the Womb. X In the right side the Hypogastrick artery distributed in the Womb. X In the left side the Hypogastrick vein distributed in the Womb. Y The passage of the Womb. Z The Bladder depressed above the Privities aa A portion of the Ureters cut off about the Bladder bb A portion of the Vreters descending cut off about the reins cc The preparing Vessels dilated about the testicles dd The Vasa deferentia FIG III. AA The bottom of the Womb dissected cross BB The cavity of the bottom C The neck of the Womb. D The hole in the neck of the Womb of a Woman which hath brought forth EE The wrinkled face of the passage of the womb FF The round Ligaments of the Womb cut off underneath FIG IV. A The right testicle BB The right Tubae depressed C The left testicle bb The passages of the testicles of the womb DD The left Tubae of the Womb. E The bottom of the womb FF the round Ligaments of the womb cut off below G The Bladder inserted to the passage of the womb and stretched upwaâ—ds HH Portions of the Ureters II The two musculous parts of the Clytoris K The body it self of the Clytois FIG V. A The head of the Clytoris stiking out under the skin BB The external Lips of the Pivities drawn aside CC The Alae or Nymphae drawn aside D The Caruncle of the passage of Vme besides a EE The two fleshy prodixtions like Myrtle Leaves FF The Membranous containing of the chink FIG VI. A The Membrane drawn cross the Privities vulgarly taken for the Hymo FIG VII A The Privities of a yong Girl â—n which the signification is the same as in â—he fift figure CHAP. 8. Of the Fruit in the Womb. TO the Body of the Mother we adjoyn the contemplation of the fruit in the Womb because it is a part of it though temporary as not only the community of substance and nourishment but also the nexure of the Secundine and Umbilicar vessels to the Womb witnesseth this Fruit we consider as genuine and nourished by the Womb and as being fitting to breath the air it breaks out from that narrow inclosure The small Body of the Embrion is formed by the vital vertue of the Seed of the Man from which office it is called Plastica of which by the appointment of God himself by his infinite wisdom goodness and power he hath left not only obscure foot-steps but also cleer arguments to this the heat of the Seed and Nourishment from the Mother administers the Compendium that doth this great work is very small not exceeding the bigness of a great Emmet from which that is first formed without which life cannot be preserved to wit the Heart and from it the veins and arteries as from their Basis afterwards the Liver and then other parts which come first into use That the Heart is first formed before any other part your eyes will witness if you dilligently contemplate the framing of the Embrion in Eggs and although the Heart be very little and altogether white yet by reason of the blood contained in each Ventricle it hath a transparent redness to be distinguished from the other parts The motion of the Heart helps and confirms this for so soon as any blood is to be seen in the Veins of the Embrion the Heart being full of blood moves with a swift yet ordinary pulse so often as it is dilated it receives blood into its Ventricles so often as it is compressed it casts it out and this appears in the Heart whilst it is white though something increased Besides it must first be formed by reason of its singular plenty of heat which no other part of the Body is equally endewed with Lastly necessity requires its first formation that so by its motion the vital Spirit may be stirred up increased and distributed to the Body The matter of which the first forming sisteme of the Body is produced is the Seminal substance in the Body of the Mother which passing from the Tubae to the bottom of the womb to which the Seed of the Man ads heat and Spirit and to the increase and maintaining of it is the Blood of the Mother required this comes not at all to that first mixture from the Seed neither doth it make any Parenchyma but after an interval of time the Umbilicar vessels and Heart being framed it is drawn and takes its redness with the Muscles Of the parts procreated some lose their use others retain it so long as life lasteth such as lose their use are the Navil and its Vessels the the Membranes which compass the Child in the womb and the Placenta the use of these ceaseth so soon as the Child is brought forth to light The Navil is a Membranous ducture by which the Vein and Arteries arise from the child to the Mothers Womb both this and the Secundine wants Nerves because they have no use of sence It is of a famous length even in the very beginning of the Formation although the bigness of the Embrion at beginning be no bigger than a great Emmit or a small Bee but when the Fruit is ready for extramission the Navil-string is three spans long and as thick as ones finger both for the strength of the Vessels the perfecting of the blood by its long passage the commodious motion of the Child and the easier drawing out the Secundine it hath no distinct nodes yet is it wreathed and unequal for the easier bowing of the included vessels The rise of the Navil is from the middle of the Abdomen that the inclination of the Head and Breast of the Child might be the readier towards the mouth of the Womb at the biginning of the Embrion it swims in the Liquor of the Amnios but when it is more perfected it is bowed for the most part above the Breast and produced backwards by the hinder part of the Head to the Fore-head and joyned to the womb by Membranes and the contained Vessels The Vessels contained in the Navil are one vein and two arteries the vein is largest and takes its Original from the Foundation of the Vena porta within the Liver therefore it descends by the Arteries of the Liver to the Navil and being divided into very many branches above the Chorion it joyns its self to the Womb and carries Blood for the nourishment of the Infant The Umbilicar Arteries take their Original from the Iliack branches of the great Artery from which place being stretched upwards by the sides of the Vrachos they enter the Navil and are manifoldly distributed above the Corion with the Veins they carry vital Spirit and communicates it to the Child It is farre enough off from the truth that these vessels passe to the Child from the Mothers womb and the Membranes adjacent for in the young ones of Birds it is easie to be seen that Nature deduceth the Veins and Arteries from the Fruit it self inclosed in its Secundines and by degrees
divideth them into lesser branches It doth the like in vegetables whose roots come not from the Earth to the Plants but the Plants send them to the Earth for nourishment and this is abundantly proved in Bulbous roots that grow out of the Earth neither comes this opinion neer the truth that the Arteries umbilicar vein are framed before the Heart and Liver for neither Heart nor Liver is made of Blood but of Seed and the whole Systeme of the Body is made before any vessels passe from it for before the Bowels are formed there is no need of vessels as the Conception of living Crearures and the Seeds of Plants evidently demonstrates The Vrachus is added to the Umbilicar vessels being a Membranous Body round and porous within arising from the Basis of the Bladder and attenuated towards the Navil it delivers the Urine from the Bladder to the Amnios and yet this seems doubtful to these who behold the solidity of this vessel the smalness of its pore and the obscurity of its passage out by the Navil but so soon as the Infant is born whatsoever of the Navil string is left to the Body after it is cut off its former use ceasing is turned into a Ligament The Membranes which compass about the Child in the womb are two of which that which is next the Body of it is called Amnios being soft light and cleer gently joyned to the Chorion where the Placenta is from the very beginning of the Conception it contains a watry Liquor which defends the tender Limbs of the Embrion in the violent motions of the Mother and in the labour of the Mother the Membranes being broken it mollifies the passages and gives the easier extramission to the Child that this is gathered together between the Membranes Amnios and Chorios the connexion of the Tunicles and dilligent observation denies neither can there come any detriment to the Child from the sharpness of this humor seeing the Cuticula easily defends it The other Membrane they call Chorion and it compasseth the whole Child round on the outside of the Amnios and is the thicker of the two by odds it is smooth on the inside and is furnished with abundance of the Umbilicar Veins and Arteries In which place the Child encreasing the Liver or Placenta of the womb ariseth in Figure it is a soft and Spongy peice of flesh and hath many branches of the Umbilicar vessels both to cherish its heat and nourish its substance To these they add the Allantoes or Skin in which the Urine is kept although this appears in the Anatomy of Bruites rather than of Women To these Membranes Ancient Authors defend and prove mightily and as mightily disagree about certain vessels called Acetabula and Cotyledones which some say are some say are not joyned some hold them to be the mouths of the vessels swelled with Blood other pieces of flesh between the Chorion and the Womb which prop up the Umbilicar vessels and receive the Blood when it flows too fast to the Child which is conspicuous in the Wombs of Sheep and the like Creatures If we search out what answers to this in women you must look to Placenta before described which being hollow on that part next the Chorion convex on that part which is next the womb represents the same form only it is far bigger and by the softness of its substance and multitude of its vessels performs the same office These are the parts of the Child which are useless after Birth and are called the After-birth or Secundine The parts of the Body which continues still in office the Child being born are the same which are in the Ventricles the unlikeness of which the child in the womb to a mans of age is here to be spoken off the Ventricle of the Child in the womb though it be contracted yet is it never Empty but alwaies white and covered over with the Liver The Guts are seven times as long as the Body and the Gut called Caecum is filled with excrements the excrements of the small Guts are Flegmatick and yellow those in the great Guts solid and hard which the Ancients called Meconium The Liver appears great and stretched out even to the left Hypochondrium the substance of it before it grows red may be seen full of purple Veins and the Gall under it appears yellow and swelled The Sweet-bread is large and by its bright colour evidently shew the diduction of Chyle and yet it shews it more cleerly after the Child is born whilst it sucks The second Table of this Chapter presents you with its delineaments The Glandula of the Kidneyes are of a wonderful bigness and lye not in the Reins as they do in such as are grown up but lye upon them and embrace the superior part of them the reins themselves are great and have very many Glandulae the Ureters are wide and the Bladder full of Urine the bottom of the womb in young Wenches is compressed and the Tubae stretched out the Testicles great al which the Second Figure in the forementioned Table Specifies The Bowels of the Abdomen which are allotted for publique digestion do not want private digestion but manifestly operate for the common profit of the Infant for that the Stomach makes Chyle is manifest by the matter contained in it and by the various excrements in the foldings of the Guts Although the Sence of Man cannot yet perceive by what passages the substance to be converted into Chyle comes to the Stomach The fancies of the Ancients that the Child sucked in at its mouth being exploded for many difficulties yet is it agreeable to reason that as in Men the Liver and Spleen receive whatsoever is to be turned into Blood so whilst the Fruit is nourished in the womb the passage of the throat being denied the Stomach should draw that from the Liver and Spleen which it digesteth and turneth into Chyle that the Liver makes Blood in the Fruit is cleer by the separation of the Chollerick and watry excrement for although the Blood of the Mother by which the Embrion is nourished be pure yet is it unlike to the temperature of the Fruit and therefore stands in need of another separation and change About the Breast the Veins are very full of Blood but the most notable thing in the Heart is there is a large passage out of the Vena Cava into the Arteria Venosa or an anastomosis defended with a Membrane also a small channel out of the Vena Arteriosa into the great Artery so that the Blood may readily passe from the right ventricle of the heart into the left these passages as age comes Nature stops up by degrees unless some great obstructions of Flegm as somtimes happens stop up the vulgar passages the Heart it self is great and its ears and vessels large the Lungues seem Bloody neither have they as yet obtained their rariety because of their rest and yet their Birth being neer and the
