the more temperate part of the whole masse inclining to heat and moisture and painted with red THE more temperate part of the Chyle and indifferent in substance is converted into blood properly so called which is of affinity to the nature and temper of the Liver which being hot and moist communicates its temper to a substance like to it self and it not only tempers but dyes it red in so deep a grain that it outvies the colour of other humors partaking of the same masse so that the whole masse of humors is vested in red and in an absolute term embraces the name of blood Which that it might be plentiful these accessaries are requisite viz. temperate aliment and of a good juice the flower of Age spring time an hot and moist temper of the Liver Though blood proceeds from all aliment yet some are more others less copious in the production of it When therefore all these causes convene from this concurrence will result a Sanguin Temperament because blood is very predominant It is usefull for the nutrition of carnous parts as of the muscles and bowels which are nourished by blood properly so called The effect of it is to raise in men hilarity and mirth a propensity to sports and love and flourishes them with a lovely colour because they are well fraught with temperate heat which is the original of these merry frolicks As we may take notice that all creatures in the cradle of their Age are much addicted to hilarity because that is the furnace of natural heat But whatever blood confines it self to the veines is stockt with many fibres by the benefit of which it acquireth concretion and assimulation with the parts These Fibres a great number of which the blood harbours are manifestly evident when the blood is tempered with much water or stirred with the hand as may be specified in Swines blood all the fibres following this agitation that may be an hindrance to concretion for such is the vertue of these fibres that they presently rally to an unition with the blood which flowes out of the veins as is manifest in the proposed examples And by the help of these the blood being conveyed to divers parts for the better nutrition is condesed and solidated so that it may easily be assimilated to the parts otherwise if destitute of fibres it would remain liquid For it is out of the reach of credit that Aristotle's opinion should hold true that Harts Does and Camels want them but we must apprehend that they have but few which are sufficient to cause an indifferent concretion But these fibres are of colour wholly white representing a nervous substance from whence we may fetch an opinion that they derive themselves not from the Liver but from the ventricle which is wholly nervous and doth in some manner impart the nature of its substance to the Chyle But Blood is two-fold the one lodged in the Veins the other in the Arteries The venal is more crasse cold and ruddy and designed for the nourishment of parts of a solid substance Arterial is thinner hotter and inclining to yellow and officious in the nutrition of parts of a spiritous substance The blood in the veins is derived immediately from the Liver which it signifies by a tincture of the nature and temper thereof and so is colder then the arterial whose forge is the heart where it is elaborated to tenuity and acquires a yellowish colour by reason of aire confused with it in the left ventricle of the heart which washes away that rich dye therefore it is so much hotter then the heart according to the proportion of that heat which causeth an excesse in the temper of the heart in relation to that of the Liver A COROLLARY Some have impudence enough to deny that there is such a thing as blood properly so called but will needs argue the whole masse of humors to be constituted only of choler flegme and melancholy and that the mixtion of these three humors is termed blood of which assertion they indeavour to make demonstration by the example of milke which is immediately produced from blood for in it there are only three homogeneous substances to be found viz. butyrous serous and caseous which are correspondent to these three humors But this opinion is weaken'd by this that nothing but true blood can paint in red the masse of humors For choler is yellow flegme white and melancholy black Besides the carnous parts which in our body are many bearing Analogy in colour and temper to blood do peculiarly instance that this is the humor which they prey upon But to the example of milke I reply that it is not necessary that all things should have the same parts as those to whom they owe their generation for the seed generated by the blood hath only two parts viz. spirit and incrassation To this may be added that that example argues rather against the choler than the blood for butter is Analogous to blood as hot and moist as cheese to melancholy but the serum admits of no such comparison to flegme but rather to ichors which are evacuated by Urine and sweat and obtain the very name of serum But especially notice is to be taken of that axiome upon which we ground that the resolution of things is into the same masse from which they took their composition by this is understood only their ultimate resolution into the Elements For things by a kind of gratitude surrender themselves into the bosome of their first causes But the Elements are the first bodies ingredient to the composition of all mixt bodies which fall back again into them but owe no such duty to their second causes viz. the flesh and bones after the decease of the creature are resolved into the Elements but not into bread and other aliment which supplies nutrition to them or into seed and blood out of which they were framed in conception CHAP. IV. Of Alimentary Flegme Alimentary Flegme is the more unconcoct part of the blood Cold and Moist almost destitute of tast or sweetish THE more cold and moist part of the masse of blood is called flegme generated out of the cruder part of the Chyle hence Galen terms it crude and parboil'd blood who asserts also that in a famine of blood this being brought to maturation by a farther coction converts to blood and that in the very veins by a Sanguifying vertue sent to them as Auxiliary from the Liver Cold and moist aliments produce a great fertility of it so Age winter and a cold and moist temper of the Liver From the winter ariseth cause of doubt for that our bellies according to Hippocrates are hotter in winter by reason they are the randezvouz of the native heat which in this season concentring there must necessarily be commodious for concoction and so there will be no plenty of crude humors generated To this I oppose that flegme is abundantly generated in winter not in respect of the
happens that animal actions do not seldome perish in the parts though they receive no hurt but only the principle of them but the natural are never hurt while the parts are free from harme Secondly Aire is the matter of all spirits for out of it and clear exhalations from the blood they are produced But there is no passage thorough which the air may be conveyed to the Liver Therefore that can be no seat for the generation of spirits Thirdly The spirits are according to Hippocrates the causers of motion therefore if the veins harbour spirits they should beat no lesse then the Arteries But the principal argument to confirme the assertion of natural spirits is this Three actions specifically distinct are exercised in our bodies viz. Animal Vital and Natural but the exercise of action is the duty of the spirits as Galen very often affirms therefore we must necessarily constitute three spirits differing in species viz. the Animal Vital and Natural If you object that natural actions are exercised by the inbred spirits I Answer that the adventitious are absolutely necessary for conservation of the inbred which bear a similitude of nature to them the production of which is acknowledged from the Liver I Oppose therefore to the first argument established by the authority of Galen in opposition to this that the rudeness obscurity and non-purity of this spirit created sometimes in Galen a doubt it being more caliginous and terrestrial then the Vital and proportioned to those actions which it is designed to performe But though the faculties be implanted in the parts they want the help of the adventitious spirits for exercise and to hinder the dissipation of the implanted spirits To the second I Answer That the natural spirits want but little aire which by insensible transpiration by the Arteries knitted to the veins of the Liver and by the continual ventilation of the Diaphragma are easily imparted to the Liver To the third I Answer That the beating of the Arteries is not caused by the spirits but by a pulsifick vertue communicated to them from the heart But the Liver being not endowed with such a faculty the veins which have a dependence upon it do not beat for it is not necessary because the blood and natural spirits want no such ventilation but are well enough preserved only by transpiration The Vital is generated in the heart by the natural spirit and the attraction of the air by inspiration and by the help of the Arteries flowes into the whole body for the preservation of natural heat and defence of life It stands better with reason that the vital spirits which surpasse in tenuity should be generated out of that spiritous substance prepared and attenuated in the Liver rather then out of the venal blood only which is destitute of spirits for as the animal owes its production to the vital so it may be supposed the vital is related to the natural Therefore that natural spirit being conveyed to the left cavity of the heart with the purer part of the blood is intermixed with aire arriving thither by the inspiration of the Lungs thorough the venal artery whence by the inbred force of the heart and innate heat by joynt elaboration the vitall spirits are generated which being after transported to the Arteries are conducted thorough the whole body that they may nourish and preserve the whole body by their vigorous heat The Animal is generated in the brain by the concurrence of the Vital and the aire attracted by the mouth and nostrils whose influence on the whole body is by the nerves for the exercise of animal functions A portion of the vital spirit is conducted to the brain by the Arterie Carotides whose course is thorough the neck and in the ventricles of the brain is mingled with air attracted thorough the high-way of the mouth and nostrils where by the idiosincracy of the brain it is changed and acquires a new form and becomes Animal spirit fit for the performance of animal actions for during its continuance in the veins it is the principal officer and chief instrument in the execution of these actions but while it flowes thorough the nerves into the various parts of the body it compleates and perfects the motion of the senses A COROLLARY THE reasons following will sufficiently evince that there is no Animal spirit First The cold and moist substance of the brain cannot be convenient for the generation of spirits which are hot and thin since there must necessarily be a relation of similitude in all productions Secondly All vapors which ascend to the brain by the frigidity of it are condensed to a concretion and turned into water Therefore if the spirits which are of a like nature were contained in the brain they would in like manner be infrigidated to a concretion Thirdly If there were such spirits their chief place of residence would be the ventricles of the brain but that is impossible because those ventricles are continually feculent with excrements to the expurgation of which they are designed but they would infect the spirits Fourthly If these spirits were lodged in these ventricles of the brain they would easily make escape thorough those passages which are appointed for the evacuation of the excrements Fiftly If these spirits were housed in the brain sensation and cogitation would alwayes be quick because the faculties of the soul give constant attendance and are alwayes in action till they want instruments To the first I Answer That the brain is not in such a measure cold but that it is actually hot which heat is sufficient for the generation of the Animal spirits which are not simply the production of heat but of the very idiosyncracy of the brain which must necessarily incline to coldness that the heat of the vital spirits might be allayed that our cogitations and sensations may be constant and firm which otherwise those incendiaries the spirits would blow up to a deliration and madness as we see in men phrenetical To the second I Answer That the spirits are not concrete in the brain as the vapors because they are not the chief constitutions of a waterish nature but rather of Aery or Aethereal one To the third with Aristotles consent 2. of the soul chap. 8. I Answer That Nature can imploy the same thing in the business of divers offices as the tongue primarily for the taste secundarily for speech the nostrils primarily for smel and inspiration of aire but secundarily for the conveying away of mucous flegme so the ventricles of the brain are primarily contrived for the generation of spirits secundarily for the expurgation of excrements but these excrements by reason of their continual purging and effluxion cannot be infectious to the Animal spirits as long as the brain squares to Nature To the fourth I oppose That the spirits break not forth thorough those channels in which the excrements stream being retained by the friendly nature of the part and familiarity of the
and nips them for coldness is biting according to Hipp. it is cold to such extremity that the expurgation of it is actually cold by the testimony of Galen by a near experiment in himself as in his 4. book of affected parts Gypseous flegme is the production of crasse flegme emulating Limc or a stone almost in hardnesse This rejects the name of humor being consolidated therefore improperly placed in the classe of humors It proceeds from heat pillaging all the humid parts so that there is nothing left but earthy parts which are indurated into a Tophaceous matter almost resembling lime this often perplexeth the joints causing the knotty Gout The Fourth Section of Physiology Of the Spirits and innate Heat The First CHAPTER Of the Nature of Spirits Thus much of the Humors the Treatise of Spirits succeeds which are generated out of them but chiefly out of Blood THE Spirits of our bodies being of substance so thin that they are imperceptible to the quickest glance of sense and by this means reason only can confirm us in the truth of their existence it will not be amisse therefore to inform that our bodies have such attendents before their nature and essence be proposed First Therefore the context in Hippocrates 6. Epid. sect 8. is very convincing where he reckons three things which constitute the composition of our body viz. things containing contained and causing motion by the containing he signifies the parts by the contained the humors by those that cause motion the spirits according to the explanation of Galen himself for such is the tenuity and nobility of the spirits that with wonderfull swiftnesse they can shoot themselves to any place and insinuate themselves into all the parts of the body Secondly Platonicks do thus demonstrate the necessity of spirits nature doth not usually joine two contraries or things of wide distance without the help of a medium but the soul and body differ in the whole latitude of their genus for the soul is incorporeal and immortal but the body corporeal frail and mortal therefore such a dissiliency in natures cannot be forced to unition but by some medium and common obligation leaning as it were to both natures such are the spirits which indeed are material but in tenuity ambitious of the nature of things immaterial Thirdly This appears by prolifical seed which is wholly spumous and inflated with spirits which disappearing leave nothing but a waterish and unfruitful liquor Fourthly We are nourished by the same things of which we are conflated but attraction of breath or aire is necessary to our conservation therefore we comprehend in us some such substance Lastly This is evident by those great and empty cavities which are found in the ventricles of the brain and arteries of men deceased which are observed in the living swelled to a palpitation which clearly convinceth that those vacuities could not be repleat with any other thing then such spirits But a Spirit is a substance thin clear and etherial proceeding from the exhalation of pure blood and the inspiration of aire necessary for the due performance of all duties the body is engaged to It is called a thin substance because with incredible subtility and clerity it penetrates and courses thorough the whole bulk of the body and steals into the narrowest pores of the least particles and intervals of the muscles it is called clear and bright not according to the vulgar opinion as Argenterius fansies but because it excels in splendor and perspicuity which is easily seen in the observation of the eye the ball of which is very clear and we may spin an argument for the probation of it out of this that when some vapours of the melancholick humor or of over-swelling in drunken men are predominant the mind is in a present perturbation by reason of the dulness of these fogs which suffocate the spirits And of this Avicenna's demonstration is beyond all exception because saith he our soul which transacts every thing by her servants the spirits loves light and no darkness and the spirits do their duty with much more alacrity in a serene then in a cloudy day hence it is plain that they are excited by similitude They are also called Aetherial because the matter of them is by long elaboration so defecated that it stands in competition with that higher Element which is next neighbour to the celestial bodies and is called the Element of fire or etherial But that the spirits start out of the permixtion of blood and aire shall appear in the explication of their differences The uses of them are declared in the end for the soul cannot in the least operate upon the body without the officiousness of the spirits because they have the honour to be immediately and principally subservient to her CHAP. II. Of the Differences of Spirits Spirits are two-fold Inbred and Adventitious Inbred is the relict of the first principles in every part IT is called inbred innate or implanted according to the Greek Connate but while our parts are composed out of the first principles of our generation viz. seed and blood that spiritous substance which is contained in the seed constitutes the inbred spirit But this reason convinceth that this spirit is communicated to every part because the adventitious cannot be brought forth without the midwifery of this every production being like to its Author And also the prolifical seed issuing from every part argues that a spiritous matter is derived from every part from the sound parts sound from morbous parts morbous which in the issue represent their dispositions Adventitious is that which flowes and is sent in from some other place for the nutrition and conservation of the Inbred The Inbred spirit continually laborious in the performance of the functions of the parts would easily be consumed unlesse it were preserved and refreshed by the continual influence of this stranger therefore nature hath contrived some parts which should be the forge of great plenty of spirits which by their allotted courses influx into all the parts of the body to defend the inbred spirit This spirit is three-fold Natural Vital and Animal The Natural is produced in the Liver out of the thinner part of Blood tempered with a little Aire whose influence is thorough the veins into the whole body for the due exercise of the natural faculties This Natural spirit hath caused much dissention among Authors because some upon the ground of pregnant reasons deny nature the assistance of any such spirit First Because Galen was not resolved of it book 12. method cap. 5. where he thus discourseth If any spirit be natural it is contained in the Liver as its fountain and in the veins as its instruments And his first book of parts affected last chap. the natural faculties are by him differenced from the animal by this distinction that the natural are implanted in the parts but the animal are sent in from some other principle as light from the Sun whence it
conservation of it will be the conservation of life hence this faculty is significantly termed Vital or the preservative of life And so life is an action depending upon this faculty as an effect upon its cause The Vital faculty is attended by two servants Pulse and Respiration It is ignorantly asserted by some that the Pulse is the chief of Vital actions and immediately to depend upon the Vital faculty for life as we before affirmed immediately depends upon that but the pulse is only a subservient action to it caused by a pulsifick faculty whose vertue is only to cause systole and diastole in the heart by which means it performs its duty to the Vital faculty Pulse is a function of the heart and Arteries composed of Systole and Diastole with some interposition of rest caused by the pulsifick faculty of the heart to further the generation of the Vital spirits and effect the distribution of them thorough the whole body The Pulse of the heart and Arteries is composed of three parts viz. diastole systole and the intercession of a pause By Diastole the heart and Arteries are impregnate When the heart dilates it selfe it attracts the Aire from the Lungs by the help of the Arteria Venosa and the blood from the Vena Cava that from the commistion of them in the left closet of the heart the spirits may be generated but the Arteries being strtech'd to a dilatation attract the spirits from the heart and are tumid with them as also the external Aire entertained by those orifices which are terminated in the skin and in this manner is transpiration caused which by this intromission of external aire fixes the internal heat to a due temperament and cherishes it for all heat is preserved by a moderate compliance of cold according to Hippocrates By Systole or contraction the heart by the assistance of the Arteria venosa purges out at the Lungs all the fuliginous excrements left in the generation of spirits For the Arteries by an insensible transpiration drive out the fuliginous vapors contained in them and send the spirits more copiously to the parts Lastly there mediate between the systole and diastole and intercessive quiet because a transition from one contrary to another cannot be effected but by a medium A doubt may be moved whether the spirit and blood contained in the heart moves upon its coarctation I Answer that there are two doores in the heart one in the right corner another in the left which are dilated when the heart is contracted and are so filled viz. the right with blood contained in the right cavity but the left with spirits contained in the left Three things are requisite to cause pulsation Faculty Instrument and Use The first necessary is a pulsifick faculty which is the primary and principal agent Secondly instruments disposed to pulsation viz. the Heart and Arteries moved by that faculty Thirdly use and necessity forcing the faculty to action viz. the generation of spirits and conservation of native heat Respiration is an action partly Animal partly Natural by which the Aire is ushered in thorough the mouth to the Lungs by the distention of the breast and by the contraction of the same the smoaky vapors are excluded for the conservation of Native heat and the generation of Vital spirit The parts of Respiration and of Pulsation are three Inspiration expiration and immediate quiet By inspiration the breast is dilated by the muscles destin'd to this office and in compliance with the dilatation of the breast the lungs are also dilated lest there should happen a vacuity in that cavity and the lungs are filled with air as bellowes the inspiration of which aire tempers the violent heat of the heart and thence the vital spirits are generated as is before urged But by expiration the breast and lungs are contracted which by their contraction turn out of doores the hot aire and fuliginous vapors issuing from the heart The concurrence of three things is necessary for expiration Faculty Instrument Use First Animal faculty concurs moving the muscles of the breast as also the natural implanted faculty causing motion in the lungs that they might be helpful to the heart Secondly There is a concurrence of instruments as all the parts designed for Respiration And Lastly use or necessity of Respiration for the ventilation of the heat in the heart A COROLLARY It is much disputed whether Respiration be purely Animal or mixt viz. partly Natural partly Animal Which being ingeniously disputed by Laurentius question 20. book the ninth I referre the Reader to him CHAP. VII Of the Animal faculty and function and first of the Principal faculties The Animal faculty is that vertue of the soul which moveth a man to the exercise of sense Auction and other principal functions of the mind The principal are three Imagination Ratiocination and Memory Imagination is that action of the Soul by which the species of every object offered to the external senses is made perceptible and distinctly discerned EVery sense enjoyeth its proper and peculiar object as shall after appear whose species it entertains in its proper organ without passing judgment of it for this is the prerogative of the Imagination only to which the spirits presents the species conveyed by the nerves from the brain to the instruments of the senses The brain therefore being the Court of the principal faculties while the objects of divers senses promiscuously resort to it they are first represented and distinguished in the imagination which the peculiar senses are not able to perform for instance the whiteness of milk is only represented to the sight but not the sweetness of it on the contrary the sweetness is represented to the taste not the whiteness But they are both together perceptible to imagination which rightly distinguisheth to what sense they be related Besides imagination apprehends not only things present as the senses but things absent also and represents them to the mind composing many things never existent yet in Analogy to those which are apparent to the senses The Philosophers divide those operations of the mind which we consenting to Galen include under the notion of imagination into two species viz. into the common sense and into fantasy or imagination commanding as it were the common sense to welcome only the species of present objects but the imagination to propose to it self things absent as if they were really present as also things not in being and impossibilities But seeing that they differ only in the method of their operation it is not necessary that they should depend upon faculties differing in species Ratiocination is that action of the soul by which a man discourses understands and reasons This is appropriate to man the others being enjoyed also by brutes But this receives the species of things from the imagination dividing and compounding them and unravelling their nature by the help of discourse distinguishing good from bad truth from falsity drawing out of them many things
