two coats into which they open but not into the Cavity of the Guts which is lined with a Crust from the Excrements of the 3. Sine valvulis concoction These have no valves as Columbus would have us believe 1. by reason of their termination which is so little quasi in puncto 2. How could bad humours either sponte or arte be cast from the whole Intestino if there were valves Galen in 3. de Fac. Nat. 13. says that these same veins recarry bloud from the Liver to nourish them and carry chylus to the Liver and at the same time pro diversa partium attrahentum natura desiderio robore Sinister Mesenterica sinistra is with many branches carried into the middle of the Mesentery and into that region of the Colon which from the left side of the stomach reacheth to the Rechum His most remarkable branch is Haemorrhoidalis interna Haermorrhoidalis Interna which as Bauhinus hath it is but one but hath many branches about the Anum This sometimes comes à Ramo Splenico but seldome from the spleen It spues out alwaies with pain black bloud but not in any great abundance Vena Cava differs from vena Porta Differentia inter Cavam Portam which is softer and looser Cava thicker and harder Vse 1. To nourish parts which the Cava toucheth not 2. To carry chylus ad Portam and so to the Liver when it hath prepared for it De Arteriis Abdominis AOrta arising out of the left ventricle of the heart is divided into an upper Trunk which is the lesser and into a lower which is the bigger and runs down to the Extremities Some of his branches accompany venam Cavam others Portam The Artery is whiter thicker lanker and not so full of bloud as the veins for fitnesse of motion Arteria concomitantes Portam tres First Caeliaca Caeliaca for that he sends many branches to the stomach Cavae Duodeno Iejuni initio Coliparti Hepati Vesicae Bilariae Pancreati lieni These come all from a part of Aorta which is in the Spina and are joyned in Pancreate with Porta as Gastrica Cystica Epiplois Intestinalis and the rest whose names answer to the branches of vena Porta Mesenterica superior Inferior Vsus 1 Vse 1. To give heat Vsus 2 2. To keep the Mesentery and Guts from corruption by continuall motion and vitall spirit Vsus 3 3. Some would have them to suck the most pure part of chylus and to carry it up into the left ventricle But the valvulae of the great Artery seated in his rise apparently hinder any thing from coming into the heart from the Artery but not from the heart to the Artery De Ventriculo THe stomach which is the common receptacle of meats and drink the store-house of the first concoction 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is by the Greeks called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which is indeed a common name for all Cavities but more properly 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Serenus Pliny All Anatomists are busy in extolling it as Q. Serenus As being sick all other parts suffer Pliny he is as witty to depresse it giving it the title Pessimum Corporis vas instat ut Creditor saepius die appellat Huic luxuria conditur huic navigatur ad Phasin huic profunda vada exquiruntur nemo ejus vilitatē aestimat consummationis faeditate This is too much to put the errous of fancy upon a part But his necessity is as handsomely maintained by that quarrelling Dialogue of Mevius Agrippa in Livy Mevius Agrippa where he brings in all the parts against the stomach as having the prime pleasure of whatsoever it takes therefore the rest would forbear but conquer'd by their malice they found how necessary it was But discourses of this kind we will forbear for our intent at this time is to speak only of the structure and use of parts It 's hollow vessel round Definitio long and membranous full of all sorts of fibres made to receive meat and to juyce it Figure Round for receipt Figura and to be freer from hurt long like a bag-pipe It 's hollow and of the greatest cavity of the whole body It is largest and most round towards the left hand and thinner to the right to give place to the liver that by degrees meat may recede to the left And therefore the first sleep is best on the left side Before it is bost and behind two bosses between which there are two sinus but being blowen they appear not Sinus duo to make way to the vertebrae and to the descending Trunk of Cava and Aorta His externall superficies is plain Externa superficies Interna smooth and whitish within it 's rugged and ruddy like unshorn velvet In fourfooted beasts it 's sphericall because only man hath a broad back In the rest it 's sharp In creatures that are toothed on both sides Duo apud Riolanum it 's but one Riolanus would have us believe that he found two ventricles in one man as likewise in a woman 1624. within four leagues of Paris and these two stomachs were divided ore angusto In those that have teeth on one side it 's fourfold In feathered creatures twofold sometimes three Magnitudo 5. palmar It 's five handfuls large according to Hippocrates for the better stowage that we be not alwayes eating but once filled we may be fitter for other businesse My master Aquapendente measured the bignesse of the stomach by the distance between the clavicles and the pointed cartilage Aquapendens and from the pointed cartilage to the Navell and from the Navell to the Share-bone for if the space which is from the pointed cartilage to the Navell be greater then that which is beneath the Navell the stomach is great if not it 's little The other is a common sign that a great mouth hath a great stomach howsoever it differs in greatnesse according to the bulk of the body Histor Riolani Riolanus reports that he dissected an Aethiopian woman who had a stomach no bigger then a gut but what gut Situs he names not His Situs is near the Center of the body for the more equall distribution of nourishment not near the mouth nor too near the chest that it hinder not the instruments of respiration He hath membranous and fleshy sides free from bones for his better extension Connexus Connexus Oesophago By the Oesophagus to the mouth under the midriffe between the liver and the spleen His greater part bends to the left fide the better to poise the body the upper right part lies under the hollow of the liver for heat On the left it almost toucheth the midriffe and therefore full he hinders the motion of the Diaphragma and so causeth a shortnesse of breathing On the back part are the vertebrae to which it is tied as some
It 's perforated in his Basis for the inlet and outlet of Venae Cavae Venae Arteriosae Arteriae Venosae Magnae Arteriae Vasa from the Mediastinum Vasa and partly veins from Phrenicae where it is joyned to the Diaphragma And you know Laurentius did create a new vein here called Capsularis Sine Arteriis It hath no arteries for it wants them not in regard of his near seat to the heart It hath nerves from the recurrent Vsus 1. ad Cordis tutelam 2. ad serosum humorem 3. ut sit vinculum Use 1. To defend the heart and keep him from pressure 2. To contain the serous humour 3. As a ligament to tie him in his proper seat De Humore in Pericardio contento IN this purse is contained a serous humour like urine Humor but free from acrimony and saltnesse Negatur á Curtio dubitat Vesalius Extincto nascitur secundum Vegam Semper adest secundum Piccolhomineum 1. à semin Matthias Curtius denies there is any in living bodies and Vesalius doubts it Thomas à Vega 5. de loc affect Extincto animali enasci scribit Fallopius and all since him positively conclude it But how it comes hither they agree not Piccolhominy sets down six opinions 1. from the watery part of seed in the first Generation as from the flatulent part of seed aire is begotten in the ears 2. from the fat of the heart which by agitation is turned into water 3. Ab adipe agitato from the thicker part of aire breathed in which is turned into water 4. A denso aere from the watery excrements of the third concoction which is made in the veins and arteries of the heart And this hath some probabilitie A serosis excrementis because the palpitation of the heart which is caused by too much moisture here is cured by letting of bloud according to Galen and Aegineta 5. from the moisture of the Glandules of the tongue A glandulis linguae which slide by the arteries into the heart and so into the Pericardium 6. from the part of drink A Potu which like dew comes down the aspera Arteria and so into Arteriam venosam And this is seen in a dog licking milk died with saffron It 's not denied but that it 's most in dead bodies since the spirits that were about the heart are now cold and resolved into water for this cause it 's most plentifull in women Copiosior in senibus foeminis In becticis biliosior and in old men In Hecticks there is but little and that yellowish where there is too much beside Palpitation there is fear of sudden death and suffocation Use Vsus 1. ad incendio tueri is first to keep the heart from burning that it grows not dry as in feavers fastings 2. ad facilitandum motum and watchings 2. To facilitate the motion of the heart which dissipates and spends sensim but once stayed it brings forth haires in the chest but held within this purse if the water be thick and glewy some will have it turn into hairs 3. Vt innatet Cor. 3. That the heart might swim in it so that it weigh it not down Bauhinus observes in the cavity of the chest there is a water mingled cruore Observatio Bauhini de cruore with the which the parts of the chest are moistned and cooled and besmeared which per Diapedesin sweats like dew from the vessels Carpus de cruore miraculoso Carpus speaks of the miraculous cruor which came out of the right side Laurentius out of Pericardium But we with all reverence will forbear this discourse De Corde WE are now come to the heart the Prince of the vitall faculty the fountain of all naturall heat the root of the Arteries and secundum Averroem the Principium perfectivum sanguinis Cor à currendo 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quasi 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 It 's called Cor à currendo from his perpetuall motion of the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quasi 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because it hath the principality over all parts Never was any creature without a heart nor any with two hearts As for Pliny's Partridges they are toyes and the bini vertices and the Mucrones duo in corde are fit stories for Monsieur du Cledat to believe Situs in the medio of the hollow of the chest that is his Basis id est saith Riolanus Situs in medio pectoris in the midst between the clavicles and the midriffe and Sternum and Vertebras both for security and the better to poise the body at the fift rib and compassed with the lobes of the Lungs as with fingers His Mucro is forward on the left hand and under the left pappe towards the cartilages of the sixt and seventh ribs on the left side for the better entrance of Vena Cava Aristotle would have it for the warming of the left which is colder then the right which is made hot by the seat of the Liver Vena Cava vena sine pari So that both parts in strength heat and weight are equall But from what part this motion Pectus ferire basin cordis cum Aorta ibi eminente quae cietur cumipso Corde eodem momento provide Cor cono suo oblique feriens centrum nerveum Diaphragmatis basi sua vel potius per Aortam pectus tangit molliter percutit Riolanus pag. 372. His motion is felt more on the left Motus ad sinistram 1. propter ventrieulum 1. for that the left ventricle the receipt of vitall spirit is here more perceived 2. In regard of the great artery which is on that side 2. Propter arteriam magnam from whence principally comes his motion In dead bodies his weight and great artery makes him bend on one side Connexus is by the help of Pericardium to the Mediastinum Connexus Pericardio Vasis Figura Pyramidalis to the Diaphragma per vasa aliis partibus Figure is peculiar and not communicable to any other part as being Pyramidall or like a Pine-nut And this figure is most usefull since length is fittest for attraction and expulsion roundnesse for amplitude strength and defence It was fit the Basis to be upward for the better receipt of bloud into the right ventricle for if the Conus had been uppermost it had sent many vapours to the brain It is not equally thick in his dilating it's round in his contraction oblique and almost Pyramidall The upper part which is called Basis Caput Radix Basis is broader for the receipt of his vessels The lower part is called Vertex Mucro Mucro c. Conus Cuspis Apex Extremum Cauda His superficies is smooth and polite Superficies lavis except it be made unequall by the fat and by the swelling of the coronary vessels Magnitudo is not all alike
Arteria Venosa foras intro spectant Foras intro ne refluat sanguis in Cavam to hold the bloud that in contraction of the heart it run not into the Cavam I wonder how Columbus mistakes himself who will have these valves with those of Arteria Venasa to serve for the emission of bloud as if they were intus foras But Piccolhominy reprehends him Since therefore this branch that enters the heart is lesser then that which ascends and that there are ports and stops in the Auricula dextra and right ventricle since no common passage from the lungs in Cavam whereby these branches might be spread through the whole body I cannot see that all bloud that is for nourishment comes first to the heart there to be perfected Vena arteriosa The other vessel of the right ventricle is Vena Arteriosa a vein by office because it carrieth bloud 2 Because it stirs an artery by substance for it 's like it having two coats It 's fixt with a lesse orifice then Cava hath to the right ventricle from whence as you have heard Vesalius say it ariseth when in respect of his connexion it is better said to be a branch of Aorta which is plain in foetu But in truth it 's begotten with the rest of the spermaticall parts His coates are thick and hard that they be not hurt by respiration neither ought they to be easily dilated which was for two reasons profitable 1. That the whole capacity of spirits might be free from the instruments of spirit 2. That bloud rush not violently into the heart And since the lungs were to be nourished with thin and vaporous bloud only the most thin is elaborated and being filled here by these thick wals is made here thinner for their fitter nourishment Besides to keep this right ventricle from cold aire for the branches of Aspera Arteria which drawing cold aire are carried between the branches Venae Arteriosae Arteriae Venosae whereby the aire drawn per Caeca spiracula is communicated Now if it had but one coat it should draw as much air as Arteria Venosa so at length the right might be extinguished Therefore he draws not more air then is fit for the refreshing of the spirits in the right ventricle Pividitur in duos ramos in dextrum sinistrum pulmonem Vsus Thus resting upon Arteria Magna is divided into two Trunks which are carried to the right and left lungs And these are disseminated into innumerable branches per Pulmones Use is in the contraction of the heart to take and carry a great part of the bloud out of the right ventricle for nourishment into the lungs In the body of this vessell there are three valves which intus foras spectant Valvulae tres intus foras sig moides dictae and every one like a half moon they seem to be so hard that they are like a round cartilage Arteria venosa is a vessel of the left ventricle Arteria venosa whence it was It is an Artery by office because if contains aire and carries it and hath pulsation which by sense cannot be perceived yet it is the more probable because it is continuated to the left ventricle It is a vein by substance his orifice is greater then that of Aorta It hath a thinand simple coat that the aire which comes from Aspera Arteria's branches may the better pierce and the laxe substance give way to the attraction of the aire into the heart for the better tempering of his heat and fuliginous vapours returned into Asperam Arteriam It is a great vessell and in his outlet from the heart divided into two branches as if it had two orifices The right runs under the Basis of the heart into the right lung the left like Vena Arteriosa into the left where it is divided into innumerable branches This and Aorta are joyned in their rise only there goes between them a certain piece which made a channell and was perforated in foetu Botallus observed between these valves of this part another which was alwayes gaping by which the bloud did flow and reflow in Venam Cavam Use is in dilatation of the heart to draw air out of the lungs Vsus corde dilatato trahere aeram è pulmonibus Contractio spiritus in Pulmones and in his contraction to carry a portion of vitall bloud with fuliginous vapours into the lungs And least all the air should goe back into the lungs at the orifice of this vessell there is a membranous circle out of Substantia Cordis which leads inward and is divided into two valves Duae valvulae Foras intus foras intus which are greater then those à Vena Cava and end in an obtuse point and are stronger and have longer filaments and more fleshy of which one respects the right side the other the left which joyned are like an Episcopall miter There are but two valves quia it was fit that it should not exactly shut 1. That since all parts want bloud and spirit the lungs might likewise have a continuall supply 2. Quia they only give a continuall passage to the avoiding of fuliginous vapours out of the heart since nature hath allotted no other part Bauhinus observed in 1611. Observatio Bauhini 1611. that from the Arteria Venosa there went out of the left ventricle a branch up to the left lung and so winding down by the side of the great artery under the midriffe was inserted into the emulgent a fit passage for the avoidance of matter out of the lungs into the Kidneys Riolanus gives three uses of this vessell Vsus 1. Aerem in Cor. 2. Fuligines exportare 3. Sanguinem in pulmones First to carry air into the heart 2. To bring forth the Purgamenta spiritus vitalis 3. To supply the lungs with arteriall bloud And these three are done by the same passage at one time neither doth the artery cease to beat Arteria Magna Venae pulsatiles Audaces Substantia Tunicae 2.1 Exterior tenuis sine sibris transversis Arteria Magna is the other vessell of the left ventricle Some call arteries Venas pulsatiles The Arabian Interpreters Venas audaces Of these there are three sorts Aspera Arteria Arteria Venosa Arteria Magna His Substance is membranous the fitter for distention It hath 2 particular coats The exteriour is thin and soft with many right fibres some oblique none transverse 2. Interior densa Interiour coat is five times as thick as that of the veins First that arteriall bloud and spirit evaporate not 2. That it be not cracked with the continuall motion of the Systole and the Diastole Cum sibris transversis tantum It hath only transverse fibres for the sudden distribution of bloud and spirit Galen puts another coat to it which is in the inward superficies like a cob-web They are without sense as veins are least they should