half Moon which looks towards the beginnings of the Veins which set a moderation to the preternatural motion of the Blood out of the great Veins into the less these although they may be seen in the Mesenterick Splenical emulgent Azygus and jugular Veins yet are they more freequent in the Veins of the Limbs which we shall treat of in the last Chapter from these the three shutters about the mouth of the Vena Cava differ a little in form and from their form Authors call them Tricuspides these are joyned to the Nervous strings of the Heart and withstand the regresse of the Blood into the Vena Cava The Vena Cava arising up above the Heart produceth the Azygus or Vein without a fellow the branches of which are commonly distributed to the inferior Ribs the inferior portion of this descending neer the fleshy portion of the Diaphragma is inserted again on the left to the Emulgent on the right side to the Vena Cava and to the first of the Loyns the Institution of Nature being various herein which sometimes the Azygus being let passe produceth a famous Vein from both Subclavian branches of the Vena Cava neer the Mammaries which is stretched out all along the Breast even to the Os Sacrum from which both all the intercostal Veins and the Lumbals proceed when the Vena Cava arives at the Throat it is divided into two large branches called Subclavian from which the superior intercostal the internal Mammary the Mediastina the cervical and Vein called Muscula arise above the interior and exterior jugular and the superior Muscula are produced Also from the right Ventricle of the Heart ariseth a vein which for its double Tunicle is called Arteriosa which being distributed both to the right and left part of the Lungues by great branches administers Blood freely to them about the bnginning of it are three Membranous shutters very conspicuous looking outwards called Sigmoides from their form they shut in the Blood which flows back from the compressure of the Lungues but is indeed an Artery not a Vein for besides the substance of an Artery which it hath it hath also pulsation as well as the rest of the Arteries as the Dissection of Creatures alive shews and it carries Blood already attenuated by the Heart The left Ventricle of the Heart is smaller than the right but more fleshy whereby it stirs up the Spirit in the received Blood both by its self and by its stronger motion and this is called vital The great Artery called Aorta takes its beginning from this a Membranous vessel in continual pulsation while life remains of a shining colour and distributes the Blood being absolutely perfected in the Heart to the whole Body Its substance is more Nervous than a vein and covered with a double Tunicle of which the internal is the thicker and is sometimes stiffe in old age so that in and neer the Heart it represents a Bony circle the external is thin to which the Membranes of the adjoyning parts ad strength At its beginning are three shutters conspicuous and are called Lunar from their Figure and keep the Blood from returning back again into the Heart neither is there any other shutters in all its Progress for the strength of the internal tunicle doth not easily suffer dilation and besides there is no delay in the passage of blood in it Its blood is hotter fuller of spirits and of a brighter colour and seeing the distribution of it by pulse is continual the heart must needs be continually supplied by the Vena Cava to fill its Ventricles and this causeth a perpetual motion of Blood to the Heart more or less for the very same end Nature hath placed the veins as companions to the arteries that they might readily receive what might be administred to the emptying of the Heart for the exact knowledg of which our age is beholding to William Harvey The descending Trunk of the great Artery as it distributes the inferior intercostal Arteries the Phrenical and others which we discoursed of when we treated of the Abdomen so passing out of the Heart it is divided into two large subclavian branches from which before they pass out of the Breast ariseth below the superior intercostal Artery and a little higher the interior Mammary the Vertebral and Cervical the remainder of the great Artery produceth the Carotides on both sides the internal and external branch of which rise up to the head Neer to those Vessels about the Throat are the Thymus a soft and spongy piece of flesh which underproppeth them for their safe-guard From the left Ventricle of the Heart proceeds an Artery which the Ancients call Venosa because it hath but one Tunicle and dividing its branches it is carried to the right and left region of the Lungues taking the Blood mixed with Air to its self and carrying it to the left Ventricle of the Heart It hath two shutters to stay the blood from flowing back from the Heart into it which Authors call Mitrae because they are like a Cardinals Cap but this vessel is rather to be called a Vein than an Artery because its substance is the same with the Veins neither hath it pulse as Arteries have it carries the Blood tempered with Air to the Heart Between the Ventricles of the Heart is a partition called Septum which is hollowish toward the left side but gibbous towards the right having very many small holes many passages come to this same Septum of a various bigness from the Vena Cava and the Arteria Venosa which cloath the Basis of the Ventricles and administer necessary Blood unto them In temperature the Heart is without doubt the hottest of all the Bowels its Basis is in the middest of the Breast only the top of it inclines towards the left side as it moves it is joyned to the next parts by its Vessels and by the Pericardium to the Mediastinum and Diaphragma It s proper action is to perfect the Blood and to give it heat and vital spirit and motion which is called Pulse this is distinguished into Systole when the Heart drawing its self together expels the Blood and Diastole when it extends its self to receive it According to the opinion of the Ancients only the Heart consumes not in lasting diseases and yet it often happens that it doth pine by reason of hot distempers sometimes a glandulous substance makes its passages straight and sometimes they are filled with Flegm whereby the sick loseth his life leisurely and by degrees On both sides of the Heart are the Lungues which are dissimilar parts of the middle Ventricle and by drawing in the cold air and returning back the fuliginous vapors they cool the vital heat therefore that they may every where be filled and distended they are composed of a soft substance rare and subtil and covered with a porous Membrane they receive very large vessels the Arterial vein from the right and the Venal artery from
you disdain not to turn thy eyes and mind to the Corps of Man Artificially dissected whether the Profession of Wisdom or Physick delight thee I promise thee here something worth thy labor and not to be despised for there is not the least nor most abject part of Man but by its admirable structure thou maiest know him that made thee to be most wise most powerful Thou shalt find out the causes of all the actions the consent and concord of thy whol Body the Foundation of Health and Sickness thou maiest the better apply Remedies to afflicted parts and in the time when Nature calls for remedy thou needest not be hurried on with rashness nor retarded by fear In the Body of Man both Ventricles and Limbs are to be heeded the common name of Limbs comprehends both Hands and Feet we cal those notable Cavities of the Body Ventricles in which Nature hath placed diverse parts dedicated to diverse actions to settle their abode in Of these are three The first which is the lower is called the Abdomen and is internally compassed with the Psritonaeum it is called the Abdomen because it hides and involves all those Bowels which are ordained for the preparation of the nourishment of the whol Body the begetting of Children the producing and cherishing of the Seed The second which is the middle is bounded about with the Pleura It is in the Fountain of vital heat and in it are the Lungues The third which is the highest is included in the head and stoutly defended by the Skull in this Plato placeth the Coelestial part of Man We because we would avoid putrifaction begin the Dissection at the lower Ventricle or Abdomen whose fore part which is next the lower Cartilages of the Ribs the ancients called Hypochondria and is divided into the right and left But the other we of Modern times very fitly call that part which is next the Stomach and the uppermost Guts Epigastrium but that which contains the lower part of the belly even to the groyn and privities Hypocastrium the middle between the Epigastrium and Hypogastrium we call the region of the Navil the back part of the Abdomen the upper part of it is called the Loyns the lower part the Buttocks Of the parts of the Abdomen some are common to the whol Body some proper to its self the common parts are the skin scarf-skin fat and fleshy Membrane The Skin is a Membranous covering of the Body drawn over the outward parts defending them from injury and giving judgment of tangible Objects I call it a Membranous covering because the substance is the same with a Membrane and it is stretched abroad like it yet it differs from a Membrane in Temperament conformation and office it takes its original not from Blood nor yet from the Vessels but from the Seed and this the first radiments of the Embrion in the womb testifies which Nature compasseth about with a thin skin even so soon as it is compacted Hence also like other Seminal parts even in a Blackmoors under the black thin skin it is white neither when it is lost doth Nature restore again the same but another substance like it which is called a Callus or Scar. It receives its quickness of sence from the Nerves not only the extremity of which but also diverse small branches are spread abroad in it as is very cleer in the third and four pair of Nerves which pass to the face and the sixt pair which pass to the Arms. It receives also many small veins and Arteries that so it may be furnished with blood for nourishment and vital spirit for quickning that the coldness and dryness of it may be allayed that part of of it about the Abdomen is supplied by veins and Arteries from the Epigastricts Lumbals and Mammary branches The Habit of the skin is altogether different according to the variety of temperament age sex and region The skin on the top of the head is thickest that on the sides thin that on the face and palm of the hand thinner and that of the lips thinnest of all that on the tops of the fingers is mean that so the sence of touching might be the more perfect It hath very many passages or holes in it of which some are wide as the mouth nose ears eyes and privities c. seing they are necessary either to receive in food or cast out excrements others are small and innumerable by which sweat and fuliginous vapors transpire It is in colour naturally white and sticks loosly to the fat that is under it so that in some places being cut it may be blown up from it as hath been tryed by some in that barbarous fashion of cuting Leprosies It sticks fast to the fleshy membrane of the fore-head as also to that of the soles of the feet and the palms of the hands So that the motion of those parts it is drawn into wrinkles together with it by which as by Hieroglyphicks the curiosity of mans brain hath drawn indications of things to come A famous thin skin covers this skin externally which the Greeks very acutely call Epidermis the Latins Enticula and we Scarf-skin it takes its original from the dewy moisture on the out side of the skin which is made thick into that form partly by the gentle and nourishing heat of nature partly by the driness round about whence it comes to passe that the Embrion being yet very tender yet this though very soft is found about it it obtains its firmnesse by age even such a firmnesse that sometimes it restrains the excrements that pass through the pores of the skin It is extended all about the body where the skin is and sometimes through hot and fiery vapors that pass through the pores you may see it divided as in such cases when we English say the skin pills off It is all together void of life and sence and yet so firmly knit to the skin that it can hardly be seperated Neither is the use of this Scarf-skin though it seems so smal a busines smal for without this could not the pores of the skin be covered the continual moisture of the body restrained the body be made able to endure heat and cold nor the limbs be clensed of durt and filth Serpents seem yearly to cast off this Scarf-skin but the scaly skin is not a true Scarf-skin but a thin membrane made of viscous slime and filth and the driness of the air about the same happens to men in feavers especially upon their tongue Underneath the skin is the fat which is an unctuous or greasy substance of the body produced out of the Oyly substance of the nourishment which lying like a mat about the body not only defends it from the injury of cold but also restrains the immoderate dissipating or scattering of the internal heat therefore in the Child even when it detained in the womb it begins to grow yet is it more in quantity and thicker after
