power of performing are carried by these Spirits from the principal parts for the faculties of the soul are unseparable proprieties and the soul is fitted with its faculty in all its parts nor doth it take them from any other parts but there useth them where it hath fit instruments These Spirits are of three sorts Spirits how many forts Natural Vital Animal The Natural are generated in the Liver and are said to flow from thence into all the parts of the body but although the name of Spirit may in some measure be attributed to the most thin and subtile parts of the blood which oftentimes comes forth out of the Veins with the blood yet there is not a little difference betwixt them and the other Spirits properly so called The natural Spirit and so properly doth not deserve the â—â—me of Spirits as the rest do since they are not the proper instruâ—ents of our actions nor the bond of the soul which uniteth it â—â—th the body and is not generated in any peculiar cavity as the â—â—ital Spirits are It s use The use of the Natural Spirits are to strengthen â—â—e Innate Spirit in all its parts that it may supply the Vital Spirits â—â—th matter and may serve for the more convenient distribution of blood through the Veins The Vital Spirit is generated in the heart The Vital Spirits whence generated of the thinnest and purest blood or the natural Spirit commonly so called and aêr by hâ—â—p of respiration drawn by the dilatatian of the Arteries in the left Ventricle of the heart and being there freed from all fuliginous vapours is distributed through the Arteries into all the parts of the body but the Blood out of which this Spirit is generated for the most part is conveyed through the arterious vein from the right Ventricle of the heart into the Lungs and from thence with aër drawn by breathing in is carried through the arterious vein into the left Ventricle of the heart Their Uses Now this Spirit with its innate heat in the heart is not onely the chief instrument of the actions of the heart but is distributed through the Arteries into the whole body and stirreth up cherisheth increaseth and strengthneth the innate heat in all the parts and doth as it were give action and perfection thereunto whence it is called by some the Influent heat besides which it affords matter fit for the generation of the animal spirits Thirdly The Animal Spirâ—t there are Animal spirits really different from the Viâ—â—l for they are generated in a peculiar place namely the Brain and â—om thence through peculiar Channels to wit Nerves are disperâ—d over the whole body nor can the Vital Spirit perform what the Animal can fince it is a living part orespread with a Vital Spirit Neverthelesse being toucht may be deprived of sense and motion â—â—rough the defect of the Vital Spirit They are generated of the â—urest part of that blood Where and whence generated which is contained in the comers or caâ—ities of the brain which comes from the mixt vein and artery â—nd is orespread with the vital and natural Spirit the purest part â—eing poured out through little branches and small furrows in the â—bstance of the brain for in this and not in the Ventricles of the brain the purest and most subtile part of the blood is changed into animal spirits It s Uses The Animal Spirit serves for the use of living â—â—eatures namely to perform internal and external senses as alâ—â— it serves for motion in Animals and its presence occasioneth â—he faculty of the soul actually to perform the operations of the â—nternal and external senses and it perfecteth animal motion and â—an occasion local motion CHAP. VII Of the natural constitution of Organick parts and the common Unity of parts alike and not alike called similar and dissimilar parts THe natural Constitution of the Organick parts The natural constitution of the Organick parts consist â—â— the due composition and a convenient knitting of the 〈◊〉 milar parts into one form fit and profitable for action for making up whereof these things ensuing are necessary First Their Number a certain number of the parts compounding whicâ— in some are lesse others more according as the instrument are more or lesse compounded till at length there is made up a perfect instrument which can perform perfect actions Secondly Magnirude a due magnitude of the parts compounding being neither bigger nor lesser then they ought Thirdly Conformation due framing which comprehends first a convenienâ— figure secondly cavities and pores that in case a part be noâ— solid but porous it may contain the just number and magnitude of those pores thirdly a certain disposition of the secundary qualities namely that some parts may have a sharp superficies some parts light others heavy some soft others hard some coloured others not light colour or dark colour according as the nature and use of the part requireth Site and connexion Fourthly situation and connexion that every part may be in its own place and