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Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
blood_n	body_n	bread_n	transubstantiation_n	7,578	5	11.1962	5	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A55007	The lives of the popes from the time of our saviour Jesus Christ, to the reign of Sixtus IV / written originally in Latine by Baptista Platina ... and translated into English, and the same history continued from the year 1471 to this present time, wherein the most remarkable passages of Christendom, both in church and state are treated of and described, by Paul Rycaut ...; Vitae pontificum. English	Platina, 1421-1481.; Rycaut, Paul, Sir, 1628-1700.	1685 (1685)	Wing P2403; ESTC R9221	956,457	865

from his Master the King withdrawn himself wherefore none appearing to receive and hear the Answer Order was given to have the Answer which was prepared for that time to be publickly read in the Council the substance whereof was this That the Council was not conscious of having given any such offence to his Majesty that he should have cause to pass such hard Censures upon it that it had been at first convened by the Authority of Paul the 3d. and now continued under this Pope Julius and therefore could not be suspected of having had it 's original from any private Designs of advancing particular interests as his Majesty would insinuate and therefore they desired his Majesty would be pleased to send his Bishops to the Council that they might concur in this holy Work which was carried on with no other aim than a just and a sincere intention to settle Religion on its true basis and to produce peace and quietness in the World Adding farther That in case his Majesty should upon any private considerations or animosities decline this happy Union denying the pretence and attendance of his Ministers at this Sacred Assembly that yet notwithstanding they were well assured that all those Acts performed there would have the same force and Authority obligatory upon Men's Consciences as if his Majesty had by the presence of his Ambassadours and Bishops concurred therein Nor did the French King onely deny to send his own Subjects to the Council but also prevailed with the Suisses and Grisons by his Ambassadours to do the like who being well acquainted with the secret Designs and Intrigues of the Court of Rome instilled that prejudice in their minds to this Council that as well Catholicks as Protestants then assembled in a Diet at Basil denied and disclaimed all concurrence with that Council and as an evidence thereof recalled Thomas Plant Bishop of Coire from thence Notwithstanding all these difficulties and oppositions the Council proceeded in their Decrees and determined eleven Points with Anathema against all such who should not close in faith and in belief thereof First against those who should deny the very Body and Blood of Jesus Christ together with his Soul and Deity to be really and substantially contained in the Eucharist but confess it to be only in sign or figure or mystically the which conversion of the Elements of Bread and Wine into the Body and Blood of Christ they called Transubstantiation Secondly against those who should hold that the whole Sacrament of the Eucharist is not contained in one of these two Species Thirdly against those who hold that the Body and Blood of Christ is then onely contained in the Species when the same is received and not before or after Fourthly against those who hold that the chief fruit and benefit of this Sacrament is the remission of sins Fifthly against those who hold that Christ in the Eucharist is not to be adored with the Service of Latria or carried in Procession or publickly exposed to Worship and Adoration Sixthly against those who being come to the age of discretion shall not communicate once a year and that at Easter with five other Points relating to the Sacrament all which were confirmed as irrevocable and immovable fundamentals of which it was not lawful to doubt much less to dispute These and other Points being already passed in the Council were taken as granted and concluded and therefore were not to be again re assumed to Debate But now in regard the matter of the Passports to be given to the Protestants was again to be considered it was judged fit that the Tenure thereof should be restrained with prudent cautions that when the Dissenting Party should intermix with their Assembly it should not be in their Power to unravel those Doctrines which had been already setled and determined but giving them for granted should proceed to examine other Points of lesser moment which they limited to four Articles First Whether it were necessary to Salvation that Christ's faithful People should receive the Sacrament of the Eucharist in both kinds Secondly Whether he that receives in one kind alone receives less than he that communicates in both Thirdly Whether the Church be guilty of an Error in having ordained that the Laity should communicate in one kind only And then Fourthly Whether the Sacrament of the Eucharist may be given to Children These Points of limitation being thus laid down the Preamble to the Passports ran in this manner That whereas the Protestants did desire to be heard upon these Points before they were finally determined and for the end they might have free and safe admission to this Council without any let hinderance or interruption whatsoever It was therefore by the Authority of this Council ordered and enacted That out of a desire and zeal they had to reduce the erring Christians into the true way of the Gospel they did with humble charity condescend unto