and the diseases it is so often molested with seems to plead Place here the Table of the fourth Chapter which hath the Number 4. at the corner of the brass Plate AN UNFOLDING OF THE TABLE OF THE FOURTH CHAPTER The fourth Table laies down the Scituation of the Sweet-bread Liver and Spleen and the Delineation of the Vena Porta FIG I. A The hollow part of the Liver B The round convex or bowing part of the Liver ae The Umbilicar Vein drawn upwards C The Gall in its Scituation D The Spleen in its natural place EE The Sweet-bread in its proper place FF The Vena Porta descending by the Sweet-bread under the Liver G The superior Mesenterical Artery aaaa The branches of the Vena Porta extended by the Mesenterium bbbb The branches of the artery distributed by the Mesenterium HH The Mesenterium it self dismantled of its superior Membrane II The Splenical Vessels laid open the Pancreas being cut FIG II. AA The Body of the Sweet-bread deciphored in its Natural form FIG III. The back part of the Sweet-bread together with the Spleen turned downwards AA The substance of the Sweet-bread its Membrane being taken off BBB The channel of the Sweet-bread newly found out C The biliar pore joyned to the channel DDD A portion of the Guts Duodenum and Jejunum cut off E The common Orifice by which the biliar pore and channel of the Sweet-bread open themselves into the Duodenum FFF The internal face of the Spleen GGG The veins and arteries distributed in the Spleen FIG IV. AA The convex or bowing part of the Liver B The skin of the Liver separated from it CC The Ligament of the Liver called Septale DD The large branches of the Vena Cava within the Liver FIG V. AA The hollow part of the Liver turned upwards B The Lobe of the Liver by which it joyns it self to the Omentum C The cleft of the Liver out of which the Umbilicar vein descends E The Umbilicar vein turned upwards F The Gall placed under the Liver G The channel of the Gall. HH The biliar pore with the channel stretched outwards together with a part of the Duodenum noted by M. I The trunk of the Vena Porta descending from the Liver K The right Caeliacal artery L A Nerve arising from the plexure of the costals FIG VI. The Vena Porta whol distinguished into branches as it is publiquely shewed AAA The trunk of the Vena Porta A the inferior portion descending from the Liver AA the deduction of it to the right and left with an infinite number of smal branches B The Splenical branch divided first into great afterwards into very many smal branches and distributed like strings about the Spleen C The right Mesenterical branch D The left Mesenterical branch aa The Umbilicar vein b The vein of the Gall. c The vein of the Sweet-bread dd The vein called Gastrica dextra eee The greater Gastrica sinistra fg The lesser veins called Gastricae sinistrae h The vein called Vas breve ii The vein called Gastroepiploica sinistra KK The vein called Gastroepiploica dextra ll The Hemorrhoidal veins produced here from the right Mesenterical branch of the Vena Porta m The vein of the Duodenum FIG VII A The convex part of the Spleen laid open BB The Membrane of the Spleen separated CC The black substance of the Spleen FIG VIII AAA The hollow part of the Spleen which receives the Vessels B The Splenical vein with its three branches C The Splenical artery divided in like manner before it enter the Spleen CHAP. 5. Of the Kidneys Ureters and Bladder THe most wise Creator of the Body of Man hath ordained the Reins or Kidneyes to receive that thin moisture which is redundant in the making of Blood they consist of a thick fleshy substance least the continual and copious flowing of moisture to them should weaken them If you would search into them you must of necessity remove the Membranes wherewith they are covered and they indeed are two the one external common to the rest of the bowels by the Peritonaenum the other internal the external is endewed with much Fat which gave names to the Veins and Arteries Passing to it Besides them on both sides is a glandulous Body which is called Glandula renalis Ren. Succenturiatis and the Capsula of melancholly It is compassed about with a thin skin furnished with vessels of all sorts the right Glandula often receives a Vein from the trunk it self of the Vena Cava which is short yet wide going into its Sinus with a wide Orifice and sometimes it takes it from the next emulgent Vein as the left doth its Arteries proceed from the emulgents and Nerves from those which are communicated to the Kidaeyes their magnitude is not alwaies alike they are usually as big as that drug we call nux Vomica if the Man be any thing ancient their form is like the Kidneyes long and somewhat depressed somtimes the upper part of them is angular they have a Cavity within filled with black and melancholly matter their colour is sometimes reddish and sometimes like Fat They are placed under the Diaphragma above the fatty Membrane so as the right is joyned to the Vena Cava the left is a little under the stomach what their use is is not yet suffciently found out 't is supposed that they help the passage of the serosus moisture and contract a part of the melancholly which like a Runnet helps to seperate the urine from the Blood also to underprop and cherish the parts next it although sometimes there are more and lesser Glandula furnished with Veins and Arteries which Nature disposeth about the Kidneyes But the internal and propper Membrane of the Kidneyes binds the Kidneyes themselves straight about To which Kidney come large vessels to wit a Vein and an Artery both of them known by the name Emulgent The Emulgent Vein is something unequal in scituation proceeding from the trunk of the Vena Cava being double at first and then dispersed in diverse divided Branches also the Emulgent Artery is almost as big as the Vein and ariseth from the trunk of the great Artery and brancheth it self into the Reins as the Veins do the number of the Emulgent vessels is often different and their progresse to the Kidneyes unequal Nature providently regarding its own scope to these some smal Nerves are added from the plexure of the internal branch of the sixt pair to which the left Stomachical branch comes The Kidneyes have fleshy knobs called Papillares because they are like tears they are about the bigness of a Bean and about ten in number disposed with certain intervals that so by their smal pores the urine may pass cleer to the ureters Also the Creator of Man hath formed two Kidneyes by reason of the multitude of humors they are to seperare and that if either of them be at fault the other might be subservient to him they are in form like to a
hath the Number 10. at the corner of the brass Plate A DECLARATION OF THE TABLE OF THE NINTH CHAPTER This Table represents the Muscles and bones of the Breast its Membranes and Diaphragma FIG I. A The Pectoral Muscle in his scituation B The same Muscle out of his scituation C Serratus major anticus in its scituation D The same a little removed out of it E Serratus anticus minor totally in its scituation F The subclavian Muscle in its scituation f The Clavicula bowed back under the pectoral Muscle gg Platysma myodes in the neck with their right strings GG c. The external intercostal muscles without their scituation HH c. The internal intercostal muscles in their scituation II A portion of the Diaphragma in its scituation K Part of the great artery descending L The hole for the Gula passing the Diaphragma M The hole for the Vena Cava descending NN The square muscles of the loyns in their scituation of which Chap. 12. OO The muscles called Psoas in their scituation of which Chap. 19. FIG II. Shews the bones of the breast as they are to be seen forwards AA The Sternum B The Mucronata or sword-like Cartilage CC c. The cartilaginous part of the Ribs 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. The true Ribs 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. The bastard Ribs FIG III. Shews the Ribs Vertebrae and processes on the back part  FIG IV. The Breast opened in which AA The Mediastinum drawn to the side BB The tunicle of the Mediastinum diducted under the Sternum C The right lobe of the Lungues FIG V. AA Part of the Pleura drawn at one side from the Ribs BB The Ribs laid bare from the Pleura CC The Ribs cloathed with the Pleura FIG VI. Shews the Diaphragma separated from the Ribs and Vertebrae AAA The fleshy part of the Diaphragma covered with its Membrane BB The Phrenical arteries CC The Phrenical veins D The passage of the Vena Cava E The passage of the Gula. FFF The membranous part of the Diaphragma G The hole between the fleshy portions of the descending of the great artery FIG VII A The left nerve of the Diaphragma B The right nerve of the same C The superior membrane of the Diaphragma separated D The fleshy substance of the Diaphragma E The hole for the Gula. F The hole for the Vena Cava GGG The Membranous part HHH The fleshy parts between with the great artery descends CHAP. 10. Of the Heart and Lungues THE Heart and Lungues occupy the Cavity of the Breast although the Oesophagus Wind-pipe and common vessels have also their proper places in it Before we can behold the Heart we must remove the Pericardium by which the Heart is wrapped round It is of a Membranous substance and not only contains the Heart in its proper place but also defends it from injuries neither is this Tunicle single but is observed to be outwardly the same with the Mediastinum inwardly to proceed from the vessels produced from the Heart It hath smal Veins from the Phrenical its Arteries are are scarce conspicuous It hath Nerves from the external and internal branch of the sixt pair and its Recurrens although the right branch of those Nerves which are carried to the Diaphragma passe by the out side of it it is very neer the Heart only there is that Interval between the Heart and it which is commodious for the motion and pulsation of the Heart about the Basis of the Heart where it is joyned to the Mediastinum it gives passage to the Veins and Arteries It contains in it a thin Liquor gathered of resolved vapors whereby the driness and suddain heaviness of the Heart is allaied The Heart it self which is the Prince of all the Bowels and the Fountain of vital heat and Spirit by whose flourishing the Creature flourisheth and by whose languishing it languisheth and by whose failing it dies I call it the Fountain not of that primoginial heat produced by the substance of the Seed but of the influential heat which is taken from nourishment or drawn by Blood It consists of a thick and compact substance that it may not only keep that hot and vital Spirit to its self but also communicate to the whole Body by the Arteries It hath a proper Membrane of its own which is very thin and yet very strong The coronal Vein and Artery are distributed about the exterior part of it the Vein from the Vena Cava which by a Moon-like shutter stops the Blood running back the Artery from the great Artery which gives his branches most especially to the left side of the Heart it hath Nerves from the next branches of the sixt pair which are distributed to the fleshy substance of the Heart and are scarce observable to any of those which come to the Pericardium we have spoken before of which that which proceeds from the left Recurrens gives a branch to the Basis of the Heart neither can the Heart want these for its motion sake because it moves before the animal faculty gives either Sence or motion It hath very many Spermatical parts according to the recess of its Cavities like Nerves in form but larger and if you dilligently view them in a Dissection you shall find they have a pore within The greater part of the Heart is covered with fat which preserves it from consuming which sometimes is so copious that the blind South-sayers that judged by the entrails of beasts said they had no Hearts because they could not see them for fat There hang appendices neer the Basis of the Heart on each side and by reason of their likeness they call Eears and their substance is almost like Save only that the left is a little more solid they are both of them hollow and full of Nervous strings yet the Heart being contracted Systole it may receive the Blood flowing into it and return it back again the bigness of the Heart in Man is famous though various according to age and Temperament It is divided into the Basis or broadest part and the top which is the narrowest and ends in a poynt It hath two Ventricles the right and the left the right is the thinner but the larger distinguished by a thin and fleshy portition which sometimes being doubled makes a third From the right Ventricle the Vena Cava takes its original whose beginning is strong being Membranous with shutters at the end that it may administer Blood to the Heart to perfect I call it a vessel because it contains a liquid substance to be distributed to all the parts of the Body and a Membranous vessel on it consists of its own proper Tunicle which is single and soft that it may the better draw the blood by inosculations and yet for safeguard in its progresse where it lies more open it is covered with the covering of the adjacent parts Also the Provident Creator hath added shutters to it to wit very thin Membranes in form like a
of the Skull here is often a collection of excrements and a filthy putrifaction and sometimes callous matter and stones found in a Dissection the fourth of the greater Cavities is shorter passing between the Cerebrum and Cerebellum two Branches being first produced it is partly bestowed upon the callous Body and partly enters in two parts the foremost Ventricles of the Brain making a portion of the plexure called Chorois Where there is a concourse and community of these Cavities there that Funnel called Herophilianum is constituted The Dura Mater is firmly joyned to the Sutures of the Skul especially to the Os Sphenois at other places it is at distance both from the Skull and the Pia Mater as the increase and decrease of the Brain requires The other Membrane for the diversity of its habit is called Tenuis Meninx and Pia Mater It is a very thin and soft Membrane not only wrapping the Brain round but also enrowling the turnings of many Veins and Arteries which accompany it which may be easily separated from it The word Brain comprehends both that properly called so and also the Cerebellum it is made of a cleer substance of the Seed and makes the animal Spirit by which the Soul which is the Governess of the Body performs both Sence internal and external and also voluntary motion therefore in living Bodies it is swelled with gentle heat and Spirit in dead Bodies being dissected in thin slices it shines like Alablaster The Ancients thought the Brain was clouded or obscured by Melancholly or vapors drawn up thither Hippocrates rightly conceived that wounds passing deeply into its Cavities were mortal and yet here is a huge difference either by reason of different properties in Nature or the ambient air for light offences either of the Skull or Meninges kill some presently and others whose Brain it self is wounded escape yea although some part of it be taken away and separated by reason of putrifaction also the wound growing together the leaden Instruments used in the cure remain many yeers fixed in the Brain and Meninges The Brain receives Veins on each side from the internal branches of the Jugulars and small passages from the Cavities of the Dura Mater carrying Blood It hath Arteries from the Carotides and those which rise up by the Vertebrae which have but a single Tunicle like the Veins the substance of the Brain hath no Nerve at all and therefore 't is void of sence although it give original to