same opinion in the place of deadly inserts dangerous Convulsion or an hiccough after much profusion of bloud is bad Aph. 3. Sect. 5. Convulsion followes an immoderate loss of bloud either when the veines and arteries are robbed of that due proportion of bloud which they should contain and being empty are contracted and being contracted contract the nerves or because the veines exhausted attract from the neighbouring parts demanding mutual courtesie and so being dried with long profusion of bloud seek aliment from the nerves which forceth the exsiccated and contracted nerves to a convulst retirement to the fountain head as it were to derive help from it or else because the veines and arteries being immoderately exhausted hurry away not onely the bloud but all the spirits from the extreme parts whence the nerves are suddenly refrigerated hence ariseth an extremporary not a long convulsion not proceeding from a preternatural cause but rather produced by the action of nature and endeavouring to hinder the detriment of this inanition therefore we said before that a convulsion upon a flux of bloud was not alwaies deadly though dangerous because no convulsions caused by inanition wants danger Convulsion or an hiccough upon a superpurgation is bad Aph. 4. Sect. 5. In superpurgation not onely the useless but the useful humors are evacuated therefore the convulsion which succeeds it is by inanition and therefore dangerous So Aph. 1. of the same Section Convulsion upon hellebore is deadly because of the immoderate purgation which succeeds the assumption of hellebore Convulsion and desipience after watching is bad Aph. 18. Sect. 7. Watching saith Galen in his comm is one of those things which do most evacuate and dry and so cause a convulsion by siccity and besides because by long watchings the bloud is made more bilious and by consequence more fit for the stimulation of the nervous parts Cold. Those feavers in which are daily colds have a daily solution Aph. 63. Sect. 4. It holds not onely true in quotidian but in tertian and quartan recourses that feavers are resolved by a precedent coldness and hence we collect that there is no danger in coldness of intermitting feavers and that it gives no cause of fear Coldness in continual feavers happening on a critical day with the precedent signes of concoction and a remarkable evacuation following is healthy Good evacuations following such colds are copious sweats vomits dejection of the belly or flux of bloud by which feavers are either wholly taken away or much remitted of which Hippocrates Aph. 58. Sect. 4. A solution of a burning feaver is caused by supervening coldness Which is thus to be understood viz. if it happen with the mentioned conditions So in Hipp. 3. Epid. Sect. 2. aegr 5. Cherion Demenetus his guest was taken after a drinking match with a great feaver on the third day with an acute feaver trembling of his head and most of all his lower lip a while after he was cold convulst was fond in all passed the night with trouble on the fourth he had some quiet slept a little talked On the fifth day he was troubled all exacerbated he was fond passed the night with molestation slept not On the sixth day in the same condition On the seventh day he was extreme cold taken with an acute Feaver sweated all over was judged this man all along had bilious dejections few and sincere from his belly thin urine well-coloured having a cloudy enaeorema About the eighth day his urine was better and more coloured having a white small sediment he was in his senses without a Feaver he intermitted But about the fourteenth day an acute Feaver surprised him and he sweated On the sixteenth he vomited bilious matter yellow somewhat copiously On the seventeenth he was extreme cold and seised by an acute Feaver he sweated was without a Feaver and was judged his urine after his relapse and Crisis was of a better colour having sediment neither was he fond in his recidivations on the eighteenth he was a little hot thirsted had thin urine cloudy enaeorema was somewhat disipient About the nineteenth he was without a Feaver was pained in his neck had sediment in his urine on the twentieth was perfectly judged In this sick person cold first happened on the third day to no purpose as well because that day is seldome decretory as for that there appeared not any signes of concoction neither followed there any excretion and so all the before proposed conditions of good cold were wanting but the cold happening on the seventh day was healthy because it appeared on a critical day with the precedent signes of concoction for his urine was indeed thin and of a good colour having a cloudy enaeorema with copious evacuation for he sweated all over therefore on the eighth day which followed the Crisis he was without a Feaver yet the disease was not wholly taken away but very much diminished for we said before that by such colds Feavers were either taken away or very much diminished and the morbifick cause being not wholly driven away by the mentioned sweats he relapsed which on the seventh day a cold again followed in company with the aforesaid conditions viz sweats and concocted urine therefore his Feavers left him again and he was on the twentieth day perfectly judged That is also observable in this history which is remarked by Hipp. in both colds which happened on the seventh and the seventeenth day that the Feaver was much inflamed for in both places he saith he was cold and taken with an acute Feaver whereas in all Critical cold the more the body is heated the better and more perfect judication followeth for this declares nature strong and to operate powerfully the exclusion of the morbifick matter Colds after which the body is not at all or very little heated are bad For they signifie nature to be in a languishing condition and unable to make head against the morbifick cause whence Hipp. in 1. Prorrhet refrigeration not resuming heat after coldness is bad For that as Galen in his comm writes denotes an extinction of heat Which Hipp. also observed in 3. Epid. Sect. 2. aegr 12. Where a woman on the seventh day was extreme cold was taken with an acute Feaver much thirst jactation about evening sweated all over cold her extreme parts were refrigerated she was no more hot and again at night was extreme cold on the seventh day she was not reinvested with heat on the fourteenth day she dyed If a coma succeed a coldness or trembling falling on a Critical day death is to be expected Coldness happening not on a Critical day or that which none or a bad evacuation followes is pernicious So in the woman mentioned coldness often appeared even on not Critical daies without any excretion or cold sweat which is a bad evacuation so again History the eleventh Section 1. book 1. Epid. The wife of Dromeada was extreme cold on the third day with an universal but a
cholerick feavers are judged for the most part by sweat because the thinness and heat of the humor is more easily expelled by nature by that way of evacuation The material cause the body of patient Whoever in their sickness have a soft and loose skin have their diseases more easily judged by sweating Effects the animal actions Coldness Whether that loosness and softness of the skin proceed from the natural disposition of the body or the constitution of the aire they avail much to perfect the Crisis by sweating A coldness or shaking in continual Feavers shew that the Crisis will be performed by sweat For those humors being thin when they are carried by the veins to the habit with their sharpness they bite the membranous parts of the body and so cause a shaking Vital Pulse Asoft and fluctuating pulse in feavers foretels sweat to be near at hand For when the more thin parts of the urine endeavour a passage through the body they moisten and soften the arteries which causes a moist and fluctuating pulse which is the forerunner of sweat Natural Suppression of urine Suppression of urine in feavers shews the Crisis near at hand by sweat For when the matter of sweat and urine are the same viz. the serous humor while they are carried to the habit of the body it follows consequently that the urine must be suppressed or be much lessened in quantity The excrements If a hot vapour be perceived to arise from the body of the sick patient or a slight kind of dew it shews the approch of the Crisis by sweat If contrary to custome the external parts of the body of the sick person grow hot or the face grow red it shews the Crisis is approching by sweat These two last signes shew that nature endeavours a passage to the habit of the body by which she may expel the noxious and preternatural humors CHAP. VIII Of the signes of future Crisis by Urine THe signes of future Crisis by urine are very few yet they may be known partly by some particular and positive signes partly by the absence of others For if the signes do appear which do demonstrate in general the approch of the Crisis and that there be no symptomes of vomit flux bleeding or sweat then may you conjecture that it will come to pass by urine But those signes which do particularly demonstrate the coming thereof are set down in this order which are notwithstanding to be collected together that we may thence have some certainty to make a judgement They are these A cold constitution Old age Thickness of the skin Frequent pissing or a greater quantity of urine appearing upon the symptomatical day A heat or itching in the extreme parts of the privities A heaviness in the Hypochondrium The three first signes concern the impediments which are in the external parts of the body which hinder the serous humor from purging forth by sweat But when the same matter which flows out by sweat may also be easily purged out by urine there being a stoppage in the passages for sweat we may conjecture that the excretion will be by urine The three last signes shew that the humors do descend to the passages of the urine CHAP. IX Of the signes of future Crisis by bleeding THe following rules foreshew the approch of bleeding The Essence Inflammation of the hypocondriums are for the most part allayed by bleeding And in this manner of solution doth all the hope of safety consist which if it happen not death may be presaged The assisting causes Bleeding uses more frequently to happen until the twenty fifth year then after that time in a sanguine or cholerick constitution in the spring season and at the time of southern winds The Effects From the effects which are taken either from the impairing of the actions or the excrements or the change of qualities proceed these signes of future bleeding Dreams and images of red things A frequent pain of the head and neck Heaviness in the temples and a great pulse in their arteries Tingling or sounding in the ears Dimness of the eyes and a kind of lightning before them Redness of them and almost of all the face An aversion to the light Involuntary teares Itching of the nose A drop of bloud upon the symptomatical day Difficulty of breathing A stretching of the Hypochondriums without pain When the bloud begins to be carried up to the head it begets phantasms or appearances of red things both by dreams and in awaking As happened to a Roman youth of whom Galen makes mention For he labouring with an acute disease thought that he saw a red Serpent running about the roof of his chamber which caused him suddenly to leap out of his bed from whence Galen foretold bleeding and forbid the letting bloud which other Physicians had prescribed Pain in the head and neck proceeds from the same translation of the bloud to the upper parts which by griping and distending the membranes begets pain the arteries beat through the extraordinary motion of the temples being oppressed and streightned by the fulness of the veins Tingling of the ears is caused by the ascending of the vapours in great plenty to the head Dimness of the sight proceeds from certain thick and copious vapours which arising to the upper parts stop the passages whence it comes to pass that they shuting out the animal spirits the sight is dulled That kind of lightning which hovereth before the eyes is nothing else but certain little thin and ragged bodies of several colours contained between the chrystalline and carneous Tunicle produced from the vapours carried upward which though they are within yet deceive the sight as if they were without when as the eye used to external objects judges that to be without which is within A redness of the face and eyes is caused by the bloud gathered in more abundance to those parts The aversion from light proceeds from this that the eyes being already distended with plenty of humors are more distended by the light because light scatters the spirits which causes a dilatation of the eye and thence pain which that the sick person may avoid he shuns the light Involuntary tears are caused by a repletion of the eyes and parts adjacent which being distended beyond measure press the kernels containing the humors which causeth tears Itching of the nose is caused by the ascent of the vapours which tickle the nose A drop of bloud appearing on a symptomatical day as the fourth or seventh shews that the bleeding will be on the day of the Crisis that is on the seventh or fourteenth because nature begins to drive the humor to those parts upon those days Difficulty of breathing is caused by the bloud which when it is carried to the upper parts causes a compression of the diaphragma The tension of the hypochondriums is caused by reason that the bloud begins to stir in its fountain and in the roots of the veins but that distention continues
as being lesse moist and excrementitious The tame ones which are brought up at home are fatter indeed and more fleshy but much inferior in taste and wholsomenesse to the wilde ones they taste of the pasture where they feed and therefore if they eat Cabbage as sometimes they do they taste abominably If they eat wheat they grow very fat and afford a delicate nourishment The wilde ones which in our thickets are fed with Thyme Lavender Origan and other aromatical herbs afford a pleasant and wholsome nourishment CHAP. XVIII Of the Entrails and extreme parts of Beasts THe substance of the Liver considered in the generation thereof affords a thick nourishment and of hard digestion and fit to increase obstructions Yet there is great difference in respect of the several sorts of creatures from whence they are taken For the Livers of Hens Capons Geese Chickens and Pullets are excellently good But concerning the Livers of four footed Beasts those of Kids Calves and Hogs yeeld an indifferent good nourishment The Spleen produces a melancholy juice and affords a very depraved nourishment which is hard to be concocted and distributed The Reins are of a hard concoction by reason of the solidity of the substance wherewith they are endued they breed a thick juice and evill by reason of the various and excrementitious humours which continually oppress them The Heart hath a kinde of fibrous flesh solid and hard and therefore is of a hard digestion slowly distributed and generating an evill juice yet if it be well concocted it affords not a little nourishment and that not evil The Lungs are of an easier digestion then the Liver and Spleen because they are softer and looser yet not inferior to the Liver as to nourishment All Kernels have this common among them that in meat they appear sweet tender and short they give a thick nourishment and if the beast be sound very good and being well concocted in the stomack they nourish as much as musculous flesh Not well digested they breed flegmatick and raw juice this is chiefly to be understood of the Kernels of the brest for of other Kernels those which are soft generate flegmy bloud but those which are hard raw bloud The tongue of Calves Kids Lambs Hogs and Sheep are of easie digestion and breed laudable juice Neats Tongue is thicker but more fit for nourishment and not dry'd The Brains afford a flegmatick diet of a thick juice hard to be concocted slowly descending it banes the appetite and causeth nauseousnesse Fat and Grease are of little nourishment and rather sawce for our meat then nourishment They loosen the tunicles of the stomack and spoil the retention thereof and therefore they breed nauseousnesse and dull the appetite In cholerick bodies they turn into choler and are of hard digestion The substance of the Stomack is filmy and therefore cold hard dry and glutinous It is of a hard digestion generates flegm begets obstructions and is the cause of many diseases Soft and Sedentary men must abstain from it it being only fit for Potters Ploughmen and Mariners The same reason serves for the Guts because they are of like nature but the Guts of younger creatures as of Lambs and Kids are of an easier substance and concoction The Feet and other extreme parts of four-footed Beasts consisting of membranes ligaments nerves veins arteries and gristles are cold and dry clammy viscous of little nourishment and hard digestion We except the extreme parts of young and sucking Animals as before where we spake of the Stomack and Guts CHAP. XIX Of the nourishment contained in the parts of four-footed Beasts THE Bloud is hot and moist hard of digestion and breeds many excrements For although while it is contained in the veins it easily turns into the substance of the body yet after it is drawn out of them and hath lost its spirit and vigour it congrals and hardens into an evil substance Marrow is hot and moist it gives good nourishment if it be well concocted taken in too great a quantity it loosens the stomack and begets a nauseousnesse Milk in the active qualities is temperate inclining to cold in the passive moist by reason of the fat and watry substance thickning through its caseous or cheesie quality and abstersive in respect of its serous quality asswaging in respect of its butyrous quality That is best which is white clear pure and sincere sweet voy'd of all acrimony sowrenesse bitternesse and saltnesse rendring a sweet but little sent For its substance moderate neither over thick or caseous nor over thin and serous not fluid but sticking to the nail if it be dropt thereon new and milked from one that is well fed and in good pasture Milk thus qualified is of all nourishments the best it is easily concocted and presently turned into bloud it nourishes sufficiently and fattens but it swels the stomach and guts But for all this it must be used only by those whose bodies are in health and free from superfluities In cold stomacks it turns sowre in cholerick at begets adust smell But bad Milk is most pernicious and is so far from breeding good juice that it breeds very bad humours in the bodies of those that use it The bad effects of vitious Milk Galen shewes in l. 3. de Alim fac c. 15. by the example of nurses who in times of famine used wilde herbs and their children sucking their Milk became full of ulcers and other diseases As also by the example of Goats fed with Scammony and Tithymal whose Milk purges Of all the sorts of Milk fit for the diet of healthy people Cowes Milk is the thickest and fattest for it hath most of the caseous substance and least of the serous So that it loosens the belly lesse and nourishes more It is more difficultly concocted more slowly curdled slower to descend and more hard to be distributed and more liable to breed obstructions Goats Milk is of a midling substance as also Ewes Milk which is thicker then that of Goats for it hath more of cheese and lesse whey and therefore loosens lesse and bindes the more Asses Milk is thinnest and most wheyie But that concerns the cure more then the preservation of health Butter is hot and moist in the first degree and almost of the same nature as oyl of ripe Olives as Avicen witnesseth But is more moist then hot stale Butter is hotter and thinner new almost temperate in the active qualities It nourishes loosens fattens and is good against the cough The too much use of it loosens the retention of the stomack takes away the appetite and begets a nauseousnesse and therefore to be avoided by those who are subject to loosnesse as also by men of hot complexions who burn it and turn it into choler it is to be eaten first for it speedily descends into the paunch and makes way for the other meat but if it be eaten last it loosens the stomack and hinders the orifice from embracing