their Demands giving and granting unto them the publick faith and assurance to come and repair freely to this Council and there to debate of the preceding Particulars Provided that they came and gave their personal attendance there in Council at or before the 25th of January next following and in the mean time that the Points being frequently debated and discussed might be prepared and made ready for determination against the end of that Month. The Tenour of this Passport being read and considered by the Protestants appeared strangely captious and such as gave them just occasion of astonishment and admiration for considering that the Protestants had not onely in all their Diets but in all their publick Remonstrances and Writings avowed their resolutions to hear all matters in Dispute to be examined in their presence and that without such personal intercourse and consent they would never receive or obey any Precepts or Articles which should be enjoyned or imposed upon them from Trent it seemed strangely magisterial and surprizing that the Council should assume a liberty to say that the Protestants desired to be heard onely upon those four Points it being most evident that the Design of the Passport was no other than to delude unthinking Men by a fair appearance of invitation and safe Conduct and yet keep the Authority of the Pope and of the Roman Church upon its guard and reserve wherefore the Protestants rejecting the allurements of such feigned Disguises by general agreement resolved not to repair unto the Council unless it were under the protection of such a safe Conduct as was given be the Council of Basil to the Bohemians one Clause of which was That the Holy Scriptures should be the Judg of all Controversies which in case they could not obtain they might have wherewith to excuse themselves before the Emperour The Pope having understood these resolutions of the dissenting Germans more earnestly urged the coming of the Catholick Suisses to the Council with whom also the Emperour joyned in the Invitation but the French King had

very powerful for Beatrix the Mother of Mathild had been Sister to the Emperor Henry II. and had married one Boniface a potent Man and of an honourable Family of the City of Lucca in Tuscany upon whose death all his Estates fell first to Beatrix and after her decease were devolv'd upon Mathild and her Husband Godfrey so that they stood possess'd of Lucca Parma Reggio Mantua and that part of Tuscany now call'd S. Peter's Patrimony But to return to Benedict he was deposed by Hildebrand because he came not in by the right way but by force and Simony for the generality of the Clergy had pass'd their words to Arch-deacon Hildebrand when he went to Florence that they would not proceed upon any Election of a new Pope till his return to the City When he was come back therefore together with Gerard Bishop of Florence he inveigh'd most bitterly against them all especially against those who had promised to stay till his return But there arising great contention upon this matter many approving of Benedict as a very good and prudent Man though they disallow'd that Election of him with great clamours that it was irregularly and illegally done yet at last by the persuasion of Hildebrand Gerard a Man worthy indeed of so high a Dignity was by a majority of Votes created Pope and Benedict turn'd out Some will have this Election to have been made at Siena because a free choice could not be had at Rome by reason of the partialities of some Men in Power there Benedict was deposed after he had sate nine months and twenty days and then was confined to Veletri NICOLAS II. NICOLAS the Second a Provençal at first nam'd Gerard Bishop of Florence for his Virtue and excellent spirit upon the expulsion of Benedict who was not regularly so created was made Pope at Sienna and immediately thereupon withdrew to Sutri where An. Dom. 1059. he called a Council whither came not onely the Bishops but many of the Noblemen of Italy where he forc'd Benedict to resign the Office and Habit of Pope and to retire to Veletri from hence he went to Rome where in the second Lateran Council he procur'd a Law to be enacted very wholesom for the Church of Rome which is to be seen among the 〈◊〉 to this purpose That if any one either by Simony or by the favour of any powerful Man or by any tumult either of the People or Soldiery shall be placed in S. Peter's Chair he shall be reputed not Apostolical but an Apostate one that transgresses the rules even of common Reason and that it shall be lawful for the Cardinals Clergy and devout Laity with Weapons both spiritual and material by Anathema's and by any humane aid him to drive out and depose and that Catholicks may assemble for this end in any place whatsoever if they cannot do it in the City In the same Council Berengarius Deacon of the Church of Anjou was reclaim'd from his Error concerning the Sacrament of the Eucharist in the Bread and Wine whereof he affirm'd the true and intire Body and Blood of Christ was not present but onely by a sign figure or mystery which Error at the instance and persuasion of Nicolas and Albericus a Deacon a very learned Man he recanted affirming the Eucharist to be the true and intire Body and Blood of Christ. We have said that this Error was condemned by Leo IX but never amended the praise of which belongs wholly to Nicolas as Lanfranc writes a Man at that time very learned who in an excellent Work of his confuted the Tenets of Berengarius While these things were acted at Rome by Pope Nicolas Godfrey the Norman who succeeded his Brother Drogo in the Earldom of Apulia and