suffer by their continuall motion This great one hath his rise out of the left ventricle with a large mouth from whence by his contraction bloud and spirit elaborated in the left ventricle is conveyed with heat into the whole body and least in the dilatation they should run back into the ventricle nature hath put three valves in his orifice Tres valvulae intus foras Sigmoides Sigmoides intus foras vergentes as are in Vena Arteriosa but are greater and stronger quia the body of this artery is stronger then that of Vena Arteriosa These hinder the aliment drawn out of the guts by the Mesaraick arteries from coming to enter the heart In some creatures it is cartilagineous in some bony secundum Aristotelem Quia quod movetur movetur supra aliquo quiescente cui innititur dum movetur The branches of this artery come along with those à Porta and Cava yet sever with Cava As the veins which come to the skin have no arteries so in the substance of the muscles they are seldome seen with veins because the bloud is thinner and the spirits breathed from the arteries can come further without help of an artery Use of this great artery and his branches have a double consideration Vsus duplex 1. ut canales Ad spirituum vitalium retentionem c. 1. as they are pipes or channels 2. as they have pulsation As channels they are given to the parts for three causes 1. That they may hold spirituall and vitall bloud and distribute it through the whole body 2. To carry vitall spirits for the upholding of the parts 3. To transmit with the same spirit heat and vitall faculty through the whole bodie As they have pulsation 2. ut pulsatiles 1. Naturalem calorem fovere c. they have 3 uses 1. To preserve the naturall heat of the parts by saving it for otherwise it would be extinguisht 2. By his motion to hinder putrefaction in the veins for bloud else would soon putrefy 3. To shake the bloud into the substance of the parts whereby nutrition may be made This motion of the arteries is called pulsus Hic motus Pulsus which is perfected by dilatation and contraction and it is not insitus arteriis but flows à Corde as appears if you tie an artery beneath the ligature it moves not and are simul dilated and contracted with the heart Only in this they differ that the motion of the heart is greater and vehementer Arteries are close under veins not for safegard but that by his motion they may force bloud to come into the veins as likewise being dilated they draw from the veins and contracted cast it back again by the mutuall passages of the veins and arteries so likewise by their mouths terminated in the skin all fuliginous excrement they may avoid and draw a great part of aire into them And this is that that Hippocrates says Totum corpus foras introque spirabile est Hence is his necessity Neither was there any creature ever without a heart although the Auspices in Pliny did feign many creatures without hearts when they would deterre the Emperours from some enterprise De Pulmonibus RIolanus commands us that before we touch the heart we shew the vessels and then the lungs Yet with Bauhinus we bring the lungs in the last place These are the receipt of life spirit and aire for the refreshing of the heart and the instrument of respiration and voyce and given to those creatures quaerespirant and have a neck and therefore fishes quia non respirant want lungs and the left ventricle of the heart They are called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quod est respirare Situs in the hollow of the chest Figura a little different from the mouth least by the sudden arrivall of the aire they should be too much cooled Yet in bodies with long necks where the aire comes not conveniently tempered we see a disposition to consumptions and dry diseases In the living whilst we draw in aire they fill the whole cavitie except the hollow between the coats of the Mediastinum whilest we expirare they fall but not so much as in dead bodies for that they are full of aire and bloud And although we use with bellows to blow them yet are they never so full as in the living because they are to hold aire for many motions of the heart as is plain in Divers and singers Connexus to the neck and back Connexus collo by the benefit of Aspera Arteria although the greatest part is free of them whereby they may more freely move and by the intervention of the Mediastinum they are tied before to the Sternum Sterno as likewise by certain fibres to the sides of the chest and Pleura behind to the vertebra Per fibras Pleura If too streightly tied it causes a difficulty in breathing Massa ne Cor deprimant Yet Massa says there is good use of these ties in regard of the heart least it should be crushed with the weight of the lungs They are likewise tied to the heart per venam arteriosam arteriam venosam Motus is diversly argued De motu secundum Aristotelem à Corde Galen ad fugam vacui Aristotle 3. de Part. Animal cap. 6. will have the motion of the lungs to be à Corde Galen will have them move non propria vi sed ad fugam vacui as appears in wounds of the chest the aire entring the lungs move not because the aire fills the empty place But the chest being whole the lungs necessarily are dilated to avoid vacuum Neither do they only fall as Bauhinus observes ad vacui fugam but either pressed by the chest or by the aire expired or by both they fall together Yet so as Nature ties them to the Pleura that they may follow the motion of the chest Laurentius ad motum Pectoris Laurentius will have them move non à Corde quia illius motus perpetuus non est nec vi propria sed per accidens they follow the motion of the chest Aver propria vi Averroes will have them move propria vi non thoracis motum sequi for so there might be granted a perpetuall motion Riolan motu insito Riolanus his motus is insitus and depends not from any other and is dilated and contracted like a bag not like a bellows for in a free breathing the chest standing still the lungs move quia respiramus And breathing is perfected by dilatation and contraction Figure is fitted to the parts they rest upon Figura ad cavitatem Pectoris Therefore without they answer the cavity of the chest and are extumescentes within they are hollow that they might the better yield with his lobes to the heart and be his covering The right joyned to the left represent the cloven foot of an oxe They are divided by the benefit of the
Mediastinum into Dextrum Sinistrum Dividuntur in dextrum sinistrum So that one side either hurt or lost the other may be of use as we see in consumed bodies where one side is quite gone yet they live by the benefit of the vessels that come from Aspera Arteria the heart Each Lung is divided by a line obliquely drawn transverse over against the fourth vertebra of the chest into two lobes In duos iobos the upper and the lower lobe yet so as they are tied by membranous fibres This is rather a note of section then division They are so divided the better to embrace the heart and lest in stooping they should be pressed Besides if they were continuated the length of the chest Ne dilatatio impediretur it would hinder the fit disatation and constriction These are sometimes called the Alae Alae because they are sometimes spread like wings They are three sometimes more often two and in those who have short chests quintus lobus is seldome found Substance is thin rare laxe spongy Substantia rara spongiosa In fâ—tu rubra and as it were made of the froth of bloud all for lightnesse and motion it 's woven with three sort of vessels and covered with a thin membrane which according to our years in softness colour and substance differ and the variety of our aliment for in faetu whilst the heart and lungs move not their substance is red but after having aereum alimentum they turn to a pale yellow In long sicknesses they grow spotted with dusky and black spots Membrana which invests it is from Pleura Membrana a Pleura Communis cum vasis and where the vessels enter the lungs ther their coats is common This is thin and light soft that it might be dilated and shut with more ease It is porous for the excretion of purulent matter in Pleurisies and Peripneumonia per anacatharsin tussiendo Superficies laevis His Superficies is smooth and as it were drawn over with a slipperie humour Nervi are but small Nervi exiles because the lungs need but little sense they are form the sixt pair and enter not the flesh of the lungs lest their continuall motion might breed pain Hence it appears that all the lungs are without pain Vasa Vasa three sorts which no other part hath It hath Asperas Arterias veins from Vena Arteriosa and smooth arteries from Arteria Venosa and all three have their peculiar action The Bronchia Asperae Arteriae are placed between the veins and the arteries which are a-crosse into the lobes on both sides and so end in capillares The first vessell is proper to the lungs of which we will speak next The other comes from the heart of which we have already spoken Yet some considerations we will adde as that the Vena Arteriosa serves the naturall faculty the Arteria Venosa the vitall and Aspera Arteria the Animall The two vessels are farre greater then the lungs bignesse may seem to require if we proportion them with other parts Yet in respect of the continuall motion of the lungs they quickly consume much nourishment Besides they not only carry naturall bloud and vitall with vitall spirit but also by their own extremities and the extremities Asperae Arteriae they are a receipt for air and bring it into the ventricles If but a small branch of this is broken the lungs grow purulent We will here adde a rule of Fernelius Fernelii consilium that in passions of the lungs we should open the liver-veine of the left arm quia the veins of the lungs come from the right ventricle of the heart and this is derived from the left side of Vena Cava which runs by the left lobe into the armes For the best evacuation is secundum rectitudinem fibrarum But the lungs receive not bloud from Cava but from Vena Arteriosa yet emptying Vena Cava ad fugam vacui says Riolanus you empty the lungs Concerning their nourishment it is different from that of other parts as their substance is different for as their substance is the thinnest so is their nourishment the most pure and thin In other parts their coats are thin and fine whereby the thick bloud may be distributed to their parts that are about them For the body is nourished with the bloud it draws through the coats of the vessels The arteries are thick and dense whereby a small quantity of thin and vaporous bloud may be drawn for the maintenance of life But in the lungs the coats of the veins are thick that only the finest may come through that the aliment might answer his part and the arteries thinto effuse and breath plenty of fine and thin vitall bloud So that here the artery hath the coat of a vein to give plentifully sanguinem spirituosum So that what the vein by his thickness keeps back the artery with his thinnesse may recompense Concernign the motion of the arteries of the lungs it is the same with that of Magna Arteria Use First to refresh the heart whilest the air passeth per Asperam Arteriam Vsâ—â—d Cord s refrigeriâ—m and so by his common Anastomoses with Arteria Venosa into the heart at his dilatation So that they prepare it that it come not foule or impure or cold to the heart 2. To be instruments of voice and respiration And unto these you may reduce the six uses propounded by â—d vocem respirationem Piccolhominy De Aspera Arteria THe third vessell proper to the lungs is Aspera Arteria a name from his unequall substance and to distinguish it from the smooth arteries Canna pulmonis It 's commonly called Canna Pulmonis It 's a hollow pipe and greatest in all that have lungs Situs Before the Gullet Situs ante Oesophagum ad laryngem in the lower part of the fauces and so open it 's carried into the lungs His lower part is divided into many pipes the larynx is head which is to be spoken of in the history of the mouth Connexus Connexus faucibus above by the help of the inward coat to the jaws by the externall before and at the sides to the muscles and vessels behind with certain fibrous ties Oesophago that his descent might be the safer Substance is partly membranous Substantia partim membranes partim cartilaginia Duaetunicae Interna partly cartilagineous It hath two coats from Pleura and annexed strongly by the membranous ties of the cartilage and like a hard pipe and by this coat is tied to the neighbour parts and joyns and separates the recurrents Interna is stronger and comes from the coat which invests the Palate to defend it from all sharp vapours distillations or purulent matter His length is woven with right fibres soft and smooth and lined as it were with an unctuous humour that it be not dried with great heats and
clamourous motions which would offend the voice and the transmission of aire For the jaws and aspera arteria dried make clangosam vocem Clangosa vox Rauca but superfluous moysture as in distillations makes raucam although it is bedewed with humour from the Glandules seated in the root of the Laryns as likewise with a portion of the drink which descends the channell It is of an exquisite sense Exquisiti sensus as it appears if any thing happen to goe awry Between these two coats the cartilages and their proper membranous ligaments are placed Compositio is of many cartilages Compositio which shew like rings but they make not a perfect circle for the fourth part is cut from behind and is membranous and are like the Greek sigma or Latine C. These in the passage are equally divided from themselves but are joyned by the internection of membranous Ligaments Hence in angina suffocante having divided the skin we cut between cartilage and cartilage and give to the lungs aire by a small pipe as was not many years since tried by a Knight in Lincoln-shire And there is a tale for Lincoln The uppermost cartilages are greatest and their thicknesse is more then their breadth especially in the middest forwards as they grow downward they grow thinner untill they end in a membrane They are tied in man by a carnous ligament Bauhin but Bauhinus makes a question why we call not these ligaments muscles which cut themselves as the intercostall muscles do and fill up the cartilages places And is the best composition for this part For if it had been made of one solid cartilage it should have been alike opened which would have made a difficulty of breathing since it must rise and fall with the lungs And the like inconveniences had happened if it had been made of altogether circular cartilages neither was it fit to be made of an intire membrane for so flagging together the cavity might have been stopped For soft substance had not been fit to be an instrument for voice which is made by dilatation and contraction Therefore when we inspirare the ligaments are distended and the cartilages are diduced But when we do expirare they are loosened and fall one within another so that the cartilages touch one another as is seen when we blow the lungs of a dead man Cartilagines instrumenta vocis Therefore the cartilages are instruments of voice and the membranous ligaments that joyn them are the instruments of respiration for the artery prepares it for the Larynx and the Larynx is the prime instrument of voice Behind towards the Oesophagus it 's membranous that it hinder not his dilatation and therefore that the Oesophagus may the more spread it self it is as it were received into the cartilages Asperae Arteriae especially in the swallowing of hard meats besides in the act of swallowing the Oesophagus descends and the Larynx riseth This pipe entring the chest about the four vertebra Introitus ad quartam vertebram in duos raâ—os dividitur is divided into two trunks of the which the right runs into the right lung and the left into the left side the which for every lobe is divided into two branches and these into more which are sometimes triangular sometimes square and so checker-wise and so spread to the last point or edges of the lungs round open cartilagineous that they may sort better with the lungs dilatation and constriction The branches of the Aspera Arteria run between the branches of Arteria Venosa Vena Arteriosa but those of Aspera Arteria are bigger and are in the middle passage behind is the vein before is the artery because his thinnesse requires the shorter way for his security It 's joyned per anastomoses to both the one for aire and avoidance of smoke the other for bloud for his nourishment The smooth joyn the aspera to the heart and there are small veins communicated to Aspera Arteria for aliment but to laevibus there are none because they carry bloud in them Beneath the Larynx there are certain glandulae Glandulae which sometimes swell that they suffer not liquid thigs to passe but solid by compression make their way Vsus 1 Use First that the lungs like two pair of bellows by it as by a pipe ad attractionem aeris may draw aire which comes attracted from the nostrils and mouth and sent to the heart and by the same passage heart sends back unprofitable aire with smoky excrements 2. 2. Vt sit instrumentum vocis That it might be an instrument of voice and therefore it is called by Hippocrates organum spirabile vocale 3. 3. Vt tussi inservias That by it may be thrown out by coughing or screatu what is fallen from the head and collected in the lungs as in ashmaticall bodies whilest a-any slimy or pitchy matter remains in the substance of the lungs they are free from fits but so soon as it stops one of the great branches of this artery there is danger of choaking which continues so long till either the matter is ejected or goes back into the substance which is the cause that some for many years are asthmaticall yet never have any fit De Oesophago THe Gullet Graecis is Oesophagus Oesophagus Stomachos Meri ab 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 cibum fero 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 à longitudine Arabibus Meri Vesset Yet 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is taken sometimes for the upper part which is commonly called gula sometimes for the lower as the mouth of the stomach sometimes for the stomach it self and by Hippocrates for the orifice uteri It is the high way of meat and drink into the stomach Situs It begins from the lowest cavity of the jaws at the root of the tongne behind the Larynx It toucheth on each side the glandules and the neck and so running through the chest between the aspera arteria and the vertebrae of the neck and the chest coming to the sift vertebra of the chest inclines a little to the right hand to give way to the great descending artery Ad nonam vertebram penetrat nerveum circulum diaph Circa undecimam verteb Connexus ad fauces vertebras asperam arteriam and so about the ninth vertebra pierceth the nervous part of the midriffe and about the eleventh is the left orifice of the stomach and there with two nerves fixeth himself Connexus inhi s beginning to the fauces by the coat which invests the mouth and so the ventricle to the vertebrae to aspera Arteria to the adjacent parts by the help of the membranes which come from the ligaments of the back Figura is round Figura that by a little place much may be carried and more free from meninges It is long since the mouth is so far distant from the stomach and is distended like a red Gut Substance is between