drought it bears a likeness to the Element of Fire and bilious humor The Autumn is Cold and Dry. The Autumn then comes upon the stage when the Sun takes in at the sign Libra then begins the Aequinoctium which is upon this ground called Autumnal as the beginning of the spring the Vernal Aequinoctium the Sun having retreated so farre from us that it poizeth to an equality the nights and days the night stealing the proportion from the day by this recesse of the Sun coldness invades the aire which in conjunction with Siccity the offall of the antecedent Summer ushers in a temper cold and dry lience Autumn is in Analogy with the Element of earth and the melancholick humor Yet because the Sun doth indifferently exercise his strength therefore in the vigor of his lustre viz. at noon the aire is refreshed with warmth by which meanes this season about the middle of the day is hot enough but at morning and night cold when the Sun imprisons his strength and not seldome in this season we are sensible of both heat and cold intense enough which is caused by Siccity the perfection of the first qualities but these neutralities in the aire do usually visit us in the company of great and dangerous diseases as Hipp. in his Aphorismes The Winter is Cold and Moist This season starts up when the Sun is a guest to the sign of Capricorne this introduceth the winter solstice as in the beginning of summer the summer solstice for the Sun giveth back so farre from us that he casts his rayes very indirectly and curtales the dayes but extends the nights which is the cause of great cold which singles out moistnesse for its companion because that the vapors exhaled are not dissipated but imbodyed by cold into clouds raine and snow hence the winter is assimilated to the Element of water and pituitous humor Thus farre of Temperaments The Third Section of Physiology of Humors The First CHAPTER Of the Nature of Humors An Humor is a fluid body produced in us by the coction of the Aliment for better nutrition or other advantage of the body THis term Humor is used in a double sense First in its general and usual acception it implies any thing which is hardly contained by its own but easily by the limitation of another whether it be generated in our bodies or not and so all liquors are comprehended in the latitude of this understanding But Secondly to draw it into a lesser circle to its proper and strict signification known to Physicians it is taken for liquid bodies which spring from the second and third coction as appears by the definition in which humor is called a fluid body because as other liquors it easily diffuseth it self and transgresseth its own bounds 'T is said also to be generated in us by the coction of the aliment to distinguish it from other moistures which may by divers inlets surprise our bodies without any alteration or change and that we may know how these humors are generated in our body For Nature being carefull of the preservation of living creatures and chiefly of man invented divers wayes of nourishment furnished with divers qualities by which they might receive nourishment and growth not immediately but by many preparative mutations and so the aliments are first grinded in the mouth then being sent into the stomach they are confused concocted and converted into a kind of creamy substance which is called Chyle which Chyle being exactly cooked in the stomach is turned out into the intestines and there the usefull part of it is abstracted from the earthy and useless matter out of which is generated dung but the purer part of it is conveyed to the Liver by the help of the Mesaraick veins in which they are reconcocted and changed from whence springs the fountaine of blood which comprehends various differences of humors of which we shall treat CHAP. II. Of the Differences of Humors All Humors are divided into Nutritive and Excrementitious Nutritive are those which have an aptitude to invest themselves in the substance of our bodies Which are again subdivided into two Primary and Secundary The Primary are those which are contained in the veins retaining the impresse of that form which they borrowed from the Liver and communicate themselves with an indifferency to every member THey are called Primary because they are the womb of the Secundary and also because as soon as they are generated in the Liver they then first entertain the name of humors for Chyle with the Physicians is never termed an humor But as long as the veins are the closet of these humors they alwayes retain the same name and the form received in the Liver till coursing through every part they begin to be changed by them then they reform themselves and get new names as in its season shall be shewed And they are Four Blood Flegme Choler and Melancholy The portion of the Chyle which is defecated streams thorough the channel of the Mesaraick veins to the Liver by whose heat it is concocted and changed partakes somewhat of its nature acquiring not only a scarlet dy but a temper resembling that of the Liver but this substance after its mutation in the liver is called the Masse of blood wherewith it abounds not that it is conflated of that only For as every Agent though it act in the same method produceth different effects according as the patient lies disposed as the Sun by the same heat whitens linnen and browns the skin hardens dirt and softens wax so our food being conflated of four Elements the heat of the Liver which is the efficient in the generation of humors changes the airy part of the aliment into blood the fiery into choler the watry into flegme the earthy into melancholy Though it cannot be impugned but that the efficient conduceth much to the copious production of either humor for a hotter Liver out of the same aliment makes more choler then one cold contrary to which a colder generates flegme more copiously Yet the excesse can never swel to such a disproportion but that out of every aliment there will issue alwayes these four humors though not obliged to a just equality which naturally ought so to be tempered that there should be greater plenty of blood less of flegme less yet of melancholy and least of all of choler But that these four humors are contained in the masse of blood 't is evident from the variety of the parts of our body which differing in temper cannot all receive nutriment from one and the same humor for nutriment proceeds only from similitude And so only considering the parts we may easily passe judgment viz. that the substance of the milt is very like the melancholick humor of the Lungs resembling the bilious humor of the Liver the Sanguin of the brain the pituitous and so that they attract nutriment from thence CHAP. III. Of Blood properly so called Blood properly so called is
blood converting as is before mentioned into the substance of the parts to which total conversion are precedent four grand mutations every of which deserves a peculiar name The Unnamed or inbred humor is that which borders upon the smal veines and begins to be slightly changed by the particular members As soon as the blood is conveyed out of the larger vessels into the more narrow which nature hath placed in every part the qualities of that part flow into it and by this change beginning to invest it self in the nature of the part it becomes the first of the four Secundary humors which wanting an imposed name is called unnamed but some moderns have termed it inbred It is then called Dew when like Dew it waters the substance of the parts and is entertained in the smal pores it is generated out of the Unnamed humor but not without much alteration till it is assimilated to the nature of the part It is then called Glue when this rorid humor closes with the parts to an agglutination Lastly it is termed Cambium when this Glue alters into and stands in Analogy with the substance of the parts The discrimination of these two last humidities is understood from the difference distinguishing between union and assimilation This appears by the demonstration of most evident examples for in the Itch the Leprosy and such like diseases there is a sticking and agglutination of much humor yet no assimilation but corruption by the depraved qualities in it whence we may conceive the wide difference between union and assimilation CHAP. VIII Of Excrementitious Humors and first of Excrementitious Choler Hitherto of alimentary humors Excrementitious are those which are not disposed for nutrition but are banished and separated from the body They are four Choler Melancholy Serum and Flegme Excrementitious Choler is an excrement attenuated in the second coction hot and dry of colour yellow of taste bitter the purgation of which is at the bladder of the Gall. ALL coctions have their excrements because all parts of the aliment cannot be fitly designed to nutrition therefore the useful part is separated from the useless and turned out of doores so the excrements of the first coction are the dregs which are conveyed thorough the belly But the excrements of the second Coction are 3 which being referred to the humors are in this place to be explained Now the first excrement of the second coction is a thin humor hot and dry and very bitter therefore of no aptitude for nutrition it is conveyed to the bladder of the gall partly by the expulsive faculty of the Liver partly by the attractive of that bladder which nature hath framed to a familiarity and sympathy with that humor that it might desire and delight in its company It is useful to summon the expulsive faculty of the intestines to her duty and to scoure the sticking flegme which is apt to adhere to the tunicles of the intestines When the felleous bladder hath attracted the choler and for some space entertained its welcome guest till being sharpned by this delay it moves this vessel to an expulsion and is sent to the duodenum by a vessel designed for this office which is called porus cholidochus Now this choler being brought down to the intestines by its acrimony stirrs and moves their expulsive faculty by which our purgaments are with more ease excluded which many times by the intermixtion of choler represent a yellow or reddish tincture And also the intestines usually abounding with much viscid and sticking flegme receive this benefit from the choler that it cuts and purges it away and so helps its exclusion It is differenced two wayes either as it confines it self to its natural constitution or as it dilates it self beyond the proportion and allowance of nature When it is content with its natural limits it is two-fold Yellow and Pale Yellow is that which is contained in the bladder clean and unmixt which was now mentioned Pale is when a Serous humor is mixed with the Yellow Serum mingled with choler washes away its yellowness and induceth palenesse cold and moisture When it is in excesse beyond the bounds of nature the species of it are four Vitelline Porraceous Eruginous and Glasteous The Vitelline in colour and consistency is like the yolk of raw eggs hot to a higher degree than the yellow and is produced from it by the alteration and incrassation of vehement heat When by the acrimony of preternatural heat the natural choler is scorch'd it s thinner parts are dispersed by which means it is incrassated and acquires a deeper grain and more intense heat For we must shut our eares against Avicenna who asserts that the transmutation of yellow choler into Vitelline is caused by the admixtion of flegme for by this reason it would become more pallid and cold Porraceous Choler representing the colour of a Leeke is hotter then the Vitelline and is commonly bred in the ventricle being produced by impure aliments This is green like a leeke which tincture it receives from bad aliments such as garlicke onions leekes watercresses colewortes and the like which by reason of the disability in the ventricle to concoct them and naturalize them to Chyle are parch'd yet generally retaining their own hue from whence this is termed porraceous choler Here it is observable that this happens not but in very hot stomachs It is also sometimes generated in other parts of our body out of the vitelline choler over-heated whence it cloths it self in green Eruginous choler being of the colour of rust is produced by a more parching heat While the porraceous choler delayes its remove out of the ventricle being adust by preternatural and intense heat it alters into eruginous choler The seat sometimes of its generation is the veins by heat very intense which scorches the aforementioned species of choler and is very sharp and malignant hence eruginous dejections are counted by Hippocraies deadly Glasteous choler assimilated in colour to wood is produced from the rest by a greater inflammation and is more dangerous then all of them This is nearly allied to black choler being of a colour more obscure and dul then the rest which is caused by a greater torrefaction therefore it is more dangerous and pernicious then the other A COROLLARY GAlen in his Treatise of black Choler mentions red choler from whence it seems there must be a larger Catalogue of the species of choler but this is not properly choler but the feculency of the blood as Galen himself explaines comment 5. in 6. Epid. CHAP. IX Of Excrementitious Melancholy Excrementious Melancholy is a crasse excrement of the second coction cold and dry of colour black of taste sharp which is purged out at the Milt THat part of the Chyle which is more crasse and feculent so that it is beyond the art of the Liver to change it into alimentary substance is secluded from the masse of blood that that may not be infected with the
the whole masse therefore for the exercise of action there is not only required the presence of the soul with its retinue of faculties but also a disposition of the Organ fitted for action which being disorderly the actions are lamely or not at all exercised But it is observable that in the parts beside the action properly so called there are two other things considerable viz. their Work and Use The Work is the effect of action viz. when it hath a real and permanent object as for example the Chyle which proceeds from concoction in the ventricle is named the Work so the blood in the Liver But the use of a part is when it exerts no action from it self but is only auxiliary and commodious to the action of another part as the mesenterium which is only the pillar supporting the mesaraick veins the epiploon of the ventricle nourisheth heat and involves it as a vestment Therefore Use is distinguished from action because this is perpetually in motion which cannot in conceit be abstracted from it but Use is placed in the idleness of the part which sometimes remains after the decease as appears by the use of the skin which covers the whole body and by the skul useful to contain the brain CHAP. II Of the Differences of Faculties and Functions The Faculties and Functions are three-fold Natural Vital and Animal THE spirits were before divided into three differences every one of which is produced in its peculiar part and streams from it into the whole body where we mentioned three parts which are the shops of these parts it remains now that we constitute three faculties and enthronize them in those parts which by the disposition of instruments may in them chiefly exercise their actions whose actions ought not to exceed in number the faculties being their effects and because we attaine not the knowledg of the faculties but by the functions aforesaid they were divided into three because there appear three kind of actions distanced by a great latitude every of which is subdivided into its species as after shall appear But experience doth often inform us that those three functions and so the faculties are mutually distinguished For First it is evident enough by this that the Animal faculty is distinguished from the natural because many parts as the bones and cartilages are destitute of sense and motion yet they live and receive nutriment Besides It is plain by this that there intercedes a difference between the Vital and Animal because when we sleep or desist from all operation yet the heart with the Arteries is in continual agitation and is in no wise obedient to the command of the will Lastly The distinction of the vital from the natural is manifest in a part consumed by an Atrophy or the whole body in a Marasmus which for want of Aliment is pined yet it lives by the help of a faculty issuing from the heart which defends and preserves it Some may object That Galen in his bookes of the differences of symptomes constitutes only two faculties the Animal and Natural omitting the Vital I Answer That Galen there understands that terme Naturall at large for all that which is not voluntary and so comprehends the Vital faculty in the latitude of the Animal for he there engages himself to the strict law of division which is made when the members are opposite so that in this manner voluntary is opposed to involuntary seeing then the Animal functions are voluntary but the Vital and Natural involuntary and both performed only by the vertue of nature therefore he there expresseth both by the term of Natural though in many other places he distinguisheth them CHAP. III. Of the Natural Faculty and Function and their species and First of Nutrition The Natural faculty is that vertue of the soul by which through the assistance of native heat the body is nourished and increased and the same according to its species is generated And it is three-fold Nutritive Auctive and Generative Hence the Function is three-fold Nutrition Auction and Generation IN Animate bodies three things are very necessary the conservation of the Individuum its just proportion and the conservation of the species The substance of the Individuum by divers causes as well internal as external daily moulders away and something alwayes departs from it which unlesse a restauration were made by Aliment life would soon be extinct that therefore this body may be preserved to while away some time the first faculty called Nutritive is requisite But because Nature hath confined all things to a certain magnitude convenient for the exercise allotted them the second necessary will be the Auctive faculty by the help of which the animate body fils up every particle of that magnitude whence this virtue proposeth not for its end the conservation of the form in the matter but the operation of the living creature Lastly animate bodies being frail and subject to corruption lest their species should fail the Procreative faculty was necessary by which though the individuals yeild to corruption the species it self is preserved The Nutritive faculty is that vertue of the soul which by the help of innate heat converts the Aliment into the substance of the body to repaire its loss The Action of this faculty is called Nutrition which is the instauration of that substance of our bodies which is consumed The Native heat in our bodies is never idle as is before alleaged but acts continually upon the humidity which it wasts and dissolves therefore lest the creature should pine away and dye the losse must be made up this caused that opinion of Hippocrates that a man cannot subsist without Aliment seven dayes And so Nutrition is proper only to living creatures for though by Aristotle himself fire is said to be nourished and increased by combustible matter yet this is no true Nutrition but only improperly so called for there are three things requisite to true nutrition and accretion according to the mind of Aristotle First That a thing be nourished and increased by the access of external matter Secondly That the thing increased remain numerically the same Thirdly That this accesse of magnitude accrew not only to the whole but to every particle thereof But now in the nutrition of the fire it remains not in its numerical identity but by reason of the combustible matter is continually successive neither is every particle thereof compleat with the addition of magnitude and for this cause true and proper nutrition is not agreeable to fire but by Analogy only It may be objected That if the Aliment in Nutrition convert into the substance of the parts there is no intervening difference between nutrition and generation I answer That there is no real but only a rational distinction between them viz. according to the diversity between the whole and a part for nutrition is the generation of a part of the substance viz. of that small part of the flesh which is wasted but
are divine or diabolical 'T is here impertinent to treat of these belonging rather to Metaphysicians or Theologers to whom we concede the honour of this exposition The Natural proceed either from the impress left of images cut out and shaped in the day or from a certain temper of body Most dreams are hatch'd by the images of those actions in which we have been in the day frequent for the impression of them upon the animal spirits being fresh they stick the closer and are the more easie rub'd over by our busie nocturnall imagination They also many times are composed from the various disposition and temperament of bodies To men sanguine the appearance of red colours banquets musical harmony nuptial festivals basiations venery gardens and such like voluptuous fooleries are usually represented in sleep To bilious men yellow colours wranglings war homicide firing flying and the like To pituitious men white colours waters navigations swimming drowning fishes and such like To melancholicks black colours darkness dead bodies graves and diabolical apparitions Yet observe That the influence of the stars doth not seldome concurre with a disposition of the body to effect dreams and these chiefly afford matter of Exposition CHAP. X. Of the less principal Faculties The less principal Faculties are two the one causing sensation the other motion The Sensitive faculty is that virtue of the soul by which externall objects upon the intercession of a fit medium are received in their proper organs The action of this faculty is called sense or sensation FOURE things are requisite to effect Sensation First an orderly disposed instrument Secondly a proportionate object Thirdly a medium which multiplyeth the species from the sensible thing Fourthly a convenient distance between the object and the sense that it may be rightly perceived The species of it are five Seeing Hearing Smelling Tasting and Touching Seeing is a sense by the help of which a man with his eyes perceives a visible object through a transparent medium actually illuminated Hearing is a sense by which a man perceives with his ears an audible object through a sonorous medium that is a medium fitted for the conducting of sound Smelling is a sense by which a man perceives at his nostrils an object of smell by a fit medium Taste is a sense by which a man perceives with his tongue the object of Taste by a disposed medium Touch is a sense by which a man with any carnous and nervous part of his body perceives a tangible object by a prepared medium The motive faculty is that vertue of the soul by which a man in his owne strength performs local motion All these less principal faculties and functions are so exactly declared in Natural Philosophy that we think it needless to allow them room for exposition The seventh Section of Physiology Of the Procreation of MAN The First CHAPTER Of the Seed of both Sexes Two Sexes are requisite to the Procreation of Man viz. male and female by whose mutual congress the prolifical seed is effused by both from which being received in the cavity of the wombe the first Sciography of the offspring is delineated Mans seed is a humid and spiritous substance well wrought in the testicles from the aliment left of the third concoction containing potentially the form of man concurring not only virtually but materially to the production of the parts of the infant IT is an assertion commonly obtruded by many That seed is generated by blood alone operated in the Liver grounding upon this because they find the conducting Spermatick vessels tumified with blood as other veins and because that overmuch coition causeth an effluxion of blood But this matter being to bear the force and impresse of the whole body so that we commonly attribute the similitude of Children to their Parents to this we think the assertion more proper that it is derived from every part from the aliment glean'd from the third concoction which being not much changed by the parts there is no cause of admiration that it retains the idea of blood Yet it cannot be supposed that every little particle comprehensible rather by thought then sense should afford this matter but all the similar parts which are called the sensible Elements of our body but from the principal especially which can supply us with those vivifying spirits which represent the idea and character of the whole But to that objection that the blood issues by tedious venery I answer That the seminal nature not yet elaborated in the testicles resembles blood being made out of it somewhat changed in the parts and before obtaining elaboration in them In the seed there are two parts Spirit and Thickness The seed by the help of spirits is impostumate and frothy it swels because the spirits are much in motion and stirring it is frothy because by the same spirits as by aire it becomes tumid and by their motion is agitated But in this spiritous matter resides the formative faculty by which a man engenders according to his own similitude But the thickness is the humid and watery substance which is manifestly evident when the spirits have bid adue to the seed for then it looseth its spumosity and whiteness and that humid substance is the matter of all the solid parts and their first step to a being The efficient cause of generation is brooded in the spiritous part but the material in the incrassated part This affords cause of objection to the Philosophers that one and the same thing cannot be agent and patient therefore both causes cannot be placed in the seede To which I oppose That the assertion of this objection would hold good if the substance of the seed were wholly Homogeneous but it being composed of divers parts it will not be inconvenient that it should execute divers offices for as it is spiritous it acts upon and informs that more humid and crasse substance applyed to it for its matter and as it were its subject as experience points out to us in the seeds of Plants and in Eggs in which seeds of plants after they have derived heat from the earth or the eggs from the incubation of the Hen the prolifical spirit is raised which acting upon the matter of the same seeds or eggs endeavours and perfects the conformation of the parts In artificials the efficient or Artist enters not into the thing made or the work because his business lies in the external parts But Nature situate in the very marrow of every thing perfects both internal and external and penetrates the whole substance of its work dwelling upon it as in its proper mansion This clears the doubt and demonstrates that the efficient and the matter for generation of the embryo find both room in the seed But though the seed by it self perfects the generation of the infant yet it is not actually but onely potentially animate Some have been of opinion that the seed is actually animate and hath that form which afterwards must inform the