all the Nerves It s largeness in Man is famous and it increaseth and decreaseth as the Moon doth it is divided into the right part and the left by the Hook-like Process of the Dura Mater it hath diverse Cavities which we shall lay open in the particular dissection it hath an evident heat although compared with the other Bowels which are hotter it may be accounted cold and moist also it is made moist by accident seing the vapors sent unto it from the Breast and Stomach are turned into water from whence flowing to the inferior parts if it have not power to resolve them it brings sickness in the small Guts It is garnished with many circulations like the River Meander above it is round like a Sphere and therefore Pliny calls it the Heaven of Man because in figure it imitates the most Sacred and Noble part of the World It is seated by the most wise God within the strong defence of the Skull and the Dura Mater The Brain is moved like the Arteries not so much by any inherent vertue of its own as by vertue communicated by the Heart The Cerebellum is another part of the Brain produced of the same substance with its self and endewed with the same Vessels although fewer in number it is nothing neer so big as the Brain and must yeild to it in roundness but it consists of more Lamens it is hid within the large Cavities of the hinder part of the Head and its office is consecrated to the MEMORY These things thus premised we come now to the Method of Dissection wherein the distinctions of the substances of the Brain are to be viewed as also the callous Body the two foremost Ventricles the Speculum Lucidum the Fornix the Plexus Choroides the third Ventricle and beside that the Eminences in the fore and hinder part of it then the Brain being deduced to the sides and the shorter Process of the Dura Mater being draw away the Nerves of smelling The first second third fourth and fifth Conjugation of Nerves the Infundibulum and Glandula Pituitaria are to be observed then the Brain and Cerebellum being turned to the right side the Rete Mirabile the Process and Cavity of the Cerebellum which is called the fourth Ventricle and the beginning of the Marrow of the Back comes to view The substance of the Brain is double the external which is softer and of a more ashy or yellow colour and the internal which is more sollid and white this they compare to the Marrow the other to the Bark The Corpus Callosusn or Callous Body is a hard portion of the Brain conspicuous between its foremost division under the sides of which the two foremost Ventricles lies These Ventricles are the largest Cavities of the Brain compassed with a thin skin and by their bowing exceed in length its Marrowy substance on the upper part from a broad and blunt beginning it grows something sharp towards the third Ventricle or common Cavity from hence on the backward parts they grow roundish again downwards towards the Basis of the Brain and being bowed like a hook toward their first beginning they are attenuated and end neer the original of the Optick Nerves They are divided into the right and left Ventricle a thin partition passing between them and the substance of the Brain which being withdrawn and held against the light is transparent and therefore called Speculum Lucidum To this is joyned above the Fornix or vault being a callous substance of the Brain it obtained this name because like the vault of a House it sustains the waight of the Brain which else would fall down into the Cavities It is underpropped with three legs of which two are stretched out downwards towards the Basis of the Brain and embracing the root of the Marrow of the Back neer the sides which a singular prominence being neer with a crooked vally they design the inferior Cavity of the foremost Ventricle on each side Arantius gave the name of Hippocampus or Sea-horse and Silk-worm to them the third leg of the vault is stretched forward over the common Cavity of the said Ventricles Besides in the foremost Ventricles is obvious the Plexus Choroides made of a subtil Membrane and very small Glandulae and smal branches of vessels variously infolded both from the fourth Cavity and the branches of the Carotis and Vertebral Arteries That neat and wonderful distribution is seen by the lower Cavity of the Ventricles in which even as
Deltois and the skin of the Arm. The second pair is thicker and being carried by the midst of the Arm before is inserted into the muscle Biceps with two branches and afterwards in its progress gives a branch to the external Supinator of the Wrest the rest being produced by the bowing of the Elbow is divided into two Branches the external of which joyns its self a companion to the Cephalick Vein and passeth to the second internodium of the Thumb and the internal which is thicker and divided under the Median Vein and extends its external branch to the Wrest and its internal being dilated neer the Basilica sends out small Nerves on both sides to the Palm of the Hand The third pair being joyned neer the second having first sent a smal branch under the skin after it toucheth the Arm sends out branches to the second bower of the Cubit to the Muscles bowing the third internodium of the Fingers and branches to the Thumb fore and middle Finger The fourth pair is larger and thicker than the rest and at its rise is neer the Basilica Vein the Artery and the third pair of Nerves and first bestows a double Branch upon the Muscles that extend the Arm and the skin about the joynt of the Elbow it sends two Branches to the Wrest also Branches to the external and internal side of the Thumb fore and middle Finger three Branches to the muscles extending the Wrest and Fingers the remainder is distributed to the Wrest The fift pair of Nerves is neer the former and sends Branches to the Muscles arising from the internal knob of the Shoulder it produceth two Branches of which one passing to the Palm of the Hand is subservient to the little ring and middle Finger the other runs to the extremities of those Fingers The sixt pair which is the last of the Nerves of the Neck is almost altogether subcutaneous it hath diverse branches most of which some pass under some above the Basilica which being pricked in letting blood cause acute pain and convulsions the remainder of it ends in the Wrest Note this That neither the Veins Arteries nor Nerves have the same bigness in all Bodies nor yet the same number nor passage observe the like in the Foot We come now to the Veins of the Foot which take their original from the the Iliack Branch of the Vena Cava The first is the Saphena produced by a long product by the internal side of the Thigh and Leg sending branches from the beginning and about the middle to the Thigh and Knee it is at last divided into many Branches about the Thigh and Ancle to the Toes especially the great Toe The second crural Vein is called Ischias proceeding externally from the same Root this is shorter and runs transversly to the skin before and the muscles of the Coxendix which are next to it The third is called Muscula produced from the crural Branch descending to the Muscles to which it gives a double branch internally and externally nay sometimes 't is double in its beginning the one external which is least and passeth to the Muscles Rectus and Vastus externus which extend the Leg the other bigger and internal which gives very many branches to the Muscles of the Thigh The fourth crural Vein is called Poplitea arising from the same beginning but most commonly hath two Branches uniting themselves in their progress it descends by the middle of the Ham and distributing Branches above and below the Calf of the Leg is carried to the Heel and ends in the skin of the external Ancle But the Crural Branch having produced these Branches descends between the two heads of the Thigh and produceth a double Branch internal and external The internal gives Branches to the Muscles which constitute the Calf of the Leg and giving Branches to the skin it turns back under the internal Ancle and passeth even to the great Toe The external is less than the former and hath two Branches of which the first passeth to the Muscles of the Calf of the Leg and â—â—ose that bow the Toes about the middle of the Tibia it sends a small branch to the great Toe the fore and middle Toe and passing the transverse Ligament outwardly it gives Branches to the Muscles of the Foot which bow the Toes the other Branch after it hath dispersed Branches to the external and hinder region of the Leg it ends in the external Ancle and Foot The Trunk of the Crural Vein joyns its self as a companion to the Crural Artery and sends out branches to the right and left side Nature hath often framed shutters in the Veins both of the Arms and Legs which restrain the inordinate flux of blood to the extream parts All the Arteries of the Foot arise from the Branch of the Crural Artery for the external Iliack branch passing out of the Abdomen to the Privities sends a branch to the internal Iliack Muscle and passing without the Abdomen is called Cruralis internally it produceth the Artery Ischias and the external Muscula which is carried to the external Muscles of the Thigh and the internal Muscula which passeth to the posterior and internal Muscles thereof The Branch of the Crural Artery is divided into very many Branches above the Ham of which three or four small ones pass to the Fat and the Membrane under it Of these that called Poplitea is most observable which ariseth about the middle of the Thigh and is distributed partly to its inferior Muscles and partly to those of the Calf of the Leg. The Crural Branch descending about the Ham gives another Artery called Suralis which sometimes is double and passeth partly to the Joynt and partly to the Muscle of the Calf of the Leg called Gasterocnemius In the Ham it self the Artery is divided into the external Branch which passeth to the foremost Muscles of the Leg and into two hinder Branches of which one passeth to the Muscles of the Calf the other passing the transverse Ligament of the Foot is inserted into the Muscles adducing the Toes The common branch descending by the hinder part of the Leg having first sent out a small Branch which is distributed to the great Toe and the back of the Foot is at length covered with the Tendons of the Toes and being divided into a double Branch passeth to all the Toes The Nerves of the Foot proceed from the three inferior of the Loyns and the four Superior pair of the Os Sacrum and having first made a plexure they are afterwards divided into four Branches of which the first and third are shorter not carried beyond the longitude of the Thigh the second comes to the Tibia and the fourth even to the Nails of the Feet The first Branch of the Nerves ariseth from the upper part of the plexure descends to the internal Rotator of the Thigh and sends Branches to the Fascialis Rectus and Vastus externus The second descends by the Groyn
the Diseases of the Body every one can tell you and therefore I may hold my peace and not spend time in proving the Crow to be black or the Swan white Only this I desire you to take notice of and so I conclude That whereas I have been vituperated many times for being Critical in my Writings I have altogether for born it here though I confess I shall not please every body in this Translation whether a man go at one side of the street or the other the dogs will bark at him and the man in Aesops Fables whether himself rid or his boy or both of them or neither of them could not please the next he met As for Veslingus the Author of this Work which I have here Translated he was and for ought I know or can hear is still the publick Reader of the Anatomy Lecture at the famous Vniversity of Padua in Italy I confess I differ in Opinion from him in some few particulars and but in few especially where he makes the Heart the fountain of Blood as also the Veins that carry it wherein it is apparent that he drank too deep of Aristotles spittle I confess I passed it by in silence diverse are of that Opinion let them give me leave to use mine as I have given them to use theirs As for the Brass Cuts they are performed very exactly far exceeding any that ever were printed in the English Tongue inferior to none in the world Truly I wish this poor Nation much good by this Work that the Lord would open their eyes that they might see the truth and themselves and let them rest confident That whilst I am amongst the Living I shall never cease to do them good according to my power Nich. Culpeper The Contents of the CHAPTERS CHAP. 1. Of the common Coverings of the Body Page 1 CHAP. 2. Of the Bones and Muscles of the Abdomen and of the Peritonaeum Page 5 CHAP. 3. Of the Omentum Stomach and Guts Page 9 CHAP. 4. Of the Mesenterium Sweet-bread Liver and Spleen Page 15 CHAP. 5. Of the Kidneys Ureters and Bladder Page 11 CHAP. 6. Of the Instruments of Generation in Man Page 23 CHAP. 7. Of the Instruments of Generation in Women Page 26 CHAP. 8. Of the Fruit in the Womb Page 30 CHAP. 9. Of the external parts of the Breast Page 35 CHAP. 10. Of the Heart and Lungues Page 39 CHAP. 11. Of the organs of Voyce and Speech Page 44 CHAP. 12. Of the Muscles of the Scapula Back and certain of the Head Page 48 Chap. 13. Of the external parts of the Head their Bones and Muscles Page 51 Chap. 14. Of the Brain and Cerebellum Page 58 Chap. 15. Of the Eyes Page 64 Chap. 16. Of the Ears Page 69 Chap. 17. Of the Bones of the Extream Parts Page 75 Chap. 18. Of the Muscles of the Hands Page 180 Chap. 19. Of the Muscles of the Foot Page 184 Chap. 20. Of the Veins Arteries and Nerves of the Extream Parts Page 188 Joh. Veslingus to the Reader DEmetrius sacked Rhodes and the Suburbs being taken he threatned the City with Fire and Sword they sending an Embassador entreated him that he would not burn the Table of Protogenis placed upon the Wall he readily answers That he would sooner burn the Image of his Father than such a piece of Workmanship for the Workman had painted Jalysus one of the Heroes of Rhodes in a