may agree with others Lastly it is requisite that there be a common unity aâ— well of parts alike as disalike which is a coherence and growing together of divers bodies into one Unity which if it be wanting and taken away the natural action is hindred CHAP. VIII Of the faculties of the Soul and of the differences of actions iâ— mans body AFter that we have shewed wherein health consists The actions and differences of the faculties of the mind and what iâ— requisite for the performing of actions now we are to explainâ— what are the differences of the faculties of the mind and of actions in a body Physitians whom we here follow divide Actions for theiâ— purpose into Natural Vital and Animal according to the three principal members the Liver Heart and Brain by which all Actions in the body are governed For Physitians purposes are not the same with Philosophers to inquire or search the kindâ— or differences of Souls of living creatures which appears by the diâ—â—inct manners of life which is in Plants in brute beastes living â—treatures and man but onely ought to find out in man the difâ—erences of actions whose actions it is their businesse to preserve and if offended to restore and moreover a Physitian doth not so much consider the faculties themselves which hurt not as the Organs and instruments and then distinguish actions according to the differences of them CHAP. IX Of the Natural faculty and first of Nutrition and Augmentation THat we may begin with the natural faculty The principal natural faculties I mean the Natural faculty so called peculiarly by Physitians for as it is taken generally it is opposed to preternatural and so the Vital and Aniâ—mal faculties may be called Natural The Natural faculty by the Philosophers is called a growing or flourishing power All its actions tend to the preservation of its kind
the Vital Spirits should be carried from the heart of the Child to the exterior parts thereof namely the Secondines and the Urine-passage which is carried from the bottom of the bladder unto the Navel The time from the conception to the bringing forth Physitians divide into two parts the first is called the time of formation from the conception till the time when first the Child begins to move the second the time of adorning which is the time from its motion till its coming forth Of adorning Hippocrates in his book of the Nativity of a Child makes the time of Females formation to be two and fourty dayes but males thirty dayes which is to be conceived from their more imperfect formation but afterwards nature more elaborately frames the parts which are not framed in males till three months nor in females till the fourth month When all the members are framed and rendred more firm the Infant begins to spring and kick in males in the third in females in â—e fourth month as t is commonly reported so that the time of â—rmation being doubled is the time of quickning The time of motion the time of moâ—â—on being trebled is the time of bringing forth Yet one quickning 〈◊〉 more obscure another more manifest which about the middle of time of a Womans going with Child as all Women commonly perswade themselves is first perceived The time that Women go with Child although it be uncertain and various yet for the most part The time of birth it is nine months end or the beginning of the tenth month that a natural birth happens for the most part such Children as live come into the World at that time and that time for humane birth is most natural But before half a years time experience tells us that a Child can hardly be brought forth and live and if it so happen that before the scaventh month be ended a Child be borne and live it is a great rarity and very strange But in the seaventh month because the perfection is finished of all the parts the Child may live and especially which as Hippocrates in his book of beginnings says is of two hundred and ten dayes that is about the end of the seaventh month brought forth But Hippocrates says that a Child borne in the eighth month cannot live Yet others say that some that are borne in the eighth month may live After the tenth month the Child being great wants nourishment and roome to be in although we read some are delivered after the tenth month yet that is seldome The time of legitimate birth For a legitimate birth according to the Law of Nature is then when there is not roome enough for the Child to live and move in nor aliment enough to satisfy him for then 't is time to shake off his shackles those tunicles and indeavour to make away for its own birth and the Mother finds paines and the womb strives to put out that bagg and by its expulsive faculty sends forth the young which thing the Voluntary endeavour of the mother much helpeth which is done by her contracting her Spirits and depression of her Midriff and squeesing the muscles of the paunch CHAP. XI Of the Vital Faculty THE Vital faculty which Physitians call