Calabria dying left his Son Bagelardus his Heir which Robert Guiscardi his Brother as some will have it not liking he drove out his Nephew and seiz'd upon the Earldom taking in Troia also which had long been Subject to the Sea of Rome At this the Pope was not a little enraged at Robert till by his invitation taking a journey into Apulia whatsoever the Church had lost was return'd again and then he not onely took Robert into favour but making him a feudatary of the Church he was constituted Duke of Calabria and Apulia After this receiving of him a great assistance of Forces and returning to the City he subdued the Prenestines Tusculans and Nomentans who had revolted from the Church and crossing the Tiber he sacked Galese and took in other Castles of Count Gerard as far as Sutri rendring the territories of Rome hereby much more secure T is written also that Henry III. was crown'd by Nicolas with the Imperial Diadem and out of gratitude for it all his time never attempted any thing against holy Church But Nicolas having concluded this life with great praise of all Men died when he had been Pope three years six months and twenty six days The Sea was then vacant twelve days ALEXANDER II. ALEXANDER the Second whose name at first was Anselm a Milanese Bishop of Lucca upon the death of Nicolas though absent was for his good temper affability and Learning elected Pope But the Bishops of Lombardy thinking for the honour of their Country that it was just a Pope should be chosen out of their number Gilbert of Parma at that 〈◊〉 very powerful taking their parts vigorously they obtain'd of the Emperor Henry against the mind of his Wife Agnes that they might set up an other Pope Whereupon the Bishops holding a consult made one Cadolus Pope who was Bishop of Parma to whom all Lombardy straightway submitted except Mathild a noble Lady who had great reverence for the Roman Sea Cadolus being soon after called to Rome by the Adversaries of Alexander both Parties engag'd in Battel in the Prati di Nerone at the foot of the Hill Montorio in which fight many were slain on both sides Alexander and Godfrey the Husband of Mathild staid in the Lateran Palace not knowing where to trust themselves all places were so full of treachery though some say that Alexander to avoid the bloody sight did before the Battel retire to Lucca and lived there securely for some time which kind Protection from the Luccheses he gratefully acknowledged by granting both to their Church and City very notable Priviledges Cadolus was repulsed at Rome but rested not long at quiet in his Country being invited again by some Citizens who found that to satisfie their Avarice it was their Interest that the City should be kept in confusion and getting together a greater Army than before he comes to Rome and by force seizes the Citta Leonina and S. Peter's Church But the Romans with the Forces of Godfrey falling forth strook such a sudden terror into the Enemy that they betook themselves to their heels and Cadolus narrowly miss'd being taken having been forsaken by his Friends but Cincius Son to the Prefect of Rome with a strong Squadron carried him

Convert from the Cerinthian Heresie should at his reception into the Church be baptized At the request of Praxedes a devout Woman he dedicated a Church at the Baths of Novatus to her Sister S. Pudentiana to which himself made several donations oftentimes celebrated Mass in it and built a Font which he blessed and consecrated and at which he baptized a great number of Proselytes He also appointed a punishment upon those who were negligent in handling the body and blood of Christ. If through the Priests carelesness any of the Cup had fallen upon the ground he was to undergo a Penance of forty days if it fell upon the Altar of three days if upon the Altar-cloth of four days it upon any other Cloth of nine days Whithersoever it fell he was to lick it up if he could if not the board or stone to be wash'd or scraped and what of it could be recovered thereby either burnt or laid up in the Sacrary In his time Apollinaris Bishop of Hierapolis in Asia was much esteem'd who wrote an excellent Apology for Christianity and presented it to Antoninus the second He wrote also against the Montanists who with their two fanatick Prophetesses Priscillia and Maximilla pretended that the descent of the Holy Ghost was not upon the Apostles but themselves an opinion which they had learn'd from their Leader Montanus At this time also the learned Tatianus was in good reputation so long as he swerved not from the Doctrine of his Master Justin Martyr but afterwards being puff'd up with a great conceit of himself he became the Author of a new Heresie which being propagated by one Severus the followers of it were from him called Severians They drank no Wine ate no Flesh rejected the Old Testament and believed not the Resurrection Moreover Philip Bishop of Crete now published an excellent book against Marcion and his followers whose Errours were the same with those of Cerdo Musanus also wrote a book against the Hereticks called Encratitoe or the Abstemious who agreed in opinion with the Severians looking upon all carnal copulation as filthy and unclean and condemning those Meats which God hath given for the use of mankind But to return to Pius having at five Decembrian Ordinations made nineteen Presbyters twenty one Deacons ten Bishops he died and was buried in the Vatican near S. Peter July 11. He was in the Chair eleven years four months three days and by his death the See was vacant thirteen days S. ANICETUS ANICETUS a Syrian the son of one John de Vicomurco lived in