Table to wit the Image of the Body drawn with a Pensil What place then my Reader should the Context it self of the Body of Man his inward Parts and Adornments have in our minds when Demetrius was so chary of only the Shadow Truly the very same which the VVorkmanship of God ought to have he being a delicate Epitome of the whol world by which alone the Eternal God shewed what he was able to do in the Vniverse Men famous for VVisdom in Ancient times were ravished with contemplation of this although from the Age of Alcmaeon even to Diocles they were content with the curious Inspections only and buried the Mystery in silence and left nothing to posterity till the exquisite Knowledg of Mans Body inflamed Man with a greater desire of Study brought it out of darkness into light as the most solid Foundation of that part of Physick called Physyology Amongst the Ancients Galen bears away the Bell in this part of Study which is to be found in his Praise-worthy Works of Dissection afterwards in this latter Age the Precepts of this Art being rectified diligent men encreased the Art of Anatomy of the Body of Man with profitable Observations then it came into great Volumns explaining the Functions confusedly and answering needless Questions also Figures were added cut in Copper to feed the Eyes of those that had not opportunity to see the Dissection In this so famous Anatomical Light I have known not a few profit but little by so great Labors being wearied out with the bulk of the Books and miserably intangled in the snares of Controversies another spends all his time in contemplating the Figures as though he were beholding the Siege of Troy and being ignorant of the Substance rejoyceth in the Image of things To recal those Errors I framed this smal VVork in the manner as we shew it in publick Dissections of the Body of Man I avoided Controversies which belong rather to Contemplatists than the Theaters of Anatomists which were built to behold not to dispute in I was least of all solicitous about the Figures for although very many ingenuous men have been very exact in them yet he labors in vain that labors to find the natural position of Parts their magnitude order hardness softness and as Celsus saith their smoothness process recess insertion into another or reception of another into themselves accurately by them What ever it be we would have it brief and not enlarge it with many words imitating that of Salustius of the Carthaginian Law it is better to speak few things here then to pass by many things with silence seeing such things as are prescribed to yong men of the Body of Man are scarce better done any where than what here is laid down to faithful Eyes and yet if you regard only the speech you will deny as Apelles did of the Table of Protogenis that the work hath any grace or if you regard the novilty of the stile both of them I easily grant you being not desirous of Popular applause I propound the History of the Parts of the Body shewed in Dissections for what profits it to garnish it with flourishes which appears without spot in its Native Beauty being the naked Workmanship of Nature Neither thought I good to abstain from the words already in use lest I should seem to draw a cloud over other Mens Works and darken the way to the Temples of Wisdom and Aesculapius Most of it I drew out of the common Fountain but the Manuduction is drawn out of my own Vessel I
other parts produced of seed it is white only the small Veins in it look red then it looks yellowish by degrees till at last it get the perfect colour of blood and yet there are some living Creatures that although the blood in the Veins be red yet the Liver is white yellow or green it is covered with a thin single Skin sticking round about close to it It hath Veins of two sorts the superior or Vena Cava which by its great trunk carries blood from the Liver and distributes it throughout the Body The inferior or Vena porta the branches of which are more in number from which the umbilicate Vein ariseth to the Child in the womb and without the Liver the branches the Splenical and Mesenterical Veins pass which distribute blood to the Spleen Omentum Stomach and Guts a freequent conjunction is made between these that so the blood may be dispensed the more perfectly the more easily Some few Arteries accompany the Veins about the Liver from the right Coeliacal branch of the great Artery and two small Nerves from the right internal of the sixt pair and the external left Stomachical The magnitude of the Liver in Man is great and its figure almost round it is divided into two parts bending and hollow the first being bowed fits its self to the levity of the Diaphragma the other is inferior and more unequal for it sticks out in a Lobus and is hollow with a double Sinus the one of which holds the Gall the other embraceth part of the Stomach Lastly by a notable cleft it sends out the umbilicar Vein which in Men grown up is hardned to a Ligament The temperature of the Liver is hot and moist that so it may the better concoct the blood Above it is joyned to the Diaphragma and to the Cartilage of the Breast called Mucro nata by a strong Membranous Ligament backwards it is joyned by the Peritonaeum to the Vertebrae of the loyns below it sticks to the Abdomen by the umblicar Ligament it is placed under the Diaphragma and the Cartilages of the ribs on the right side of the Abdomen and embraceth the Stomach and cherisheth it by its kind heat The Gall is joyned to the Liver and is the receptacle of the chollerick juyce of the Blood It is composed of two Membranes whereof the outer is common to the Peritonaeum the inner which is propper to the Gall is thicker and furnished with Fibrae of all sorts for its better motion and greater strength Also it is defended with a certain crust against the acrimony of the substance it contains It hath Veins from the Vena porta and small Arteries from the right Goeliacal It hath a Nerve from the plexure of the Costalls it hath peculiar passages into the Liver between the roots of the Vena Cava and Vena porta whereby it draws its Choller It is divided into the bottom which is wider and the Neck which is narrower a narrow channel goes from the Neck of it with shutters to keep the Choller from running back which ends in the biliar pore the narrowness of which is the cause that often times the thick excrements of the Gall breads stones in it though not very hard ones sometimes round sometimes angular and sometimes like a Mulberry both in colour and form The Gall is in the right Sinus of the Liver and firmly joyned to it both by its upper and middle part The Biliar pore is something larger than the channel of the Gall and carries Choller from the Liver to the Gut Duodenum It is carried into the Duodenum by an Oblique flexure between the Membranes usually 't is single but sometimes double towards the end It seldom reacheth to the Pylorus and as Nature expels choller by the channel of the Gall at set times by this pore it is administred by degrees and continually both when the Chyle is distributed and before as is cleer in the dissection of Creatures alive The Ancients held Choller to be the poyson of the Body the worst excrement of Blood and that not a few living Creatures wanted it because they could find no Gall anexed to the Liver but all Creatures that have Blood have this Biliar pore and if the Body be disposed according to the law of Nature this hot and sharp humor both defends the Chyle from putrifaction and causeth the excrements easily to be expulsed and strengthens the Bowels by which means health is firmer and life the longar Over against the Liver is the Spleen being an Organical part of the inferior Ventricle which receive the watry and earthy part of the Chyle to be turned into Blood its substance is fleshy yet looser than that of the Liver being like a Sponge to drink up copious humors and therefore when it is obstructed it swells mightily it hath one single skin which Authors asign to the Peritonaeum it hath Veins from the Splenical of the Vena porta which are as small as hairs Its Arteries are more in number and more famous by reason of which it hath much vital heat and those from the left Coeliacal branch It hath Nerves from the left branch of the costals of the sixt pair and from the Nervous plexure of the Mesenterium dispersed by the exterior parts The magnitude of the Spleen is bigger in melancholly Men than in others its temperature by reason of the abundance of Arterious blood it receives is hot and dry It is of a blackish purple colour in youth of a leaden colour in age it is in form hollowish in the internal face gibbous on the external and not much unlike to a Neats-tongue although this be not alwaies for sometimes it is greater firmer with some distinct lobes of the colour of thick Blood so that it seems to be like to the Liver not only in form but also in office Its place is in the left Hypochondrium a little lower than the Liver it is knit to the Diaphragma and to the Cartilaginous ribs and to the left Kidney by its bowing part but by its hollow part to the Omentum Stomach and sweet-bread by other vessells and its own Membranes All the learned agree that the office of the Spleen is to draw the watry and earthy part of the Chyle the Blood being made of the purer part but nature hath clouded the passages by which this is carried to the Spleen for no observation as yet hath discovered any passages of the Venae Lacteae into it and that it is not carried by the Splenical Vein the dissection of Creatures alive witnesseth as for the Arteries their office is to carry vital Spirit to it And yet it is agreeable to reason that it should draw it from the Sweet-bread it self though by reason of the smalness of the passages it is not manifest and it may possibly draw the said juyce from the Stomach which lies neer it and for this the substance of the Spleen its abundance of vital Spirit its sicitasion
G The trunk of the great artery descending H The left Emulgent Vein II The right Emulgent Vein aa The right Emulgent arteries bb The left Emulgent arteries c The left Spermatick artery d The left Spermatick Vein e The right Spermatick Vein f The right Spermatick artery g The Fatty Vein arising from the Emulgent h The fatty artery KKKK The Ureters on both sides LLLL The Vessels preparing the Seed MM The Scrotum with the testicles in it NN The Vessels carrying the Seed O The Bladder stripped of his external tunicle FIG III. A The Capsula or right Glandula Renalis BB A Vein from the trunk of the Vena Cava coming into it FIG IV. A The Capsula dissected BB The hollowness of the Capsula somewhat laid open FIG V. AA The internal face of the dissected Kidney BB The Emulgent Vein with his branches distributed in the Kidney C The Emulgent artery in like manner distributed FIG VI. AA The Kidney dissected B The Sinus of the Ureter about the Kidney C The round form of the ureters descending from the Kidneys DD The narrow passages of the ureters EEE The fleshy Knobs called Papillares FIG VII AA The common tunicle of the Bladder drawn back BB The middle tunicle and bottom of the Bladder C The inner tunicle which appears when the Bladder is cut D The Orifice of the bladder by which the Urine passeth out EE The Neck of the Bladder which seems swelled by reason of the Prostatae joyned to it FF Part of the Ureters that come to the Bladder CHAP. 6. Of the Instruments of Generation in Man BY these Organs the Nutriment is wrought or made by which the frail Nature of Man is sustained which perishing by age is sustained by posterity Of these in Men some perfect the seed others sow it in the fruitful field of Nature being perfected of the first are the preparing vessels the Pampiniforme the Epididymides the Testicles the Parastatae the Vasa deferentia and the vessels that keep the seed Of the latter are the vessels that cast out the Seed and the Yard The preparing vessels are two veins and as many arteries the right of the veins ariseth most commonly from the Trunk of the Vena Cava either with a single or double root the left most commonly ariseth from the left Emulgent so that in their original the scope or pastime of Nature is observed The Arteries most commonly arise from the Trunk of the great Artery and pass down ward being mixed with the veins they enter the Peritonaeum and by their manifold plexure they make the bodies called Pyramidalia because from a narrow beginning they become broad like a Pyramide they are called also Pampiniformia because they are curled like the Claspers of a Vine from thence they tend downwards and are distributed to the Epidydimis and the Testicles The Epididymides are small white hard glandulous bodies covered with the common tunicle of the Spermatick Vessels they are longish and hollowish where they are committed to the Testicles sometimes they are so big that on the one or other side they represent another Testicle they lie neer to the Testicles to whose proper Membrane with very many strings and passages they are joyned here is also a nexure found about the extremity of each Testicle for they lie rather in the middle space than stick to them their office is to give their first rudiments of Seed to the blood the preparing vessels bring in and commit it to the Testicles for the perfecting of it The Epididymides are the Testicles joyned so called because they witness strength and man-hood they have a glandulous white and soft substance having small Veins and Arteries from the Spermaticks most neatly distributed in them they have Nerves partly from the internal branch of the sixt pair which declines the plexure of the Mesenterium partly from the marrow of the back that they may have sence as well as life and nourishment they are compassed about with a proper Membrane of their own strong and thick which because it is white in color they call Albuginea the Divine Creator hath formed two of them that so the work might be done by the other when the one languisheth or is deficient In respect of manifest quality they are hot and moist not