but so as they soon grow together and become one cord which is carried entire without any division unto the Groin Where it is distributed into five c T. 24. f. 6. B C D. c. â–¡ branches commonly wrapped up in a Membrane which being dispersed on every hand into the Muscles of the fore part of the Thigh they are branched out as far as to the whirl-bone of the Knee Now the Rise of these Nerves is in the d T. 24. f. 6. 3. 4. 5. â–¡ three lowest Vertebra's of the Loyns neither is it visible unlesse the Muscle Psoa be torn asunder within which they lie hid Then besides those fore-mentioned you shal see another smal Nerve drawn â—…e second through the oval hole of the Os Pubis and spent upon the neighbouring Muscles viz. the Triceps A great and very thick Nerve does glide along the hinder part of the Thigh which Of the Hind-part The first in its Original is made up somtimes of three oftener of four portions which are bred out of three or four of the upper holes of Os sacrum and being carried along through the cavity of Os Ischii which is seated between the spines of the said Os Ilium through the internal and hindermost Muscles of the Thigh undivided sometimes doubled and solitary without the society of a vein and Artery as is ordinary in other Nerves of the Body it is carried into the Ham where being divided into two somtimes into g T. 24. f. 6. i. k l. c. â–¡ four it bestows little smal twigs considering its bulk upon the Neighbouring Parts b T. 24. f. 5. I I. â–¡ e T. 24. f. 6. E E. â–¡ f T. 24. f. 6. 6. â–¡ The other a Branch descends through the Calf of the Leg to the Heel dealing out Its Branches little Nervs in its passage and being drawn through the Cleft of the inner Ankle-bone it is distributed into the sole of the Foot in as many Branches as there are Fingers Another is carryed into the b fore part of the Foot fastened unto the Perone and so slipping downe along unto the external ankle and when it is come thither it is spread abroad into the upper side of the Foot as was said of the former This exceeding great and thick Nerve being ill disposed or diseased a Bastard A Bastard Sciatica what Sciatica is thereby caused which consists wholly therein there is a grievous paine which afflicts not only the Hip but reaches into the Thigh the ankle and Foot namely to all places whether the Nerve which comes from the diseased Hip does reach Fernelius in the 18. Chap. of the 6. Book of his Pathology and therefore in this bastard sciatica Causticks are to be applied and Issues made at the bending of the Buttocs also those parts must be anoynetd and smeared with an Epispastick or drawing Plaster You shal observe by the way in a bastard sciatica that those nerves are watered by the Hypogastrick veines and the Arteries above the same and therefore the nerves cannot be dried unless the Hypogastrick veines are emptied by many times letting blood in the Armes and Feet and by Hors-leeches often applied to the Veines of the Fundament Now Galen in the 8 Chap. of his 16. Book of the use of the parts of our Body shewes the reason why this same Nerve is not mixed with other fore nerves as it is in the Nerves of the Arme but is carried behind the thigh viz. Because the joynt of the Arme stands farther from the
Vertebra's of the Neck than the joynt of the Thigh does from the Vertebra's of the Loines and Os sacrum About the Beginning of this great Nerve there is another adjoined which riseing The second out of the third hole of the Os sacrum and being carried along above the spine of Os sacrum it is branched out into the Musculi Gloutij and the Flexores Tibiae as far as to the Ham. The Medicinal Consideration Diseases of the Veines belonging to the Limbes especially to the Leg and Thigh Varices what they hee are the Varices which are knottie dilatations in which the Blood is collected as it were into Certaine Satchels Now they are cured with astringents with a close and Their Cure convenient ligature Or the veines are pricked and the blood let out or at the beginning of the varix the largest vein which gives nourishment to the rest or the beginning Whether a veine cut off will grow againe it selfe is tied up and cut off Many conceive that the veines cut off are bred againe they bring for an example the veines which are seen in a very great Sarcoma or fleshy Excrescence but Fernelius has rightly observed that they are not veines but channels between the Skin which nature has framed as gutters to water and nourish the Sarcoma or fleshy Excrescence Many thinke that the veines which are cut being tied together with a string do grow againe which I do not beleive Hippocrates cals the veines Spiracula Corporis the vents of the body or the breathing holes thereof which being opened the Body is aired and he saies that when the Veines are dried they draw sharp and cholerick humors in burning fevers Also the same Author saies that the veines do draw more than the flesh Lib. 1. de Morbis Especially if they be more hot and dry than ordinary â— Bloody sweats whence they proceed When the Veines being debilitated through Sickness of the Liver become nauseant and enclined as it were to vomit they suffer the Blood to run out not only through the mouthes of the upper and lower veines but also through the Skin of the whole Body in manner of a bloody sweat which I have observed two or three times A stoppage of the Veines and