whole fabrick furnished with instruments But we suppose that the seed of man doth onely potentially contain the form of man For the soul of man being extrinsecally adventitious we cannot affirm that the seed comprehends the humane soul onely potentially as it hath an aptitude to induce those dispositions which are requisite for the entertainment of a more noble form So neither in other living creatures must we imagine the seed to be actually animate but potentially onely because it hath that conformative power contained in the spirit by which it generates according to its own likeness when the seed is laid in a convenient place and hath subject matter But it is no absurdity to affirm such a power given to the form of seed there being found in many inanimate things as in load-stones rubarb and the like many and notable faculties which have not the advantage of any influence from a soul Yet this point of doctrine is very intricate and notably fenced with difficulties which Sennertus shews us in his Philosophical Hypomnema's Corruption therefore seiseth on the form of the seed upon the first arrival of the soul to the body now fashioned and prepared to welcome this guest which is said to live the life of a plant so long as it is simply nourished but when the organs of sense and motion are compleat it lives an animal or sensitive life and lastly proceeds to the operations of a rational soul when it hath acquired a well tempered brain and disposition of spirits A COROLLARY There hath been a long-started controversie between Physicians and Peripateticks whether women afford prolifical seed For all the Physicians after Hippocrates obtrude the affirmative for the defence of which they appeal to the common experience of women who relate that in that coition by which they conceived they sent out something causing more pleasure Which also the contrivance of feminine parts will serve to confirm Nature having placed in them very large testicles for the elaboration of the seed plenty of which being whitish and well concocted is often found in them in dissection Hence we may conclude that there is no third thing proceeding from the commixtion of male and female seed which is fit for the generation of the Childe But the Peripatericks in obedience to their grand Master Aristotle suppose that the seed of women is termed seed by analogy onely and homonymie concurring not to the generation of the fetus but onely by provoking to coition and useful to moisten the sides of the wombe which assertion they seem to make impregnable by the fortifications of strong reasons First If a woman had prolifical seed she might generate without obliging man to a copulation for she would have the seed and menstruous blood the only two necessaries to generation of the Childe Secondly One being by it self cannot be the result of two actual beings but onely accidentally aggregate Therefore out of two seeds the fetus cannot be produced To which objections and others of the same nature I answer Both seeds as well of male as female though they be prolifical are not sufficient by themselves to generate the fetus but a due commixtion of both is requisite in the wombe by which the delineation of the Embryo is perfected And so out of more compleat beings proceeds not one being by it self but yet out of divers incompleat beings one compleat is produced is an opinion subject to no absurdity CHAP. II. Of Menstruous blood There is not onely a concurrence of the seed but of the Menstruous blood also to the generation of the fetus which is another principle onely material not efficient as seed THE Mothers blood harbours none or very few spirits therefore it hath no efficient virtue but onely supplies matter out of which all the carnous parts are compounded as the spermatick of the seed And this blood is called menstruous because in well affected women which are neither with childe nor give suck it flows out every moneth And the menstruous blood is an excrement issuing from the last aliment of the carnous parts which at certain times and observed limitations is in a small quantity purged out of the wombe for the generation and nutrition of the fetus Hence it appears that menstruous blood is an excrement and useful as to its substance being converted into the parts of the fetus and the nutrition of them And this blood is usually in women plentifully because of the weakness of their heat which cannot digest all the blood made in the liver as also because of their soft and moist temper which breeds plenty of humors Hence it is that that blood exceeding in quantity is returned into the bigger veins from the flesh now filled and as it were satisfied and by them is thrust out by the veins of the wombe The time for the expurgation of this blood is twofold universal and particular The universal is from twelve or fourteen yeers of age to fifty or fifty five Before the twelfth or fourteenth yeer the vessels of women are narrow and the heat almost extinct by the plenty of humors cannot expel the reliques and before that age great plenty of the blood is spent in the augmentation of the body But after the twelfth or fourteenth yeer heat begins to move in a vigorous lustre the vessels are enlarged the breasts swell the body by a pleasant tickling is insinuated into lust and the genitals are fenced with new down But on the other side after fifty or fifty five the effluxions of menstruous blood cease because the heat being weakened is not able any more to generate such plenty of blood as may leave some reliques of which if there be any it cannot commodiously drive them away The particular time is limited by the space of a moneth and that by the space of three or foure dayes This evacuation of the menstruous blood returns usually every moneth which all attribute to the motion of the Moon Emperess of the humors and experience informs us that this purgation is commonly contingent to the more youthful about a new Moon but to the ancient about full Moon This caused that common piece of Poetry The Moon when old she fils the round Old Womens purgaments abound But when her horns begin to grow From Women young purgations flow A COROLLARY Hence is moved a notable question Whether menstruous blood be of a noxious quality The accurate decision of which see in Laurentius Quest 8. Book 8. of his Anatomy CHAP. III. Of Conception Conception is then said to be when the seed of both sexes are coupled and cherished in the cavity of the wombe and their formative virtue is become actual MAle and female while for posterity sake they condescend to venereous copulation send forth their seed together and at the same time the male into the neck of the wombe the female into her proper closet of the womb which wombe hath an admirable propriety of attracting the seed of the male wherefore
charge of the organical part though it injure the actions thereof because it is accidental as an house falls when the wood or stones are rotten or corrupted though they are not formally related to the house This answer may again be thus opposed That there is as much reason those second qualities hardness softness and the rest should be referred to the diseases of the organical parts as asperity and laevity which are also in the number of the second qualities and were by us reckoned amongst the diseases of conformation I answer That the reason holds not the same because hardness softness and the rest are not changed but upon the change of the temper it self but asperity and laevity which are affections of the superficies only do so depend upon the formative faculty that without any diversity of temper it produceth some smooth and equal some rough and unequal as appears in bones which are most dry and yet of a very even superficies and in the ventricle whose external superficies is even the internal rough and rugged and so of the rest CHAP. V. Of the Differences of the Common Disease or solution of the continuum The Differences of the common Disease or solution of the continuum are taken from the cause or the subject The causes from which the solution of the continuum happens are four to the first things thin and convenient for section are referred to the second things sharp and fit for Erosion to the third things heavy hard and dull to the fourth things fit for ruption and divulsion The solution of the continuum which is caused by cutting things is called Section UNder this are comprehended all solutions of the continuum produced by the incision of external causes either with point or edge in any part of the body The solution of the continuum proceeding from things sharp and eroding is termed Erosion Erosion is most usually produced in the parts of the body by internal causes as by sharp and biting juyces causing ulcers it is produced also sometimes by external application or things actually burning as by fire hot iron or potentially as caustick medicines and the like The solution of the continuum caused by things heavy hard and dull is called contusion This solution of the continuum is not usually manifest but hidden for in it the parts are dashed together and violently pressed which compression causeth an occult solution of the continuum The solution of the continuum proceeding from things breaking and divulsive is called ruption or divulsion This is often seen in torture in which the toes and the fingers are so distracted that they are quite separated from the other parts so by over-reaching the peritonaeum is usually burst which is the cause of a rupture Sometimes also by an over-repletion of blood the tunicles of the veins are divuls'd whence flows an immoderate flux of blood In respect of the subject or the parts of our body divers differences of the solution of the continuum are constituted and divers names are imposed on them For incision made in the flesh is called a wound but crosion an ulcer A transverse incision made in the bone is a fracture a direct a fissure but erosion is called putrefaction A transverse incision made in the veins arteries nerves and gristles retains the same name of incision and a direct of a fissure The species of peculiar solution is puncture chiefly attributed to the nerves but rupture to the membranes In all Chirurgical authors those differences of solution are contained under the term of Wounds Ulcers and Luxations CHAP. VI. Of the Accidental differences of diseases The Accidental differences of diseases are those which constitute not the genus and species of diseases but only clear the way to the understanding of some of their proprieties THE Accidental differences proposed by Authors are almost infinite of all which it would be too tedious to institute a Discourse and perhaps in our judgement of small use We shall therefore serve those to you here which are more requisite to the use of Art and more frequently occurre in the Treatise of Diseases But they are derived either from the essence of diseases or proprieties attending it or from the causes of them The essential differences of a disease flow from the very essence thereof as was before declared but the accidental differences spring from some proprieties associating with the essence of the disease as also from the causes and effects But we will here offer those onely which proceed from the essence and causes omitting the rest as in themselves common to vulgar capacities and of little use The proprieties which are companions of the essence of diseases are first Magnitude secondly Motion thirdly the manner fourthly the event 1. In respect of magnitude a disease is said to be great or little That disease is great which is very intense and is very prevalent in the perturbation of our body But that is termed little which deviates but a little from the natural constitution and induces but a small infirmity on us Galen affirms that a disease is called great for three reasons First in respect of the part if it affects a principal part or one necessary to the conservation of life Secondly in respect of the causes viz. if they be very violent and furious Thirdly in respect of the symptomes viz. if the body being stormed by this fierceness and violence be much oppressed 2. In respect of motion there are foure times of diseases considerable the beginning increase state and declination The beginning of a disease is when it is constant to the same distemper with which it was at first produced without any notable access of augmentation Increase is when the disease is sensibly seen to increase State is when the disease is beyond augmentation and reserves the same violence which was left at the highest pitch of augmentation Lastly declination is when the violence of a disease is evidently broken The division of the times of diseases is by Galen not drawn onely from the essence of the disease it self but also from the causes and symptomes viz. when from the beginning they increase to higher inflammations till they arrive to a state and in declination are mitigated and chiefly from the excrements which are at first a very crudity in increase present a kind of a rudiment of coction in their state give strong evidences of coction and in their declination shew absolute concoction and a change of excrements into better But the times of diseases are universal or particular The universal times are parts of the whole disease considered from the beginning to the end But the particular times are the parts of paroxismes apparent in intermissive diseases So the paroxismes of every disease have beginning augmentation and declination as the whole disease considered in its whole flux of time Observe that all diseases have not foure times but onely healthy ones for deadly alwayes kill before declination In motion
or not at all evacuated as in a constipation of the belly suppression of Urine c. Thirdly the Excrements are peccant in Quality either in the First Second or Third In the First when they are too Hot too Cold too Moist or too Dry. In the Second when they are thin or thick or soft viscid or spumous In the Third when they have a strange colour Smel or Tast Fourthly they are peccant in the manner of excretion when they are not expelled in due time or not thorough the usual parts or when they are too soon or too slowly evacuated CHAP. V. Of the Differences of changed Quality The Qualities of the body changed are first second or third BUT they that may deserve the name of symptomes must depend on some disease The first Qualities are heat cold moisture and dryness The second are Hardness Softness Gravity Levity Rarity Density Laevity Asperity and the rest The third are Colours Smels Tasts Sounds A COROLLARY Concerning the changed Qualities Among the changed qualities we place Heat Cold Moisture and Dryness which were before referred to the similar diseases which knits a knot difficult of resolution which we thus untye by averring that slight distempers which are only in a way to perfection and have no permanence in the part cannot be reckoned among diseases but are rather termed symptomes and changed qualities which by the vicinity or sympathy of some parts a morbous distemper being raised are generated and preserved Next asperity and laevity are here with the changed qualities which were referred to organical diseases To this it is answered that asperity and laevity if they be very remarkable so that they manifestly injure the actions of those parts wherein they reside are true diseases but if they be so slight that they are not at all troublesome to the actions and yet are produced from a preternatural cause as an humid or dry distemper it is a convincing evidence that they are true symptomes CHAP. VI. Of the Causes of Symptomes in the genus Eâ—â—â— Symptome depends upon some disease as its proper cause THIS is chiefly demonstrated in hurt-action which is the immediate effect of a disease as appears by its definition Besides it is undoubtedly true that the changed qualities do proceed from the first qualities which constitute the temperament which when it conforms to nature cannot produce qualities changed according to nature which it is evident do perpetually flow from the distemper Lastly seeing there happens no default in the excrements unless the concoctive expulsive or retentive faculties be vitiated it is very certain that this proceeds perpetually from some disease But the causes of symptomes in their species and the history of all diseases are exactly proposed in particular Pathology chap. 7. We will here illustrate onely by some examples for the better knowledge CHAP. VII Of the Causes of Injured actions The animal actions are usually hurt by various differences of distempers organical diseases and solutions of the continuum SO by the cold and moist distemper of the brain in excesse the animall actions are abolished as appears in folly and forgetfulness and by a more remiss distemper they are diminished as in fatuity and stupidity as also they are depraved by an hot distemper sometimes simple sometimes in conjunction with siccity as in a phrensie and madness Those actions are also sometimes offended by organical diseases as by obstructions and various tumors and by solutions of the continuum as by notable wounds in the head The vital actions consisting in the palsies are abolished depraved or diminished by an hot and cold distemper principally by obstruction and solution of the continuum according to the various intension or remission of causes So in feavers the pulse is depraved abolished in a syncope and diminished in a lipothymy The private natural actions are hurt only by similar diseases but the official by organical also The private natural actions related to nutrition viz. the attractive retentive and expulsive are perfected by the temper onely therefore distemper onely can hurt them but the official want the various conformation of those parts by which they are exercised they therefore are hurt by organical diseases also So the action of the ventricle liver or any other instrument is sometimes perverted by an Erysipelas a Phlegmon and other preternatural tumors and hence the concoction is depraved or diminished So also official attraction is hurt when by a carnous swelling or any other tumor arising in the throat the way is block'd up against food or else the attraction of it to the ventricle is very difficult Retention likewise is hindred by the same causes as also by the copiousness of flatulency And lastly expulsion is hindred by the narrowness and obstruction of the passages or also when it is too much provoked and accelerated by dilatation or vellication of the part CHAP. VIII Of the Causes of Symptomes which are in Excrements The errors in Excrements depend perpetually upon diseases but most usually by the mediation of the detriments of actions In this manner Too great a quantity of excrement depends either upon the weak retentive or expulsive faculty of the part by which excretion is made provoked by some vicious quality or exceeding quantity of humor SO a Diarrhaea is caused by sharp and bilious humors as also by the overflowing of some humor A vacuation also of the excrements too plentiful is caused by defect in the part containing by reason of which it is disabled to contain This happens when the orifices of the vessels are open or eroded by an internal or external cause or onely debilitated as appears in excretion of blood caused by the anastomosis diabrosis or diapeidisis of the veins The quantity of excrements is diminished either when they are sparingly generated or when the retentive faculty is too strong the expulsive too weak or when the passages are narrow and obstructed The excrements are sparingly generated either by paucity crassity or dryness of aliments or by contrary vacuations which do usually hinder the customary ones or by too much resolution of the whole body The reason of other causes is obvious CHAP. IX Of the Causes of changed quality The Symptomes which consist in the first qualities are caused by the distemper of neighbouring or sympathizing parts as is said But those which are related to the second qualities depend upon the various vitiosity of humors or distemper of the parts SO hardness is produced by dryness tension and congelation softness by humidity and so forth Lastly as to the third qualities these are the causes Colour is changed in the part either by distemper or by some humor lodged under its superficies So by a hot distemper the parts are red by a cold one pale so Choler diffused thorough the body causeth the yellow colour of men jaundised Vitiated smels arise from the putridity of the humors or of the parts Strange tasts by the excrements touching upon the tongue Preternatural sounds by
Pain A pulsatory pain is a signe of inflammation in the part aggrieved A stupid pain shews a cold distemper A sharp and eroding pain discovers exulceration Vital Actions A great and frequent pulse shews an hot distemper a small and rare one a cold distemper Natural Actions Attraction A dejected appetency and great thirst shews a hot distemper A great appetency and small thirst argues a cold distemper Expulsion Nidorous belching shews a hot distemper but acid a cold Frequent vomiting and excretion of feculencies hindred shews an obstruction lurking in the intestines Generation The appetite to coition being lost signifies a cold distemper A vehement desire of coition with a perpetual and painful erection shews an inflammatory affection Excrements By the mouth Bloud copiously expelled by coughing through the mouth shews a ruption of the vessel but a small quantity permixt with purulent matter an exulceration Belly Fragments ejected through the belly shew exulceration in the intestines Bladder Urine having red and sandy sediments is a sign of the stone or of an hot distemper of the reines scorching the humours Heart Small sweats and frequent interludes of shaking signifie an Empyema 10 Coat 1. By the acrimony of the corruption the internal parts are vellicated which is the cause of trembling but the small sweats proceed from the debilitated faculty Substance Aliments excreted in the same manner as they are taken shew a Lienteria drink if it be expelled unchanged by urine signifies a Diabete Yellow Choler excreted in the beginning of a paroxysme signifies a Tertian Feaver Manner Blood copiously flowing through the nostrils in the beginning of a Feaver signifies a synochical one Bloud flowing abundantly from any part signifies a ruption or anastomosis of the veines but softly sweating out a diapedesis Quality changed Redness in a deep grain in any part speaks a phlegnumous inflammation so redness in the cheeks signifies a peripneumony A Yellow colour shews an Erisipelatous affection so in an exquisite pleurisie the eyes do often appear as it were delineated in yellow colours so the Jaundise doth not seldome succeed bilious Feavers A yellow colour of the whole body without a Feaver shews an obstruction in the bladder of the gall The skin of the whole body preternaturally drawn in a blackish colour signifies an obstruction in the milt CHAP. VIII Of the signes of a great and a small disease A Physician who undertakes the cures of diseases is not sufficiently furnished for it by the bare knowledge of their essential differences by their proper signes for the accidental differences also are to be diligently inquired after that we may pass a certain judgement of them We will therefore propose signes of the chiefest of them viz. of those which are of near necessity to the practise of the Art in respect of which every disease is called great or small gentle or malignant acute or slow and so forth That disease is termed great which is very intense and oppresseth our body with much violence The signes of which are taken from the three heads aforesaid for we judge that disease great which being great in its Essence was produced by great and intense causes and hath great and vehement symptomes all which for clearer instruction are in order to be handled as is described in the following Table noted with the Letter E. E. A Table of the signes shewing a disease to be great or small The signes of a great or small disease are taken either from The Essence The causes Efficient External Internal Helpfull and hurtful Material or subject Effects or symptomes which are either Actions Animal Vital Natural Excrements Qualities changed That we may therefore in proposing the signes of a great disease conform to this Table we shall institute the following theorems The Essence Great distempers or inflammations great tumors great obstructions great wounds or ulcers extended to the full dimensions long broad and deep shew great diseases The Causes External Whatsoever external Causes are very prevalent in affecting our body do usually produce and discover great diseases So long and violent exercise used in a very hot air doth excite a great Feaver Internal Those humours which are nested in our body and which are the ordinary causes of most diseases if they extremely erre in quantity or quality they cause and foreshew great diseases So the bloud copiously abounding or very hot either choler copious sharp or putrified are signes of a great disease Helpful and hurtful Those diseases to which there are none or few remedies profitably many noxiously applied are accounted great Those diseases which outrage the dignity of the principal or the publickly officious parts are in respect of them judged great if they be but accompanied with any other signe of magnitude So a wound though of it self inconsiderable if it be inflicted on the Heart Liver Lungs or other the like parts is counted great in respect of the part affected as also because it produceth great symptomes EFFECTS Animal Actions Whatsoever disease introduceth a deliration profound sleeping immoderate watching privation of sense or motion or a very vehement pain discovers a great disease Vital Actions Whenever we perceive in any sick person a great frequent and difficult respiration a great frequent or else very small pulse we may safely pronounce him troubled with a great disease Natural Actions A small appetite or thirst or on the contrary an insatiable appetite and ever quaffing thirst inconcoction or a long flux of the belly and suppression of urine or a tedious and copious profusion thereof signifie a great disease Excrements A superfluous quantity of excrements or a total suppression of them or a bad colour or a most fetid smell or substance very remote from their natural one are signes of a great disease Qualities changed A Colour of the body very red yellow or pale a tast bitter in the tongue the colour thereof black and much driness declare a great disease A Corollary By these signes before mentioned we may easily discern what diseases they are which deserve the name of small diseases viz. all those in which the mentioned signes are not found CHAP. IX Of the signes of a gentle and malignant disease WE term those malignant diseases which are attended by some malignant and venomous quality and their signes may be derived from the same heads All which shall be in the following Table mark't with the Letter F orderly proposed F. Of the signes of a gentle and malignant disease The signes shewing the benignity or the malignity of a disease are drawn from either The Essence The Causes which are either Material Out of which Aliments Medicaments In which The disposition of the parts Efficient External Necessary Aire Not-necessary Venery Fortuit Wounds Internal Bloud Flegme Divers species of choler Helpful and hurtful Effects which are either Actions Animal Vital Natural Excrements ejected by Vomit The belly Urine Habit. Qualities changed and proper accidents Therefore to follow the series of this Table