because they have a fountain of heat which they distribute to the body for the changes that happen to the Body when they are lost either in voice temperament or strength comes through defect of any Natural heat flowing from the stones but from the oppression of that copious matter which useth to be converted into Seed in form they are almost oval both for security sake and also for capacity they hang in men without the Abdomen that so they might not be so lustful and that the matter whereof the Seed is made might be the better perfected by the length of the passage to which the Testicles ad strength and fruitfulness For it is an error to hold that their hanging down conduceth any thing at all to the casting out of the Seed because the Seed is received from them being made fruitful by the ejaculating Vessels which are far remote from them neither do they change or any way frustrate the office of the Yard they contain Seed but such as is very thin as is seen by Carcasses not consumed by disease nor fasting and therefore it receives its last perfections in the Seminal vessels and Prostatae To the Epididymides are joyned the Parastatae Variciformes so called because they resemble the form of veins when they are swelled crooked and bowed for the better elaborating of the Seed they are Nervous and hard in the touching from these whatsoever is carried upwards into the Abdomen is turned back to the Bladder and is called Deferentia For the security of the Testicles hath Nature provided a thing like a sack or bag called Scrotum we in English call it the Cods and is visible it is divided by a line in the midst neither is the composition of it single for it hath a skin with its scarf-skin and a Membrana Carnosa close knit to the skin and wrinkled with it which they call Darton because it can hardly be separated from the skin after this is the Elytroides or proper Membrane which compasseth the Testicles round and this is a process of the Peritonaeum and is double as the Testicles are The external part is furnished with Muscles which from their office are called Cremasters or holders up also from the fleshy texture of strings a red Membrane is formed which Authors call Erythroides the internal part which immediately compasseth about the Testicles is called Nervea this being the proper tunicle of the Testicles is sometimes bespread with fat and so being is a hindrance to the fruitfulness of the Seed The Cremaster Muscles arise from the Ligaments of the Os pubis under the transverse Muscles of the Abdomen they hold up the weight of the Testicles and bring
the left Ventricle of the Heart also the wind-pipe which we shall discourse of in the next Chapter it hath small Nerves from the external descending branch of the sixt pair but dispersed about the exterior Tunicle and the hinder parts of it where they are joyned to the branches of the Wind-pipe not only for their safety but also for the means of its sence that it may not be troublesom to their motion The Lungues being swelled by inspiration of air fill the Breast universally and the Mediastinum being between they are divided into the right and left part both which for the more safeguard is divided into the superior and inferior lobe outwardly the Lobes resemble an Ox hoof inwardly they are hollowish and gently imbrace the Heart and therefore often communicate their vices to it although if putrified matter lie in the gibbous part without any evident rottenness or feaverish burning the strength of the Heart and the vigor of the Natural functions remains long untouched They are judged to be in temperature hot and dry by reason of the plenty of spirits and scarcity of nourishment although the moisture that alwaies flow to them and the frequent access of cold Air seems to obscure both they are thicker in Children and grow rare by degrees and also change colour for in old age they are limber and whitish they are joyned to the Neck by the Wind-pipe to the back and Sternum by the Mediastinum to the Pleura and Mediastinum by the skin that compasseth them sometimes and sometimes by some fibrous nexures The action of the Lungues is respiration which they are moved to by the copious flowing of hot blood to them by the Arterious vein the same is done by the Muscles breast and Lungues dilating and contracting themselves in the Breast Place here the Table of the tenth Chapter which hath the Number 11. at the corner of the brass Plate A DECLARATION OF THE FIRST TABLE OF THE TENTH CHAPTER This Table chiefly represents the Heart its Membranes Vessels Ventricles and shutters then the Lungues and the Aspera Arteria separated from them FIG I. A The Pericardium compassing the Heart BB The Lungues embracing the Heart in their Natural Scituation C The Vena Cava ascending above the Heart D The beginning of the vein without a fellow E The right subclavian vein F The right Jugular vein G The left Jugular vein H The left subclavian vein II The right and left Carotis Artery KK The right and left subclavian Artery LL The Nerves of the sixt pair descending to the Lungues M The beginning of the great Artery descending FIG II. Shews particularly the vessels passing from the Heart to the Lungs which are shewed you separated in the third and sixt figure of the following Chapter A The Pericardium taken from the Heart B The Heart with the Coronal veins and arteries C The trunk of the great Artery passing out of the Heart D It s descending part turned upwards EE The left branch of the Arterial vein distributed to the Lungues F A channel between the arterial vein and the great artery G The right branch of the arterial vein HH The right and left branch of the venal artery I The Ear of the Heart KK The Lungues about the Heart L The proper tunicle of the Lungues separated FIG ♃ The Heart of an Infant whol A The proper Membrane of the Heart separated B The substance of the Heart bare CC The right and left Ears of the Heart D The great Artery sticking out of the Heart E A portion of the Vena Cava FIG ⚹ A Part of the Heart transversly cut B The left ventricle CC The right ventricle conspicuous DD The Septum of the Heart FIG III. Shews the Vena Cava dissected with the right Ventricle A The Orifice of the coronal Vein B The Anastomosis between the Vena Cava and the venal artery CCC The shutters called Tricuspides DDD The right Ventricle of the Heart opened aa The passages between the Membranes ending in the Septum FIG IV. A The arterious vein dissected in the right ventricle BBB The shutters called Sigmoides in the arterious vein CCC The right Ventricle of the Heart opened FIG V. A The great Artery dissected neer the Heart BBB The semilunar shutters of the great artery CC The left Ventricle of the heart D Part of the left Ventricle turned back FIG VI. A The Venal artery dissected B The beginning of the Anastomosis between the venal artery and the Vena Cava bb The passages between the Membranes ending in the Septum CC The two mitral shutters DD The left Ventricle of the Heart opened FIG VII Shews the backward part of the Lungues and wind-pipe as they are joyned to the Heart A The right Nerve of the sixt pair which comes to the Lungues B The left Nerve of the same C The middle branch between each Nerve D The branch which is carried to the Pericardium EE The two greater branches of the windpipe which are Membranous behind FF The hinder part of the Lungues G The proper Membrane of the Lungues HH A portion of the Pericardium left I The heart left in his Scituation FIG VIII A The wind-pipe cut off under the Larynx B The right branch thereof divided first into two parts C The left branch thereof divided into greater and lesser branches ddd c. The extremity of the branches ending in membranous channels A DECLARATION OF THE SECOND TABLE OF THE TENTH CHAPTER In this Table the Trunks of the Vena Cava and great Artery as they pass from the Heart are represented with their chief branches only produced even to the Limbs FIG I. Shews the Vena Cava A The beginning of the Vena Cava with his large orifice about the Heart BB The rise of the subclavian branches C The beginning of the descending trunk DD The right and left Iliack branches aaa c. The branches of the Axygus distributed to the Ribs bb The superior intercostal cc The internal mammary * The Mediastina dd The Vertebral Vein ee The internal Jugular cut off under the skul ff The external Jugular from which the inferior branch riseth to the Organ of speech and the Subcutaneus by the face and Temples and backwards by another branch to the Ears gg The Cervical Vein hh The progress of the subclavian branches ii The internal scapular vein KK The external scapulars 3.3 The vein carried to the Muscle Deltois ll The superior Breast-vein mm The Cephalick vein cut off nn The basilick vein cut off oo The inferior Breast-vein p The left phrenical vein q The right phrenical vein rr A famous branch distributed in the Liver ss tt c. The sprigs thereof distributed in the right and left side thereof uu The Venae musculae or superior Lumbals yy The veins of the Renal Glandulae xx The right and left emulgent zz The right and left spermatical αα The beginning of the Lumbals ββ The Vena muscula of the inferior Lumbal γγ
life may be saved by setting to the trepan but such hurts as afflict the lower and nervous part of it endanger life by convulsions The second pair is called Digastricum or Biventre and takes its original neer the Dug-like Process this in its middle passage grows to a Nervous or Tendinous Body then it is fleshy again till it come to the fore part of the Chin where it ends inwardly and draws the Jaw downwards in which motion Nature hath provided a Ligament to stop its falling back too far The Musculus Quadratus spoken of before concurs in office with this The third pair is called Laterale and Masseterium having partly a Nervous and partly a fleshy beginning arising from the superior Jaw and Os Jugale and are broadly and strongly inserted into the nether Jaw which by reason of the diversity of its strings it moves to the right and left and forwards The fourth pair is called Pterygoides or the internal Alar so called because it proceeds from the internal seat of the Wing-like Process it is fleshy and carried to the inferior part of the inward part of the inferior Jaw by a broad and strong Tendon which it draws up and when it is turned out it draws it back The fift pair is called Pterygoides or the external Alar this begins often with a double body and fleshy from the external side of the wing-like process and is also fastned in the internal side of the lower Jaw It withdraws the inferior Jaw and moves it forwards Place here the Table of the thirteenth Chapter which hath the Number 15. at the corner of the brass Plate AN EXPLANATION OF THE TABLE OF THE THIRTEENTH CHAPTER This Table contains the Muscles of the Face and inferior Jaw also the bones of the Skull and of both Jaws FIG I. AA The skin of the Head detracted BB The fleshy Pannicle separated CC The Pericranium detracted DD The Skull bare E The muscle of the Forehead FF The muscle that shuts the Eye-lids G The first muscle of the Nose H The second muscle of the Nose I The muscle dilating the wings K The muscle of the first pair lifting up the Lips L The muscle drawing the Lip upwards M The muscle drawing the Lip downwards NN The muscle shutting the Lips O The Buccinator PP The temporal muscle in his place Q The muscle lifting up the Ear. R The muscle drawing the Ear obliquely S The muscle Masseter in his place TT The muscle Digastricus moved from his beginning FIG II. AAA The temporal muscle out of his place the Jaw◠being dissected aa It s acute insertion into the process of the Jaw BB The Masseter separated CC The Digastricus loosed at the end and drawn aside DD The internal Pterygoides EEEE The external Pterygoides F The Musculus Quadratus or musculous Expansion separated FIG III. A The bone of the forehead aaa The Coronal Suture α The hole of the bone of the forehead for the Nerve of the third pair B The right bone of the fore part of the Head bb The Sagittal Suture C The left bone of the fore part of the Head D The bone of the Temples cc The false Suture d The Duglike process e The process of the Os Jugalis E The first bone of the upper Jaw F The Jugal process G The second bone of the Jaw hid with the shadow of the former H The third bone I The fourth bone of the Jaw i The hole in it for the Nerve of the third pair K The fift bone L The lower Jaw l The hole in it for the Nerve of the fourth pair to pass out M The sharp process of the inferior Jaw N The blunt process of the inferior Jaw FIG IV. A The left bone of the fore part of the Head aa The sagittal Suture B The right bone of the fore part of the Head bb The Suture Lambdois C The bone of the hinder part of the Head D The triangular bone Φ A portion of the bone of the Temples with the Duglike process FIG V. AA The cavity of the bone of the hinder part of the Head within the Skull in which the Cerebellum lies B The internal face of the Os Sphenois CC The Os Ethmois D The cavity of the bone of the forehead above the Nose aa The first hole in the wedglike bone αα The second hole bb The third hole cc The sixt hole * The seventh hole dd The fift hole ee The first hole of the bone of the Temples ff The rocky process of the bones of the Temples gg The third hole of the bones of the Temples hh The fourth and fift hole of the hinder part of the Head FIG VI. AA The lower part of the bone of the hinder part of the Head conspicuous aa The process by which the hinder part of the Head is joyned to the first Vertebra of the Neck BB Part of the bone of the Temples CC The duglike process DD The bodkinlike appendix EE The jugal process F The External face of the Wedglike bone GH GH The winglike processes I The bone which distinguisheth the Nostrils KK The sixt bone of the upper Jaw kk The hole which passeth the Nerve of the fourth pair to the Pallat. LL Part of the fourth bone of the superior Jaw m The four Teeth called Cutters nn The two dog teeth oo The rest of the Teeth called Grinders CHAP. 14. Of the Brain and Cerebellum THat the Brain it self which is the Temple of Wisdom and Memory may come to view it is necessary that we take away its coverings and they are two Membranes which the Greeks call Meninge and the Arabians Mater and our Chyrurgians from them the Arabians using to express the soft seat or covering of any thing by the name MOTHER Of these that which doth not immediately cover the Brain is called Crassa Meninx or Dura Mater and it is endewed with not a few Veins and Arteries which ascend by the sides of it The Veins come from the foremost Branch of the internal Jugular the Arteries from the greater and lesser Branch of the internal Carotis both of them replenish it with Blood and vital Spirit It loosly embraceth the Brain that so it may not hinder its increase it is rough without and smooth within it is doubled with a double Process of which that which is stretched forwards above the middle of the Brain for the figure sake is called Falx because it resembles a hook the other is shorter and defines the bounds of the Brain and Cerebellum By these Processes are certain Cavities or Channels made some greater some lesser Of the greater two climb up the Cerebellum to the right and left by an oblique passage by the sides of the hinder part of the Head and in their beginnings they admit the greater Branch of the internal Jugular Vein the third of the greater Cavities being stretched along the longitude of the Falx disperseth copious branches both to the Meninges and also to the middle