Arteries does often happen in Plethâ—…ck bodies The motion of the vessels how abolished so that in all places in which the pulse is wont to be felt the motion of the Arteries is abolished 〈◊〉 which case Hippocrates commends blood letting as a meanes to put the vessells into motion againe Somtimes the Pulle of all the Arteries is intercepted not excepting the Groine or crurall Arteries the Motion of the Heart stil remaining which disposition if it continue long it kills the Patient But if the motion of the Heart be perished likewise the Patient dies suddenly I have seen two that had no pulse at all only their Heart continued beating who lived sixteen yeares but in extreme weakness Balduinus Ronsaeus saw one in the same condition as he affirms in his medicinal Epistles Hereupon a question may be raised how the pulsation of the Arteries can be How the motion of the pulse in the Arteries can be stopped while the Heart moves stopped whiles the Heart beates after its wonted manner though slowly whether it be not necessary in such a Case that the Aorta be obstructed neare the Heart and that the irradiation and influlx of the arterial blood be by that meanes interceâ—â—ped And then the Blood of the veines approaches the Heart being drawne thither in the diastole or dilatation thereof that it may receive the seale of Vitality in the right ventricle and being afterwards driven forth by the Systole or Contraction into the vena cava the vital spirits are forcibly carried into the length of the channel and by the mutual anastomoses of the veines and Arteries they are communicated to the said Arteries with the blood I have in some persons observed that the motion of their Arteries hath been frequently intercepted or became very unequal for some daies together afterwards the impediment being removed which was near the Heart I found the same inequality in the Caeliac Arterie which did beat vehemently although the pulse appeared equal and wel ordered in the rest of the body This I conceive happened by reason of a little bit of flesh or fat which ascending to the Gates of the Heart did cause such a pulse so inordinate and being repelled or drawen back unto the Caeliac Arterie which is a branch of the Aorta it did produce such an irregularity as aforesaid The Crural Arterie seeing that it is evident in the Groine and subject to our feeling The Pulse is last felt in the crural Arterie the pulse thereof is easily discerned being vehement in regard of the greatness of the Arterie and the last which remaines after the pulse is extinguished in other extreme parts of the Body wherein it is usually felt to beate And therefore when no pulse can be felt in the other usual places it must be sought for e examined in this crural Artery not only in Men but in women also provided the Rules of Honesty be not broken And if when a disease is at the Heigth we can feel no pulse in this part death is neare at hand The Dilation or Section of an Arterie happens chiefly in the external parts Aneurisma what it is where the lesser Arteries reside which are branches of the great Trunk And this disease is termed Aneurisma It is seldome seen in the trunk of the Aorta because of its thickness The End of the Fift Book THE SIXTH BOOK OF THE ANATOMY AND PATHOLOGY OF John Riolanus THE KINGS PROFESSOR OF PHYSICK A new Osteologia or History of the Bones Wherein he treates of the Bones Ligaments and Gristles of the whole Body by which the frame of the Body is compacted together the Muscles being removed handling al the Diseases and symptomes which happen unto the Bones CHAP. 1. THe Scope of Nature and of the Physitian about the Body of Man its Fabrick are contrary the one unto the others Nature intending to make up the Body of Man begins at the most simple parts and so proceeds by little and little to the more compounded ones until she The Method finish her work But the Physician that he may attaine unto the knowledg of this workmanship of Nature proceeds gradually from the more compound unto the most simple parts so that in his Analysis or Resolution these parts are last which were first in the Composition So when we pul down an house first we throw off the Ceeling then we demolish the walles and Why we treat of the Bones in the last place lastly we dâ—g up the foundation Wee in like manner in our takeing asunder this House of Mans body by Anatomical Administration do now in the last place treat of the Bones which are the foundation of the whole Body and
out of the Cava into the Porta or else she sends it forth into the habit of the Body Of the Aorta descending Distribution of the Aorta descendent Arteria Litnalis It s Vse The descending a T. 12. f. 4. C. â–¡ Trunk of the Aorta sends forth so many branches as the inferior trunk of the Vena Cava produces but it sends withal a remarkable Artery called Lienalis Arteria undivided by an indirect Course unto the Spleen That same Artery as large and wide as a Goose Quil does furnish the Spleen with Arterial blood that thereby the thick and slimy blood might be attenuated and made fit to nourish the Stomach and it's neighboring bowels and that it might afford a fermenting juyce to the Stomach to help its Chylifaction by that same permixion of both sorts of blood Peradventure likewise when the Liver is vitiated and extreamly obstructed Arterial blood may be brought unto it by the Splenick Vein as it