the second faculty although some would refer it to the Animal The Vital faculty differs from the other faculries some to the Natural faculty and others think it to be mixed of them both Yet since it differs not only from those actions which are performed by the natural and Animal faculties but also goes forth by its own organs nor doth it move hither and thither by the assistance of the Animal Spirits but by its own proper Spirits which from thence are called Vital Spirits it is deservedly to be esteemed a peculiar faculty diâ—â—inct from the Vegetable and Animal faculties There are three sorts of Vital faculties Its actions are three and so many motions of the heart wherein they relide The first is the generation of the Vital Spirit and heat The second is the Pulse The third is the Irascible faculty The first to wit Generation of Vital Spirits A Pulse It s definition Of Dilating Of Contracting is the generation of the Vital Spirits and influent heat The second without the which the first cannot perform its office is the Pulse namely the motion of the heart and of the Arteries consisting in dilating and contracting that so the Vital Spirits may be generated and distributed and the natural heat may be preserved in its natural harmony By Dilatation the heart is filled and attracts to its self air with blood from the right Ventricle by the Venous Artery which goes from thence to the heart and attracts from the lungs air and blood by help of the Arterial Vein into the left Ventricle of the heart for the generation and refreshing and restauration of the Vital Spirits and heat By the Systole or Contraction of the Heart it distributeth the Vital Spirits and Arterious blood through and by the help of the great Artery into the whole body and sends the fuliginous excrements to the Lungs by the Arterial Vein In like manner the Dilatation of the Artery through its little Orifices terminating in the skin attracts to it self ambient air to form and cool its heat the Orifices that are terminated neer the Heart draw from it the hottest and thinnest blood full of Vital Spirit But as the mouths of the Arteries with the Orifices of the Veins do draw the purest and finest Spirits to fostet and cherish their heat but by Contraction they expâ—l fuliginous excrements which action is called a steaming through or transpiration which is made through the hidden Pores of the skin and by the Latines is called Transpiratio In the third place the Irascible faculty belongeth to the Vital faculty The Irascible faculty from whence Anger Joy Fear Sadness and terrour and other passions of the mind arise And that its residence is in the Heart is most evident because the motion of the Heart and the Pulse of the Arteries are most evidently changed in the passions of the mind Respiration is also added to the Vital faculty as principally necessary to further its action Breathing and hath the same end and purpose as the Pulse hath and is instituted for the benefit of the Heart It is performed principally by the Lungs and the Lungs are as it were the fan or bedows of the Heart and are the primary Instruments of breathing and are indued with a peculiar power of moving themselves even as the Heart is differing only from the Animal faculty Nor are the Lungs moved only by the motion of the breast but by their proper force and power The motion fo the Lungs And although the motion of the Lungs and Breasts are made together yet neither are the cause of the others motion but they therefore move together because they conspire to bring one
making water is to be observed those Vrines which are made presently after eating and drinking When Vrine is to be received signifie nothing certainly especially if much drink be taken since the decoction is not performed Vrine is rather to be lookt upon after a perfect concoction and about the morning In Fevers regard is to be had of the fits because in time of the Paroxism the morbifique matter is expelled another way Secondly it is to be weighed whether any meat drink or medicine be taken which may change the Vrine Thirdly The whole Vrine to be taken It should first settle In what place should be kept Inspection of troubled Vrines the whole Urine made at once is to be be taken not to be mingled with waters made at several times Fourthly judgment is not to be given of Urine before it hath setled and the Contents enjoy their proper place Fifthly you must beware least the Urine by cold air or winds especially in an open vessel being exposed thereunto should be changed or corrupted yet it may be changed no less by too much heat then by too much cold Sixthly if the Urines are troubled they are to be setled by the heat of fire or rather warm water that they may return to their former state yet it is convenient to look upon troubled Urines before they become clear again since often times in troubled Vrines the substance of the Vrine is more manifest then in clear and often times