the time of Antoninus Verus concerning whom we have spoken in the Life of Pius Which Antoninus though he were a great Phisopher yet neglected not the pursuit of Military glory For together with his Son Commodus Antoninus he did with great courage and success gain a Victory and a Triumph over the Germans Marcomanni Quadi and Sarmatoe At his first enterprizing this War his Exchequer being so low that he had not money to pay his Soldiers he expos'd to publick sale in the Forum Trajani all the furniture of his Palace and all the Jewels of his Empress But afterwards returning home victoriously to those who were willing to restore the Goods they had bought he refunded what they paid for them but used no force against those who refus'd to relinquish their bargains Upon this Victory he was very liberal to all who had done any good service to the publick to some Provinces he remitted their accustomed Tribute he caused to be publickly burnt in the Forum the Writings by which any man was made a Debtor to the Exchequer and by new Constitutions moderated the severity of the old Laws By this means he became so much the darling of the People that any man had a particular brand of infamy set upon him who had not Antoninus his Effigies in his House Anicetus that the reputation of the Church might not suffer by the extravagancy of a few men ordained that no Clergyman should upon any pretence wear long hair and that no Bishop should be consecrated by fewer than three of the same Order a Constitution which was afterwards confirmed by the Council of Nice and that at the Consecration of a Metropolitan all the Bishops of the Province should be present Moreover he ordained as Ptolomy tells us that no Bishop should implead his Metropolitan but before the Primate or the See Apostolick this being also a Constitution which was afterwards confirm'd by the Council of Nice and several succeeding Bishops of Rome and that all Arch-bishops should not be called Primates but only those of them who have a particular title to that denomination the Primates having also the 〈…〉 of Patriarchs whereas the others are simply Arch-bishops or Metropolitans In his time Egestippus was a great propugner of the Christian 〈…〉 who as an imitator of their manner of speaking of whose lives he had been a diligent observer in a very plain unaffected style wrote a History of Ecclesiastical affairs from the Passion of our Lord to the Age in which he lived He says of himself that he came to Rome in the time of Anicetus whom he calls the tenth Bishop from St. Peter and that he staid there to the time of Ele 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 who had been Deacon to Anicetus He inveighed much against Idolators for building sumptuous Monuments and Temples to the Dead as particularly Adrian the Emperour who in honour to his darling Antinous had instituted solemn Games and Prizes at the City which he built and called by his name Antinoe and also erected a Temple and appointed priests for his Worship Some say that Dionysius lived in the Pontificat of Anicetus but Writers are in this place very confused in their Chronology some placing Pius first others Anicetus and so they are in their 〈…〉 too However in an History of things so remote and of which through the negligence of the Ancients we have so slender an account it will be better to say something of the matters themselves though it be some time before or after they were transacted than altogether to pass them by in silence As for Anicetus having at five Decembrian Ordinations made nineteen Presbyters four Deacons nine Bishops he received a Crown of Martyrdom and was buried in the Sepulchre of 〈◊〉 in the Via Appia April the seventeenth He was in the Chair eleven years four months and three days and by his Death the See was vacant seventeen days S. SOTER SOTER a Campanian of Fundi Son of Concordius lived in the time of L. Antoninus Commodus This Commodus was as Lampridius plays upon his name very 〈◊〉 and hurtful to all his Subjects being in nothing like his Father save that he also thanks to the Christian Soldiers for it fought successfully against the Germans In that War when the Army of Commodus was in great straits for want of Water 't is said that at the Prayers of the Christian Legion God supplied and refreshed

had formerly been done to the great dis-reputation of the Council and scandal of its Enemies The great difficulties in the questions so often discussed about Residences and Institution of Bishops were still undecided and therefore the great care then incumbent on the Legats was to frame and pen those Points in such words as might please at least the Plurality or major part of the Congregation which being tired out and wearied with the frequent recital of those Arguments Pro and Con were willing to accept of indifferent terms or such as might bear a dubious Interpretation or such perhaps as contained no sense at all and others were for having those Articles buried in silence only the Spaniards remained unchangeable and unwearied being still constant to their first Principles Howsoever the Legats were resolved to exhibit their Decree about Residences in the manner they had already penned namely That all those who have a Cure of Souls were obliged by the Commandment of God to have a particular knowledg and acquaintance with every Member of their Flock which not being to be performed but by a continuance in the Parish or Diocese it was thence inferred and interpreted that Residences were by Divine Right The second Point about Episcopal Institution was concluded in general terms that the Hierarchy of Bishops was