slipping without the Skull between the Dug-like Process and the Bodkin-like Appendix and passeth to the Muscles of the Jaw the skin both of the Jaws and Ears Its Progress in the Ears see Chap. 16. Fig. 12. The sixt pair riseth a little below the fifth descending by the third hole of the Bone of the Temples which is common to the hinder part of the Head and being divided on each side into internal and external Branches makes that famous plexure which we spake of in the third Chapter The seventh pair proceeds from the Marrow just passing out of the Skull and is harder than the rest and slips out of the Skull by the fourth and fift holes of the hinder part of the Skull having passed the Skull with its common covering it joyns its self to the sixt pair from which being separated it is distributed partly to the Cartilages of the Hyois partly to the Tongue it self of which see Chapter 3. Figure 8. and Chapter 11. Figure 14. The beginnings of the Nerves and the Glandula Pituitaria being separated out of the Cavity of the Saddle about the Basis of the brain that plexure of the Carotides and Vertebral Arteries is to be heeded Ancient Writers called it Retiformis but Modern Rete Mirabile than which a ruder expression in the brain of man admits no comparision It s use is the same with the Plexus Chorois The Cerebellum is a sollid body if you compare it with the Brain and is divided into two parts like Globes between which the two Processes called Vermi formis appear to which about the hinder part of the Trunks of the marrow of the Back a third is seen which Varolius calls the Bridg of the Brain although this be not alwaies simple but sometimes unequal with certain bunches sticking up The Cerebellum being turned over with the Brain and that portion of the marrow of the back annexed to it the globes of the Cerebellum being gently drawn aside in the basis of them appears a Cavity which the best Anatomists call the fourth ventricle Herophylus calls it the principal ventricle Arantius the Cistern Its compass is round yet something broad and distinguished with two Cavities at the entrance of it where the Cavity of the marrow of the back is the worm-like process hangs over it and a thin Membrane is drawn over it in it the purer air drawn out of the former ventricles is kept for the refreshing of the animal Spirit The Marrow of the Back depends upon both Brain and Cerebellum being but a doubled Trunk of them both from whence it passeth down the large Cavities of the Vertebrae which serve like a sheath for it and sends out Nerves which are distributed to the whol Body it is covered with two Membranes as the brain is but in its progress is of a harder substance it hath veins and arteries distributed to it through the holes of the Vertebrae that it may be furnished with Blood and vital Spirit about its beginning as we told you it is manifestly divided and gives a round Cavity which ends in a poynt by degrees distinguished by a small chink which Herophilus compares to a writing pen It is joyned by degrees in its progress to external view it is single but considered in its self it is manifold and divided into almost innumerable small Nerves more or fewer of which the Membrane encompassing collects into one branch and distributes into pairs through so many holes of the Vertebrae In the Vertebrae of the Neck are seven pair which are distributed to the Muscles of the Head Neck and Shoulders Arms and Hands of which in the last Chapter The Marrow of the Back hath twelve pair dedicated to the Membranes of the Breast Back and Muscles of the Ribs The Loyns have five pair the Os Sacrum six which shall be described in the last Chapter Place here the first second and third Tables of the fourteenth Chapter which hath the Numbers 16 17 and 18. at the corners of the brass Plates THE FIRST TABLE OF THE FOURTEENTH CHAPTER UNFOLDED This Table shews the Brain laid bare from the Skull with the Dura and Pia Mater also its Cavities and Processes FIG I. AA The Dura Mater covering the Brain aa The Veins and Arteries distributed on it B The Brain covered only with the Pia Mater bb The Circumvolutions of the Brain ccc The Vessels distributed to the Pia Mater from the third Cavity C The Dura Mater drawn backwards FIG II. AA The longer Process of the Dura Mater called Falx turned out of its Scituation aa The third cavity of the Dura Mater open bb The lesser inferior cavity of the same BB A portion of the callous body laid to view CCCC The brain deduced a little to the sides cccc The vessels in the fourth cavity stretched over the callous body DD The Dura Mater hanging down on each side FIG III. AA The substance of the Brain BB The callous body drawn a little outwards bb The two Legs of the Vault something uncovered C The hooklike process drawn backwards DD The right fore ventricle opened on the upper part EE The left fore Ventricle opened on the upper part FF The Plexus Choroides G Part of the Speculum Lucidum HH The Dura Meninx detracted on each side FIG IV. AA The brain explained by equal Section B The Fornix taken up and bowed downwards CC The superior part of the right fore ventricle deducted DD The superior part of the left fore ventricle in like manner explained E The chink designing the third Ventricle FF The Dura Mater a The Glandula Pinealis bb The Protuberances called Buttocks cc The Protuberances called Testicles d The Protuberance likned to a womans Privities These are better expressed in the first Figure of the following Table FIG V. AA BB. CC. The brain and foremost ventricles explained in their upper part f A portion of the Plexus Choroides stretched upwards by the foremost ventricles D The shorter process of the Dura Mater EEE The longer process thereof F The Torcular of Herophilus G The Dura Mater detracted a The first cavity of the Dura Mater b The second cavity of the Dura Mater ccc The third cavity of the Dura Mater ddd The lesser cavity in the booklike process e The fourth cavity of the Dura Mater FIG VI. AA BB CC ff signifie the same they did in the fift Figure DD The Cerebellum conspicuous in his natural place E The wormlike process of the Cerebellum FF The Dura Mater hanging down GG The same with the cavities rowled downwards AN EXPLANATION OF THE SECOND TABLE OF THE FOURTEENTH CHAPTER This Table presents in larger Figures the Cavities both of the Brain and Cerebellum as they are shewed by the Dissections of the Ancients FIG I. Shews the inferior Cavity of the foremost Ventricles of the Brain the original of the optick Nerves the fourth Ventricle with its Protuberances the Legs of the Vault and whatsoever Arantius compared by the Sea-horse or
Nose which stops the flowing of tears by the Nostrils and for that very cause is called Lacrymalis in the Cartilaginous brims of the Eye-lids about the greater angle are two small holes a callous lightly hanging over them which are called Puncta Lacrimalia because if you put a Hogs bristle into them they produce tears they are most conspicuous in great Beasts and Men that are prone to weep But how comes it to pass you will say that tears are so rife and ready in time of grief Truly not from the Eyes but from the Brain by the second hole of the wedg-like bone also from the top and sides of the Head they flow to the forementioned holes hence it comes to pass that the skin between the external angle of the Eye and the Helice of the Ear together with the panicle under it being wounded much watry substance issues out and continual weeping against ones will instantly ceaseth To the extremity of the Eye-lids are hairs inserted growing out straight and when they are grown to their natural length cease growing these not only keep small bodges which fly in the air from getting into the Eye but also by giving a gentle shadow they make the sight the more piercing but this famous use is lost so often as these hairs are thicker than naturally they should be and when they are turned inward and prick the Eyes The office of the Eye-lids is conspicuous Viz. to moisten the Eyes to open shut and defend them and their office is of so great necessity Nature will perform when we are so far from willing of it that we never think of it for it is very rare to forbear winking when any thing threatens To the confines of the Eyes and Forehead hath the Divine Creator produced the Eye-brows being a thick skin sticking out and rough with hair not so much for beauty sake and to shadow the Eye as to keep the sweat which falls down from the Forehead out of them But the Eyes themselves which are the organs of Sight are variously furnished with vessels Muscles Membranes and Humors of the Veins some are external and visible on the white of the Eye other some are internal and hidden the external veins proceed from the external branches of the Jugulars the internal which accompany the optick Nerve from the internal Jugulars and are helped by the Plexus Choroides The original of the Arteries is not unlike this the interior of which arise from the exterior Branch of the Carotides the internal come from the Carotides where with the Vertebrals they make the Rete Mirabile hence it comes to pass that in external provocations the blood being mingled with Spirit the Eyes look red and sometimes are inflamed they have diverse Nerves the most famous of which is the Optick Nerve which carries the visive vertue to the Eye and by its expansion or opening abroad of its own substance seems to bestow a three-fold Tunicle upon the Eyes the next to this is less which with the two small Nerves its companions distributes its Branches to the two Muscles of the Eyes which are called Motorii from their office which we discoursed of in the foregoing Chaprer The bigness of the Eyes in a Man grown up is mean in number they are two that so when the one is hurt the common office might be performed by the other and yet their consent is admirable so that the one being hurt by internal causes against Nature the other is hurt also or else grows weaker or is blood-shot If we look upon their qualities by reason of their contained humors they are cold and moist and yet this is wonderfully lesned by the copious influx of heat and Spirits by so many vessels whereby waxing hotter than a natural mean they not only infect Looking-glasses being held neer them but also other mens Eyes with the same distemper Nay the Eyes have light in themselves and a certain Splendor not only in the humors but also in the Membranes indeed this is but mean in Man because the actions God hath ordained for him are to be performed in the day time but it is greater in such living creatures as get their food by night the inbred light of whose Eyes overcomes the darkness round about them there is scarce another part of mans Body that gives more manifest signs of health and sickness than the Eyes do In a man that is in health they are full and bright in a Man that is ill they are sunk sad troubled or obscure till death hath overcome Nature that they fail in strength and sight and give warning of changing this life for another Lastly Consider that the Ancients were perswaded that the whol force of the mind was insisted in the Eyes and that there was no Beast so fierce but if his Eyes were covered would be milder Their figure ought to be round not so much that they might move the easier as that they might receive visible objects the better they carry the same form the Stars do that by them we may measure their rising and sitting and therefore it was a custom amongst the ancient Romans to carry men that were neer death out into the air that they might behold the Heavens The wise Creator hath placed them in a high and strong hole of the Skull high that they might perform their office of watchfulness the better and strong amongst the Bones that they might be the better defended from wrong But that we may the better know their actions we will view first their Muscles then their Membranes and last of all their Humors the Muscles which move the Eyes of Man are six in number which have fat about them to defend them from the injury of coldness and driness Of these such are called Recti as perform the right motions of the Eyes some are called Oblique whose magnitude and thickness is almost equal with the right they take their beginning from that internal bone about the large holes which admit the Nerves and are carried under that Tunicle called Annata to that which is called Cornea these are four in number of which the first lifts up the Eye and is called Superbus because proud people usually go with their Eyes elevated The next opposite to the first depresseth the Eye which action because it is a note of modesty the Muscle is called Humilis The third draweth the Eye right to the inner angle and is called Bibitorius because when people drink they turn their Eyes inward that they may look in the Cup The fourth draws the Eye to the external angle and is called Indignatorius because men lear on that fashion when they are angery these are the right Muscles The Oblique Muscles are two and are called Amatorii because the glances of the Eyes intice Lovers Of these that which is less and inferior in Scituation riseth in that place the first Bone of the Jaw is joyned to the fourth in extream part of the inferior Orbita It