Vrines which be not troubled seem to be alike when troubled they differ exceedingly and in troubled Vrines oftentimes that matter of the Vrine shews it self which scarce any one could believe had been contained in it when 't was clear Seventhly the Vrinal in Inspection ought to be quiet and not to be stirred only after Inspection it may be lawful to stir the contents Eighthly the Glass wherein the Vrine is to be viewed ought to be clear perspicuous and void of all colour Ninthly the Urine is to be cast neither in a place too shady nor too light yet the colours in a small shade so not too dark may be discerned best but the Contents in a lighter place CHAP. XII What may be discerned and foretold by a Vrine ALL diseases and affects cannot be discerned by Vrine only since there are diseases of many parts which alter not the Vrine What can be known by Urine but without dispute the Vrine may shew that disposition which is in the Liver and Vrines since the Vrine is an Excrement of the Veins of the Reins also and passages through which the Vrine flows and the diseases of the Bladder and Yard without controversie the Vrine may shew for if any thing be contained in the ways through which the Vrine passeth contrary to nature 't is easily mingled with the Vrine moreover the diseases of those parts which send matter to the Veins may be dscerned by the Vrine Whence if any peculiar part be affected and the Vrine changed also if in the part affected there be also made any peculiar change it is a token that such matter is transmitted from that part to the Reins and Bladder On the contrary also when the matter which is contained in the Veins is carried sometimes to other part s and causeth various Symptomes the diseases of those parts may also be known by the Vrines especially if other Symptomes agree with those of the Vrine Lastly when Fevers and venemous diseases may be joined with the diseases of many parts although the Vrines then do not first indicate that very disease of the private part yet 't is not unprofitable then to consider the Vrines and to observe the signs from thence of life and death And thus what may be known and foretold of every Vrine is manifest from those things which are spoken of the causes of all the differences which happen unto Vrine Book III. PART I. SECT IV. OF PULSES CHAP. I. What a Pulse is A Pulse which the Greeks call Sphugmos and Sphuxis A Pulse what is a motion of the Heart and Arteries proceeding from the vital faculty consisting of dilatation and contraction and is appointed for the preservation of the Harmony of the native heat Instruments of a Pulse Instruments of the Pulse are the Heart and Arteries and the Heart is the Fountain Chimny and Elaboratory of heat and vital Spirits but the Arteires are the Channels through which this vivifying heat is derived from the heart as from a Fountain and disperst through the whole body which work that they may rightly perform power is given to them by nature whereby they can dilate and contract them selves by perpetual motion Efficient cause by which means Arteries Blood with the vital Spirits is diffused through the whole body the vapors are expelled and cold air is drawn in neither is the motion of the Heart and Arteries made only by the fervent heat of the Blood and Spirits nor is this motion to be accounted accidental Vital faculty and as it were violent but the heart by a peculiar faculty which it hath in its self which they call Vital and Pulsisique is moved neither are the Heart and Arteries dilated because they are filled but they are filled because dilated Neither is this faculty denied to the Arteries although in its own manner it depends on the heart The vse of the Heart and Arteries The use of the motion of the heart and arteries and the end of their motion is the preservation of the native heat the generation of vital spirits and the distribution of them through the whole boby but the native heat is preserved as being hotter whilest 't is cooled and fanned and the matter fit for the generating of spirits is drawn but the fuligenous vapors are expelled The motion of the Heart and Pulse performs these duties by that double motion out of the which as of parts it is composed namely by Sistole and Dyastole or dilatation and contraction But because these two motions are opposite and a thing cannot be moved against its opposite unless first it be quiet It is necessary that these two motions admit of two cessations between the one is that which follows the Systole the other the Dyastole And indeed attraction is made by dilatation for the cooling and fanning of the heat and the generation of spirits But contraction is made for expulsion for the heart when it is dilated attracts blood the matter of vital spirits and arterious blood and air from the Lungs through the arterious veins But the Arteries draw some of the thinner blood from the Veins especially they draw aire through their small orifices opening to the Pores of the Skin by contraction the Heart expels fuliginous vapors and together emits arterious Blood and Spirits into the Arteries but the Arteries expel fuligenous excrements and together communicate some Spirits and arterial blood to all the parts CHAP. 2. Of the simple differences of Pulses THe differences of