or succeeding a Feaver is usually deadly as Hipp. 2. progn Because it ends not the Feaver but signifies the exolution of the native heat Intermitting quartans converted into continuals are for the most part deadly For they shew that the humors are incinerated which is almost irreparable A Pleurisie or peripneumony succeeding an Asthma is deadly Because when the cavities of the lungs are filled with pituitous humor and the lungs are debilitated there can be no anacatharsis and respiration is so hindred by both affections that the sick person must of necessity dye But yet if an anacatharsis be easily made and the other symptomes be not too vehement he may be recovered A Peripneumony after a Pleurifie is bad Aph. 11. Sect. 7. This opinion grounds upon a general axiome proposed by Hippocrates in his book of diseases viz. that the adjunction of one disease to another is a bad signe But a worse when a disease adjoyned is worse then the former worst of all when it happens upon a delumbation of strength A peripneumony therefore being more detrimental then a Pleurisie and when it succeeds that the strength being much broken by the rude oppression of the antecedent disease it is usually extraordinary bad and often deadly Therefore when Hippocrates in his Aph. in less dangerous cases uses the term bad in more perillous deadly he should certainly have used the term deadly here so that Galen may not without cause doubt whether that word bad was by Hippocrates there placed being by his testimony not found in some books The venereal disease is with much difficulty curable in a Leper Because by drying remedies such as sudoriferous the Leprosie is much exacerbated and made farre worse The causes Efficient Diseases caused by bloud are healthy unless they acquire malignity and much putrefaction Vitelline porraceous eruginous and black choler do introduce deadly diseases Material In bodies of a well disposed and laudable temper healthy diseases are most commonly generated The bladder or brain or heart or midriffe or any of the thinner intestines or ventricle or liver being torn it is deadly Aph. 18. Sect. 6. Hippocrates calls those parts torn which are much and deeply wounded So the whole tunicle of the bladder divided to the interiour space cannot be united nor such a wound viz. great and deep in the nervous parts of the midriffe or in the thin intestines But in the ventricle it is sometimes as Galen will have it but seldome cured The reason of this is because the bladder is nervous thin and bloudless whence it is that wounds in the neck thereof are curable because that is carnous But the wounds of the Liver by reason of the copious profusion of bloud are deadly if so be the veines thereof be dissected otherwise wounds which have toucht onely the outward superficies of the liver are curable So the wounds of the brain if they be not very deep are within the compass of skil but if they touch upon the ventricles they are deadly Helpful and hurtful Those diseases which deny all benefit of remedies are accounted deadly and on the contrary those that embrace many as profitable are healthy EFFECTS Animal Actions To be ones self and well disposed to things offered is good but the contrary bad Aph. 33. Sect. 2. Principal For when the mind is sound it is a signe that the brain is well and the membranes thereof as also the spinalis medulla and the whole stock of nerves and those especially which are nearest neighbours to the brain it self so when a sick person is not offended at meat and drink and other things which are offered to him this speaks the ventricle liver and other natural parts to be in indifferent good plight Deliration Now on the contrary if the sick person be in any kind of deliration or be beside his accustomed senses it is alwaies a bad signe So in Hippocrates 1. Epid. Sect. 3. aegr 1. Philiscus the third day was in a total deliration on the sixth day he dyed Again aegr 2 of the same Sect. Silenus the second day was troubled with some deliration the third he slept not at night he could not refrain from much talk laughing and singing on the eleventh day he dyed So also aegr 4. of the same Section In Thasus the wife of Philinus when she had brought forth a girle purgation being made according to nature and otherwise being in good state on the fourteenth after her delivery a great Feaver took her with a trembling the sixth day at night she was extasied to a great deliration and again returned to her senses on the eighth she talked much and rose on the tenth she had little use of her senses on the eleventh she slept remembred all but did quickly fall to her deliration again on the fourteenth she had palpitations all her body over talked much understood little but again soon relapsed to a deliration But about the seventeenth she was speechless on the twentieth she dyed And so aegr 8. of the same Section A great Feaver after supper seised upon Erasinus who dwelled upon the river Boota he passed the night with trouble the first day quietly the night molestiously On the second day there was a total exacerbation deliration at night The third day was troublesome to him with much deliration The fifth morning he returned to himself and understood every thing but at noon he raved much could not contain himself his external parts cold and somewhat pale his urine stopped About sun-set he dyed The like chances may be seen in aegr 12. of the same sect 1. aegr 13. Sect. 3. book 3. Yet we cannot infer from these examples that deliration is necessarily deadly to all sick persons for Hippocrates in the beforementioned Aph. saith onely that it is bad that is that it endangers life though many do frequently escape this danger as is evident in the same Hipp. in 1. Epid. Sect. 3. aegr 3. Where Herophon being taken with an acute Feaver on the fifth day was beside his senses on the sixt in a deliration at night he sweated was cold his deliration remained on the seventh he was foolish at night he returned to his senses slept on the ninth day he sweated was judged and intermitted On the fifth day after he relapsed was judged the seventeenth neither did he rave in this recidivation and in aegr 5. of the same section where the Wife of Epicrates which lay in at the house of Archegetes the second day after her delivery was taken with an acute feaver on the sixt with delirations on the seventh a total exacerbation sleepless she raved on the sixteenth at night troublesome exacerbations she slept not she raved On the eightenth she was thirsty her tongue scorched she slept not she was in a very great deliration she was perfectly judged from her feaver on the eightieth day We may find such like stories book 3. Epid. Sect. 1. aegr 3. and Sect. 3. aegr 7. And therefore though a
then they are not produced from a fixt cause and they shew that the morbifick matter hath removed from the stock of the veins into the bulk of the body by the concussion and violent commotion of the body evident in a Convulsion So in Hipp. 3. Epid. Sect. 3. aegr 11. In Thasus a woman being froward with grief occasionally caused could not sleep and abhorred meats was thirsty and anxious in the beginning of the night she talked much was sick in mind troubled with a small Feaver in the morning with many Convulsions talked obscenely disturbed with many great continual pains on the second day she was in the same condition slept not had a more acute Feaver On the third day her Convulsions left her she fell into drowsiness and sound sleep and again waking she leapt up being unable to contain her self she talked much was taken with an acute Feaver and the same night she sweated much in a heat all over without a Feaver she slept understood every thing and was judged About which time her months issued copiously We may gather by this story that her Convulsion appearing in the beginning was caused by repletion not from the authority of Galen onely in his commentary on this place where heaffirmes that this womans months were surppressed but also by those evacuations by which she was freed viz. by copious and universal sweats and by the plentiful effluxion of her months according to the common axiome diseases caused by repletion are cured by inanition But if a convulsion appear in the state of a disease it is more dangerous for it is either generated by siccity introduced by a feaverish adustion or by the transition of the morbisick humor to the nervous parts Those which are caused by driness are wholly pernicious and deadly but those which are produced by permutation are sometimes curable as those which proceed from the bitings of the orifice of the ventricle and in hysterical women and those which happen critically Yet they are usually difficult and very dangerous as appears by the stories proposed by Hipp. in Epid. For in 1 Epid. Sect. 1. aegr 4. In Thasus the wife of Philinus being taken with an acute fcaver after divers symptomes was on the eighth day extreme cold much convulst with pain on the ninth convulst on the eleventh she in her convulsions expelled urine very copiously But about the seventeenth day she was speechless on the twentieth she dyed So Aegr 8. of the same Section Erasinus died on the fifth day about sun-set of a pernicious disease And to him saith Hippocrates about his death happened many convulsions with sweat So Aegr 11. of the same Section the Wife of Dromeada after divers symptomes on the sixth day in the morning she was stiffe cold but speedily again heated she sweated all over was cold in her extreme parts was fond respiration big and rare soon after convulsions began from her head and she died suddenly Lastly 3. Epid. Sect. 2. aegr 4. In Thasus Philestes being taken with a very acute feaver was convulst on the fourth day on the fifth in the morning he died In acute feavers convulsions and strong pains about the bowels are bad Aph. 66. Sect. 4. It is before noted in the exposition of Aph. 26. Sect. 2. that a convulsion in an acute feaver is bad But if strong pains of the bowels come in company with it it is without doubt very dangerous for these pains are caused either by great inflammations in those parts or by an hot and dry distemper produced by a burning feaver which must be very great that it may be able to cause such pains and so it threatens death to the sick person as is evident by the stories of the wife of Philius Erasinus and the wife of Dromeada before proposed for they did not onely suffer convulsions but also hypochondriacal pains and so died Convulsions in phrenitical persons signifie that death is near Galen 12. Meth. last chap. affirms that his experience could never inform him of any one so convulst that was recovered nor ever heard he such a thing by the report of any other For this convulsion proceeds from the siccity of the nerves occasioned by the inflammation of the brain which is therefore incurable Convulsions in children are less dangerous then in those that have arrived to a full age Because as Galen relates in his comm on 3. Aphor. children do more abound with crude humors which cause a convulsion by repletion which is less dangerous then that which proceeds from inanition with which those that are full grown are more frequently molested and likewise the nervous parts in children are infirm and so convulst by a smaller cause Those who are taken with a Tetanus die within four days in which if they escape they may be cured Aph. 6. Sect. 5. A Tetanus is caused by an emprosthotonos that is a tension to the interiors and an opisthotonos that is a tension to the posteriors for in it the convulsion of the opposite muscles is equal which do therefore so vehemently afflict nature that she cannot long endure those pains cheifly when the whole body and especially the neck is stiffe with cold for then besides those horrid pains which quickly dissolve the strength the diaphragma is also affected by sympathy whereas the nerves produced to the diaphragma make out from the fourth vertebra of the neck and so the neck being convulst respiration is hardened and the persons so affected die by suffocation within four daies But if they escape them upon the mitigation and dissolution of the disease by judication which happens in extremely acute diseases on the fourth day they are freed from this dangerous disease Convulsion upon a wound is deadly Aph. 2. Sect. 5. The succession of a convulsion to a wound proceeds from four causes First when the wound happens to fall upon the great veins and arteries upon which a large flux of bloud followes which causeth a convulsion and swouning but death is not alwaies the effect of this convulsion and Syncope Secondly when the wound is inflicted upon the stock of nerves by reason of which that convulsion of the nervous parts followes which is called Spasmus Thirdly when there is an inflammation in the wound which being extended to the nerves becomes a convulsion Fourthly when the ulcer is not well purged or closed before its time or when the orifice of the wound is too narrow as in the pricking of a nerve for then the sharp putrefaction being retained vellicates the nerves and excites a convulsion But this convulsion is deadly because it insinuates by sympathy into the brain the nerves being vehemently affected and because putrid feculency retained in the wound is sometimes transmitted into the noble parts And this Convulsion saith Galen in his comm on this Aph. is deadly not as implying a necessary consequence of death but as very often introducing it Which Hippocrates himself seemed to acknowledge who in his Coac progn proposing the
be satisfied with no drink is bad For this shewes a great dyscrasy and very intense scorching of the internal parts or consumption of the primigenious moisture so in Hippan 1. Epid. Sect. 3. aegr Philiscus was among other symptomes very thirsty and dyed on the sixth day So likewise 3. Epid. Sect. 3. aegr 3. Pythion in the whole course of his disease was troubled with very great thirst and on the tenth day dyed A very depraved thirst hankering after absurd liquors and such as are not fit to be drunk is bad There are some sick persons found who are not refreshed by water syrup tempered wine or any such usual liquour but desire strong drinke disagreeing both with the disease and their nature for instance if they desire to drink vineger juyce of limmons acquavitae or any other liquor not convenient to drink And they who are thus affected are in very great danger of their life because nature is now so far run beyond her bounds that she cannot again retire to a convenient state If any in a troublesome Feaver have an hiccough the disease is very bad 1. Coac Aph. 47. For this hiccough is caused by sharp and malignant humors vellicating the interior tunicle of the stomach and stimulating the expulsive faculty thereof and Valesius saith that he never saw any person saved whom being extenuated and taken with a burning or malignant Feaver an hiccough surprised So in Hipp. 3. Epid. Sect. 2. aegr 12. a woman on the twelfth day was troubled frequently with hiccoughes and on the fourteenth dyed Platerus observed that an hiccough succeeding a burning Feaver and persevering is usually deaths nuntio and in a semitertian Feaver he experienced it to be not deadly But he observed it also to be deadly in a dysenteria An hiccough and redness of the eyes after vomiting is bad Aph. 3. Sect. 7. These two signes if in acute diseases they succeed vomiting and last for some time are accounted deadly because they denounce an inflammation of the brain or ventricle which inflammation may not onely be the cause of the hiccough it self and redness of the eyes but of vomiting also for if vomit were caused by sharp humors biting the mouth of the ventricle and the tunicles thereof those humors being expelled by vomiting the hiccough and redness would cease nor would any sharp vapour be conveyed to the eyes after vomiting which should paint them in red But when vomiting is not onely unprofitable but also introduceth an hiccough and redness of the eyes it is infallibly true that those three vomit hiccough redness of the eyes do depend upon the inflammation of the brain or ventricle For the brain being inflamed squeezes out the bloud through the small veins of the eyes by reason of the copiousness of it and effuseth it into the outermost tunicle of the eye which is called adnate whence proceeds the redness of the eyes with which the ventricle sympathizing by the nerves which from the sixth conjugation make to the mouth thereof is easily impelled to a vomit and hiccough The ventricle also inflamed induceth vomiting and after vomiting an hiccough and with an hiccough a redness of the eyes by a concourse of bloud too hot to the eyes caused by a compassionative disposition which these parts one bear to another which easily appears in the beginning of suffusions and apparitions of images before the eyes happening most usually upon the viliation of the ventricle Whence Hipp. in his book of the places in man well said that the eyes were much injured by vomiting We have an example of this hiccough succeeding vomit in the mentioned history of the woman in whom it is probable that an inflammation of the ventricle was caused by the affluxion of depraved humors to that part for on the eighth day she vomited bilious thin yellowish matter on the ninth thin bilious on the eleventh virulent bilious soon after she was extreme cold her extreme parts were cold at evening she sweated was cold vomited much passed the night with disquiet on the twelfth she vomited much black stinking matter she passed it unquietly with frequent hiccough and thirst on the fourteenth day she dyed Hiccough upon an inflammation of the liver is bad Aph. 17. Sect. 7. An hiccough then succeeds an inflammation of the liver as Gal. in his comment on this aphorisme affirmes when the inflammation is made worse and increased for then a great inflammation in the liver is so far heightned that it doth vehemently oppress the superior parts of the ventricle so that induceth an hiccough upon copiousness of matter also sometimes an inflammation or an erysipelas is produced in the ventricle nevertheless a biting is caused by it imbibed by the tunicles of the ventricle Belching In laevities of the intestines an acid ructation proceeding which before was not is a good signe Aph. 1. Sect. 6. A lienteria is most commonly caused by a cold distemper of the ventricle by which the coction thereof is abolished that the aliments are speedily excreted before either their colour smell or any other quality is changed But if in such a lienteria long contracted an acid ructation succeeds which before was not it will be a good signe for it hence appears that the distemper begins to be restored and native heat again excited which by such a lienteria was so debilitated that it could not so much as attempt a mutation of the aliment For though an acid ructation shews a notable refrigeration of the ventricle yet to discharge some flatulencies though acid ones shews less refrigeration then to send out none Excrements through the eyes If a sick persons eyes in Feavers or other diseases drop tears voluntarily it is not absurd but if not voluntarily it is more absurd Aph. 51. Sect. 4. Those are called voluntary tears which spring from some manifest and external cause as sadness greif and sometimes joy which are not dangerous But involuntary ones are either caused by inflammation of the eyes or sharp fluxions into them and these also are void of danger or they proceed from a Critical perturbation and do chiefly presage a Crisis by flux of bloud which also threaten no danger and are known to be such by the precedent signes of concoction and absence of bad symptomes or lastly they arise from the resolution of the retentive virtue which is in the corner and other parts of the eye and these are exitious which Hipp. in this aphorisme mentions and they are distinguished from the rest by the cavity and extenuation of the eyes and other symptomes which are their necessary train By the ears In a troublesome affection of the head if purulent matter flow out of the ears there is a solution This theorem is spun from Hipp. Aph. 10. Sect. 6. When the head is disturbed with pain or sounds purulent matter or water or bloud flowing through the ears or mouth or nostrills causeth a solution of the disease For these are the ordinary conveyances