the right Kidney n n n n The branches distributed in the Mesenterium and Guts o The branch which goes to the Os Sacrum p p The extremity of the internal right branch which is distributed to the Womb and Bladder q r The branches from the internal right side which make the plexure on that side ♄ The Nerve of the sixt pair on the left side in which the signification of the Letters is the same save only G Is the Nerve from the left Recurrens which is distributed to the Pericardium and Heart it self ** The Nerve which from the external left stomachical is carried to the Liver l l The Nerve which is carried to the Spleen and Gut Colon. m m The Nerve of the left Kidney The remainder are the same with the former CHAP. 4. Of the Mesenterium Sweet-bread Liver and Spleen THE most wise Creator of Man hath taken care by the intervening of the Mesenterium that the manifold foldings of the Guts might not come into a confusion and so mans health be indangered thereby It is a double Membrane furnished with Glandulae and fat joyned to the Peritonaeum fitted to cherish the Bowels as well as to keep them in Office and Order a famous number of Veins are dispersed in it from the right Vein of the Vena porta joyning themselves together by many Osculations even before those small branches go to the Bowels The Arteries are not inferior to these which proceed from the Mesenterical superior branch of the great Artery and also from the inferior It hath many Nerves from the plexure of the internal of the sixt pair and the Marrow of the Loyns To these belong those passages which carry the Chyle which the first observer of them called Venae Lacteae because of their white colour but this as it may be seen in the dissection of live creatures so the creatures being dead and the distribution of Chyle ceasing the whiteness cannot be discerned And yet it often happens that by reason of the intemperancy of men abundance of humors flowing through so many Vessels the pores which carry the Chyle are obstructed or in plain English stopped and the Juyce being putrified it causeth feavers the cause lying in the Mesenterium The largeness of the Mesenterium is great being encreased by fat which corrects the cold and dry temperature of the Membranes by heat and moisture it sticks strongly to the uppermost and third Vertebrae of the Lyons and binds the foldings of the Guts every where firmly to its self The Sweet-bread Pancreas is a Glandulous part of the Abdomen very profitable for attenuating and purging the Chyle and preparing it for the Liver and Spleen before it be turned into blood for as Nature deduceth the blood it self which is either for nourishment of the fruit in the womb or to make seed for the Generation of it by diverse degrees or steps even so the Juyce which it turns into blood it alters it in the mouth concocts it in the Stomach easeth it of excrements by the Bowels and by the sweetness of the Sweet-bread frees from sharp and salt humors and therefore the Sweet-bread is alwaies full of Chyle as you may find if you dissect a creature alive and cut it with a knife It receives the Chyle and having received it sends it to the Liver not by any veins or arteries descending from the Vena porta but by special passages which by reason of their colour Asellius named Venae Lacteae as I told you before they are long and round Vessels with a very thin Membrane very small ascending upwards from the Sweet-bread to the Liver about the place where the trunk of the Vena porta descends they pass downwards to the Guts with very small branches they have very small shutters which hinders the regress of the juyce they draw to the Guts the knitting of the Sweet-bread to the Spleen seems rather to perswarde a man that they pass thither than any passage yet found out and yet it is certain they do pass thither because they convey a watry portion of Chyle not yet coloured to the Spleen The Original of the Venae Lacteae is deduced from no place so fitly as from the Sweet-bread for as Nature produceth all veins and arteries from the trunk from which the branches are distributed throughout the Body so the foundation of the Venae Lacteae is at the Sweet-bread and the branches pass to the Liver and Guts and yet the Creator of all things would not bring them into one common Trunk by reason of the latitude of the Sweet-bread as the Nerves which are the Organs of the sences though they arise from one spring yet is their intervals in their originals the Splenical branch of the Vena porta and the left Coeliacal Artery as also small Nerves from the Gut Duodenum pass through the Sweet-bread and yet it hath a proper Vein of its own from the Vena porta and Arteries from the left Coeliacal and a thin skin from the Mesenterium which incompasseth it round Also there is a most observable and singular channel in the Sweet-bread lately found out by our Versungus which to a curious eye carries the structure and shew of a vein It ariseth from the Gut called Duodenum sometimes in the extremity of the biliar pore having a common Orifice with an outward shut sometimes neer the biliar pore from a distinct place it is stretched transversly in the Sweet-bread with short yet very many branches it is wide at the beginning and consumes by degrees before it come at the extremity of the Sweet-bread sometimes it is double in man but unequal in length and ariseth neer the biliar pore at about a fingers breadth distance The use of this channel is no waies hard to be found out for seeing it brings a certain sharp juyce not unlike to the Gall it separates the juyce of its own Nature from the Chyle and carries it away to the Gut Duodenum and therefore this being stopped the Sweet-bread swels by reason of the excrements retained and so many vessels being by this means compressed the Liver and Spleen receive no small damage The Sweet-bread in fat men is bigger and in such as die not through default of Nourishment it is of a cleer white colour and therefore of old it was called Lactium It is stretched out transversly under the Stomach towards the Spleen being more diducted towards the Liver it hath a wonderful nexure with the Liver by proper vessels and passages compassed about with a Membrane It sticks close also to the Duodenum as though it drew a part of its Chyle from it its copulation with the Spleen is not so strong and besides its former offices it cherisheth the Stomach The Liver succeeds this being a famous part in the lower ventricle being the shop or work-house of Blood and Natural Spirit Its substance is fleshy like congealed blood whence Erasistratus gave it the name Parenchyma in the Embrion like
in the Rete Mirabile the Blood is prepared for the Generation of the animal Spirit in the Brain But the Ventricles before mentioned together with those that follow by the aprobation of Modern Physitians are ordained for the collection of air and abounding flegm The chink which is in the valley of the foremost ventricles being lightly drawn aside makes the third ventricle of the Brain according to the opinion of the Ancients in which two passages are observable of which the foremost is carried down to the Funnel a Process sticking up which they compare to a womans Privities the hinder which they liken to the Fundament is carried to the Cavity of the Marrow of the Back and shews that space which the beginnings of that marrow make by their mutual concourse being famous with four protuberances and maketh the fourth ventricle constituted between the Brain and Cerebellum But that Cavity which the principal Authors of Anatomy call the fourth ventricle seeing it properly belongs to the Cerebellum we will speak of it when we come to it in order of Dissection Of those Protuberances some are lesser and proper to the Brain which are called Testicles others greater and called Buttocks from a certain similitude they bear to those parts The Glandula Pinealis is neer these so called because 't is like a Pine-nut It is in substance somewhat hard reddish easie to be resolved and compassed about with a thin Membrane it is set before the hinder passage of the third ventricle to wit the channel that passeth to the beginning of the Marrow of the Back Now the superior parts of the brain being taken away by Dissection and drawn to the side the Cerebellum appears and the Basis of each beginning of the marrow of the back from whence the Nerves take their common original The Nerves are vessels of the same substance with the Brain thin and white Chords if you except the first and second pair which being coupled together by the Meninge make long and round Channels by which the Animal Spirit which is the Author of sence and motion is carried to the several parts of the Body they have Veins and Arteries for their nourishment and vital heat they have no Cavity discernable to the eyes seing they seem to contain a whitish marrow within which both wounds and obstructions in them sufficiently manifesteth the dilligence of Nature in preserving them is admirable for it brings the Nerves to the parts they are appointed for by a certain flexure as they pass the holes of the Vertebrae it defendeth and strengthneth them with a seminal substance most of them make a plexure one with another and make a substance like a swelling or contraction ere they pass further as though they would unite their strength in their progress they are harder Amongst the Nerves which take their original within the Skull the Nerves of smelling come first to view they take their slender beginning from the Basis of the Brain beyond the hole of the rocky Process which gives passe to the Nerve of the fift pair and by degrees growing neerer together and thicker they are extended above the Os Ethmois the Process called Crist passing between they make the swelling Processes called Mamillaxes with their extremities and these in such Creatures whose smell is strong are larger The next pair are the Optick Nerves which the Ancients held to be the first they are great but soft and more porous than the rest they take their original backwards from the beginning of the marrow of the back where the two legs of the vault are stretched out in the midst of their journey they are joyned that the spirit might more easily pass from one eye to another then being separated they pass through each hole of the wedg-like Bone to the right and left Eye this pair being taken away the Infundibulum comes in sight being a Membranous Channel like a Funnel growing narrower by degrees from a broad Basis and carries the redundant flegm to the Glandula under it The Glandula it self is called Pituitaria and is placed in the Saddle of the Wedg-like bone and sends the moisture it receives by the holes next to it to the Pallat. The second pair of Nerves are those that move the Eyes and are therefore called Motorium they take their original neer the former at their beginning they are joyned afterwards being severed they pass to the Eyes by the second hole of the Wedg-like Bone and to the Muscle which lifts up the upper Eye-lid to the Adductor and the lesser oblique Muscle to this we adjoyn that Nerve which is called the lesser Branch of the fift pair which coming from the middle Basis of the Brain passeth to the Muscle of the Eye called Abducens The third pair of Nerves takes its original behind from the basis of the Brain and in its progress is joyned to the former in the hole of the Eye which when it toucheth it is divided into two branches whereof one passing above the Eye by the bony Channel or hole of the Forehead is distributed to the upper Eye-lid the Skin and the Muscles of the Forehead The other branch passeth under the eye and proceeding between the two long Lamens and sending branches both to the tunicle of the Nostrils and to the temporal Muscle it passeth by the hole of the fourth bone of the upper Jaw to the Muscles of the upper Lip and others of the Face some call this the first branch some the first and second of the third pair which joyns it self to the fourth pair to this third pair we ad that small Nerve which arising from the Basis of the Brain neer the prominences which are called Testicles entring the Apple of the Eye is carried to his Muscle called Trochlea The fourth pair ariseth from the Basis of the Brain with the former but a little before it and descends by the sixt hole of the Wedg-like bone and after in its passage it hath bestowed branches upon the temporal Muscle the internal Alar and the Buccae to the Teeth of the upper Jaw the Pallat and Gums it is carried into the internal hole of the lower Jaw and gives branches to the roots of the Teeth and passing out again at the external hole of the same Cheek it s distributed in the inferior lip and his skin the branch of this pair which remaineth passing by the Muscles in the mouth it is distributed to the sides of the Tongue That small Nerve is nothing else but a branch of this pair which the Ancients called the fourth pair thinking it to be a pair by it self and is distributed in the Pallat and his Tunicle The fift pair ariseth from the very beginning of the marrow of the Back where it is joyned to the Cerebellum it passeth the first hole of the bones of the Temples it is of one soft substance and is the proper organ of Hearing another harder which passeth through the hole called Caecum by the Ancients