were degenerated from their nature and are made altogether unfit to perform animal actions bring forth vapors which contain in them a stupefactive power moreover the effusion of animal spirits by deep wounds and troubling of them by a stroak and by a great fal and commotion of the Brain may take away all sense and motion from a man but that Apoplexy which ariseth from a pituitous and stupefactive power is the chief and is understood for the most part when mention is made of a perfect Apoplexy to wit which is occasioned by its sefe when the other Apoplexies by reason of the differences of causes either are occasioned by some external and violent cause as by a stroak by a fall or they follow other diseases An Epilepsie is occasioned from a vaporous and thin matter Of an Epilepsie whether by its acrimony or venomous and malignant quality vellicating and molesting the Brain and all the Nerves and together afflicting the animal spirits darkning and troubling of them and there are to help this matter forward not onely certain humours corrupted in a peculiar manner and fit for an Epileptical disposition but also parts of the body corrupted in like manner as Worms After-birth and such like An imperfect Epilepsie hath the same cause with the perfect Epilesie but mote gentle and less store of humours which otherwise could not vellicate all the Nerves yet may trouble them all but cannot trouble and darken the animal spirits in the Brain CHAP. VII Of the causes of Symptomes which happen to qualities changed ANd these are the causes of the actions hurt Causes of colour changed or of the first kind of Symptomes which conâ—ist in the actions hurt the second kind or colour of the whole body or of its parts changed contrary to nature are humors of the body such are the colours of the whole body or its parts as are the humors in them so in the yellow Jaundice by reason of yellow choller effused into the body the whole body is coloured with the yellow choller in a Dropsie by stegm it waxeth pale The teeth grow black either through default of aliment Causes of change of the colour of teeth or when any slimy matter flowing from the Stomach Brain or elsewhere or also from meat left behind sticks to the teeth and putrifying corrupts and make them black The Nailes change their colour through peccant matter nourishing them Of Nails Fifthly Of stinking smells smells and exhalations are breathed out of the whole body when hot and moist bodies produce plenty of crude humours which when they cannot be overcome by heat become putrid and send forth a stinck from the whole body A stink is sent out of the mouth Of stinking breath when either many crudities are heaped together in the Stomack which are corrupted and send forth putrid and stinking exhalations by the Pallate or when filthy vapours exhale from the putrifaction in the Lungs or when such matter cleaves to the Teeth Gums or Pallate and infects the air which is breathed out with its stink The smell of the Arm-pits which they call Goats smel Stink of the Arm-pits proceeds from excrementitious humors which are sent from the heart and internal parts in such aboundance to these places and emunctories that all of them cannot easily be discussed but corrupt and send forth filthy smells The faetid smell of the Groin comes from the same cause namely Of the Groin too great plenty of excrements which are sent out from the Liver and Veins to those emunctories The foul smell of the Nostrils is caused by excrementitious humours there collected and putrifying by a Polipus a Canker or an Ulcer in the Nostrils Of the Nostrils The ears stink by an Imposthume and Ulcer in the internal Ear or by vitious humours sent out of the Brain Of the Ears Lastly Of the Feet the Feet send forth an ill smell when the moist excrements in them which are of a hot and moist constitution and given to surfeit are collected and putrifie in the Feet being drawn thither by their motion especially when they are covered with such garments that they cannot freely expire vapours The câ—uses of tactil qualities changed Of tactil qualities changed appears by those things which are spoken of the Causes of Diseases when sometimes they are referred to the rank of Diseases sometimes to the number of Symptomes namely as sometimes the actions are hindered by them sometimes they hinder not the actions but onely cause trouble to the touch CHAP. VIII Of the causes of Symptomes in those things that are sent forth and retained AS for what belongs to excretion and those things which in their whole kind are contrary to nature Causes of excrements contrary