would move his hair to his face and throw it back again and some that could move their eares at pleasure either one or both and could sweat when they would I believe the Father The rest in the face sticks most close In other Creatures it's moveable in the Horse the Buck the Hedgehog and the Elephant kills flies with moving his skin It hath six veines 2 from the jugulars Venas habet 6. two from the Axillaryes two from the Groyne id est from Epigastrica and Mammaria and it hath so many arteries it hath no proper and definite number of Nerves Nervi Majores in Papillis but the two greatest are about the Teats so many in the palmes of the hands the roots of the Nails and the Extremity of the Yard All the Ancients deny any action to belong to it either Common or Private except Concoction Laurentius gives it animalem Actionem if you consider it the immediate instrument tactus Vsus 1 By this outward injuries are declined as the inward membranes give inward sense 2. To cloath the whole habit of the Body and to maintain the seat of the inwards and defend them from cold 3. To receive the supervacuities of the inward parts Hence it is called Emunctorium Vniversale De Adipe THe third Common covering is the Fat Situs which in men lies immediately under the skin in beasts under the fleshy membrane Galen error Galen in the 4. de usu part puts the fleshy membrane next the skin and therefore your late Anatomists say he never cut any but Monkeys But fat cannot gather without the help of this fleshy membrane Infants new born want fat but not membrana carnosa It 's called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Pinguedo But 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 properly is Pinguedo It is no latine word as Servius sayes though Pliny uses it It is soft and moist by heat quickly melted but hardly congealed In norned Beasts it 's called Axungia in porcis Lardum Axungia Lardum 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i.e. Adeps Sevum But 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Adeps Sevum Suit is not easily molten and being melted it hardens quickly This is found in Omento the Reins the Heart the Eyes the joynts between the Fingers But this here next the skin is properly Pinguedo it is Caenosus Subflavus besprinkled with many glandules to serve for a Common Emunctuary or avoidance of the whole Body when nature is able to cast nociva in habitum Corporis Generation Aristotle 3. De Part. Generatio Exsanguine cocto see Arist a calore Animal cap. 9. would have it to be exsanguine cocto aut finis probae coitionis So Vega Argenterius and Iobertus Picolhominy à sextuplo calore from the warm oyly vapours of bloud 2. from the inborn heat of the membranes 3. from the heat of the neighbouring parts 4. the Heart 5. the Liver 6. the muscles and therefore hot as it 's proved 1. because it is aeriall 2. it floats above the water 3. it is the proper nourishment of fire 4. it resolves it discusseth And howsoever Aristotle saith in the 4. of his Meteors that Quae à frigido concrescant à calido solvuntur frigida sunt as pinguedo doth Yet it is the mind of Aristotle that Quae frigore concreverunt facili calore resolvuntur non multum caloris amiserint Besides frigus non ingreditur opus naturae Exsanguine oleose We therefore say it is begotten of the oyly and aeriall part of the Bloud that 's pure and elaborate and sweats like dew by the help of moderate heat out of the smaller veins and thickened by the respective cold of the membranes The Brayne the Eyelid the Yard the Scrotum have not any that it hinder not their bending and naturall distentions Venae tres There are three veins disseminated through the Fat of this Venter The first is from Externa Mammaria The second from Epigastrica externa The third à Lumbaribus and these are many Use 1. Vsus 1 To defend the Parts Vsus 2 2. to preserve naturall heat Vsus 3 3. To moisten hot an dry Parts as the Heart and the Kidneys 4. Vsus 4 to be a Bed to the vessels which come to the skin Vsus 5 5. to facilitate motion 6. to fill up for ornament sake empty places Vsus 7 to be aliment in great famines De Panniculo Carnoso THe fourth Common Covering is this fleshy Membrane Galeno notae which Curtius will needs thrust upon us was unknown to Galen but if it please you to see lib. 3. de Administratione Anatomica his 5. and 7. cap. You shall find the description of it A Graecis 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Membrana carnosa Panniculus carnosus Musculus membraneut Generat ex semine the Arabick translatours call it membranam carnosam Panniculus carnosus nervosus Fallopius Bauhinus musculus membraneus because in those Creatures that move the skin it is so interweaved with fleshy fibres that it seems to be a Muscle but in men it 's tota nervea Generation Of seed as all other membranes are yet in new born Infants it 's like flesh in colour in elder Bodies membranous Connexus Connexus It is tyed to the skin by veins arteries and nerves and is interlaced with fat yet so as it sticks to the membrane of the Muscles by fibres towards the loyns and Back it grows more fleshy by fibres to the fore-part of the neck the forehead the broad muscle of the cheek that it can hardly be separated So in those that are starved it 's nothing but a membrane in those that are fat it may be called membrana adiposa as Riolanus doth Membrana adiposa Riolan In Man it is immoveable all Anatomists say except the forehead But for his Motion you have heard the curiosity of Septalius In Beasts it moves the skin so the Horse the Rider It hath exquisite sense so that sharp humours or vapours biting it causeth Rigour or shiverings and concussive motions and that pestiferous Pandiculation in Gregory the greats time is famous Pandiculatiō temporibus Gregorii and hence those Christians took up the crossing their Mouths whensoever they yawned Vse 1. Vse 1 to strengthen the branches of veins nerves and arteries which come to the skin Vse 2 2. to hold and thicken those oyly and aeriall vapours of bloud which are for the generation of fat Vse 3 3. to defend the inward muscles Vse 4 4. to hinder the fat from melting which would be by the continuall motion of the Muscles 5. Vse 5 to help to consolidate skin which without flesh cannot grow up For as Aristotle saith Vbicunque cutis per se ac fine carne est vulnerata non coit De Membrana Musculorum propria THe fifth common Covering is not observed by Galen Ante Cabrollium ignota
recurrent Nervi duo ad orificium and they compasse the upper mouth so as you would think the mouth to be made only of nerves Hence that exquisite sense From the left nerve a branch comes to the Pylorus where when it hath dispersed it self it runs to the cavity of the Liver There are two other that run to the bottome Others from those that are inserted into the spleen so that the head the heart the lungs the spleen may well suffer from the stomach In some there is a Meatus from the Gall Meatus Cholidothus which carries with it choler into the stomach Hence those cholerick vomitings Bauhine reports of a family in Spire Historia that every third day vomited choler plenteously Vse 1 Vse 1. To receive meat and drink 2. To turn it into chylus De Hepate WE are now come to the Prince of this Region the Liver Hepar Iecur quia â—uxta Cor. It 's the fountain of bloud and naturall faculties the seat of the vegetable soul Plato calls it the seat of Love Cogit amare Iecur It 's the root of the veins non generatione Vesalius had a conceit that the Liver was begotten of the veins Vesalis eâ—or because they were woven into it and the Parenchyma to be but an accesse But we say that the Liver is Radix and principium venarum Yet so as omnia simul ex semine generantur licet non omnes partes simul perficiantur but Distributionis Radicationis I know the Aristotelian School as Averroes and his follower Zabarell and the rest would have Cor principium perficiens sanguinem But we leave this Problematicall Anatomy to another place and fit our discourse to that which you pleas'd to command us that was the History of parts for structure and use So then out of the hollow part comes the Roots of Porta out of the convexe part the Roots venae Cavae If these at any time are either stopt as in obstructions or grown feeble per Atoniam we hate all meats especially flesh and wine But as in the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of this part the good of all is placed so in the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 destruction as may appear in the very superficies and outward habit of the Body Situs Situs is in the highest part of this Region Yet not far from the Center of the Body the fitter for distribution Some will have it under the Diaphrà gma a fingers breadth distance that it hurt not his motion and cause short breathing Nay in dropsies it causeth Tussiculam Here the Errour of common Practitioners is detected Error Practicantium who presently prescribe Expectorantia In living bodies the greatest part is under the short ribs for his better defence It seldome takes up both Hypochondria although 1628. in Bears wife it was tyed with membranous fibres to the spleen In those that are newly born it takes up the left Hypochondrium because their stomach is at leisure Connexus Spinae Lumborum Connexus and to the midriffe by the Peritonaeum from which it hath three tyes least being heavy it might fall and oppresse the stomach which it compasseth The first is membranous broad and strong and is fixed to the membranous circle of the Diaphragma It 's called Suspensorium by some and therefore when the Liver grows great Diaphragmati the Diaphragma is drawn down and so erecto vel suptno corpore respiratio difficilior The second tye is strong broad and double from the coat of the Liver which is made of the Peritonaeum and is tyed to the pointed Cartilage Cartilalagini enfiformi and to the lower membrane of the Diaphragma and sometimes to the Cartilages of the short ribs the better to hold the Liver forward Suspensorium And some call this Suspensorium The third is the Vena Vmbilicalis Venae Vmbilicali whereby it 's tyed to the Navell that the Liver start not up and so oppresse the Diaphragma and the Pericardium and so cause sudden death It 's sometimes tyed to the Omentum where the principium of Porta is and sometimes in the convexe parts of the Peritonaeum by fibres Fibris But this manner of tye Picolhominy never saw I hope I shall decline arrogancy Obser Prop. if I say truly I have found them Columbus will have but two as Circa Cavam Suspensorium Figura Figura Lobi duo quandâ—que quâ—â—â—or Rufus Ephesius It is various Some have no division others two lobes sometimes four Rufus Ephesius gives to every one his name and the Extispices did magnify them according to their great divisions which are by Vesalius justly condemned It 's Corpus Continuum Caput ejus Superficies interna His convexe part or Caput is smooth to give way to the midriffe The inside is unequall and hollow the better to embrace the stomach and make a fit place for the Gall. It 's wrought at the coming out of Vena Porta The right side is round and thick the left is acuminatum It 's one entire in man Magnitu do and greatest His bignesse is known by the length of his fingers as Rhasis and Avicen teach us The largest bodies have biggest for the more ample sangâ—ification and remaking of dissipated spirits for man having most functions of the soul and so most dissipation of spirit therefore more bloud and vitall spirit were required for him Avicen observes little livers to be alwaies hurtfull and Riolanus amongst other of his miracles which fell within his experience Historia Riâ—lani Vesalii 20. lib. In timidâ— magnum remembers a Liver no bigger then a Kidney Vesalius gives us one of twenty pound weight Cowards and Gluttons have the greatest Cowards because the vitals are weakest and so need to be recompensed by the strength of the naturall faculties Gluttons in respect of large dyet for the Liver being plentifully fed grows great Pliny and Riolanus strive who can make it last longest Pliny 100. Plinii Historia 100. an years and therefore in mortuis vetustatis patiens And Riolanus makes one sweet after a years boyling Substance Substant Petru Apo is like clottered and grumous bloud imo ex menstruo red and soft covered over with a simple membrane which comes à Peritonaeo between which and the Parenchyma sometimes arise pustulae as Galen observes Hipporates carnosum viscus fibrosum and to be sine fibris amongst the Extispices was ominous nay monstrosum This by his proper and in-born virtue gives temperament and rednesse Along with flesh are sowed the Roots of Vena Cava and Porta Radices Portae nigriores with some Arteries but more Roots of Porta In the lower part there is most bloud made They are distinguished by their blackish colour and more Roots of Cava in the upper part for there is the greatest distribution They are known by their whitenesse and in these are the Anastomoses which transversly are made into
and therefore maketh more watery stuffe To this a branch of the Cava is sometimes joyned Galen would have this brackish bloud to beget a kind of pleasure but Vesalius denies it And Columbus brings the History of one that had lost his left stone by a Hernia and yet his pleasure was equally continued Arteriae dua come out of the middle of Aorta far beneath the Emulgent Arteriae 2. with purer bloud and spirit Dextra Dextra over the Trunk of Vena Cava in an oblique course goes to the Vena Sinistra runs along her vein Sinistra and if it be at any time wanting then the left vein supplyes it with a double bignesse The Arteries are bigger then the veins Venis majores for the larger quantity of heat bloud and spirit Seldome are both arteries wanting and if at any time they cause sterilitie quia the vitall spirits flow not The right vein with her arterie and the left with hers a little divided are lodged upon the Peritonaeum Situs ad Peritonaeum and coming downwards are joyned by fibrous ties and are obliquely lead about the ureter and at the entrance of the production many anastomoses appear which being divided from the Cremasteres and the little nerve of the sixt pair are not lead as is commonly reputed by all Anatomists into Parastatas Observatio propria In Albugineam but as I have observed they make two severall insertions distant a barly corn into Albugineam and so into the stone by severall orifices and so discharged back out of the stone into vasa deferentia I know the generally received opinion is that the vein and arterie woven together by many Anastomoses make one bodie Corpus varicosum which is called Corpus varicosum Pampiniforme But we have observed that the vein even to Albuginea carries bloud but the arterie in the middest of the production begins to make it white so that I shall if you please to give me leave say that the arteries give matter for seed and the veins nourishment for the stones and coats into which they are branched De Parastatis ALl Anatomists say that these vessels make one body varicosum which is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or Parastatae Parastatae nexus They are tied at both ends of the stone but looser in the midst from the stone So that at one end the preparing vessels are received at the other let out to the deferentia or ejaculatoria vasa Their superficies seem to be membranous Superficies glandulosa Vsus juxta antiquos but within glandulous and spungie The Anatomists put them to this use that they suffer not seed to go from the Praeparantia to the deferentia without perfecting which is by the irradiation of the stone and therefore Bauhinus would have them called Testiculos But we find no such insertion into the head of the stone but that they separated the insertion of the vessels appears in the bodie of the stone But for the deferentia we cannot separate them from the Fundus so that they make one body with the stone as we shall shew you De Testibus WHat names the Greeks or Latines have given we will not be curious to repeat for honours sake but only that which you have commanded me which is the structure and use of parts They are commonly two seldome one rarely three Testes due rare tres Situs Every man knows their place to be without the Belly at the root of the Yard and this for chastities sake For those creatures which have their stones within are more lecherous and more able For when as bloud was to be made seed which was to be done with multiplicity of alterations therefore the vessels of this work were to be brought to some length therefore nature thrust them out of the body and made the Scrotum the receipt for them It seldome happens that children of a cold temperameÌ„t have them within the body although insome till the eight or tenth year In men they are bigger and hotter out of the temperament of the body for the abundance of heat that hath thrust them forth It is not my charge to deliver you the benefit man hath by their outward seat in avoiding the annoiances of stinking seed It hath two coverings 1. Common Duae tunâ—â—ae 1. communis which is made of the common covering of the body the Cuticula Cutis Adeps there is none because nothing that is oyly remains of the aliment of the stones and the Panniculus Carnosue being here thinnest changeth his name as Riolanus will have it and is called Dartos Panniculus Dartos This covering is looser on the left side and therefore that stone hangs lower 2. Proper are two vaginalis Propriae duae 1. Vaginalis à Paulo Capreolo 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which is externall and à Paulo is called Capreolrais 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and comes from the production of the Peritoneum strong but thin without is joyned with many fibres to Dartos So that some take it to be a proper coat and call it Erithroides Erithroides deriving it from Musculo Cremastore dilatam which gives his beginning to Hernia Carnosae It 's lined within with a watery humour and with many veins His use is to tie close the seminary vessels to the stones Vsus ejus Interâ—â— Allbuginea a spermaticis The inner coat is Albuginea which is derived from the coat of the spermatick vessels thick and very strong and doth immediately involve the substance of the stone Substantia medullosa cum gyris for the better strengthening his soft and loose medulla It appears with gyri as the Brain hath I have observed three foramina to enter the medullous substance Perforata 3. Inter bus Hydrocele with a diverse insertion of the vessels between these two coats when water is gotten it makes Hydrocele Piccolhominy and Vesalius call this Epididyma and I know Columbus disputes the number Figure Figura Rotunda Round or ovall a little flat on both sides It varies sometimes in respect of the extuberances of Parastatae which in great leachers seem to be as great as the stones The upper part is called the head Caput Fundus the lower the Fundus Concerning their heat in regard of the right or left side I shall not consent with the Master of Anatomy since those which bring seed come both from Aorta Columbus determines their bignesse to a hens egge But the great ones are the worst and signify a shallow brain And the Italians call a Black-head Coglione Coglioni Substance Substantia white and glandulous medullous with anfractus or circumvolutions as are in cortice Cerebri between which I have thrust bloud forth as in Corpore calloso Cerebri milky that there may be some similitude inter generans id quod generatur Those that have loose stones have debilem calorem and