such spettle is rather occult then the heat which flegme is contained in the pipes of the lungs and is there mingled with choler but choler so sharp and copious is gathered in the lungs that by it they consume putrifie and pine away After spetting of bloud follows spetting of purulent matter after spetting of that pining but upon suppression of spetting the sick persons die Aph. 15. and 16. Sect. 7. Spetting of purulent matter is not the necessary sequel of spetting bloud for bloud often flows from the brains gums and throat without any detriment So neither doth spetting purulent matter by the law of necessity attend that spetting of bloud which happens in a pleurifie and peripneumony but this aphorisme is to be understood of that spetting of bloud onely which proceeds from the lungs by the erosion of that part or the ruption of some vein dispersed through the substance thereof for spetting of purulent matter pining and death are the necessary consequents of this spetting of bloud But this spettle for that it degenerates into purulent spettle is distinguished from the before mentioned because in it the spumous and very florid bloud is by cough expelled all which conditions are not found in the other Green eruginous pale black sincere or stinking spettle is bad The green eruginous signifie an high inflammation of heat and plenty of eruginous choler The pale is caused either by black choler or extinction of heat Black proceeds from the same causes but much more powerful for both a greater adustion and refrigeration or extinction of he at produceth out of paleness blackness That spettle is termed sincere which proceeds from one humor pure and impermixt and destitute of its serum which serum is by heat consumed The setid signifies a great putridity overspreading the spirital parts That therfore al these kinds of spettle are very bad the causes now recited do sufficiently convince Spettle very crass viscid and glutinous is in a pleurifie or peripneumony bad Because it discovers a great inflammation and heat raked up within which incrassates that matter and makes it viscid so that it cannot easily be purged and not without a molestious cough and troublesome excreation which is more detrimental then beneficial Viscid and glutinous spettle with hoarsness is very bad 1. Coac ch 16. Spettle simply viscid and glutinous is bad as appeared by the precedent theorem but if this spettle induce hoarsness it shews that acrimony is joyned with viscidity which by exasperating the artery causeth hoarsness The worse therefore the matter is the worse affects it produceth and so whatever pleuritical and peripneumonical persons expel such spettle with hoarsness they are affected with a deadly disease But in others free from such affections such spettle with hoarsness glutinous and salsuginous presage aphthisis Round spettle or like hail in forme is exitious For first round spettle is necessarily crass and viscid and so as we observed vicious yea it argues incoctible matter which by a combustion being made too crass and viscid is shaped into such a forme Therefore whatever pleuritical or peripneumonical persons eject such spettle do soon after dy So likewise without a disease such spettle demonstrates a phthisis by the testimony of Galen comm in 6. Epid. Where he relates that he saw in some persons free from any Feaver such spettle who in a long time seemed not to be affected yet all of them after pined away with a phthisis but that spettle which resembles the corns of hail because it is round is of a more solid confistence and proceeds from a greater heat of the lungs and so is a more certain demonstration of a phthisis So Gal. 4. of affected places cha 9. shews the danger of this spettle in a remarkable story in these words Besides I have observed another such like affection in the lungs one troubled with a long cough and spetting a small quantity of clammy purulent matter expelled a fragment not unlike a little corn of hail and bringing it to me shewed me it and again not long after he brought another whence he did conjecture that that clammy humor which he before usually spet forth was dryed and indurated to such a substance I therefore gave him a medicine in his drink which is helpful to asthmatical persons and so it happened that he expelled lesser hail after a longer interval then heretofore nor could the affection in many years after be so mitigated but that at last he died But this for the most part did in magnitude equalize vetches though sometimes they seemed lesser sometimes bigger And so we have seen others to spet the like who yet have lived many years after some of which flied upon some other cause others by the affection of their spiritual instruments though they sent forth no bloud Froth Persons choked lying in a deliquium yet not dead cannot be revived if froth appear about their mouth Aph. 43. Sect. 2. Froth owes its production either to vehement heat exciting many vapors and mingling them with the saliva as may be seen in things put to the fire which boyl and by ebullition send forth a spume or it is caused by violent motion which in the same manner confuseth flatulency with the watry substance as is evident in the white of an egge upon long agitation and in the sea by the vehement commotion of wind They therefore who are inflamed by vehement anger running or violent exercitation may have froth in their mouth without any danger because it proceeds from a procatarctick cause So likewise epileptical persons about the end of accession eject froth at their mouth by reason of that violent and convulsory motion which by exagitation attenuates and dissolves that pituitous matter contained in the brain by which the paroxysme was excited therefore there is no danger in that neither because it is the consequence of the exclusion of morbifick matter But in those who are choked whether by hanging or drowning or a troublesome quinsie or apoplexy froth appearing in the mouth is a very bad signe and denotes a proximity of death for it signifies the last struggling of nature endeavouring by main strength to exclude the vapors contained in the lungs with which it also forceth out some of the proper humidity of the lungs and mingles it with the mentioned vapors By vomit Vomit mingled with yellow choler and flegme which is neither very crass nor very copious and hath those two humors exquisitely mingled is good Substance For such vomit is not onely laudable in respect of substance but of quantity and quality also For of all excrementitious humors flegme and yellow choler are most gentle but if being of an indifferent quantity and consistence and well tempered together they be expelled by vomit this vomit is complete in â—ll the conditions requisite to make a vomit good Bilious or pituitous vomits breaking forth in a critical day are good Vomits composed of both humors are not onely good but
those also which proâ—eed from either apart if it be the humor which caused the disease of the sick person So in bilious feavers critical effluxions of choler or pituitous of flegme cause a solution of the disease or at least promise very great hopes of health A spontaneous vomiting surprising one long troubled with a profluxion of the belly is the solution of the disease Aph. 15. Sect. 6. For the morbifick matter is revulsed into the contrary part and this revulsion signifies a refreshing of nature and resumption of strength For as a Physician labours the retreat of those things which flow into any part so nature when she begins to prevail causeth this recoile as when upon surdity she causeth bilious dejections so upon a flux of the belly she converts to vomiting For when the intestines are troubled with a fluxion it shews the power of nature if she can turn the stream of this ill affected influxion into another part If bloud is conveyed upward whatever it be it is bad Aph. 25. Sect. 4. Bloud ejected by vomit issues from the ventricle or liver and discovers apertion ruption or erosion of some vein in those parts such vomiting therefore is counted bad And this Hipp. in his Aph. mentions as also he speaks of bloud expelled by a cough which is raised from the breast or lungs Yet note that some times bloudy vomiting is good and healthy if it be critically performed though this happens very seldome yet Galen averres it 7. Meth. chap. 11.3 of cause of sympt chap. 2. and 5. of affected places chap. 7. and we have seen sometimes a pleurisie in a strong young man to have been perfectly and healthfully judged by vomiting bloud on the seventh day We also saw another who after a tedious sickness being as it were pained with difficulty of spiration upon a sudden emission of black bloud by copious vomits was freed This aphorisme therefore must be understood with this distinction viz. that the persevering and often repeated vomiting of bloud is bad but if it happen once and return again and if the solution of any disease follow it it is undoubtedly good Quantity Small and troublesome vomit in an acute feaver is bad For it is not convenient that any thing decretory should be sparingly expelled but such vacuations signifie either such a plenty of matter that nature cannot bear it but expelleth some of it symptomatically or the imbecillity of nature in vain endeavouring to remove superfluities Quality Vomits variously coloured composed of many humors are bad For they signifie that various humors are lodged in the body which cause nature the more trouble by how much more difficult it is to grapple with divers antagonists For if it be a very uneasie taske to encounter divers kinds of aliments how much more difficult and dangerous will it be to attempt to concoct and subdue various humors deviating from the prescripts of nature especially in acute diseases in which the time for skirmish is short which should be very long that we might conceive greater hopes of the victory of nature Porraceous eruginous pale black or stinking vomit is deadly For such vomit signifies that porraceous eruginous or black choler are predominant in the body But all these species of choler do usually produce malignant and deadly diseases but if a stink be joyned to them they signifie a notable corruption of humors which will soon poyson nature We find an example of eruginous vomit in Hipp. 3. Epid. Sect. aegr 4. where Philistes on the first day vomited bilious matter in quantity small yellow at first afterward much eruginous matter on the fifth day in the morning he dyed As also Sect. 3. of the same book aegr 4. where a phrenitical person on the first day vomited much eruginous thin matter on the fourth he dyed of black vomit we have an example in 1. Epid. aegr 〈◊〉 one who on the eighth day about evening vomited a little black bilious matter and on the eleventh dyed Yet it may be objected that this signe is dubious because the wife of Epicrates as we read 1. Epid. aegr 5. on the twentieth day vomited a little bilious black matter and was perfectly judged without a Feaver on the eighth We must answer that that disease was so dangerous and attended by such desperate symptomes that it was a wonder how the sick party should escape when it had held her eighty dayes But it sometimes happens that some even most deadly diseases are beyond all hope of the Physician brought to an happy conclusion which yet do not debilitate the judgements of art which imply a common though not alwaies a necessary consequence Besides this it is worth animadversion that such depraved humors are sometimes Critically expelled though this be a rare accident Lastly of stinking vomit with a train of other bad qualities we have an instance in 3 Epid. Sect. 2. aegr 12. Where a woman on the eighth and ninth day vomited a little bilious matter on the eleventh virulent and bilious on the twelfth and thirteenth much black stinking matter on the fourteenth she dyed Sincere and impermixt vomits are in acute Feavers bad 10. Prorrhet For sincere humor is not crude onely but also incoctile as excluding as well the act as the power of coction Hipp. termes every humor void of mixtion or all fervid and crude excrement not tempered with its serum impermixt Whose generation proceeds from the vitiosity of some part or from heat and febrile inflammation the aquous and serous part being exhausted therefore in an acute Feaver it shews that a great inflammation is fuelled within and most commonly by nature invincible In any disease if black choler be upward or downward evacuated it is deadly Aph. 22. Sect. 4. Such excretion is deadly as a signe and as a cause for no excretion in the cradle of a disease can be healthful and evacuation of any humor is bad before the signes of concoction For this demonstrates that the cause is very biting and troublesome or that the faculty is wholly languid when the oeconomy of nature is thus disturbed which concocts first then segregates and parts the useful from the useless lastly expels But when the peccant matter in this manner disturbing nature is very bad we must think the sick person is deadly affected But if in the progress of the disease black choler be expelled the evacuation of it may be sometimes good viz. if the signes of concoction appear with it They who are extenuated by acute or long diseases or wounds or by any other means if they evacuate black choler or as it were black bloud through their inferiors they die the day following Aph. 23. Sect. 4. Extenuation signifies great debility such dejection denotes a great disease which soon destroyes the sick person so very infirme When therefore such an evacuation happens to persons so extenuated it signifies that nature now quite enfeebled cannot any longer contain those humors but sets them at liberty and
disease ought sooner to be removed then the natural temper Lastly Paulus at the beginning of l. 4. Rightly saith he in my opinion hath Aretaeus the Cappadocian delivered to memory that the forces of the diseases ought to be stronger then the diseases and that therefore Leprosie is never cured because there is no Physick strong enough against it To the first we say that Hipp. exhibits contraries by degrees and Galen admonishes us to begin with weak things in regard of the circumstances lest the strength should be impaired or in regard of the Contra-indicants lest the crude matter should be agitated in vain the disease it self perhaps requiring equall things To the third we say That though the force of cold be lesse then that of heat and that of moisture more then that of drought yet because we regard equality in the last limit of the action therefore they shall not be accounted lesse equal if they can reduce the excesse of the disease to a moderation To the fourth I answer That poysons are also us'd in Physick if the nature of the disease require and that they be rightly prepared To the fifth I answer That the time of cure is not equal in all diseases because it is not lawful in all diseases to use equal contraries by reason of the various disposition of the subject and circumstances and though the use of them should be admitted speedinesse of cure is not requisite in all diseases by reason of the great variety of accidents more in one disease then in another To the sixth we say That though reduction ought to be made by equal contraries yet they work not with the same efficacy as in the cure of a disease which being in the disposition is more equally remov'd by contrary equals then the temperament which is in the habit and therefore more hardly corrupted Lastly to the authority of Paulus and Aretaeus we say That remedies equal to the disease in regard of the intention are more strong in regard of the effect for nature helps them and fights with them against the disease CHAP. VII Of the invention of Remedies REmedies fit for the cure of the disease are found out by a threefold way by Reason Experience and Collection of likelihoods By Reason remedies are invented through indications when the disease and the nature of the disease is known to us So we say that a Feaver indicates things that are refrigerate because we know the nature of it to be hot and hurtful to us which requires things contrary and a removal thereof By Experience Remedies are found out when by many examples it is observed that some remedies are good against some diseases though the cause of that effect be not known Galen writes that Physick leans upon two pillars Reason and Experience which is not to be understood of that rude experience which Empiricks and simple people use so rashly in all diseases but that only which concerns those diseases and those remedies whose nature and cause is unknown as Antidotes against poyson and venomous diseases are known by experience but without reason By Collection of likelihoods remedies are found out when such remedies are applied to an unknown disease as cure diseases of the like nature So in the French disease when it first began and was unknown those remedies which were used in Leprosies and foul scabs were not unfitly used for that also SECTION II. Of Indications from the Cause CHAP. I. Of Evacuations in general and their differences IN the most orderly cure of a disease first the morbifical cause is to be removed then the disease if it remain after the removal of the cause To the most lawful curation is opposed a disorderly and extraordinary which we are fain sometimes to make use of when some urgent distemper is to be removed before we take in hand to destroy the cause or else some great symptome is to be removed The morbifical cause is manifold but the chiefest and most ordinary is the humour because humours breed diseases more then any other thing The chief and most ordinary remedy against peccant humours is evacuation which is nothing else but an expulsion of the humour out of the body That is twofold universal or particular The universal is that which drawes the humour out of the whole body and the three regions thereof The first of the three regions of the body is that which contains the stomack guts Mesaraick vein and the other branches of vena porta the hollow of the liver the spleen and the sweet-bread The second region comprehends the convex part of the liver all the hollow vein and the great artery which accompanies it and whatever fals between the arm-holes and the hips The third region comprehends the muscles membranes bones and the whole substance of the body to the outward skin Besides those common Regions there are many other which are called particular in which the excrements are kept as the brain lungs reins and womb Vniversal evacuation is wont to be performed by opening a vein loosening the belly vomit and sweat For which soever of these first happens as they do very much evacuate one region so consequently they do also evacuate the rest though much more sparingly Bloud letting empties first the veins and then the arteries joyned to them by Anastomosis then the whole body and the bowels proceeding to the very roots of the veins Scowring purges first the guts stomack and bowels and then the veins and habit of the body Vomiting purges the stomack bowels and greater veins lastly the habit of the body Evacuation by sweat first purges the habit of the body then the greater veins and arteries and lastly the bowels and is a particular evacuation from the innermost part of the body bringing out the excrements from some peculiar part Of this nature is the purging of the brain through the palat and nostrils of the breast by hawking and of the bladder by urine All evacuation is either spontaneous or artificial Spontaneous is that which comes from the body without the help of Physick And this is two-fold natural or symptomatical Natural is when the vitious humours are expelled by the force of nature rightly operating Symptomatical is made either by the reason of the faculty or the matter By reason of the Faculty is when that being weak cannot retain and govern the humours of the body but suffers them to flow about without controll By reason of the Matter when the humour is peccant either in its quantity or quality so enrages it that it is forc'd to expell it out of its vessels and receptacles Being preternatural they are both vain and of no use because the benign and wholsome humor breaks forth together with the pernicious without any order or rule Artificial evacuation is that which is done by help of medicines And that is twofold Vniversal and Particular Universal is that which brings out the humours out of the whole body Particular from one part only
Again Evacuation hath a twofold end Revulsion and Derivation Though for other ends Evacuations are oft-times commended as shall afterwards appear yet because Revulsion and Derivation are most in use and have most difficulties therefore we shall explain them apart in the following Chapter together with particular Evacuation because of the great affinity between them CHAP. II. Of Revulsion Derivation and particular Evacuation REvulsion is an averting of the humour flowing into any part to the opposite and most distant parts having a regard to the original of the flux the community and good condition of the vessels Evacuation of the humour regards it either as it is in motion or in rest To the humour moving or flowing into any part revulsion and derivation is necessary to the humour resting evacuation Revulsion ought to be made in the remotest place from that part troubled with the flux as Galen teaches 13. Meth. c. 11. 2. Glaucon c. 2. and the nature of Revulsion it self shews as much for we endevour that that which is drawn back may not return which end is more easily attained if revulsion be made to the most opposite and remote parts Yet this is not simply and absolutely to be understood but with conditions supposed which shall be set down in the following Theorems The opposition or contrariety of the parts required in Revulsion hath three conditions The first condition is that revulsion be made to the original of the flux As often as the original of the flux is known Revulsion is alwaies to be opposed to it and the humours and to be drawn back to it again As for example if the Flux be from the liver to the womb the vein of the right arm is to be opened that the humour may be reduc'd to the source and original of the Flux The sentence of Galen seems to contradict this condition in his book of curing by Bloud-letting l. 6. where he would in an inflamation of the womb that the thigh should be let bloud To which we answer that the lower veins are to be cut in an inflamation of the womb not as to simple revulsion in which case it would be better to let bloud in the superior parts but for derivation also as well as revulsion By which answer other places of Galen are made plain where he teaches that the parts below the reins being affected that it is better to cut the lower veins that derivation and revulsion may be both made together when otherwise as to simple revulsion in those affections the upper veins only use to be opened The second condition is that the communion of the vessels be regarded If the original of the Flux be known it is enough to observe the first condition that the flux be drawn back to the part from whence it flowes But when that part is not known then the two latter conditions are to be observed which concern the part receiving that the communion of the vessels and the right habit of the parts be observed Those vessels are said to have a communion which have a relation to the part affected So in a flux of bloud from the nose the veins in the arm are open and not in the thigh though these are more distant from the part receiving because they have a lesser relation to the part So Galen in 13. Meth. in a flegment of the liver cuts the inner vein of the arm because it keeps correspondence with the liver by a large and broad way So also l. de tremor If saith he you cut the veins which have no agreement with the part affected you do that part no good and hurt the sound part by drawing from it that bloud which it may want The third condition is to observe the right direction of the vessels This condition is of most moment and chiefly to be observed in all revulsions for it is founded upon the neer consent and relation which the parts of the same side have one to another which is confirm'd by many experiments The right side of the womb is so much hotter then the left that thereby the right side formeth males the left females The cause of this increase of heat is the directnesse of the liver to that part for the vicinity and community of the vessels are not alike to both parts A Palsie possesses an exact half of the body the other unhurt and yet the humour fals down from the third and fourth ventricle of the brain in which there is no separation of the right from the left So the liver being inflamed if bloud break forth from the right nostril it cures it if from the left only it avails not there being but one vein which comes from the liver to each nostril If the left arm be open the spleen is evacuated and the left side which would not so fall out from the right arm Yet the left if you look at the communion of the veins draws not from the right but by the intervening of the the liver And lastly 6. Epid. Hip. saith that the permutations of diseases Crisis and Apostems are made directly and in a straight line But why the direction of the vessels should avail so much is hard to say though there are many opinions among which to let go the rest the most probable is that which hath been confirm'd by certain very grave Authors that there are many channels that run through the whole length of the body by which there is a free passage upwards and downwards of every thing contain'd in the body which notwithstanding are not distributed through the sides But those channels because they are not conspicuous to the sense are confirmed by two reasons besides the above mentioned experiments The first is taken from the end seeing that nature being solicitous for the conservation of individuals constitutes them as it were of two parts that so the one suffering any mischance the other may remain whole Thus when by any misfortune one eye ear or arm perishes by the other eye ear or arm life is preserved and so as it were two living creatures the right and left being joyned into one she hath made their life more lasting The second reason is taken from the event For an alteration is made suddenly from the right foot to the right arm or shoulder and contrary as also the right part of the head being affected and the humour descending the right part of the neck swels soonest so the humour staies there or if it descend to the breast the right fide is repleted sooner then the left or lastly if the humour descend to the inferiour parts it causes the gout in the right side sooner then in the left By the same reason the foot being afflicted in an Epilepsie some matter ascends to the head which could not be unlesse those channels were granted which as they are hidden in dead men so are they manifest in those that live and through those the humours are carried straight forward ascending