an Ordinance of God Howsoever these terms did not please the subtle and hot-headed wits of neither side The Spaniards did not think the words plain and explicite enough and the Bishop of Tarante and the other Favourers of Rome who were jealous of the least shadow of that which might infringe or abate the Papal Authority were apprehensive that such consequences might be deduced from those words as might plainly infer that the Orders of that Hierarchy were rather by Divine than Papal Institution but these People were more jealous of the Pope's Authority than the Pope himself for though this very form of words had been debated above a hundred times at Rome and approved and proposed by the Legats yet these Canonists and zealous favourers of Papirius were violent sticklers against and opposers of the Decree howsoever the Assembly by plurality of Voices passed the Decree and ordered that they should remain in the same form and words delivered In fine the 15th of July which was the day of the Session being come which had been so often adjourned and with such impatience expected all the points of Doctrine were reduced to four Chapters and eight Canons with Anathemas The first established that Ecclesiastical Ordination is a Sacrament That under the New Testament there is but one visible Order of Men which can offer the Sacrifice of the true and real Body and Blood of Jesus Christ That there are several degrees higher and lower of this Order That Priesthood hath a character impressed upon it and inspires with it the Holy Ghost That Unction is necessary at the institution of a Priest That the Hierarchy of Priests is by Divine Right That Bishops are superiour to Priests That the Bishops and Priests who are established by the Pope or by Authority derived from him are onely true and Evangelical in their Orders Then proceeding to the eight Canons which respect Reformation the first was that about Residence which had made so much noise and disturbance the words of which obliged every Pastor to be acquainted with and to feed his Flock in explanation of which this Canon forbad all long absence from their charge under severe penalties howsoever that clause was moderated with a Dispensation for three months and with a proviso unless the benefit and service of the Church and State should require it The other Canons had respect onely to the collation and regulation of Orders and that they were not to be conferred upon debauched persons or such as were unworthy of them and directed the manner and government of Seminaries in which Priests were educated with several other matters of little importance all which passed and were enacted in the Council without any opposition or disturbance though the Spaniards would never more be reconciled to the Cardinal of Lorain for deserting their party in the point of Residencies to which he had so often promised and assured them of his constancy but what he lost on one side he gained on the other the Legats and favourers of Rome crying up his wisdom and conduct and true zeal to the Church and the Apostolical Sea All Europe in the mean time was in great expectation of the issue of this Session which had been preparing for the space of ten months and with the wit and contrivance of two or three hundred Prelats and Divines At the end of which nothing could be more surprizing to the World than to find their expectations so wholly defeated and the product of this mighty Machine or Engine to be so inconsiderable as not to have yielded matter sufficient to have employed the brains of one intelligent person for the space onely of a single Week the contradictions which appeared in their Canons and the weak preambles to all their conclusions were the common talk and subject of sport and derision in all places and administred matter and discourse for the Protestants to treat and rally upon in their Sermons particularly Vergere who had once been the Pope's Nuncio in Germany but now become a preaching Minister in the Valtoline which is a Country of the Grisons did with great perspicuity and strength of reason lay before his Flock the many false reasonings and vain contestations amongst the Bishops and the scandalous proceedings of the whole Council the reports of which with all the particular passages he dispatched to all places where the most Eminent Divines and Preachers of the Protestants resided for he being a near Neighbour to Trent was in a better capacity to receive true and constant information of all passages than those who resided at farther distances for which the Pope and the Cardinal Moron were so offended at him that they endeavoured by menaces to affright and drive him to more remote parts but he resolved still to continue his Station notwithstanding several attempts that were made upon his life The Session being in this manner ended the Legats designed to hasten all remaining Points and contract them in such a compass as might tend towards a speedy end and conclusion of the Council The points of Indulgences Invocation of Saints Images and Purgatory were gathered all into a bundle requiring no great examination in regard that being matters which intrenched on the Interest of no Party administred little cause of Dispute or opposition onely a Controversie arose about Clandestine Marriages or such as were contracted without the consent of Parents which the French would have to be declared in themselves void and null by reason of the inconvenience and ruins which such sort of Marriages have proved to certain Families in that Kingdom but herein a difficulty arose for that Marriage which is one of the seven Sacraments