to nature and may be generated in the body as stones worms since the same belongs to the causes of Diseases they are spoken of before in the second Part and the ninth Chapter but artificial things as instruments of Iron Knives and such like cannot be generated in mans body but by the inchantments of the Devil are insinuated into the body or are fitted to parts without through which they cannot come back and are there shewen as it were going back If those things which are wont to be cast forth naturally are cast out another way â—â—eressions through unaccustomed passages which comes to passe because the accustomed ways either are grown together or obstructed or some way or other shut for then nature by reason of plenty of matter which it was wont to evacuate through the usual ways they being shut it wearied seeks new ways either more open or otherwise to which some pricking humor leads it or which it chuseth of its own accord Thirdly the effusion of blood contrary to nature through what place soever happens because the Veins and Arteries are opened contrary to nature Of bleeding contrary to nature for those reasons which before in the Second part and thirteenth Chapter are explained and particularly sweating of Blood happens through the thinnesse of the Blood rarity and laxity of the skin and debility of the retentive faculty Small paâ—cels are cast out of the body when from any internal part which was wont to be evacuated that way or in that way by an Ulcer Putrifaction and eroded by a sharp humour and separated from the body As for the causes of excretions offending in quality hot ordure is cast out if choller and hot humours are mingled If the Liver and Guts are too hot if hot meats are used The siege is cold by the extinguishing of the native heat the use of cold meats and the mixture of cold humours Moist Excrements are cast out either through crudity when the meat is not concocted or by obstruction of the Meseraik Veins Causes of excretions peccant in quality Hot. Cold. Moist Hard. by reason whereof the Chyle cannot passe to the Liver and therefore being mingled with the ordure
here you are to be admonished Whether mens manners are according to their temperature that those things which are spoken of signes of the moral actions by Physitians are not of acquired manners and such as are compleated by education discipline and custome but are to be understood of the native and congenite manners which Galen calls Hormas and when Physitians tell us that manners follow the constitution of the body that is to be taken of the native and ingenite manners not such as are acquired CHAP. V. Of the signs of the constitution of the Liver IF the Liver be temperate Signs of a temperate Liver the habit of the whole body is in the middle betwixt being too fat and too lean the colour of the body is rosie and for the most part the rest of the signs appear which are found in a temperate body the Urine is excellent If the Liver be too hot Of a hot yellow Choller abounds and in middle age black or chollerick and adust blood the Veins are broad and ample the whole body more hot the Belly and Hypocondries rough and hairy and those which have such a constitution of Liver are carried away by pleasures especially by meat and drink they are offended with hot meats and drinks and hot air but cold air and cold meat and drink help them their Panch is dry they are thirsty unless the coldness and moisture of the stomach hinder it and they are very obnoxious to het diseases In a cold Liver all things are contrary the veins are strait Of a cold the blood colder and hence the whole body colder except the heat of the Heart hinder it the belly smooth The signs of a dry Liver Of a dry are little blood and thick hard veins and the habit of the whole body thin or lean The signs of a moist Liver Of a moist are abundance of blood and that thin and watrish and the whole body more moist The signs of a hot and dry are amplitude and hardness of veins Of a hot and dry and hotter blood thicker and dryer the Hypocondris are exceeding rough and the whole body hotter and dryer But if the Liver be hot and moist Hot and moist more store of blood is generated and that of an indifferent consistence the veins are great and broad and soft and the habit of the whole body moister and softer the Hypocondries hairy enough and if either quality do much exceed those who have such a constitution fall into many diseases which proceed from putrefaction If the Liver be more cold and moist Cold and moist crude and pituitous blood is generated the veins are narrow and the whole body if the heart hinder it not is colder and moister and the Hypocondries are void of hair Moreover the signs of a cold and dry Liver are little blood and so the nutrition not so happy Cold and dry less store of hair and the whole body is colder and dryer unless perchance the heart do correct the frigidity of the Liver CHAP. VI. Of the signs of the