other for the great quantity of bloud it receives Sinus sanguineus Ruf. Therefore of Rufus it 's called sinus sanguineus venosus It is a looser and softer flesh and of a thinner wall into this Vena Cava ascends whilest the heart is dilated it pours in his bloud that it might be here concocted and cleansed And of the thicker part the inward substance of the heart is nourished The thinner part with the same contraction per septum is sweat through into the left ventticle for the generation of vitall spirits Natus ad pulmones for for the lungs was this ventricle made as is apparent for they only have it who have lungs In caeteris which respire not but transpire only as fish have not this right ventricle So that this right ventricle and the lungs were made for the left 's sake Sinister is exactly in the middest of the heart Sinister Rotundus it 's narrower then the other for that it containeth lesse matter His cavity is round comes down to the point hath as much flesh as thrice the right for the better keeping of naturall heat and more solid that the vitall spirits vanish not Therefore it 's called Sinus spirituosus Sinus spirituosus arteriosus ventriculus In this cavity are made the vitall spirits which by the arteries with arteriall bloud are communicated to the rest of the body for his nourishment and refection Materies spirituum Aer externus sanguis The materialls are aire and bloud mixed together Aire received in by the mouth and nostrils prepared in the lungs and per arteriam venosam whilst the heat is dilated is carried into the left ventricle Bloud attenuated in the right ventricle partly into the lungs per venam arteriosam for their nutriment and partly per septum is drawn by the ventricle and retained there by his innate property mingled with the aire where by the in born faculty of the heart spirit and continuall motion it 's perfected and becomes vitall spirit and arteriall bloud which in the contraction of the heart is poured into the great artery for the life and nourishment of the whole body Superficies interna ventriculorum inaequalis The inward superficies of both ventricles is unequall and rough least spirits and bloud there entring before they be perfected should glide away And here to this businesse the valves concurre The unevennesse is partly ob foveas plures which in the left are remarkable and partly for fleshy bits Portiunculae which about the point of the heart thin and small in the right five or six in the left two thicker and stronger unto which the nervous fibres of the valve do grow Ligamenta cordis And these by some are called the ligaments of the heart This is the hottest according to Galen howsoever the Peripatetick will have the right Yet is it not so hot as to produce hairs as Pliny reports of Aristomenes Messen lib. 11. Historia Benivenii cap. 37. and Benivenius and Muretus in var. lect which is a sign of wicked man although sometimes of a crarftily wise and a daring man Habens in anima serviles pitos sometimes of an eloquent as Hermogenes in Caelio Rhodig and Leonidas in Plutarcho These ventricles are divided with a partition which is called Interstitium or Paries or Septum to keep the contents of the ventricle from sudden juncture sic Plato de fatuo Septum It is from the right extuberant from the left hollow and of the same thicknesse that the left side of the heart as if the heart had been made for the left ventricle It 's full of cells Cellulatum porosâ—â—n and porous to the right that the bloud in the left might be sweet for the generation of spirit and arteriall bloud These pores cannot be seen in dead men because they fall together These spiracula or for aminula as Riolanus calls them are carried in a doubtfull tract so that no probe can pierce them Ad mucronem pellucidum but toward the point where the Septum is most thin even in dead bodies it is pervious whereby the bloud may the better be strained through as is apparent in an oxes heart well boiled Concerning the translation of bloud into the left ventricle from the right there are diverse opinions De transitu per septum Galen Aver Piccolh Laurent Riolan Bauhin Galen Averroes Piccolhominy Laurentius Riolanus howsoever Bauhinus mistakes him and Bauhinus all these say that the bloud is carried through this Septum from the right into the left Vesalius is not so forward Vesalius dubitat but professeth his ignorance how per Septum in regard it is so thick Columb Platerus per venam arteriosam Columbus and Platerus say positively that the bloud in the right is attenuated and by venam arteriosam carried into the lungs that there prepared per Arteriam venosam in might come into the left ventrucle Botallus Botallus found out a way by himself forsooth from the right ear unto the left Vlmus a Caeliaca in Aortam ad Cor. Vlmus sanguinem arterialem to be prepared attenuated and concocted in the spleen thence into the Trunk of Aorta and so into the right ventricle of the heart where mingled with the aire prepared in the lungs But do not valves hinder this passage Varolus per Intestina Mercatus cum Columbo Varolus denies all passages to the left but only by the trunk from the Intestina Mercatus inclines to Columbus concerning the passage only the finer part to nourish the lungs and the thicker and grosser to come to the heart per Arteriam venosam and there refined for the rest of the body At each side of the Basis of the heart there is an Appendix which neither in regard of profit or action but from similitude is called Auricula Auricula which about the ventricles before the orifices of the vessels are placed to carry stuffe into the heart Dextra Dextra which is set before Vena Cava is greater and makes with Vena Cava as it were one common body It 's greater then the left and his point stands upward The Sinistra is placed ad Arteriam venosam Sinistra It 's much lesse because his orifice is lesser then that of Vena Cava It is likewise sharper longer in his side and more wrinkled in his externall superficies and more crested then the right harder but lesse fleshy and thicker because the ears must answer to their ventricles since they serve for a kind of preparation of matter They are hollow for the inlargement of their Sinus and have a peculiar substance not communicable to any other part they are cuticular Cuticulares least they break by attraction and for the better following the motion of the heart because when the heart is dilated they like skins are contracted and thrust matter to the heart when they are
it hath two tailes which are called sometimes Squamae sometimes Laminae In men they are thicker then in women and the upper is thicker harder and more equall then the undermost The under Lamina hath certain furrows in it for the safer passage of the vessels Between both these there is a middle substance which Hippocrates calls 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which is loose hollow fungous which some call Meditullium Meditullium This contains a red medullous juyce fit for the nourishment of the two Tables and this hath veins and arteries with bloud and spirit and this is that bloud which first appears in Trepaning Between these two Laminas sometimes there is a collection of humour made by transcolation which causeth infinite pain and pocky pains eate this first Table but saith Bauhinus never to the second Yet I have seen in the Hospitall both Tables eaten through with the Pox. About the Temples it's thin and behind the head up to the Nucha and this Celsus would have Surgeons observe lest in trepaning they cease when they come to the shew of bloud It is pierced with many small holes for the outlet of veins and arteries from Dura Mater Octo ossa Cranii There are eight bones which belong to the Sculls Os Frontis Ossa Sincipitis duo Ossa Temporum duo Os Occipitis Sphenoides Ethmoides But of these in the history of the Bones De Meningibus THese Meninges are to the Brain Meninges as the Peritonaeum and the Pleura to the inferiour and middle venters The Greeks call them Meningas the Arabian Translatours Matres Matres quia from these all membranes are generated They are two Dura and the Tenuis sivepia Crassa est Cuticularis Crassa Meninx is hard Cuticularis and the thickest and strongest membrane of all the body His greatnesse answers to the bignesse of Cranium and fills all his sinus and cavities It is greater then the Pia Mater that the fulnesse of his vessels presse it not whereby it might cause continuall pain and sometimes Apoplexiam which in some causeth their noses to bleed after death Connexus is to the Basis of the Cranium Connexus Basi Cranii to the sharp processes and to the rundells of the holes except to the sinus where Glandula Pituitaria is seated and to the sides where the sinus are which give way to the Carotides branches it compasseth the inner face of the scull It 's in that distance from the brain that the Pericardium is from the heart that it hinder not the perpetuall motion of the elevation and depression of it Besides the tie by the sutures to the Cranium the whole superficies is tied mediis osibus whereupon Hippocrates commands that the bone divided by the Trepan should not by force be removed Hippoc. but by suppuration But our modern Surgeons are more daring and that with good success It 's fixed to Pia Mater and to the brain by the vessels Columbus brags that he was the first that found this membrane to be double Duplex and it is as other membranes of the body are Externa superrf whose superficies or outward part is like a Tendon hard and uneven partly for the fibres which appear in the top where the sagittal suture joyns with the coronall often certain Tubercula are found by which they are firmly joyned together The intercourse of veins they judge to be like fig-leaves Interior coat hath a smooth Interna slippery and white superficies free from all fat but run over with a moist humour It is of a more exquisite sense then the outward which must touch the bone Perforata It hath many holes first to give way to the veines which run to the conjugation of the nerves It 's pierced for the passage of the Infundibulum and where the descent of the Spinalis Medullae and lastly where os spongiosum is it 's like a Cieve It 's double in the top of the head Vertice dividitur ad corpus callosum and divides the brain in half to Corpus callosum into dextrum sinistrum with reduplication of the Dura Mater continued to the third sinus and so along the head to the top of the nose It 's there tied to the septum of the instrumentum of smelling and so backward This reduplication of Dura Mater is called Processus superior and is like a Sythe Falx Falx dicitur of Vesalius and all since him It is broad behind in the lower part it is continued with Cerebellum But the back processe which is shorter distinguisheth Cerebellum à Cerebro and covereth it and is here three or four times as thick as in any other place Here are two sorts of channells the one with the arteries the other with the veins and these are called posteriores sinus There are four sinus Sinus 4. which are made by the foldings of Dura Mater Fallopius will have sometimes ten sometimes six They are like channells which pour out bloud into the substance of the brain and Pia Mater and into these do enter the internall jugulars They have not the coat of a vein nor artery yet do the office of both both for portage and pulsation and nourishment for it was not fit to carry veines through the soft and yielding substance of the brain Fallopius Laurent Piccolh Fallopius will have no arteries to come to these sinus Laurentius will have internas venas ingredi and powr forth bloud Piccolhominy will have both veins and arteries which I do assent to Laurentius lays an imputation on some that say veins run through these sinus and not extra vasa contineri The authour of this heresie I cannot find In the back part in the Basis Occipitis between Cerebrum Cerebellum Sinus duo ad spinalem there are two sinus on each side on the right and the left Their beginning is at the side of the hole spinalis medullae where the internall jugulars enter and end at the middle Lamdoides and the top of Cerebellum and meeting there together make one common cavity which by Hieroph is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Torcular Torcular for that from hence bloud is pressed out of the veines and arteries into the substance of brain Sinus 3. Out of the meeting of these the 2 doth arise the third sinus which runs along the top of the head under sutura sagittalis between the right and left side of the brain from the upper part of Lamdoides unto the bones of the nose from hence many veins are dispersed tenui Matri and this is the uppermost sinus The fourth is the shortest and lowest and begins at Torcular Sinus 4. as the 3 sinus doth and runs down between Cerebrum and Cerebellum and is ended ad nates Cerebri And from hence you may make good the number of Fallopius's sinus which all thrust
Liver unto the Spleen Latitudo 4. dig Nay sometimes it is as great as the Liver as weighty Historia Thuanâ— Connexus Lumbis Ventriculâ— Duodeno Vâ—sis as in the Case of Mounsieur de Thou that great and learned Historian of the last hundred years Connexus to the first vertebrae of the Loyns by a membrane of Coat of the Omentum beside the bottome of the stomach and Duodenum for the maintaning the Vena Porta and Arteria Caeliaca in their places It 's most times single sometimes double If we will believe Riolanus It 's also tied with thin membranes to a lobe of the liver to the bottome of the stomach to the spleen that it presse not by his weight the descending Vena Cava Aorta whereby the course of bloud and spirit might be intercepted It 's sometimes tumified and schirrous so that it hinders the passage of the chylus into the Liver by binding the trunck of Venae Porta whereby the whole body is wasted Sometimes it is so swollen that it presseth the Duodenum that there it binders the free descent of chylus so that it causeth vomitings Venae à Vena Porta for his nourishment Venae Arteries from Caeliaca for his life Arteriae Nerves from the sixth pair Nervi It 's full of kernels 1. Glandulae to suck up all the crude portions of bloud which the Omentum and Mesentery could not contain whereby the bloud may be the purer Secondly by his moist heat to boil and concoct what is not made fit for Vena Porta to carrie into the Liver Sedes febrium This is the seat of intermitting agues and Hypochondriack melancholly and as a publick sink into which all ill humours are sucked Vsus 1 Vse 1. To strengthen the division of the branches of vena Porta and Caeliaca Arteria the nerves which are carried to the ventricle Duodenum and Ramum Splenicum and spleen Vsus 2 2. To help concoction in the stomach by his moist vapours as in Balneo Mariae Vsus 3 3. To be a Pillow to the stomach least when he is full leaning upon the vertebrae of the loyns by ther hardnesse the stomach may be hurt or any thing either hard or full may hurt the vessels Vsus 4 4. Some adde to shut the Pylorus that nothing that is inconcocted slip out Vide Ramum descendentem venae Portae De vena Porta OUt of the hollow of the liver ariseth a vein Porta whose ingresse is called Port 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 between two litle risings of the Liver Magna least it should be pressed by the vertebrae It 's the greatest next to Cava and therefore Magna ad Portas nominatur because by these branches the elaborated chylus is carried per portam into the Liver and therefore the Mesaraicks were called Hepatis manus Some call not all the vein Porta but that which coming out of the Liver is free It 's divided into Roots Trunk and Branches The Radices Galen in his book de venis Radices assimilating this vein to a tree will have the Mesaraicae and those other of the lower belly to be the Roots and the Trunk to be in the Liver so then the Radication of veins is not in the Liver which we hold and say that the Roots are dispersed through the substance of the Liver as from their principium Distributionis Radicationis which from small ones growing great to greater are joyned to the Roots Cavae at last make this outlet of the Liver one Body which is vena Porta The Truncus Truncus going a little obliquely downwards is carried under the Duodenum where before it makes any great Branch Cysticus Ramus Cysticus Ramus comes from out the forepart and upper part of the Trunk and is distributed into the neck and body of the Gall Gastricus dexter Gastreepiploicus Intestinalis Gastricus dexter which besprinkles the stomach beneath and the Pylore with small veins Laurentius adds Gastroepiploicus Ramus at the right fundus ventriculi Epiploi Intestinalis runs down right the Duodenum These two last come many times from the Mesenterico Having branched himself into these four Splenicus Ramus the whole trunk is divided into Splenicum Mesentericum The upper and the lesser is Splenicus which is all spent in the spleen stomach and Omentum This is transversly carried into the spleen where before it enters it runs up the left side of the stomach Gastrica minor with small Branches then Gastrica major Gastrica Minor Major Coronaria Stomachi which are the biggest in the stomach then Cornarius stomachicus which runs about the mouth of the stomach From the lower part of the Splenicus Ramus Epiplois dextra 1. Epiplois dextra a small branch which stretcheth it self down on the right hand to the inferiour membrane of the Omentum and unto the Colon to which it is joyned Epiplois Postica 2. Epiplois Postica far greater which runs in 2. branches into the lower Coat of the Omentum where Colon is fixed Pancreae 3. Pancreae which run into the Pancreas between these Epiploides From the upper part of this Rami Splenici close to the spleen come sometimes three sometimes more sometimes but one which is called Vas breve aut venosum Sometimes vas breve is closely united to the Coat of the stomach Vas Breve sometimes it 's distant the breadth of four fingers It runs between the Coats from above the fundus ventriculi towards the mouth where it spews in Melancholicus succus to raise appetite In melancholy bodies it 's large and Bauhinus will have by this the stomach to powre liquid matter into the spleen as appears after cold drink by the murmurings of the left side From hence is it that hunger in some cannot be endured By this black vomitings are made deadly Cum Phrenica Some Anatomists have here observed a conjunction between Vas Breve and Phrenica which is a branch of vena Cava so that by this way bloud in lienosis per nares expurgari potest according to that famous place of Hippocrates in Epid. 2. Hippoc. Exemplo Bionis lienosos hamorragia narium levari Bauhinus addes 2. other branches which Laurentius never names Epiplois sinistra Epiplois sinistra Gastroepiplois sinistra which are not branches of the Splenici Rami but come from the trunk Venae Portae and sometimes from Ramo Mesenterico Vsus 1 Vse 1. To nourish the stomach spleen and Omentum Vsus 2 2. To carry the thick and feculent bloud into the spleen Mesentericus Ramus is duplex Ramus Mesen 2. Dexter Caecalis Laurent 14. Mesent Dexter Sinister Laurentius addes Caecalem which runs in Caecum Mesenterica dextra runs in Iejunum Caecum Ileon Coli partem dextram and hath 14. branches most commonly from whence innumerable veins arise which are spread between the