or descending finde an easie way if they be drawn expell'd or any other way mov'd up and down by the force of remedies By what we have said before the opinion of the Arabians is easily confuted who make revulsions without observing that directnesse of the vessels to any terms of contrariety of which they make three sorts from the upper parts to the lower from the fore parts to the hinder from the right to the left Whence Avicen fen 10. l. 3. tract 5. c. 1. in a Pleuresie and other internal inflamations first causes a vein to be opened in the ankle of the same side secondly the common vein in arm of the contrary side and lastly the inner vein of the same side Which doctrine is manifestly contrary to Hippocrates and the true method of curing Besides this also the Arabians are defective in numbring the Diameters or quarters of the body when as they constitute only three for they should have joyn'd a fourth that is from internal to external which Galen proposes in his Book of Revulsion and that is observed in a Pleuresie when a vein is cut in the same side for then revulsion is made from the interior parts to the exterior Revulsion is double Vniversal and Particular Vniversal is that which observes the whole body and in that respects the contrary terms whence the humours flow This is chiefly performed when the greater veins are cut and the Liver as the original of the fluxions is exhausted and is therefore the most useful and most secure that when the original of the flux is not known that Revulsion be performed by the greater veins through the liver for so the veins being emptied they retain the rest of the bloud and will not permit it to flow whence Galen first ad Glaucon 14. would have the flux of inflamations drawn back either from either to the common vessel or to the original of the flux So 2. Acut. c. 10. What ever vein is opened it empties the whole because there is but one conflux and passage of all things in the body But with this difference that some veins exhaust some parts sooner then others Particular Revulsion which is also called local is that which in one member only respects the contrary terms and bound This is observed in the opening of lesse veins which draw only from one part and simply deserves not the name of Revulsion and is properly to be referred to der vation and therefore only retaining the name of Revulsion that these precepts may be consentaneous with the doctrine of Galen who cals derivations of this nature by the name of Revulsion For explaining the 68. Aphor. of Hipp. sect 5. who so writes The hinder part of the head being affected a vein is to be cut in the forchead he saith that Revulsion ought to be according to longitude upward and downward according to latitude in the right and left hand according to depth from the foreparts to the hinder and that therefore the hinder part of the head being affected Revulsion ought to be made by cutting a vein in the forehead which is particular and local Revulsion and in a plethorick body ought not to be used but after universal Revulsion Derivation is an averting of the humour flowing to any part through the near parts Because Derivation is like particular Revulsion therefore from the explication of the foregoing Theorem the nature of Derivation is made plain enough In Derivation the communion of the vessels is perpetually to be observed Derivation in this differs from Revulsion because that is made to the opposite and distant parts this to the near part so in a fluxion that fals down to the teeth and eyes a vesicatory is applied behinde the eyes for derivation of the humour Particular Evacuation is that which evacuates the humour out of any particular place But this is to be done after Revulsion and Derivation The manner of it is twofold Sensible or Insensible Sensible is performed either by the passages made by nature for that purpose or by Iron and Causticks So the Brain is evacuated through the nostrils and Palat the Bladder through the Ureter the Lungs through the rough Artery the Bladder through the Ureter that is to say through natural channels But the matter of Apostems and things of that nature contained in a part which wanteth channels we draw forth by artificial opening Insensibly it is performed through the pores and insensible passages of the parts and this is properly called Resolution So the matter contained in any part breeding swellings and such like affections is resolved by fomentations oyntments plaisters and such like remedies without any manifest evacuation In the right administration of Revulsion Derivation and particular Evacuation the following Theorems are to be observed When a flux urges very much revulsion is to be used but when it is almost spent derivation then when the flux fals down no more but that the humour is fixed in one place particular evacuation When the matter that flows is venomous it is not to be drawn back but from the beginning to be vacuated through the part receiving So in Carbuncles malign Scabs small Pox pestilent and pockie Bubo's It is not lawful to cut a vein for revulsion but only for simple evacuation if the body be very Plethorick Revulsion Derivation and particular Evacuation may be performed altogether at one and the same time with one and the same evacuation Although Revulsion Derivation and particular evacuation seem in a manner contrary one being to be done to the distant the other two to the near parts yet there may be many evacuations partaking of them all together If the middle distance between the near and most remote part as in a Pleuresie when a vein in the arm is opened that which flowes is drawn back that which is near to the receiving is deriv'd and that which is fixed in the narrow passages of the part is evacuated But these evacuations made together and at once are most profitable as may be collected out of a precept of Galen not known to the common Physicians 6. Epid. sect 2. where he teaches that a man must not insist upon revulsories all the time of the flux but the middle time is to be interposed for the vacuation of the humour contained in the part For so at length the flux will cease if the flowing matter be averted by distant revulsions and that by near evacuations the pain and heat of the part be taken away which are the causes of the flux If therefore the humour flowing it be granted that by a moderately remote section of a vein a man may both avert and evacuate no doubt but that is to be embraced Which Galen observes in an inflamation of the liver and in other cases as also is usually done in a Pleuresie as we have shewed above Lastly out of Galen 13. Meth. c. 10. If a flux only is to be cured the most distant part is to be cut if a
repletion the nearest part Hence it appears that where they are both joyned together there a moderate distance is to be observed But when Revulsion and Derivation are performed both at once from one vein that moderation is to be used that the vacuation be not little which being only agitated increases the flux rather then allay it by extraction of the humour and care must be taken that the same day if nature suffer or at farthest the next day that the same vein be opened again This is a most useful precept and of great moment in Physick though many regard it not to the great dammage of their patients for if at first the bloud be sparingly let out and not in a sufficient quantity it runs more vehemently into the part Then it being not lawful to exhaust the whole at the first section but only as to the change of colour according to Hippocrates and that the strength will not bear a greater it remains that what the first section only left the second should take away And whereas the place affected being emptied it sucks bloud from the near places and vitiates it unlesse it be taken away by the benefit of that second evacuation it is unavoidable that it should putrefie and breed a greater mischief The quantity of Revulsion and Derivation ought to answer the quantity of the flux if the strength can bear it So when the flux is great if derivation and revulsion is to be performed by bloud-letting the bloud must be taken away in that quantity that it may exhaust all the matter of the flux regard being had to the strength that they are able to bear a total evacuation And here we may take notice of that notorious precept of Hipp. 2. de vict rat in acu text 10. where he teaches the manner and limit of bleeding in inflamations especially in Pleuresies that is to the alteration of colour For that change of colour shewes that the bloud comes from the very part affected as Galen teaches in his comment on these words Whatever bloud saith he is contained in flegmone that changes colour through the abundance of heat but the rest remains alike in all parts For that cause the bloud which is diffused through the whole body being more flegmatick will be more ruddie in that side which is oppressed with the flegmone But if the bloud which is diffused through the whole body be more ruddy it would be more adust and blackish in the side possessed with the flegmone Therefore change of colour certainly signifies a translation of the bloud from the part affected But a man must not alwaies expect it as Galen observes there by reason of the failing of the strength While the humour flowes violently the greater veins are to be opened so the nature of the place and situation of the parts permit it Because a quick and sudden Revulsion is made through the greater veins and for the most part Derivation also which may resist the celerity of the flux CHAP. III. Of Letting Bloud THE viciousnesse of the humours is twofold in quantity and quality That is called Plethora this a Catochymia A Plethora indicates bloud-letting a Cacochymia purging This Theorem includes a very great Controversie concerning the indications of bloud-letting which hath variously troubled the wits of Authors and entangled them in many difficulties From which that we may the more easily disingage our selves we shall follow the principles laid in the former Section where the nature of things indicating and things indicated is rightly stated and they exactly distinguished from Coindicants and Correpugants First therefore it is to be supposed that we do here take bloud-letting for a species of evacuation and a remedy to evacuate the bloud Which being granted we say that bloud-letting is indicated only by a Plethora or fulnesse which signifies a redundancy of bloud when as but one thing can be indicated by one thing and the thing indicated ought to be contrary to the thing indicating but to plenty of bloud the diminution thereof is directly opposed which Galen acknowledges while he teaches that bloud-letting is indicated by the multitude of bloud condition of the strength and youthful age But when l. de ven sect and in many other places he sets down simply the foresaid indications of bloud-letting that is the greatnesse of the disease the good condition of the strength and vigorous age adjoyning them to plenitude he doth not give them properly and strictly the name of Indications as from that which followes shall appear 1. One thing is only indicated by one thing as hath been shewed c. 3. sect 1. therefore bloud-letting cannot be indicated by three things 2. Strength and age when they are referred to natural things never can truly indicate but only coindicate as is above demonstrated c. 4. sect 1. 3. The greatnesse of the disease the law of contrariety-being observed which ought to intercede between the indicant and the thing indicated cannot indicate any thing but the greatnesse of the remedy And so purging being as great a remedy as bloud-letting they are both equally indicated by a great disease but not bloud-letting particularly Which Galen seeing 4. Meth. saith the greatnesse of the disease indicates now purgation now bloud-letting by which is shewn that the greatnesse of a disease is not a true indicant of bloud-letting because it is not one thing nor perpetual 4. From the same law of contrariety when bloud-letting is a kinde of evacuation and that there ought a contrariety to intercede between a great disease and evacuation but there being no contrariety one thing cannot be indicated by another Neither will it suffice to say they are contraries by accident for true indicants ought to indicate of themselves a contrary remedy 5. There are many great diseases for which bloud-letting is not convenient as a Hectick Feaver and whatever are caus'd by emptinesse and therefore the magnitude of a disease is no true Indicant of bloud-letting Therefore we say that Galen makes the magnitude of a disease to indicate bloud-letting not that it properly and truly does so which some late writers endevour to defend but that it is a sign which shewes a vehement distemper in the bloud as often as the disease proceeds from thence and that viciousnesse of the bloud requires bloud-letting Strength and age coindicate only and are said to indicate through a large acception of the word as we have shewed above that Coindicants are often by Galen termed Indicants The magnitude of the disease indicates bloud-letting conditionally that there is no other remedy through the abundance of bloud for else the Plethora being absent the disease might be cured other waies as by fasting exercise c. A Plethora is either as to the Vessels or the Strength A Plethora as to the Vessels is caused either when all the humours are equally increased and is simply called a Plethora or else when the bloud only redounds superfluously and is called
a Plethora of bloud when another humour exceeds the bloud in quantity and exceeds also all the other humours they also abounding above their just measure it is called a Plethora of that humour Lastly when one humour exceeds all the rest they being equally poys'd it is called a Cacochymia Cacochymia is a vice in the quality as the other is in the quantity for bloud may be increased without a vice in the quality though not other humours Plethora as to the Strength is that which though it do not fill the vessels extraordinarily yet it oppresses the faculties of the body especially the natural so that when it cannot be rul'd by them it degenerates into corruption Again of Plethora's some are light some heavie some present some future same common some proper Bloud-letting is also convenient for Revulsion Derivation and to cool the whole body not of it self but by accident Bloud-letting of it self drawes out a multitude of humours contained in the veins but by accident it makes a revulsion and derivation of the humours flowing to some part It refrigerates also the body by accident by drawing forth part of the hot humour and giving a free transpiration to that which is left From the foresaid Theorems may be easily gathered the solutions of all arguments which are brought by many to prove that bloud-letting is not indicated by a Plethora For in those who have fallen from a high place though there be no manifest Plethora present yet they breath a vein because there is a Plethora as to the strength for they being weakned by the fall cannot rule the humours which before nature kept well in order while the party was in health therefore is that bloud-letting for revulsion of the humours that began to flow to the bruised parts So in an immoderate flux of the bloud breathing a vein is commended not as it is an evacuation but as it is a revulsory medicine So in putrid Feavers a vein is opened to cool the body or because there is a Plethora as to the strength For nature being delivered from part of the burthen by which she was oppressed the more easily sustains and tames with lesse difficulty that which is behinde Lastly a light Plethora which may be cured by exercise wants not bloud-letting but that only which is more heavy and produces or shortly will produce some great disease Among those things which vindicate bloud-letting the strength of the body obtains the first place which if it be firm and lusty doth well permit it but if it be faint and languid will not allow thereof The Strength is comprehended under a threefold number of the faculties but especially in the vital faculty for if from a big and equal pulse and free breathing it appear undiminished and lusty it permits bloud-letting but if on the contrary it appear weak and faint by the pulse and manner of breathing it disswades bloud-letting Though the morbifick cause or the disease it self do require this kinde of remedy or at most perswades it to be done sparingly and at at several intervals But the faint strength is diligently to be distinguished from the oppressed strength The strength is oppressed by internal causes as obstruction and abundance of humour and then they are relieved by evacuation They are dissolved and dissipated by most evident causes as by the heat and malignant corruption of the air by labour watching famine or any immoderate vacuation fiercenesse of pain violence of the disease and diuturnity likewise and other such like and then refreshing and renewing is rather to be used then evacuation When the strength is faint and oppressed the pulse is equall but with this difference for at the beginning of a disease when the strength is oppressed the pulse is perceived to be little and almost buried but when they are faint and languishing in the increase and vigor of the disease with which the formentioned causes concur A vigorous age coindicates also bloud-letting Which is in the middle between youth and old age but childhood and old age allow not of it but in cases of urgent necessity and that with extreme caution used Age neither coindicates nor is correpugnant unlesse in respect of the strength which in a childe and old man are so weak that they can hardly sustain bloud letting For children have a soft tender and open body which of it self is continually wasted and dissolved And as for old men they want spirits and heat and therefore Hip. 4. de vict rat in morb acut teaches that a vigorous age where the disease is great and the strength not impaired requires bloud-letting whhom Galen following 21. Meth. c. 14. â— de cur rat per vew sect forbids to let bloud before the 14. year and after the 70. which is to be understood of that more full evacuation used by the ancients for a moderate bloud-letting which is but equall or inferior to the strength and fulnesse of humour overy age can beat if it be vigorous and lusty for age is not to be measured by number of years but by the constitution of the strength and habit of body Which Celsus elegantly confirms l. 2. s. 10. The Ancients saith he judged that the first and last age could not brook this kinde of remedy and did perswade themselves that a woman with childe cured this way would prove abortive But experience afterward shew'd that there was no certainty in these things and that there are other better observations by which the Physitian may inform his judgement For it matters not what the age be nor what is born in the body but what the strength is and therefore a strong childe a lusty old man and a healthy woman with childe are safely cured So Rhasis in a decrepit old age oppressed with a violent Pleuresie let bloud and Avenzour opened a vein in his childe not above three years old and that with successe And daily we see that children of four or five years of age are recovered from dangerous diseases by bloud-letting The quantity of bloud to be let is judged by the greatnesse of the vice in the bloud and so a great disease indicates the letting of much bloud a moderate disease moderate bleeding a little one little The quantity the strength of the patient coindicates which if they are lusty then he may safely bleed as much as the disease requires if weak lesse if very weak not at all In a great distemper of the bloud the ancients were wont to let the patient bleed to swouning which is not to be understood of those who are afraid of bleeding or if it happen through some other cause beside that extraordinary bleeding but when it happens only by reason of the evacuation such a kinde of bloud-letting as this they used in great inflamations burning Feavers and extreme pains And Galen affirms that he hath found by experience that if in burning Feavers the patient bleed to swouning that presently the whole habit of the body
is cooled and the Feaver extinguished and that many by loosnesse and sweating have been clearly restored to health But this evacuation to swouning in our time is little in use and by the vulgar blemished by the name of rashnesse And therefore it is best to stop and to draw as much bloud as would bring the patient to swoun at two or three times without any fear of swouning and lesse hurt to the natural strength Causes also external and internal coindicate the quantity of bleeding The internal causes are the temperament habit and age A hot and moist temper endures more plentifull bleeding then a cold and dry An extenuated soft and slender habit of the body cannot endure a great evacuation of bloud but on the contrary a fleshy thick and firm A very fat habit of body very hardly sustains bleeding Though such a habit be not subject to dissolve yet because it hath narrow and slender vens which when they are emptied the fat easily straightens there is danger lest it extinguish the natural heat and therefore is prejudiced by bleeding A youthful age endures more bleeding then childehood or old age The external causes are the Countrey season posture of the heavens vacuation suppressed or else immoderate custome of diet manner of living or evacuating In a hot and dry Countrey men must bleed lesse Because such a Countrey consumes much of the natural heat bloud and spirits whence the strength is consumed and lesse quantity of bloud is left in the veins A cold and moist countrey endures more bleeding lesse that which is most cold but a temperate Countrey endures a larger then any A cold and moist temper of the air keeps in the humours and the natural heat and dissolves them not but in a very cold countrey the bloud being as it were congealed hardly gives way to evacuation then the internal parts if they remain destitute of their heat are in danger to be extinguished by the ambient cold As to the seasons of the year the Spring permits most bleeding next Autumn then Winter least of all Summer In the most hot and most cold posture of the heaven the bloud is to be sparingly let forth in a temperate more plentifully Any accustomed evacuation suppressed requires a larger emission of bloud A voluntary evacuation that takes not away the matter of the disease doth not exclude bleeding so the strength be not much impaired thereby but in respect of this the bloud is to be let out more sparingly and the evacuation to be suppressed if it will more impair the strength Spontaneous evacuation if it bring away the morbifick matter if it do ease the patient and is able to void as much as you require you must then leave it to nature if that be not able you shall vacuate so much bloud as that both evacuations joyned together may be able to do the work They that live frugally and sparingly either out of custome or by reason of some disease are more sparingly to be let bloud then those that live more intemperately Those that are accustomed to bleeding bear it with lesse danger then those who are not accustomed to it In such diseases as require bleeding there you must let bloud at the beginning The time of letting bloud is shewn by the presence of those Indicants that require such a remedy for in the beginning of a disease those Indicants do chiefly concur in respect of themselves and of the strength which then is more vigorous also because nature in the progresse of the disease being intent upon concoction and its contention with the disease is not to be called away from her work If the beginning of the disease be omitted or that then sufficient quantity of bloud hath not been taken away it is to be let forth at other times if the signs of fulnesse and crudity still appear and the strength can bear it and that other coindicants concur or at least hinder not Among those things which forbid bleeding at the beginning of a disease and at other times crudity of the stomack is not the least or the inconcoction of the meat in the first vessels This precept is propounded by Galen 9. Meth. c. 5. therefore unlesse the distemper of the bloud be very vehement bloud-letting is to be deferred till those humours be concocted lest being drawn to the liver they should beget obstructions and should do more harm then bloud-letting could do good In those diseases where there is either a certain remission or intermission Bloud-letting may be used either ie the remission or intermission In the fits and exasperations of Feavers there is the greatest conflict of nature with the disease at which time nothing is to be stir'd nor is the strength required for the conflict to be weakned by bleeding which is elegantly expressed by Celsus c. 10. l. 2. in these words If a vehement Feaver urge in the very vehemency thereof to let bloud is to kill the man When an affection urges vehemently a vein is to be opened at any hour but in those that intermit the fittest time to let bloud is the morning two or three hours after Sun-rising For then the meat eaten the day before is well concocted and the strength is more vigorous also in the morning the bloud is more full of power and is more thin and apt to flow CHAP. IV. Of Purgation PUrgation is an evacuation of the humours peccant in quality This definition is proposed by Galen Comm. in 2. Aph. sect 1. which that it may be rightly understood you must know that by vice of the quality is not meant a meer distemper for to that alteration only were sufficient but rather a Cacochymie or a redundancy of evil humours Of this sort are all excrementitious humours which being mixed with the bloud are contain'd in the veins or without them but those are of two sorts others natural others preternatural Natural are those which are generated according to nature as sweet flegm choler melancholy and the serous humour which if they are generated in due proportion and quantity need not any vacuation but if they abound in greater quantity are to be purged out but the excrementitious humours which are preternatural are those which are produced contrary to nature as yellow green eruginous glasteous and black choler as also sharp and salt flegm which humours when they ought by no means to be in the body the least quantity of them breeds a Cacochymia and indicates purgation if it cannot be removed by diet exercise and lighter labours But to every species of the peccant humour there ought to be corresponding a proper species of purging medicine And so for flegm medicines that purge flegm for choler medicines purging choler for melancholy things that purge melancholy for the serous humour things that purge aqueous and watry humours and for mixt humours mixt medicines are to be used Purgation is coindicated by the strength temperament habit age sex manner of living of the patient