temperature of the Testicles THose whose Testicles are in good temper are fruitful those whose Stones are too hot are lecherous Signs of temperate Testicles Hot. and apt for Venus betimes and fruitful also and beget boyes and they also have hair in their privy parts betimes and have beards also very young Those who have cold Stones are not apt for Venus Cold. nor fruitful and if they do generate they rather procreate Females then Males and their genital parts are more bald and have lesse hair and they slowly or never put forth a beard Those who have moist abound with much seed Moist but watry and have broad beards Those who have dry ones generate little seed Dry. and that indifferent thick and are apt to have little beards Those who have hot and dry Testicles generate thick seed and are fruitful and are timely stirr'd up to Venus Hot and dry and yet are easily hurt by Venue they beget Males unless the sluggish nature of the woman hinder it hair comes betimes in the genitalls and plentifully and in all the parts neer upwards in the parts nigh the Navel downwards to the middle of the Thighs Those who have heat and moisture Hot and moist do more abound with seed they affect Venus moderately and can easily brook it if the constitution of the rest of the body agree nay sometimes they are offended by retaining of the seed they generate as well Males as Females and are no so rough about the Genitals Those whose Testicles are cold and moist begin to use Venus late Cold and moist neither are they prone to Venus and they are also unfruitful or if they generate fruitful seed 't is more fit to procreate Females then Males and the seed is thin and watry Lastly Cold and dry those that have cold and dry Stones Generate thick seed and but little and are more hurt after Coition then cold and moist ones CHAP. VII Of the signs of the constitution of the stomach A Temperate Stomach shews it selfe moderate in all things Signs of a temperate Stomach it desires so much as it can concoct and concoct it well and neither corrupts soft meats which are easie to be digested noâ— leaves hard meats unconcocted and crude nor is it easily hurt by meat that overwhelms it But a hot Stomach concocts better then it desires Of a hot it digesteth meat hard and difficult to be concocted happily bur on the other side it corrupts soft meats and such as are easie to be digested and brings forth a nitrous crudity 't is delighted with hot meats and drink and that so powerfully that it is not hurt by the moderate use of cold things but is preserved from the farthest decay which will be preserved by heat Thirst is greater then the desire of meat A colder Stomach more greedily desires then it can concoct Cold. and principally cold meats and such as are hard to be digested are not easily well concocted by it but easily grow sower in it and a little after eating pleantifully a sense of heaviness is perceived about the Stomach and floating and loathing and sometimes vomit A moist Stomach doth not easily thirst Scoist it is not easily hurt by much drinking ' tis-delighted with moist food and easily brooks hunger A dryer Stomach is more thirsty Dry yet unless the thirst arise from some part neer thereunto it is hurt by too much drink it desires dry meat From these signs of the simple constitutions of the Stomach may easily be collected the signs of the mixt construtions CHAP. VIII Of the signs of the constitution of the Lungs THose who have hot Lungs do much dilate their brests in breathing they are thirsty Signs of hot Lungs and the thirst is not allayed unless it be in long time and with cold things Cold Lungs are much
is a signe it comes from the stomack or that it is not the substance it self but that which it contained in it and is familiar to it that is so ejected so meat drink or chile cast out by reason of a wound shews that the stomack is proforated or that the guts are too thin and if the stomack be hurt the sick wil belch much if the guts the wind goes out by the seat urine flowing out through an Ulcer or wound shews that the bladder uriters or reins are hurt but which of these parts are affected the scituation of the wound discovers The dreggs of the belly ejected through a wound or the smel of the dung perceived in the wound shews that the guts especially the thick are hurt So also of other parts But seeing that the same things may often come forth from many parts the quality of the excrement and manner of its coming out shews which is the part affected if the blood be thinner hotter more florid and comes out leaping it shews that the arterie is cut but if it be thicker and comes out without leaping or dauncing it shews that the veins are hurt blood that comes from the paunch shewing like that wherein meat hath been washed shews that the liver is affected if any come forth only by spitting it shews that the mouth or parts next to it are affected unless perhaps it flow from the head into the