Trunci with a knop seldome from the Emulgent Sinistra ab emulgente The 4. Lumbares duae aut tres Lumbares plures from the lower side of Cava so that you must turn Cava over to see them These enter foramina nervorum between the 4. vertebrae of the Loins and so run up to the brain on both sides spina lis medullae Some will have them descend from the internall Iugular per spinalem medullam and so joyned per anastomosin lumbaribus And by this way both Hippocrates lib. de Genitura and Aristotle in Problemat will have Cerebri spiritus materiae seminalis portionem deferri à Cerebro Beneath these about the 4. vertebrae Lumborum it's divided into 2. branches which are then called Iliaci Iliaci Ram. They present in their division a great Λ which above Os Ilium run down toward the thighs But presently upon the division on the outside there comes forth Muscula superior which traverseth Musculos lumborum addominis Peritonaei Muscula superior and ariseth equally on each side one Sacra In the division comes forth Sacra which runs ad nutritionem medullae ossis sacri Ramus Iliacus in progressu descends into an inward and an outward branch From the Interna comes Muscula media Muscula media which goes to the muscles Femoris and to the skin of the breech and Hypogastrica which runs to the muscles Recti Hypogastrica Haemorrboidales externae and to the externall Haemorrhoides and another of this branch runs to the Bladder and Yard ad collum uteri per quas menses in gravidis virginibus fluunt Ab externo Ramo comes first Epigastrica which runs to the Peritonaeum musculi abdominis Epigastrica as under Rectum musculum and is here joyned with Mammaria 2. Pudenda which runs over Os Pubis to the Scrotum and to the skin Penis In women it runs in Sinum muliebrem Pudenda Pudendi Labra Nymphas and by this sanguis ad mammas refluit And this by some is called Epigastrica interna 3. Muscula Inferior Muscula inferior runs ad musculos Coxendicis ad cutem coming forth they change their name and are now called crurales of which in our History of the extremities of the body De Trunco Aortae descendente AOrta Arteriae descentis truncus Caeliaca Mesenterica superior inferior at the second vertebra Thoracis pierceth the Diaphragma and so per imum ventrem where it gives 3. branches to Porta as Caeliace Mesenterica Superior Inferior and the rest venae Cavae and accompany her branches De Liene SPleen is the Receptacle of feculent bloud Situs Riolanus hath been curious in the names Situs is in the left Hypochondrio under the Diaphragma backward close to the short ribs for safegard and therefore in healthy bodies it cannot be felt His hollow is turn'd toward the Liver to make way for the stomach as it were a left Liver In some it 's higher in some it 's lower which seat made way for that observation of Hippocrates 6. Epid. sect 2. tom 38. Hippoc. Quibus lien deorsum vergit his pedes genua calent nares aures frigent So then the lower part obstructed causeth crassum sanguinem and to heat the lower parts But what is this to the seat of the spleen Error Anatom I pitty to see how our Anatomists will draw in pieces by the ears But to our purpose His place is properly under the Diaphragma to which it's tied tenuibus fibris Connexus Diaphragmati I Omento Reni sinistro Laxatum adinguina and by the Peritonaeum by the Omentum to the outward coat of the left kidney In bodies that are sound it never comes beneath the lowest rib although sometimes it reacheth to the groin relaxatis lig amentis saies Columbus and his breadth to the liver saith Bauhinus and Aretaeus lib. 1. de signis curis morborum diuturnorum cap. 14. before Bauhinus In dextram partem usque ad jecur toto corpore increscere visus est But I fear the humours lodged in the Omentum many times deceive us His magnitude and colour varies Magnitudo Hippocrates commends a small one but not such a one as was in Riolans Dutchesse Hister Rioiani which was the breadth of a naile but the Pancreas recompensed it It 's thick and great Densus but far lesse then the Liver Increscit lienosis saith Hippocrates Andernacus relates to twenty pound weight Cardanus hath a cure for it which is beating to make in smaller but my Master blames the Cure His colour is obscure and dark Color But unnaturall spleens look blew leaden ashy It hath one simple membrane and thin from the Omentum immediately which invests it round about and is sometimes as thick as a cartilage as in Sir Nicholas Fortescue Figure is various long Figura and somewhat flat like an Oxe-tongue broad above which is the head and narrow beneath which is the tail Some will have it by the position of the ribs Along his Cavity there runnes a white line with a little rising where the entrances of the veins are Linea alha ejus the better to serve them and the Arteries when 't is praeter naturam his figure is subject to change by his sucking of humours it being a vessell rare and spungious Substance laxe full of veins and Arteries Substantia It seems to be nothing but thick black concrete bloud wrapt up with many fibres the fitter to receive grosse humours Hippoc. de Cauterisat Lienis Aegineta Hippocrates in passions of the spleen commends the cauterising of it Paulus Aegineta in lib. 6. de remedic cap. 48. teacheth us the manner by taking the skin up with a hook and so thrusting it through cutem distentam in 3. places did make six eschares Albucasis Rossetus and Albucasis doth not much differ Rossetus reports that the Turks burn their footmen to the spleen to make them more agile and active Yet Aretaeus will have them live unhappily when the bloud by this vessell is not depured Aretaeus because the body is nourished with thick and impure bloud so far is it from making them nimble Fallopius And Fallopius and my Master Aquapendente delivered doctrinally that omnia lienis vulnera are lethalia as may appear by the great vessels which runne in and come out of it The first vessell is Ramus Splenicus Ramus Splenicus of which in our history of Vena Porta This enters the spleen in his Cavity makes many branches into it not apparent as in the Liver for they come not into the substance to make there any Cavity but are terminated at the hollow of the spleen so as it seems to be fibres covered over with thick grosse bloud This Ramus Splenicus carries from Porta the thick earthy part of Chymus to make blood
for those parts which Splenica sends branches to and in regard the spleen cannot perfect all that 's brought in therefore nature hath made two vessells for receipt one above which is Vas Breve the other that goes downewards which is Vena Haemorrhoidalis Vas Breve Vena Haemorâ—hoidalis Vas Breve we have spoke of Yet some will have this to be wanting sometimes or obstructed and then according to Avicen Coronaria stomachica doth the businesse or Ramus Splenicus or Haemorrhoidalis interna and sometimes this humour is purged by the arteries not only into the Guts whereby the excrements are coloured but likewise by the emulgent into the Kidneys and hence black pudled urines although it 's rare from the emulgent vein branches to be sent to the spleen or from the Caeliaca into the great artery and so into the emulgent Silvii observat yet Silvius observed three branches from the emulgent vein to be carried into the spleen Hence in melancholy diseases Diuretica are commended and that by the authority of Hippocrates But whether the great quantity of waters which run in two hours by urine Aquarum transitus passe not all or part out of the stomach per Vas Breve into the spleen and so by the splenick artery into the Caeliaca and so into the great trunk of the artery which leads to the emulgent or else from the stomach to the Guts per Mesaraicas to the liver and so into vena Cava emulgentes to the Kidneys is apparent in calculosis Arteries it hath and more them the liver Arteria which Galen knew well although Columbus and Vesalius deny it But both these have been reprehended by Piccolbominy and worthily It hath all from the Caeliaca not only for life but for the bettering of thick earthy bloud and likewise to carry into Aâ—rtaâ— the serous humour so that the spleen inflamed you may feel pulsation presently Nerves but small Nervi from the sixt pair and from the roots of the ribs on the left side which run along his membrane not his substance Concerning the use Deusu secundum Erasistratum there have been both amongst the ancients and modern great disputes Erasistratus 4. de usu part cap. 15. thought there was no use of it and Rufus Ephesius in lib. 2. Rufum de appel calls it ignavum membrum nullo ministerio fungens Aristotle de part Aristotelem Animal 3. cap. 7. sayes there is some use viZ. Iecur lien juvant ad cibi concoctionem and imposeth necessity upon it per accidens such as belongeth to the excrements of the Belly and bladder so that those creatures which have hot stomachs have small spleens as Hawks Kites and Pigeons whose earthy excrements run for the making of feathers as in fish for the making of scales Averroes upon this place sayes Averroem that the spleen is fere necessarium because habemus juvamentum hujus membri attrahere hoc excrementum terreum ex sanguine ad se confidimusque de hac notitia And further neither Aristotle nor Averroes goe So that I wonder why our late Disputants should bring in Aristotle to their party Galenum Galen never knew any other use but to be the receptacle of feculent bloud Hugo Senens Hugo Senens upon Avicen 1. Can. disputes the Question against Angelus de Aretio that held that the spleen was principium sanguinis ex chylo generativum which is contradicted by the Greeks and by Avicen and all the Arabtan Schoole The modern Anatomists of this last 100. years strive to magnify this part Vlmum Vlmus in his Book de Liene will have arteriall bloud begotten here so propagated per Ramum Splenicum arteriosum in Caeltacam and from thence in Aortaâ— and so in sinistrum cordis ventriculuâ— Neither do the three valves seated in the vestibulo Aortae any thing hinder but only suffocation which might happen by the rushing of this bloud Carolus Piso follows Vlmus Carolum Pisonem But where are those plexus venarum Arteriarum I could never see them nor Vesalius before me neither are they dispersed through the substance Besides those sanguinea animalia which have no lungs or small ones and no spleen or but little yet they have arteriall bloud Where is this arteriall bloud made Piccolh Piccolhominy will have a double use of the spleen 1. To purge bloud which is to be distributed to all parts à lutulento succo 2. To help the liver if it be too little a bulk ad copiosiorem sanguinem conficiendum Bauhinus labours for the dignity of the spleen Bauhinum and brings many Arguments as his seat above so hath Colon. 2. No part is nourished with the excrement it draweth but with laudable bloud It 's true that the spleen receiveth earthy bloud and doth refine it and the purer goes for his nourishment and the excrement all part is thrust out by Vas Breve and vena Haemorrhoidalis interna according to their own grounds Bartolinus brings many more arguments but we will conclude that he is usefull for receipt Verus usus and for depuring and helping of sanguification and not making for the succus melancholicus is generated in the liver cum massa sanguinea De Renibus THe third receipt of the excrements of bloud which is not found in fowls nor fishes quia non habent pulmonem sanguineum ut sint valde sitibunda Averroes in Aristotelem lib. 3. de part Animal cap. 9. To this purpose nature hath made three instruments 1. The Kidneys which by a hidden property draw serum not pure but mixt with Bloud which is not separated by concoction but by tran fusion 2. The ureters which when it separated carry it away 3. The Bladder which receives holds and expells it in fit times The Kidneys are called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 2. quod est ningere they are two most authours say Ratio for the better provision in cases of obstruction as if one should be stopt the other might suck away the water But Duretus upon that rule of Hippocrates Duretus Renum repente dolor obortus cum urina suppressa lapillos aut crassam urinam meiendo reddendam oslendit It may seem strange that the passion of one Kidney either altogether stops urine or yields it by drops and gives his reason from sympathy which is in societate of ficii Historia And thi he confirms by the History of President Pibracius who died of the stone in the left ureter To this I will adde a History related by Forestus of the Delphe Merchant Foresti Historia who having a stone in the lest Kidney his urine was altogether stoâ—t and with out pain in the right or any obstruction there and he gives the reason to be ex torpore per consensum officium non praestitisse vel forte ob condolentiam These two reasons may
Adeps Vse of this fat is to maintain the heat of the Kidneys Vsus â—dipis least by the continuall gliding of water they should languish and grow weak 2. To dull the acrimony of this serum by his gentle and supple moisture 3. To be as a soft Pillow for their ease Si pingues admodum efficiuntur Pinguiores deteriores dolores profecto accidunt lethales Arist lib. 5. de part Anim. cap. 9. Before we come to the Substance of the Kidneys Eustachius puts us in mind of certain externall glandules which are fixed to the upper part of each Kidney Glandulae Eustachiâ— These were first observed by Bartholomeus Eustachius Anno 1560. 1560. Bauhin Bartolin Capsulae Atrabilariae and since acknowledged by Casserius Bauhinus and Bartolinus who calls them not as Eustachius Glandulas but Capsulas Atrabilarias Casserius Renes Succenturiatos Casserio Succenturiati Magnitudo 4. digitor secundum Bartolinum They are as many as the Kidneys their greatnesse is not alwayes equall Their length is two fingers and the breadth one sometimes the right sometimes the left is bigger according to the Kidney it 's fixed to They are hollow and contain within them a feculent black humour which I could never see Their Figure answers to the Kidney Figura no such matter but is an informis and unshapen glandule Connexus Connexus To the outward membrane of the Kidney and sometime to the membrane of the Diaphragma strongly Hence it is that they have not been observed because taking out the Kidneys they are left sticking to the midriffe says Bartolinus They are taken away with the duplicature of the Peritonaeum Venae Arteriae from the middest of the Emulgent Venae Arteria ab Emulgente sometimes from the Kidney sometimes from Cava sometimes from Adiposa sometimes from all these places Nerves come with those of the Kidneys Nervi Use of them is conjecturall Vsus Glandul and only Bartolinus hath made his judgement of them which is to be the receptacle of thick black cholerick humour which comes from the liver and spleen and here kept because it could not pierce the narrow passages of the Kidneys Hence black urines Bauhinus Bauh 2. for to strengthen the divisions of those plexus nervosi which run with the arteries to the coat and substance of the Kidney which I take to be true Piccolhominy only names them which because their Parenchyma is not different from the Kidney he is willing to judge them extuberant pieces of the Kidneys He sayes they are not constantly found in all when as the sixt finger from abundance of stuffe But their Parenchyma do differ Tunicâ— interna Renum Hujus origo The inner coat of the Kidney comes immediately à Peritonaeo and sticks fast to the flesh and is his proper tegument It 's thinner then the former without fat immediately it hath his beginning from the common coat of the vessels dilated which enter the kidneys and so spread keepeth their substance united and makes the superficies slippery and so turning in it enters with the vessels and so covers them and strengthens them Substance of them is firm and hard Substantia solida porosa like to the substance of the heart only it wants fibres neither is there any fleshy viscus but these two that have sensible Cavities They are solid yet exceeding porous if you please to blow the Emulgent you shall perceive the aire to come even to the outward coat least by their laxity urine might plentifully slip away as likewise to hold the stronger heat for the better separation and transcolation Yet where the Emulgent vessels spread themselves there their substance is more loose and unequall and is pierced with passages which run through from the ureters and the partâ— dugged with flesh which are in substance figure and office like Glandules The outward superficies is smooth Externa superficies like a liver but somewhat darker in those that are well But in sick they have variety of colours Raro inaequales Historia It 's rare to see a Kidney unequall on the outside as Oxen Calves have Yet Eustachius observed such an one in a wench of 11. years of age and in a woman in Roma Some would perswade us that from the Caruncles within as from a bunch of Grapes Non per sangui nem uffusum the Kidneys of Infants to be filled up with the effusion of bloud which makes the superficies of the Kidney to be equall Therefore in cutting the Kidney along the back a blewish flesh is observed the inner part where the Caruncles are is much redder Bauhinus sayes that the Kidneys of bears are made of Glandules like bunches of Grapes tyed and knit together by a membrane and filled up with fat Before we divide the Kidney Vasa we are to observe the vessels that enter and the vessels that come forth Those that enter the first are Venae which come à Cava Venae 1. is Adiposa The right seldome comes from the Trunk but from the Emulgent Adiposa the left from the Cava and these bedew the outward coats and are many branches amongst the which one goes ad Capsulas Atraâ—â—larias which there entring is spent The second is Emulgent Emulgens of each side one from the Trunk of the Cava very large not for a plenteous supply of nourishment but for the freer passage of serum and is inserted into the hollow of the Kidney sometimes double Duplici triplici ramo Sinister Ramus duplo longior Valvulae Bâ—uhini sometimes treble These branches are but short yet the left is as long again as the right and the insertion of the right many times higher At whose insertion Bauhinus observes certain valves that hinder the reflux of serum into Cavam Here likewise a branch one or more Vniâ—ur Azygo of Azygos is united Hence that consent between the chest and Kidneys Arteriae Arteriae Emulgentes They have one of each side from the Trunk of the great artery it 's called Emulgent It is very great the better to draw the great quantity of serous moysture which is in the arteries as likewise to apply them with heat which is apt to be extinguished by this serous excrement These are seated between the vein and the ureter Situs inter venam ureterom Ratio 1.2 First that by their motion they may thrust the serous bloud into the Kidneys 2. To hasten the descent of the serum which is now strained These in two parts enter the Cavity and immediately divide themselves into four or five branches which afterwards divide themselves into a great many more which are dispersed through the substance of the Kidney and mingled together are united Desinunt in Carunculas and so insensibly end These Capillary branches come into the Caruncles that by them percolation may be made Neither was there need of