are more easily carried upwards but in the winter the contrary happens Neither is it repugnant to this opinion which Hipp. observes li. de Salub diat that in the six winter moneths vomiting is to be used For that is explained by Galen to be only understood of flegm which is collected in the stomack for that is to be purged away by vomit but the rest of the body by stool Those who are of a slender habit are more easily purged upward but thick and fleshy people downward This Theorem is taken from Aph. 6. 7. sect 4. and the reason is because lean people are more cholerick fleshy people more flegmatick Beside that these through the weight of the caul and muscles of the abdomen cannot vomit but very laboriously and violently and with much danger of breaking some vessel in the breast Those who have a disposition prone and easie to vomit by these vomiting may be easily endured but those that vomit difficultly must not be permitted to vomit Those that are not prone to vomit cannot be made to vomit but by very vehement medicines which endangers a ruption of some vein in the breast through straining Those who are accustomed to vomit may the more easily be purged by vomit but they who use it not difficultly Vomiting was much used among the Ancients for which cause they endured more vehement vomitories But in our times that custome is out of use and therefore the greater warinesse is to be observed in giving vomits and good heed must be taken to know when vomiting may be used when purging and which is most commodious For nature her self hath made a way through the guts to the ejection of excrements and therefore hath made them lesse noble and indeed the way is shorter and straighter from the whole body to the guts then to the stomack and many more and greater veins are carried to the guts then to the stomack CHAP. V. Of the preparation and concoctions of the Humours THE noxious humours before they be purged are to be prepared and concocted The preparation of humours is made by art concocted by nature Concoction is the alteration of the substance into a better condition which is done by the force of heat In this concoâ—tion differs from alteration that alteration changes the qualities and concoction the substance This is twofold the one is called pepsis the other pepasmos Pepsis is that true and proper concoction which changes the nourishment into the substance of our bodies Pepasmos is when a vicious and putrid humour which cannot be changed into the substance of the body is changed into something better and more convenient to nature as into purulent matter or something like to it Tumours arising from bloud are changed into true purulency as also the corruption which is generated in ulcers But putrid humours which are contained in the veins are not converted into true matter but into something else of a like nature an example whereof is seen in the sediment of Urine The preparation of humours which is made by art respects either the humours themselves or the waies through which those humours are to be purged Hot humours are to be refrigerated cold humours are to be heated thick humours are to be cut and attenuated glutinous and clammy humours are to be cleansed thin ones to be thickned Though many imagine contrary to Avicen that the humours the thinner they are are so much the more easily purged and are never to be thickned yet it is more agreeable to reason that they should be moderately thickned For as chaffe is blown here and there by the winde so saith Avicen the cholerick humour through its lightnesse being agitated here and there is not easily brought away by medicaments or expelled by nature till it be moderately thickned The way through which the humours are to be purged must be made open and free and the stomack also to be without any nauseousnesse lest it should be averse to the medicament and vomit it up again The guts must be also emptied lest they resist the course of the humours and the obstructions of the bowels must be opened Any preparation which is made by art and help of remedies is used not only to help purgation but also to promote concoction of the morbisick humour Because the morbifick humour being weakned by the preparing remedies is more easily overcome by our heat and brought to a Pepasmos therefore these preparing medicaments by the Physicians though improperly are called concocting because they conduce to the alteration and concoction of the morbisick humours CHAP. VI. Of Evacuation by Urine BY Urine are evacuated the serous and cholerick humours and the thinner flegm from the whole body Though in the ordinary works of nature a watry humour is only evacuated as the superfluity of drink as also the gibbous part of the liver reins bladder and the vessels serving to them are purged more commodiously those waies Yet sometimes the whole body evacuates some thinner humours by those passages as we see in Crisis performed by Urine with good successe And therefore the Physician must promote these evacuations with fit remedies In those diseases chiefly whose matter is to be evacuated by degrees and by little and little evacuation is to be performed by Urine Diuretick medicines evacuate the body but by little and little and therefore they profit not such in diseases that want present evacuation When evacuation is performed by Urine heed is to be taken lest the humour which is to be brought away be much and plentiful for it is to be feared that while the humour is compelled to the narrow passages it should obstruct them by its redundancy and shut up the passages both to themselves and others Therefore the Physicians before they use Diureticks bring away a good quantity of the peccant humour by stool and afterwards evacuate the reliques by Urine If the reins bladder or other vessels destin'd to this use are inflamed or any such like way affected vacuation by urine is not to be used Because it is against reason to bring the humours to the part affected and weak CHAP. VII Of Evacuation by Sweating BY Sweat may be purged forth whatever thin humours or that are subject to be made thin are contained in the habit of the body and veins or may be brought to those parts In this evacuation nature and the operation of the Physician seems contrary For nature critically dissolves only acute diseases by sweat but the Physician endevours the cure of chronical diseases by this evacuation The reason is because sweat cannot be provok'd by art without heating the body which is most dangerous in acute diseases but in long and cold diseases it is profitable because thereby the flegmatick humours fixed to the parts are attenuated and by little and little brought away That evacuation which is made by sweat the strength impaired a hot temper and cholerick and multitude of matter will not permit By the use of
Nettles Fruits Colocynth Juices Elaterium Gums Pitch Euphorbium Ammoniack Animals Castor Pigeons dung Cocks dung Goats dung Minerals Sulphur Compounds Oyls Balanine of Mustard Emplaisters of Melilot of Lawrel-berries Sulphur Oxycroceum CHAP. VIII Of Suppurating Medicaments SUppurating Medicaments are moderately hot and moist and like to the temper of the part to which they are applyed and so they increase the natural heat thereof where by the putrifying bloud is concocted and changed into true purulency In our bodies there use to be but three sorts of alterations according to Galen 5. de simpl med fac cap. 6. One is plainly natural when the meat is concocted for nourishment in the ventricle liver and other parts The other is wholly preternatural when the substances contained in the body contract putrefaction The third is partly natural partly preternatural and is called Suppuration For when the bloud contained in the part by contracting a putrefaction hath obtained a preternatural heat it is altered and concocted by the natural heat of the part so that both heats working together neither a perfect concoction nor absolute putrefaction is produced but a middle operation called Suppuration by which the humour is not made fit for nourishment but is reduced to a certain moderation of substance and qualities more consentaneous to nature But now the Medicaments which promote suppuration are those which increase the natural heat and cause it to be more vigorous in exerting its strength Such are those which have a heat like that heat of the part to which they are applyed and so cherish it and make it more vigorous Those are very like emollient Medicaments yet distinguished in this by Galen's testimony that Emollients are hotter and dryer and so consume some of the humour contained in the part but suppurating Medicaments being more temperate keep in the whole moisture Moreover suppurating Medicaments being exactly such ought to be Emplastick for that the heat may be retained in the part the pores thereof ought to be obstructed lest a dissipation should be made through them now it is proper for emplastick Medicaments to shut up the pores The matter of suppurating Medicaments Simples Roots of Althea Lillies Onions bak'd under the ashes in tumours that hardly come to suppuration very efficacious Leaves of Mallowes Althea Bears-breech Coltsfoot sowr Dock Seeds of Althea Fenugreek Flowers of Camomil Melilot Gums liquid Pitch Turpentine Rosin Ammoniack Bdellium Meals of Wheat Hemp Fenugreek Animals Butter Sheeps dung Hogs Calves Capons Goose grease Harts marrow Calves marrow yelk of an Egge Compounds Oyls of Lillies Camomil Flower-deluces common Oyle Hydreleum Oyntments Basilicum of Althea Agrippa Resumptivum Emplasters Diachylum magnum of Mucilages CHAP. IX Of cleansing Medicaments TO cleanse away the matter corruption and other filth of broken impostumes or unclean ulcers we use cleansing Medicaments which by their roughnesse and nitrous quality remove the matter impacted in those parts The cleansing faculties depend not on the first qualities for cleansing Medicaments are both hot and cold but on a roughnesse and nitrous quality which being joyned with heat works more powerfully because the clammy matter sticking to the part being attenuated by the heat is more easily cleamed away The matter of these cleansing Medicaments is this Simples Roots of Smallage Orrice both Birthworts Gentian Leaves of Wormwood Centaury the lesse Horehound Smallage agrimony Plantain Pimpernell Seeds of Smallage Plantain Juices of the foresaid leaves Wine Meal of Lupines Beans Fenugreek Barly Hemp. Gums Turpentine Aloes Frankincense Myrrhe Animals Hony Urine Minerals Burnt Vitriol Rust Salt-peter Compounds Syrups of dry Roses Hony of Roses Oyls of Myrrhe Tartar yolks of Eggs of Elder Oyntments Aureum of Elicampanes Apostolorum Aegyptiacum cleansing oyntment of Smallage Emplasters dejanua gratia Dei Divinum CHAP. X. Of Sarcotick Medicaments SArcotick Medicaments are those which promote the generation of flesh wanting in an ulcer or wound This they perform by moderately drying and gently cleansing the filth of the ulcers therefore they are to be moderately hot and dry and void of all acrimony for if they were hotter and more acrimonious they would melt the flesh if cold and astringent they would cicatrize the wound before the ulcer were filled with flesh It is the proper office of nature to generate flesh by the assimilation of the nourishment but Sarcotick Medicaments cannot perform that of themselves but only help the action of nature removing the impediments for filth and superfluous moisture abounding in an ulcer are wont to hinder the generation of flesh hence by gently drying and cleansing Medicaments the ulcer is purified and disposed for the action of nature endevouring the generation of new flesh The matter of Sarcotick Medicaments is this Simples Meals of Fenugreek Tares Lupines Gums Frankincense Pitch of both sorts Turpentine Sarcocoll Aloes Myrrhe Minerals burnt Lead Ceruse Compounds Unguents Basilicon Aureum Pompholygos Apostolerum Emplasters de Janua de gratia Dei divinum of Betony CHAP. XI Of Cicatrizing Medicaments CIcatrizing Medicaments are those which make the flesh of the ulcer like skin by much drying and binding it That the flesh being divested of skin may be cicatrized the outward superficies thereof must be very much bound contracted and dryed so that cicatrizing Medicaments being drying and binding seem to be near allied to agglutinating Medicaments yet they differ in this that cicatrizing Medicaments more powerfully dry and binde for they do not only consume that which flowes into the flesh and is excrementitious moisture but also they dry the very substance of the flesh and turn it almost into the nature of the skin The matter of Epuloticks is this Simples Plants Malicorium Plantain Myrtle Balaustia Roses Minerals Bole Armoniack terra Sigillata Litharge Ceruse Lapis Haematites Calaminaris Cadmia Pampholyx drosse of Iron burnt Lead Squama aeris burnt brasse burnt Antimony Lime burnt Allum burnt Vitriol The six latter must be well washed till they have lost their acrimony Compounds Unguents white oyntment of Rhasis red Desiccativum Diapompholygos Emplastrum de Cerussa of the stone Calaminaris Diapalma Paracelsus CHAP. XII Of Medicaments stopping Bloud THose Medicaments which stop the bloud flowing from any part use to be of three sorts for they either do it by a peculiar property or as they are Emplastick and stop the open veins or as they burn and sear the wounded part and cover it with a crust The matter of the most principal of them is this Roots of Lungwort Cinkfoyl Leaves of Knotgrasse Burnet Horsetail Plantain Peruwinkle Nettles Fruits Galls Flowers of Pomegranates Juices of Vinegar sowr Grapes Acacia hypocistis Gums Mastick sanguis Draconis Frankincense Myrrhe Animals Gluten Mumy white of an Egge Minerals Bole Armoniack terra sigillata the stone Hematites Jaspis Coral Alum Vitriol This is perform'd by all Emplasticks also though lesse efficaciously CHAP. XIII Of glutinating Medicaments GLutinating Medicaments are those which close the lips of the wounds and bring them to a perfect union
the hollow gristly pipes that spread themselves through the body of the lungs being branches of the wind-pipe Bronchorele swelling in the wind-pipe Bubo a sore in the groin C. CAcochymy the abounding of evil humors Calcined burned to ashes in a crucible Calidity heat Callosity a brawny hardness in the skin Carminative medicines that break the wind Cartilage gristle Carotides branches of the great artery going up to the head with the jugular veins Carnosity fleshiness Caries foulness rottenness or corruption of a bone Cataplasme a pultise Catarrhe a defluxion of the humors from the brain Catoche a waking drousiness and dulness of the sences Cavity hollowness Caustick medicines to burn the skin for issues Cephalick belonging to the head Chorion the outmost skin wrapping the child all over Chyle white juyce coming out of the meat digested in the stomach Cicatrize to bring to a scar or close up a wound Colature straining Collyrium an eyessalve Coma heavy and long sleep Condensation a thickening Congelation freezing together Consistence body stiffened with cold or substance Constipation stopping up Contiguity nearness Corneatunica a coat of the eye like horn Corrode biting fretting Crisis a breaking away of the disease by natures conquest of the cause Crassity grosness D. Decoction the liquor wherein things are boiled Defecated cleansed from dregs Deliration dotage raving talking idlely Deliquium a fainting or swouning Density thickness Deterse scoured cleansed Diabete a plentiful sending forth of urine which a violent thirst and consumption succeeds Diagridiate medicines that have scammony in them Diametrically directly opposite Diapedesis an issuing of bloud through the pores of the veins Diaphanous transparent clear Diaphoretick sweats caused by nature oppressed with a malignant humor and forcibly driving it out Diaphragma the midriffe Diastole the extending or swelling of an artery Diathesis disposition Discrete quantity uncontinued parted Dislocation displacing Disparity unevenness Diureticks medicines provoking urine Dyscracy evil temper or disposition Dysenteria qloudy flux Dyspnaea snortness of breath E. EMbrocation bathing bedewing moistening Emplastick sticking Emprosthotonus a Cramp in the forepart of the body Empyema a corrupt matter between the breast and lungs following a pleurisie Emulsion milkes made of cool seeds Eneorema that which hangs like a cloud in urine Enaergetically effectually Ephemeral daily returning Epiala a feaver produced by cold flegm Epicrasis a gentle evacuation of bad humors and receiving good instead Epilepsie a convulsion of the whole body by fits Epiploon the caul Epoulotick causing or inducing a scar Erosion fretting eating Eruginous rusty Erisipelas a swelling caused by choler Exacerbation the fit of a disease Excoriation fleaing the skin away Eucrasy a good well disposed temper F. FArinaceous mealy like meal Fissure cleaving dividing parting Friable apt to crumble short Frigidity coldness Fuliginous smoky misty Fungous spungy G. GIbbosity crookedness of the back Glasteous of the colour of woad Glutinous clammy like glue Gracility slenderness Gravative burdensome heavy Gravity heaviness Grumous ful of clodds or lumps Gypseous limy H. HAbit the whole bulk and substance of the body Hallucination error in judgement Haemorrhagia breaking forth of the bloud from any part of the body Haemorrhoides veins of the fundament to which leeches are applyed Hepatitides veins coming out of the liver Heterogeneous of another nature or kind Homogeneous of the same nature or kind Humidity moisture Hydromel hony and water Hypochondrium theforepart of the belly about the sides and short ribs above the navel Hypogastrium the lower part of the belly under the navel Hypostasis the settling of urine Hysterical troubled with fits of the mother I. IChor raw unconcocted bloud Idiopathy any ones particular and proper affection Idiosyncracy any ones proper and peculiar temper Igneous fiery burning Immobility staiedness fixedness not moveable Intestinum rectim the straight gut Intercostal between the ribs Invalidate to weaken Irrepent creeping in secretly L. LAevity smoothness Levity lightness Lienous troubled with the spleen Lienteria a flux when meat goes away unconcocted Lipothymia fainting or swouning Lipyria an hot feaver the outward parts being cold Lithontripticks medicines to break the stone Lubricity slipperiness Luxation loosening of one joynt from another M. MAgisterial medicines invented by a Physician for his patient contrary to common ones in shops Malacia immoderate lust of women with child Marasmus a consuming feaver Masticatory medicines to be chewed to bring away rheume Membranes skin or coat of the arteries or veins Meninx the filme enwrapping the brain Mesaraick veins little veins conveying the chyle from the stomach to the liver Mesenterium the skin which knits the guts together Morbifick matter causing the disease N. NArcotick stupifying medicines which dull the sense of feeling and cause deep sleep Nauseousness sick stomach inclining to vomit Nephritical troubled with pain in the reins Nephrocatarticks medicines to purge the reins Nidorous swelling of burnt fat or scorched meat O. OBesity fatness Obturation shutting stopping Oesophagus the mouth of the stomach Oleaginous oyly Ophthalmia an inflammation of the eyes Opisthotonus a convulsion when the body is drawn back Organ peculiar parts of the body Osseous bony full of bones Oxycratium vinegar and water mingled Oxydorticks medicines making the eyesight quick Oxyrohodine vinegar of roses Oxysaccharum syrup of vinegar and sugar P. PAraphrenitis a hot distemper communicated to the brain causing a disease like a phrensie Paregoricall mitigating asswaging Parenchyma the substance of the bowels Paroxysme a fit of any disease Pathognomonical properly signifying the species of the disease Pathology treatise of diseases Pepasmus the producing a thing to ripeness and concoction Pepsis concoction ripeness digestion Peripneumony an inflammation of the lungs Peritoneum the inner coat of the belly which covers the gut Pharmaceutick any medicines made by the Apothecary Phlegmon an inflammation or swelling caused by bloud Phthisis consumption corruption Physiology treatise of nature Pica lust of women with child Pituitous flegmy Plethora abounding and fulness of bloud Pleura a thin skin investing the inside of the ribs Podagrical gouty Polypus an excrescency of flesh hanging down to the lower part of the nose like the fish Polypus Porraceous green of the colour of leeks Primigenious primitive first produced Procatarctick first working primary occasions and causes Puerility childs age Pulsifick causing to beat Pungitive pricking Purulent ful of matter and corruption Pyrotick hot burning Q. Quadruple four-fold R. RArity thinness Refrigeration cooling Respiration breathing Retentive power whereby the parts hold fast nourishment drawing back of bloud or humor from the parts affected S. Salprunellae salt-peter purified with brimstone Salsuginous salt Salubrity healthiness Sarcotick producing flesh Scirrhus an hard swelling without pain Sediment settling of urine Semeiotick shewing the signes or Symptonmes of diseases Serum wheyish humor affording matter of urine Siccity driness Spagyricks Chymical Physicians Spasmus a cramp or convulsion Spermatick full of seed Spinalis medulla marrow of the backbone Spumous frothy Struma a swelling in the neck the kings evil or a bunch in the back Sudoriferous causing sweat Superficies the outside of any thing Suppuration a collection of matter in an impostume when it is ready to break Syderation blasting with heat Syllogizing reasoning by argument Symbolize to be like Symmetry just proportion Symptome an evil disposition of body which depends upon and accompanies a disease Synochical continual symptomatical feaver without fits caused by a foregoing disease Systole contraction falling or sinking of the artery T. TAblets medicines made up four square Tenesmus a continual desire of going to stool and voiding nothing butslime or bloudy matter Tensive stretching out Tetanus an extending cramp Therapeutick treatise of healing medicines Tophaceous sandy Transpiration passage of vapours through the pores Trochissated made up in form of a little bowle V. VAletudinary sickly Ventricle the stomach Vertebra the turning bones of the whole back Vertigo swimming in the head Vesicatory medicines applyed to the skin to cause blisters Vitelline like the yolk of an egge Vitreous like glass Ureters passages conveying the urine from the kidney to the bladder Vulnerary belonging to wounds FINIS