were a Natural Tartarum Vitriolatum to open its Obstructions Then it produces the b T. 12. f. 4. p. â–¡ Caeliacal Branch which is divided into as many twigs as the Vena Porta is and has communion therewith by a mutual Anastomosis of the Vessels that is to say by a mutual conjunction of their mouths This same Arterial blood is not circulated yet may it have a reflux into the Trunk of the Aorta to disburden the parts of superfluous blood which returning back into the Aorta may conveniently be evacuated by opening a Vein in the Foot The Trunk of the Aorta is made of a Membrane six times thicker than a Vein Thickness of the Membrane of the Aorta and therefore it is not subject to that kind of Tumor called Aneurisma which the other smaller Arteries are subject unto by reason of dilatation of their Coat or its Rupture or apertion when in the Arm an Artery is opened instead of a Vein The Aorta and Vena Cava do constitute that Region in which the matter of The Circulatory Vessels continual Feavers is contained but the blood does not remain quiet in that place seeing it is perpetually moved round by Circulation wherefore these two Vessels the Vena Cava and Aorta are ordained both to contain and circulate the blood and may be termed the Circulatory Vessels Of the Nerves of the Lower Belly Between the two Kidneys at the Base of the Mesentery we must search diligently Contexture of the mesenteriâ— Nerves for that same a T. 3. f. 8. â–µ â–¡ Intertexture of Nerves observed by Fallopius which is woven together of the b f. 8. i i i. â–¡ Stomachick and c f. 8. B B. Q. r. â–¡ Costal Nerves concurring on both sides to form this Contexture from whence are derived al the d T. 3. f. 8. l m n. â–¡ Nerves which are distributed unto the parts of the lower belly When this Contexture of Nerves is ful of evil Humors Convulsions happen with what diseases arise therefrom the Colick pains both in men and women though the brain be no waies misaffected Chap. 28. Of the Kidneys THe Kidneys which are the Instruments of separating and drawing out the wheyish Excrement do consist of a fleshy substance solid and proper to substance of the Kidneys themselves so that the like is not to be found in the whol body They have a very thin c f. 2. H I I. f. 5. B. â–¡ Membrane or skinny Coat which sticks close to their flesh but they have another Coat which is loose covered with Fat which is called Membrana f f. 2. A A. â–¡ adiposa wraps and infolds the Kidneys and is produced from the Peritoneum Their Temper is hot and dry that they may be the better disposed to attract the Their temper serous Humidities They are a T. 5. f. 1. B C. â–¡ scituate in the Loyns between a duplication of the Peritonaeum scituation which is no other than the Membrana Adiposa and they seem to be placed without the Cavity of the Belly The Reins are said to begin at the last bastard Rib. They have in length the breadth of four or five Fingers their thickness is two Greatness fingers and they are much about three fingers broad They are two in Number somtimes though rarely there is but one and then Number it is commonly as big as two and lies upon the back the Channels of the Aorta and Cava being a little removed to afford a place for the single Kidney They are shaped like those Beans we cal Kidney-beans shape Color Vessels Their Color is reddish You shal observe in their hollow side the Emulgent Vessels and the Ureter springing forth of that hollowed side Their Vessels are the Emulgent c T. 5. f. 6. D D. â–¡ Veins and d f. 2. a a b b. f. 5. C. â–¡ Arteries proceeding from the Trunk of the e T. 5. f. 2. E. â–¡ Cava and f f. 2. G. â–¡ Aorta And this is the outward Conformation of the Kidneys in a grown man or woman Kidneys how shaped in children in Children it is otherwise til they are a yeer old because the external face of the Vva being like a thick bunch of Grapes does neatly resemble the Kidneys of a Calf and upon the Kidneys is placed the Glandula h f. 2. A C. T. 5. f. 1. A A. f. 2. B B. f. 3. 4. A A. â–¡ Renalis which is shaped like the Kidney and in Children dries up by little and little til it become flat being separate from the Kidneys by a portion of the Membrana adiposa though it be found not far off in either side The internal Structure of the Kidney is admirable which that you may conveniently It s internal structure admirable view and search into you must cut it artificially on the hollowed side and then there wil present it self to your view the enwidened a T. 5. f. 5. A A. â–¡ substance of the Ureter which forms the Pelvis or Basin into which from the upper part as it The Basin were from an House-top the wheyish Humor rains down drop after drop through nine little fleshy Teats called Carunculae b f. 1. F G. f. 2. K K. â–¡ Papillares which are acuminated The Teats without and are encluded and thrust into c nine Pipes made of the substance of the Ureter dilated Therefore that covering through which the wheyish Excrement drops may be called the Cribrum Renum or Kidney-sieve The sieve In those papillary Caruncles or fleshy Teats aforesaid the Serum or wheyish Excrement is separated from the blood which blood spends it self to nourish the Kidneys or flows back again into the Emulgent Veins b T. 5. f. 6. E E. â–¡ g T. 9. f. 2. B D. â–¡ e f. 2. F. â–¡ The Medicinal Consideration The Similar Constitution of the Kidneys contrary to Nature consists in the