another for that they draw not pure excrement as both bladders doe Yet sometimes à Ramo Iliaco there ariseth another artery Aliquando ortae ab Iliaco with a vein and so are fixed in the kidney together Nervi come from the stomachicall branch of the sixth pair Nervi which descend down to the roots of the vertebrae of the loyns and are spread into the proper membrane of the Kidneys and about the beginnings of the arteries of the mesentery which run up to the Capsulas Atrabilarias Ad Capsulas Another part enters with the Emulgent arteries Ad Cavitatem the Cavity of the Kidneys and are so dispersed through the substance of them Hence that consent between the Kidney and stomach and that exquisite sense non tantum gravativus dolor Sedes Calculi when the stone is fallen from out of the flesh of the kidney whose firm substance gives not way as the bladder doth but by the nervous branches of the ureter which are dispersed through the substance of the kidney Yet there is far greater pain when it comes into the full ureter where so long as it sticks so long is the fit Out of each kidney comes forth a white nervous vessell which is called ureter of which we will speak by and by but first open the kidney This inner Cavity or venter is called Pelvis or Infundibulum Cavitas interna Pelvis it 's made of a nervous membrane which comes not from the Emulgent vessels for these are spent in the fleshy substance but are of the ureters Ab ureteribus and for other Cavity you are not to seek in the kidney of a man but from what comes from the ureters and is made by their concourse Dividitur in 2.3 whose first division is in two or three branches and so in more but ends not in hairs as other vessels do but in broad end which receive the Caruncles Carunculae 8 10. so that commonly there are 8. or 10. Rami which are fashioned like pipes Carunculae made of the substance of the kidney yet harder then the flesh and lesse coloured sharp and like little Glandules enter the extremities of the ureters and like a slope-lid cover them through which as through pipes watery humour tincted with choler is strein'd through as milk from a seel into this common Cavity which is called Pelvis and so by the ureters transmitted to the bladder They are many in number for the more sudden streining of water these have most narrow holes that bloud run not along with it Riolanus will have that ample Cavity in exortu ureteris within the kidney to be Pelvis vel Infundibulum and those 3. or 4. holes which are in Fornice Pelvis make the Cribrum which the ancients spake of Each of these holes cut have other two Papillares Tubuli 12. Carpus Author secundum Neosericâ—s which being cut shew the Carunculae Papillares In great kidneys twelve Caruncles have been observed with twelve tubult Our late Anatomists will have Carpus upon Mundinus to be the first finder of these Carunculae forgetting that Aphor. of Hippocrates 4. tent 76. Quibus in urina crassa exsistente carunculaepâ—rvae Hippocratis â—otae Capilli autveluti capilli una exeunt iis a renibus excernitur Upon which place says Galen that parvae Carunculae were Renum substantiae indiciae Capilli non Renum but of those meatus qui deorsum à Renibus in vesteam feruntur sayes Avicen Cant. 1. secâ—â—â—â—â— Avicen Actuarium prima Doct. de urinis and some of these hairs were a handfull long sayes Actuarius And Hippocrates in lib. de Glandulis sayes that the kidneys have many Glandules So then I shall if it please you give this honour to Hippocrates although Galen sayes he never saw veras Carunculas Therefore the new life we will give to Carpus before Rondeletius times Non Bondeletii who challenges the invention to be his and calls them Processus Mammillares Processus Mâ—â—â—â—â—â—â—â—es Vsus Vse To purge the bloud from water which is in the veins and arteries by their own attractive power De Vreteribus THe second instrument which nature hath made for the exportation of this excrement are the Vreteres Vreteres water-pipes and water-courses and they are two on each side one which resting upon the muscles of the Loyns Situs between two Coats of the Peritonaeum Connenus Peritonaeo vesicae unto which they are tyed bending inward a little and so descending are joyned to the bladder Sometimes two three or more branches come out of the kidney which either a little beneath the kidney or above the bladder Historia Bauhini grow into one Bauhinus observed two and each made his own Cavity in the kidney separated with a thin membrane and equally great and so descended into the bladder the one into the bottome the other near the neck of the bladder Their coming out is large and appears like a little long bladder which is sometimes full of stones and sometimes they come out with 3.4 or 5. branches and presently make this one Body Figure is round Figura Rotunda a handfull long the breadth of a straw In calculosis after the fashion of a Gut dilated into which the stone descends and sometimes runs back again It 's hollow crooked like the letter S. In women they are broad streight and short therefore calculous passions are with lesse pain Substantia Venae albae Canaliculi nervosi Fibris obliquis Substance is white And therefore Celsus calls them venas albas Aristotle Canaliculi nervosi nervous free from bloud and dense They are commonly said to have but one Coat with oblique fibres But in truth if you open them their fibres are right Reâ—â—is so close as if they made one proper Coat They are like the inner substance of the bladder and are continued to it from which they cannot be separated but from the kidneys they can Therefore some will have their originall from the bladder into whose backer and lower part they are fixed not far from the neck where they runne between two Coats of the bladder about the breadth of a finger but some two fingers breadth one from the other By an oblique and narrow passage they enter the cavity of the bladder so that the urine sweats not through but by a manifest passage comes into the bladder And this oblique course hinders the reflux of urine into the kidneys which Piccolhominy refers unto two valves or Ostiola foris intro spectantia Error Piccolh But with the best diligence I could never find them Sure I am that the Coats so shut that wind cannot get forth as it 's seen by children that blow them Venae they have like hairs Venae small arteries from the neighbour parts of which some are evident and elegantly besprinkled in the outward Coat Nervi from the sixt pair Nervi and from Spina
umbilicalia tied too near the Navell draw up the bladder and so the Yard is shortned It hath the common coverning without fat that it might not hinder his erection The Panicle here by Riolanus is called Dartos Dartos which reacheth to the lower part of the Glans to which it 's tied Substance is peculiar Substantia è duobus nervis made of two hollow nerves between which runs a channell these as ligaments arise from the lower part Pubis and upper Isthii and so run up to the Glans first a little severed then joyned Their inward substance is hollow like a pipe spongy and blackish and as it were filled with black bloud and as made of innumerable branches of arteries veins and nerves cast into a net Between these two bodies is there a hollow passage common to seed and urine which is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Fistula urinaria which is the substance of the bladder extended to the end of the Yard or the neck of the bladder producted Yet Bauhine would have it differ from the substance of the bladder quia vesica cocta ab hoc canali recedit Here Bauhinus puts to our memory which other Anatomists overslipped a membrane thin which covers the Glans and channell begotten of Pia Mater Inter. Tunica à pia Matre secundum Baubinum which investâ— the nerves of the Yard which is of exquisite sense The other is an externall coat fleshy made of transverse fibres for the expulsion of seed and urine It 's rare to see two channels one for seed and the other for urine Historia Yet Vesalius reports of a Lawyer of Friuli that had two distinct passages It hath four muscles seated close to Perinaeo Museuli 4. in Perinaeo which are covered with much fat two side ones which come from Coxendicis appendice beneath the Yard first nervous then fleshy short and thicker then the other two and so run into the body of the Yard Their use is erigere Vsus eorum flectere sustinere in congressu Their insertion is not farre from the exortus of the Yard The other two muscles arise fleshy à sphinctere ani secundum longitudinem penis and by the sides of the channell are carried and so make their insertion in the middest Their use is to dilate the lower part of the channell in mixione coitu prostatas comprimere And between the muscles is the place for cutting in the stone Venae Error Columbi Venae ab Hypogastrica Pudenda Arteriae Columbus will have here no veins which I wonder at Yet it hath both externall or Cutaneae which come from Hypogastrica Pudenda and are for a while parted and then come together and so accompany the arteries and are ended with their arteries Internal are two from the Hypogastrica which are inserted in the root of the Yard and through his length are dispersed About the midst the right goes into the left and the left into the right Yet so as a vein goes along the back promiscuously accompanied with nerves even to the Glans It hath two great nerves Nervi 2. ab osse sacro which come from the medulla ossis sacri or the root of the Yard The one is lost about the midst of the skin of the Yard and stones The other is internall and so runs along the back dispersed to the Glans Glans which is the head of the Yard fleshy and softer then the rest that it hurt not and pointed for better entrance His flesh is sensible and solid his substance is spongy Spongiesae substenitae not hollow It 's cover'd with a most thin membrane It hath another made of the duplicature of the skin which is called Praeputium Praeputium 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Corona sutura 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Femen The upper part is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the circle Corona The lower line Sutura or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that to the Fundament 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 between the fundament and the stones 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Femen aut interfemineum In the head there hath been of late years a new disease or rather a new symptome of the old which is called Chrysstalline from his shining brightnesse Chryslailine very frequent in France I have seen one not far from this place and I heard of another about Temple-Bar for which my Counsell was asked De Thorace FRom the lower belly our Anatomicall Doctrine hath led us to the middle Region in which reigneth the king of life This middle belly is called Thorax 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Thorax 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 id est salire for the perpetuall motion of the heart And although Hippocrates Aristotle Rufus Ephesius and the rest of the ancients did include the lower belly yet with Galen and the Physick Schoole we shut it up between the Clavicles and the pointed Cartilage Situs is between the upper and the lower belly Situs for the fitter and apter distribution of life and heat In the upper part are the clavicles in the lower the midriffe before the sternum behind the vertebrae of the Back The right and left side are walled with 12. ribs and divers sorts of muscles Figure is ovall Figure and most capacious the fore part and hinder part broader here then in any other creatures for the better capacity of lungs and heart for man hath most use of spirit Substance is not altogether bony Substantia non tata ossea nec carnea as is the scull so all motion should be lost nor all fleshy as is the lower belly so all parts might fall in together and so cause suffocation Therefore Nature hath provided an instrument with an intercourse of flesh and bones so that by the bones an equall amplitude iâ—preserved and by the muscles a freedome of motion is maintaied Therefore having placed this great Prince the Heart in the chest she presently set a guard about it for his defence and security which was to be preserved by cold aire Therefore she put him into a moveable castle that by his spreading aire for his refreshing might be drawn into the lungs and by his contraction fuliginous vapours and smoaks might be expelled The Chest is divided into parts containing and contained Partes continentes conentae communes propriae Propriae durae out melles Containing are either common or proper The common are our first five recited in our lower belly as scarfskin skin fat the fleshy pannicle and the membrane of the muscles The proper parts are either hard or soft Hard are either bones or Cartilages Soft are either fleshy properly as muscles or improperly as corpora mammarum which according to the sex do differ or are membranous as Pleura Mediastinum Parts contained are all instruments of life and respiration as the Heart Contentae the Lungs the Vena Cava ascendent
bending sometimes to the Spina to the right sometimes to the left where it touches the Coats of the vertebrae it runs up and coming to the middle of them it runs down and so about the 8. or 9. vertebrae is in the midst And so coming down under the artery towards the end of the chest dividing it self pierceth the Dia. phragma with the Aorta In sheep it goes down the left side and in all that chew the cud it 's double one on the right another on the left which is in men very rare Duplex apud Bauhinum quandoque Yet Bauhinus observed that once he found out of each side one which sprang out of the Trunk of Vena Cava about the third vertebra and both inserted themselves into the head of the Emulgent Sometimes above the Emulgent it 's joyned to the Cava sometimes beneath even at Os Sacrum it enters the Cava Therefore Bauhinus adviseth Observatio ejusdem that in the beginning of a Pleurisy Vena Poplitis or Saphena may well be taken and after apply Cupping-glasses to the loyns because it hath been observed that purulent matter of a Pleurisy hath critically been avoided by urine Valoula Amati Riolanus imbraced the invention of Amatus Lusitanus concerning the valves which belong to this veine and brags Tres Riolani Ego caeteris Anatomicis perspicacior ac diligentior vidi quod videre non potuerunt and I fear things not to be seen Sure I am Fallopius denyes them and so doth Laurentius and Eustachius in lib. de Vena sine pari Well but where doth he put these three valves The one in his exortu In exortu unam inveni the other two directly opposite to hinder all sudden rushings of bloud This vein hath 8. branches Rami hujus octo to nourish on both sides the 8. lower ribs and spaces and shoots many small veins into Oesophagus It hath communion with the chest veins which come from the Axillary Hence the benefit of bleeding on the same side Iungitur adiposae quandoque E. mulgenti it is sometimes joyned with adiposae and as I said with the Emulgent for the better purging the lungs by them and not by Arteria venosa and so to the left ventricule of the heart and from thence into the great arteries and so to the Kidneys Intercostalis is the last Intercostalis duplex ad 3.4 spacia and nourisheth 3. or 4. spaces of the upper ribs But this is sometimes wanting and then Azygos discharges that duty Some have observed a valve in his exortu he is on each side It comes à Ramo Subclavio at the beginning of the jugular veins A Subclavio and puts some of his branches into the vertebrae where the Nerves come forth The Trunk of Vena Cava having pierced the Pericardium and so being upheld by the Mediastinum and Thymum runs upwards in a streight line and whilest he is in the chest it 's called Subclavius and from this comes divers veins from the upper and from the lower part From the lower before that Subclavius is divided come four branches Mammariaâ— 1. Mammaria 2. Mediastina 3. Cervicalis 4. Muscula inferior Mammaria hath diverse beginnings from before and the middle seat of the Bifurcation Sometimes à Subclavit rame sometimes from the very Trunk Venae Cavae before it is divided this runs under the Sternum to the pointed cartilage where he sends perforamen ensiformis out a branch and by his way he is mingled with Azygos and Intercostales through the severall spaces of the ribs and so part of it goes forth of the chest to the muscles there and the breasts and part goes down to the muscles of the belly to the branches of Epigastrica where they joyn along the Hypochondria to the flanks Mediastina Mediastina comes from the Trunk of the left Subclavii by the region of the internall jugular and is carried above the hollow of the lung and the Pericardium per Thymum Mediastinum Hence it is called by Laurentius A Laureâ—â—â—â— Thymica diciter Thymica and Laurentius puts to it Capsularis because he would have the Pericardium to be nourished by it Howsoever it runs into the Diaphragma along with the Nerve for his better nourishment Cervicalis is a small vein which runs upwards close to the Vertebrae Cervicalis and gives nourishment to the muscles which lodge upon the vertebrae and thrusts his branches sometimes into the for amina of the nerves for the aliment spinalis medullae Muscula Inferior hath his originall sometimes from the externall jugulary by the upper muscles of the chest Muscula inferier and the inferiour of the neck before they come out of the cavity of the chest they are from the Subclavio but once come out they change their name and are called Axillaris Axillaris before it is divided gives two branches Scapularis interna externa Axillaris â—aâ—â—â— Scapularis interna Scapularis internae runs along the muscles of the shoulder and under the glandules of the arm-holes Externa Scapularis externa runs to the externall part of the shoulder and a piece is carried between the flesh and the skin After this the Axillary is divided into an upper vein which is Cephalica and into a lower which is Basilica Cephalica Basilica Thoracica superior Thoracica inferior out of this comes two branches Thoracica superior which runs to the chest and is plainly seen in womens breasts Thoraica inferior runs along the chest whithout and joyns it self with branches of Azygos and distributes it self along the broad muscle of the Back And therefore in Pleurisies out of the Axillary of the same side bloud may be taken From the upper part Subclavii 3. veins arise Muscula superior Iugularis externa interna which ascend up by the sides of the neck and each orifice hath 2. valves to hinder the falling back of bloud otherwise the upper parts should have no nourishment Muscula superior runs along by the externall jugular Muscula superior and into the skin and back-part of the neck it spreads many branches Iugularis externa is commonly one in each side Iugularis externa â—trinque duplex sometimes two in his rise and sometimes two in the middle of his course It differs a fingers breadth from the internall and from under the clavicle he sends forth two branches The one ariseth to the back part of the head the other ad Deltoidem musculum sub acrono and so running likewise up the neck he comes to the corners of the inferiour jaw where part of him is dispersed into fauces the other part behind the ears into the forehead upon the Temples where it meets with some branches of the forepart So that you see a branch of this runs to the face ears and forehead And therefore menta behind the ears for the shortnesse of the way in passions of the eyes is to good
purpose Besides there is an Anastomosis between the inward and outward jugulars and their arteries Concerning the apertion of this outward in Apoplexies and pains of the head Apertio ejus in forti angina asthmate acuto in passions of the Lungs nay Riolanus in that of the spleen and sides commends ti Rosetus Prosper Alpinus Carpus Rosetus de partu Caesareo pag. 430. and by my Master Prosper Alpinus lib. de med Aegyptior cap. 10. and Iac. Carpus teacheth the way id est a finger distance beneath the angle of the neather jaw Yet we know the danger by Hippocrates 6. Epid. 5. sect tom 22. Hippoc. Lisae and Donatus Grammaticus calls them Lisae quod ex iis elisis animal statim extinguitur unde elisum quicquid ex tali causa mortuum est Galen Averroes Lethalis And Galen and Averroes pronounce that Iugularibus percussis mortem inferre ex immodica sanguinis profusione I saw it in Padua and in a Patient in Tower-street But he had leaches in the middest of the neck about the Bifurcation From this to the Cephalica some have observed a Branch Iugularis interna is great in man for his great brain Iugularis interna It ariseth à cavo subclavio close to the commissure Claviculae cum Sterno by the side of Aspera Arteria It sends small branches ad fauces and this inward branch close to the Styloides enters the Cranium and is applyed to the Sinus Durae Matris pouring bloud into them And this was called apoplectica by the Arabian Translatours Apoplectica Arabibus Andervacus observes some to have 2 3 or 4 on a side De Arteria Magnae Ascendente IT is but one labour to look upon the Arteries and the veins only in the history of the Arteries these things are considerable Aorta ◠Tunicae 3. First in his texture Aorta in his originall is divided into 3. Coats the externall is soft and membranous 2. harder the 3. cartilagineous Coming out of the left ventricle he presently encompasseth the Basis of the heart with 2. small branches seldome with one which are called Coronaria Coronaria and so coming forth under the Trunk Venae Arteriosae ascends upward and is lesser then the descending branch 2. Azygos sine arteria Carotis Azygos hath no artery within the chest 3. without it changeth his name and is called Carotis because pressed together hominem caro sive sopore gravat It runs by the sides asperae Arteriae with the internall jugular to the Basis of the Scull But the left is not mingled with Carotis as the right is 4. That the externall jugular hath no artery Externa jugularis sine arteria but will have those pone aures to be from the internall De Nervis per Thoracem disseminatis ALI Anatomists hold as a position aeternae veritatis Nervi 8 ad pectus that all Nerves come from the Brain some from within and some from without the Scull Those which belong to the chest for their history we now deliver are 8. Diaphragmatici duo Two Diaphragmatici which spring from the space between the third and fourth vertebrae and so between the duplicature of the Mediastinum descend to the nervous center of the midriffe Two recurrentes Recurrentes duo which descending out of the Calvaria from the 6. pair run by the side of the Carotis till it comes to the Iugulum where it divides it self into 3. manifest branches Recur dexter circa axillarei of which these recurrents are one branch The right recurrent embraceth the axillary artery and so winding about it as about a screw runs upwards into the muscles of the Cervix with small but many branches Recurrens sinister circa truncum magnae arteriae Vocales à Galeno inventae The left recurrent for the streightnesse of the axillary is not bowed but winds it self about the Trunk of the great artery where it bends to the back These are likewise called vocales first found by Galen They are the principall instruments of the voice for these being cut or intercepted as by cutting a live dog in one of these branches he is made half-voiced presently The third branch of this sixt conjugation runs along the sides of the ribs and is called Costalis Costalis and so to the Viscera The fourth is called Stomachicus which runs between the duplicature of Mediastinum Stomachicus where is a great plexus nervorum ten or twelve branches for the lungs and so piercing the Diaphragma comes to the left mouth of the stomach and so to the head of the Colon whence many times after along colick comes Raucedo De Pericardio THe Heart being the noblest part in the Body of man Pericardion therefore nature hath provided a peculiar defence for it which is called Pericardion The Latines have many names as Cordis involucrum Capsa Capsula Arcula Vagina Capsula c. The purse of the heart a large membrance compassing the heart Figure is Pyramidall Figura Pyramidalis or rather like a Pine-kernell In the Basis larger and so runs down sharp at the point Situs in the midst of the chest Situs and closed by the membranes of the Pleura Connexus to the Mediastinum Connexus Mediastino Pleurae Spinae nervoso circulo by many fibres before to the Pleura where the cartilages of the sixt or seventh ribs of the left side behind to the spinam dorsi beneath to the nervous circle of the Diaphragma and this is a priviledge only for man and the securing the Vena Cava's inlet to the heart says Vesalius and Riolanus Yet more to the left side then right side and so strongly but without breaking it cannot be separated This tye makes as if the motion of the heart were directed to the center Concerning his originall Anatomists do differ Some from Mediastinum others from Pleura It 's made of two coats Tunicae duae 1. A Mediastino the outward is from the Mediastinum the inward from the coats of the vessels of the heart So that all the vessels in the whloe space between the Basis of the heart and the Pericardium A vasis Cordis are borrowed from the Pleura by this common coat Substance is conveniently strong Substantiae fortis for if harder it would have hurt the Lungs if softer it might be hurt by the bones Yet it hath a hardnesse for maintaining motion of the heart Superficies externa interna His outside is fatty and fibrous his inside smooth and slippery for the easier motion of the heart It 's tied to the Basis of the heart which is over against the fift vertebra of the chest but not tied to the body of the heart but is equally so much distant from the Basis the point and the sides as is fit for his dilatation and to contain his serous humour Perforata
Magnitudo and in man it 's greater then in other creatures as the brain and the liver in proportion His length is to the breadth of six fingers 6. digit his latitude and depth four In timidis majus In cowardly creatures it is great as in Hares Harts Asses Weesels so that the heat being in too great a receipt is weakned In valiant men it 's little and small for the union of his heat Cael. Rhodig lib. 4. cap. 16. Historia Rhodig says that some thought the heart to grow â„¥ ij in a year till man comes to 50. then so to decrease to an 100. which is the last period of life His parts are either externall or internall Externall as the Pericardium of which we have spoken his proper coat which is so thin that it cannot be separated His Adeps his two sorts of vessels the one which compasses the heart the other that enters the ventricle his Auriculae The internae are his fleshy substance his ventricles and vales Adeps is more in man then in any other creature Adeps which may make some wonderment if you consider his heat which will suffer little on the left ventricle but all on the right to the very Conon Massa will have it from the thicker part of the bloud the thinner evaporated But Achillinus hath invented a pretty one As butter is made by a strong motion so adeps here It is about the Basis where the greater and lesser vessels are seated Nature would have it Adeps non Pinguedo lest molten by the heat of the heart it might prove dangerous Riolanus hath seen the heart all wrapped in fat Women have more and yellower then men Use is to moisten the heart Vsus adipis humectare Cor. lest being heated by his continuall motion it should dry but especially in great fastings and exercises and according to the increase or decrease of the heat doth it augment or diminish so much doth heat feed upon it Bauhinus observed many times certain pieces of fat to be in the ventricles Cordis But the Conus is moistned from the humour contained in Pericardio Coronaria valvula His vessell to nourish the outward part is Vena Coronaria which is single seldome double It hath a valve like a half-moon to hinder the bloud from flowing back into Cavam To nourish the inward part is Vena Cave Of both of these Branches heretofore as likewise de Arteria Coronaria Nervi from the sixt Conjugation Nervi or from the nerves of the Pericardium which are distributed in the Basis of the heart along the Vena Arteriosa This nerve being stopt causeth sudden death De Substantia Ventriculis Auriculis Cordis SUbstance is thick flesh red not musculous Substantia crassa ex sanguine arteriali it 's made of the thicker bloud Ex sanguine arteriali secundum Aponens pag. 49. not so red as muscles yet harder exceeding thick and solid that the spirits and inborn heat which is in the heart should not breath through and be broken with continuall motion It is more solid in the point then in the Basis and here the right fibres are more compacted and thicker then in the head of the muscles or tendons Sedas facultatis vitalis Omnia genera fibrarum This flesh is the seat of vitall faculty and the first cause of functions of the heart It hath all sorts of fibres though not conspicuous as in a muscle to make his motion and defence from injuries Therefore Galen calls it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or carnosum viscus It is not a muscle because it hath all sorts of fibres besides it hath naturall motion not voluntary as muscles have Motus is continuall Motus continuus to prevent his own combustion This is two-fold Diastole Systole which are made by his fibres and between the motion there is Quies duplex Quies duplex Diastole cum Conus ad Basin id est Perisystole Diastole or Amplification is when the point by his right fibres is drawn to the Basis of the heart and so the heart is made shorter but the sides are distended and made sphericall Diastole non fit Cordis parientibus diductis elevatis ut in folle as Erasistratus thought sed when the point Yet Riolanus hath a third opinion that in Diastole the Basis comes to the Conus and in Systole it doth abcedere quia Conus most solid and hard cannot be inverted ut adducatur abducatur Use Vsus sanguinem è Cava haurire in dextrum aerem in sinistrum Systole cum Conus à Basi to draw bloud by the Vena Cava in dextrum and aire per Arteriam venosam in sinistrum ventriculum his valves loosing and yielding to their entrance Systole seu Contractio is when the point goes from the Basis and the heart put to his length and grows narrower the right fibres loosened and the transverse which compasse the heart drawn together and the valves Venae Cavae and Arteriae venosae shut Vsus 1. ad expellendum songuinem è dextro in venam arteriosam 2 Aerem ex arteris venosa in Aorsam Effiâ—itur ligamentis the great artery and Arteria venosa opened giving way to the bloud from the right by Venam arteriosam into the Lungs from the left to vitall spirits into the great artery with a portion of vitall bloud cum suliginibus per Arteriam venosâ—n This motion is called Systole seu contractio depressio dicitur This contraction is made by those strong ligaments which are in the inward ventricles of the heart which in contraction fall and bring with them the coats of the heart But the Motus Cordis originally is seated in the left ventricle Motus originaliter in sinistro Therefore the right needs no ventilation except communicated from the left as appears by those vessels of the left ventricle to which only pulsificall power is communicated So the motion of the right is like that in the ears which is because the neighbouring part moves or from agitation of the bloud not for that there is in it any faculty of moving for when the auricula are dilated the rest of the arteries are shut Quatuor motus duo auricularum duo ventricule rum So therefore in viva sectione Animalis alicujus four motions are observed differing in time and place 2. proper of the eares 2. of the ventricles Neither is this motion from the nerves as Fallopius and Piccolhominy would have it but from the Parechyma of the heart and so is naturall not animal and voluntary It hath 2. cavities which are called ventres Dextra Ventricu lus Dexter Semicircularis is not exactly round but hath his proper circumscription and semicircular and compasseth the bottome of the heart Yet comes nto to his extremity as Vesalius would have it Largior sinistro It 's larger and greater then the
bloud into the Dura Mater and Pia into Cerebrum Cerebellum Sed male It is to be observed that in most parts of the body the veins are near the arteries so that they touch one another and accompany together but not in the brain and his membranes for here the Orifices of the veins look downward the arteries upward because the veins give nourishment as the arteries spirit which is apt for ascent and both these by the duplicature of the membranes For it was not possible either by outward skin or by the bones or by the inner marrow of the brain Use 1. 1. Vsus Corebrum vestire of this Dura Mater to cover the brain nerves and spinalem medullam and to be a defence for it 2. 2. Artorias defendere To keep the arteries from hurt in their dilation which might impeach them with the hardnesse of the bones 3. 3. Cerebrum à Cerebello dividere To divide Cerebrum à Cerebello and right and left sides 4. 4. Ligare Pericranio To tie the ligaments by the sutures to the Pericranium that the brain sway not downwards and so presse the ventricles De Tenui Meninge HAving removed the Dura Pia Mater the Piae Mater comes to our view which in respect of his thinnesse and in comparison with other membranes is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Duplex It 's double as Laurentius would have it as Peritonaum Pleura and Cornea Tunica are for the fitter portage of veins and arteries It 's thin the better to thrust it self into all the sinus besides that his weight trouble not the brain It 's 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 similis It 's the proper and immediate covering of the brain not only for the outward superficies but for the most retired and hidden passage and foldings Origo à Pelvi It comes from the ventricles not from above but from the lower parts as from the Pelvis and with it are carried arteries from the Carotis and Cervicall by the sides of the Sphenoides Use 1. 1. Vsus Cerebrum investire To cover the brain the Cerebellum the medullam spinalem and nerves 2. 2. Vasa corroborare To strengthen all the vessels which run through it for their fit and apt distribution Piccolhominy will have it the exact instrument of the sense of touching De Vasis per Cerebellum disseminatis VEssels which passe through the brain are two-fold Veines and Arteries or branches of the fourth sinus Durae Matris The veins are five two from the internall jugulary Vens 5. duae ab internis jugularibus tres ab externis Arteriae 3. à Carotide à Cervicali 1. Vesalius Platerus Columb and three from the externall Arteries are branches of the Carotis and cervicall Artery and not spent in rete mirabili as some would perswade but are 3 from the Carotis one from Cervicalis arteria Vesalius with Platerus denies any manner of veins to come to the body of the brain Columbus will have himself to be the first author of this Doctrine not only to run through the coats but to enter the body and substance of the brain De Cerebri Substantia BEfore the Masters of Anatomy come to the brain they all make Harangues in praise of this noble part But we decline this businesse as tying our selves to the structure and use of parts and therefore set by this his nobility Goddesses to be born of this part was anciently believed and therefore to eat it was forbidden among the Greeks and ancient Romans Neither had the first Greeks a name for it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 came in late The Latines Cerebrum and signifies whatsoever is contained within the cavity of the Cranium It 's seated in the highest part of the body Situs guarded with bones and coats Avicen says for the eyes sake the better to watch the whole body Figure is round and answers the figure of Cranium Figura although it receives not his conformation from it For I do not think as Piccolhominy doth that parts receive their figuration from bones quibus ossa aliqua sunt destinata Yet as we said of the figure of the scull so we say of the figure of the brain Magnitudo excelleth most of other creatures Magnitudo so that a man hath more brains then two Oxen saith Rufus For being the instrument of reason it had need of many spirits and many spirits must come from plenty of bloud and much bloud in a small body cannot be contained and for their retention being thin a moist and glewy was fittest to hold them and such is moles Cerebri Men have more brain then women It 's commonly a span long his latitude and depth lesser Piccolh ad 4. lib. Piccolhominy and Bauhinus will have it four or five pound weight And big men should have great store of brain and children heavy in regard it is so moist Connexus is by the common tie of veins Connexus arteries and nerves although they come from it and to the Cranium mediantibus matribus by many fibres from the lines of the sutures Substantia is soft and full of moisture Substantia mollis c. white yet not all for that which is next to the anfractus is of an ash colour in regard of the quality of veins which run there but that which is deeper in is whiter for the making of the spirits bright and fair not dark as in melancholy bodies It 's soft for the more easie impression of spirits yet with a firmnesse lest so soon as they should be fixed they should vanish as quickly It 's softer then the Cerebellum Galen gives a reason for that it is principum mollium nervorum ad sensus instrumenta pertinentium Yet it 's harder behind for those harder nerves that were to passe from thence to the rest of the body Temperamentum is cold and moist Temperamentum frigidum humidum that if fire not with perpetuall motion and thinkings nor the thin animall spirits be presently spent and consumed Hippocrates in his lib. de Glandulis says it's the coldest of all parts of the body Yet we see the motion it self were enough to heat it although it hath many veins and arteries besides Dividitur in duas partes Dividitur ina partes 1. Cerebrum 2. Cerebelium a fore-part a back-part The fore-part is the greater and in this are the animall spirits made and keeps the name of the whole which is cerebrum the lesser is cerebellum And these are separated by the duplicature of the Dura Mater which likewise divides the fore-part of the brain according to his length again into two equall parts a right and left and down unto corpus callosum This duplicature goes no lower but from his figure is called falx messoria so that one side may ake the other free The use of this division is to carry securely
the thin veslels which come from Dura Mater for the nourishment of the brain Superficies externa is rather of an ash colour then white Superficies externs It hath many anfractus circumvolutiones orbiculares sulcos circulares à Piccolhomineo spiras à Vesalto whereof some are deeper then others This part by Laurentius is called Varicosa Aristotle would have them made Levitatis gratia Varicosa 1. Vsus levitatis gratia 2. ad tutelam vosorum Gulen and the Physick schoole for the security of the vessels which run with Tenui meninge and so insinuate into these anfractus So had the superficies been smooth these thin vessels had been subject to rupture through the Diastole Systole especially in Plenilunio when the brain is most extended with moisture Bauhinus gives another use Vsus 2. ad spirituum recreationem sec Bauhin seeâ— Erasistratum ad intelleclum Deriditur a Lauremia 2. Dâ—visio sec Brthin in corticom medullum sec Paccosh sctl for the recreation of spirits and bloud contained in these vessels Erasistratus would have them for intellection So then Asses brains were as capable and therefore Piccolhominy and Laurentius do well and justly deride this conceit The substance of the brain according to Bauhinus receives another division which is in corticem medullam The cortex is the cineritious part and compasseth the medullam Medulla is the white body within the cineritious part Piccolhominy divides it into cerebrum medullam So that cerebrum according to him is Totum illud corpus cinereum this is softer then medulla Bauhinus observes that if you presse the substantia niedullaris Stigmata sangui nis many drops of bloud will appear Neither are they stigmata sanguints which come like dew as they would have it which deny any veins to this part The most inner part of this medulla is called corpus callofum Corpus callosum â—â—ju Vsâ—s Deo 〈◊〉 whose use is to hold up the brain and to joyn both sides of the brain together and this is almost in the middest of the brain This is hollow on both sides with two ventricles between which there is a piece not tenuis meningis duplicatae as Piccolhominy would have it but is tenuissima cerebri portiuncula coated with the meninge tenui as Laurentius and Bauhinus would have Columb corpus speculare Septum lucidum Pic. lapis specularis Laut Columbus calls it corpus speculare Piccolhominy Septum lucidum Speculum lucidum Lapis specularis says Laurentius Having removed this part which is much about the middest four extuberances appear 2 before where the seats of the ventricles are two behind which make the Fornix Fornix The Anatomists which follow Herophilus make four ventricles Quatuor ventric sec Herophilum 2 before one on the right hand and the other on the left the third in the middest the fourth common to cerebellum and spinalis medulla But Piccolhominy denies this last Piccolh negat 4. Varol 2. unus sec Spigel Varolus two as common passages which are only separated tenui meninge nay as Spigel 321. some will have them but one continuated cavity differing in it self in form and use But we will after the most received opinion give you four The first two are called Superiores Priores 2. à Corpore calloso Priores Anteriores and are followed out of the corpus callosum cerebri they are the greatest of each side one a right and a left In seat form use and greatnesse they are equall They run according to the length of the head before and behind broader and closer in the middle they are crooked Piccolhominy sayes they are semicircular Semicirculares sec Piccolh Laurent ad duricule formam Error Columbi Laurentius likeneth them to the eare of a man The fore and hinder-part are round and obtuse and pierce to the third ventricle These having divers anfractus made Columbus to think that there were four anteriores ventriculi The inner superficies is drawn over with a watry humour with which it's many times full These end in a common cavity and Piccolhominy Vesalius Columbus and Bauhinus say that their sides are coated with tenui meninge Vestiuntur tenui meninge sec Vesal Col. Picch Plexus Choroides Cur duo Within these are lodged Plexus Choroides Laurentius sayes between the ventricles and fornicem these are complications of most small vessels involved in pia matre with some portions of red flesh They are two not because cerebrum is geminum as Galen hath it but because the affection or passion of one should not ingage the other and so the animall function should cease as in that Smyrnaean youth in 8. de usu part The Processus Mammillares or teates Processus Mammillares which come down to the lower part of these two ventricles are perforated near the bones of the nose and are covered with pia mater that they fall not out of cranium By these aire is brought to the brain and the spirits of smelling and therefore they are the instruments of smelling and by these from the braine are distilled excrements into the nostrils Under these mammillary processes there is a foramen Foramen innominatum which runs two waies the one into these two ventricles the other into the palate This perforation is not to be found but in healthy brains suddenly cut up Columbi inventum Piccolh negat Columbus challenges this invention to be his Piccolhominy is angry with the Gentleman for it and will have it his own I must confesse I could never find it Use 1. Vsus 1. ad praeparationem spirituum sec Cial. Ves Laur. Sec Pic. ad aerts alterationem For the preparing of animall spirits which are made ab aere inspirato and from vitall spirits brought by the carotis up to the Plexus choroides This is the opinion of Galen Vesalius Laurentius But Piccolhominy says ab iis nullam vim pendere only for the alteration of outward aire the nourishment of spirits and containing of Plexus choroides for preparing of spirits 2. Ad excrementa reciptenda 2. To gather receive the excrements which come from the nourishment of the brain and so per meatum ad infundibulum mittere quo tandem ad fauces descendant Error omnium But can it be that they should be the Ergasteria of spirits and likewise serve for collection of excrements Piccolhominy sayes that the nose first was so made pro odoratu secondarily ad mucum evocandum I do rather incline to Platerus and excellent Capivaccius Spiritus generantur in nobiliori parte cerebri sec Capivaccium who hold the spirits to be begotten and contained in nobiliori sede id est in the most pure substance of the brain and not in this excrementorum sentina Backward under these is that which is commonly called fornix by Columbus corpus cameratum by Laurentius testudo Fornix Columb corpus
cover'd with both membranes and by them divided It takes up the whole region of the Occipitium and for a little space it's joyned spinali medullae and gives some part to his constitution unto which on both sides it is continued by 2 round pieces and in the middest by the Pia Mater that the fourth ventricle gape not and so stretched up ad nates it 's separated from the brain by Dura Mater that the vessels may be safely carried in profundum Cerebrum Forma Forma is broader then long or deep the lower back part hath the figure of a globe in whose middle there is a sharp impression made by the extuberancy occipitis ossis Before towards the nates it's sharp and hath his figure from the place It seems to be made of three pieces Dividitur in dextram sinistr mediam Proces vermifor the right left and middle which are not divided but continued The sides put together make as it were two globes The third part makes the vermiformes processus Substantia is the same with the brain if you consider it freed from Pia Mater Substan eadem cum Cerebro sed durior except in the Busis whence comes spinalis medulla which is harder then other parts and more hard then the brain So that spinalis medulla becomes harder and answers neither in colour nor hardnesse to the brain For Cerebellum is of an ashy-colour and white only in the superficies of the sinus but the medulla spinalis is most white as likewise the Basis of the brain which gives him his beginning In some it's four times lesser then the brain Quadruplo minus Cerebro in others ten times It hath a broad sinus in the middle but not deep which makes the seat of the fourth ventricle to be higher It hath no cavities within as the brain nor so many excrements and those which it makes are easily sent forth It hath two processus which are called vermiformes Proces Vermiformes tenuis meningis duplicaturae The first looks upon the fore-part of the ventricle and the other upon the hinder which is common to Cerebellum and spinalis medulla Piccolhominy would have them to be tenuis meninx folded together which in dilatation of the brain is extended in contraction folded Vsus ad Spirituum ductum Vsus Cerebelli ad spirituum retentionem The use of both is to keep a passage open continually for the spirits to flow into the Spinalem medullam Use is the same that the brain and to hold here the animall spirits Galen that from hence the harder nerves may come forth but Vesalius denies it De Spinali Medulla MEdulla properly is a simple moist fat white substance without sense contained in the cavity of the bones and hath his originall from bloud which is slipped out of the veins into the cavities It 's white as it were spermaticall but it receives that change from the bones It 's within the bones for their nourishment and that it might refresh them in great motions and in other violent causes which might heat and dry them Improperly it 's spoken of the brain and of his marrow which differs much from it for it can never be molten and consumed as that of the bones can which is covered with a double coat and therefore for difference sake it 's called spinalis donsalis the pith of the back because through the neck back and loins it descends It hath a double signification sometimes for all that marrow of the brain which is called oblongata of which part is within the scull but in a more strict signification it signifies that part which is in the hollow of the vertebrae without the scull That in the scull Bauhinus divides and he hath it out of Piccolhominy into corticem medullam The cortex compasseth the medulla is of an ash-colour is the aliment of the medulla as the vitreous humour is crystalliui The Medulla is a white so lid firm and more compacted substance and is distinguished by certain oblique lines Medulla is double either globosa or oblonga Globosa is of the figure of the Cranium Medulla oblongata is either within the scull or without and this last is properly Spinalis Medulla This in a large signification takes his beginning from the hinder ventricle of the brain and is a production of Cerebrum Cerebellum And this agrees with the doctrine of Hippocrates in lib. de Carnib and with Galen Vesalius says à Cerebri basi and so Platerus Columbus calls it Cerebrum oblongum with a double rise the greater from the brain the lesser from Cerebellum That which is à Cerebro is unicum that which is à Cerebello is bifidum and so is divided into the right and left side Varolus will have quatuor radices à Cerebro Cerebello Piccolhominy à medulla globosa Cerebri and so agrees with Hippocrates Ecclesiastes Sinus argenteus Situs takes up the sinus Calvariae about the great hole of the hinder part of the head under Cerebellum The part within the Cranium is four fingers long The roundnesse of the middle finger The rest which is properly spinalis comes out of the Cranium at the great hole and so by the hollow of the vertebrae unto the extremity ossis sacri per ossa that it may be a guard that it be not hurt ab incidentibus The Greeks called this perforated place 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 sacram fistulam Membranae which are by Hippocrates called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 are three and so many by Galen Vesalius Piccolhominy two Theophilus four Bauhinus three The first from a ligament which ties the fore-part of the vertebrae which backwards ends in a nervous and strong coat which keeps in extension and bending the Medulla from breaking or from being hurt by the bones About this there is a thick and viscous humour as to the rest of the articules and parts which are for motion to defend them from drought and pain There is a second coat from Dura Mater and a third from Pia which are not separated as in the brain The hard covers the Medullam and the Pia divides it into two parts and ties his vessels and soft substance together for through this they run for the nourishment Substantia is common with that in Basi Cerebri or Medulla globosa yet so as it is harder and fitter for motion as the softer part for sense and the lower the harder and it 's different in colour as being the whiter and free from all anfractus Bauhinus will have it principium nervorum and to have almost the same use as to hold animall spirits and to perfect them And therefore his dignity is equall with that of the brain since it respects life whose consumption brings death as 7. Epidem is plain or wound as in Bauhinus wench of 17. years old It hath the same motions that the brain hath of Systole Diastole
the roots of these veins Anastomosis insignis whereby the mutuall transitus appears howsoever Picolhominy could not find them in the greatest Liver neither raw nor half-boyled Yet in those that dye new-born if it please you to blow Venam Vmbilicalem you shall perceive the aire to pierce both the Coats of Porta and Cava lungs heart and Guts besides that famous Anastomosis which is like a common passage to both trunks By these the humours of the habit are purged and we say the upper Region by the Kidneys the lower by the belly are discharged Amongst these roots diverse branches are made which make the trunk that goes to the Gall. Arteries run from the Caeliaca close to vena Porta Arteriae and are most in the hollow parts few in the upper because Diaphragma sufficiently cools it Nervi Nervi are two small ones one from the Orifice of the stomach the other from the roots of the Ribs on the right side to give sense although little is here required since it is a part made only for nutrition It hath two Actions Actio Communis Privatae one Official and Common which is to make bloud the other private and peculiar to nourish it self De Vesica Biliaria IT is not questioned by any but that the Liver makes bloud by his own proper heat and it is an eternall rule of Nature that heat doth Congregare homogenea segregare beterogenea And since all nourishment hath heterogene parts for nothing that is simple doth nourish so as the sweetest makes bloud the bitter part of aliment choler and the earthy and black part melancholy the watery serum These as unfit for nourishment are separated and case forth Yet they have their use as I shall shew you in their order and therefore nature hath made proper receptacles for them Vesicula Biliaria Follicvlus felleus Situs Connexus And for choler 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Vesicula Biliaria or folliculi fellei Situs in the right and hollow part of the Liver to be ready to receive choler Connexus It 's fixed above to the Liver Figura and where it toucheth the right side of the stomach and Colon oftentimes per transudationem it gives to them a tincture And hence those perpetuall burnings of the stomach sayes Bauhinus Figure Figura is long somewhat round hollow which grows lesse it 's lesser then the spleen or Kidneys because the quantity of this Excrement is lesser in the body of man Some say it 's like a Pear Substance Substantia membran Duae tunicae is membranous the better for dilation It hath 2. coats the outward à Peritonaeo without fibres and begins just without the Liver the other is his proper coat thick and strong and hath this property that it is not bitter nor hurt with choler although all other coats are It hath all kind of fibres for his better strength It 's defended by a crust which comes from the third Conconction It 's divided into three parts The bottome the neck and the two Ductus Fundus is the larger part of the vessell Fundus and looks downwards when the Liver is in his naturall position It 's ovall and of a yellowish colour and sometimes blackish when it keeps it too long and sometimes it begets stones Cervix Cervix is the streighter part and is harder then the Fundus and by little ends in a streight passage which making a half circle ends in Porum Biliarium where we have often seen three valvulas 3. Valvala Laurent which Riolanus sayes was a fiction of Laurentius which hinders the regurgitation out of the common meatus Meatus are two Meatus duo one which comes directly from the Liver and beneath the valves inserts it felf into communem canalem where before it enters it 's called Canalis Hepaticus Canalis Hepaticus and so runs into the Guts about principium Iejuni The other is made of the countition of the vessels and runs into the bladder of the Gall and so passing down the valves makes a common channell with Canalis Hepaticus It is to be observed that sometimes this Canalis or Porus Cholidochus Porus Cholidochus makes a double insertion before he comes into the coats of the Guts There is a third meatus Ad stomachum which is a division of the second and runs into the stomach a little above the Pylorus But this is but rare Vesalius once saw it in a Gally-slave at Rome Charls Steven often at Paris All wonders are at Paris These are infelices naturae 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because they are alwayes troubled with vomiting Hist. Vesalii But this was not so in Vesalius's slave That which runs into Duodenum if it be greater then it should it causeth loose bellies and great pains these are 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Vasa Arteriae Neavus Vuicus Vessels are small Cystica Gemella from Porta for nourishment Arteries from Caeliaca One small Nerve from the sixth pair and that hardly perceived Vse To receive Vsus Cerui non sine ductu Hepatico hold and expell choler from the Liver but whether it be necessary it 's doubted since Bucks live without it but not sine ductu cholidocho Hepatico Fernelius reports divers to have died by his emptinesse Yet Dioscorides commends wormwood for purging it De Trunco Vena Cavae descendente VEna Cava à veteribus Vena Cava Maxima Iecoraria mater venarum maxima dicitur ab Hippocrate Iecoraria Venarum mater except the umbilicall and Porta cum reliquis spermaticis ortae His branches are spread per Hepar and mingled in the body of the Liver with the branches Portae secundum Vesalium there making one trunk from Os sacrum to Iugulum Yet Doctrinae gratia we divide it into Truncum ascendentem Truncus Ascend Truncus Descend of which â—hâ— our discourse of the chest in Truncum descendentem which coming forth and bending downwards runs along with the arterie and in his passage First he sends from his Trunk Venam adiposam sinistram Vena adiposa sinistra which gives divers branches to Eustachius Glandulae and to the outward coat of the Kidney Dextra ab Emulgente The right adiposa comes seldome from the Cava but from the Emulgente The second is the Emulgent ab officio Emulgens Renalis ab insertione dicta It 's the greatest that comes from the Trunk it 's thick and short with an oblique descent in exortu quandoque gemina quandoque triplex magnitudine pares In his insertion into the Kidney quandoque in quinque ramos dividitur and to keep it from a reflux into Cava Nature hath placed valvulas as also in the veins of the spleen The third is Spermatica Spermatica Dextra The right is sometimes double ab eminentiori sede