mouth if by spittle the chaps or larynx are affected if by cough the wind-pipe or lungs so that it doth not raise a cough by defluxion from the head if by vomit the throat and stomack so that it come not into the stomack from the liver or spleene or other parts adjacent The quantity also of excrements afford signes if much blood is cast out it is a Token of an affect of the lungs if little of the wind pipe That blood which flows from the reins is more from the bladder less Moreover order in excrements is a token of the place affected if first blood and afterwards dreggs are cast out it signifies that the fundament or some gut is affected within if first dreggs come forth afterwards blood it shews the guts are thin or the parts above them are affected so if quitture which is brought forth in the Urine come before it shews there is an ulcer in the gut colon if it follow it shews that the superior parts are ulcerated Thirdly Qualities changed qualities changed also affords signes of places affected red colour of the cheeks signifies inflamation of the lungs the colour of the body but principally of the face pale or yellow shews that the bladder of the gall is not right the flesh and skin being yellow in dicate the bones that are under them to be corrupted a filthy smel exhaling from the nostrils shews that the parts within the nostrils are affected if from the mouth it shews that the teeth chops lungs or stomack are affected if from a wound of the paunch it signifies that the guts are wounded hardness of the right Hypocondrie is a signe that the liver is affected of the left that the spleen is affected Lastly certain diseases pertain to effects following other diseases of the place affected which are therefore called symptomatick or familiar and are discoverers of the primary disease Signes of parts affected by consent But least that we should erre in knowing the place affected by the actions hurt and should take the part which is hurt by consent for the primary affects First the anatomy and functions of mans body and the use and consent of all the parts ought to be known whence a part receives its nerves arteries and veins and from what parts it can send any thing to them and receive any thing through them therefore if in a member sense or motion be hindred and the part suffer no ill we must observe what nerves are inserted therein what muscles move it and whence those muscles take the nerves and t is to be enquired whether those parts have suffered any evil so a nerve being hurt t is easily communicated to the braine the evils of the arteries to the heart the hurts of the veins to the liver and again the braine being affected sence and motion is hurt the heart the vital actions are hurt nutrition is weakned through default of the liver Moreover it is to be enquired whether a part be primarily hurt or by consent of other parts that is known first from â—he precedent causes Namely if a part which is affected be hurt by no evident cause but a part with which it hath consent hath suffered some evil t is probable that that part is affected by consent Secondly if any hurt coheres with the hurt of another member that by increasing of the one the other increased and by the decrease thereof it be diminished and that ceasing it caseth it is a token that such an affect is stird up by consent but from that part where the disease first declined it shews that to be the part affected by consent but by essence that wherein the disease remained longest thirdly an affect by consent doth not presently infect but for the most part by intervals fourthly if two parts are together affected and by applying things that are helpfull to the one or hurtfull the other be helpt or hurt t is an argument that t is an affect by consent Signe that the head is affected But although any one from these Fountaines of signes may come to the knowledge of all parts affected yet that for example sake we may add some in particular first Animall actions hurt afford signes of diseases of the head and braine whither they are diminished or depraved yet this is to be noted of the externall senses and motion hurt since that the braine is not the immediate Organ of those actions but only supplyes animall Spirits t is to be inquired whether the cause of these actions hindred be in the brain or in the proper Organ the excrements also of the braine sent forth through the Emunctories indicate the braine to be affected The signes of diseases of the heart Of the heart for the most part are taken from vitall actions and the qualities changed of the body Actions hurt are respiration which the preternaturall heat of the heart changeth palpitation of the heart the pulses much changed for according as the heart is so is the heate and colour in the whole body The signes of the liver affected Of the liver are first when its action is hurt which is Sanguification a token whereof the urine and dregs of the paunch afford moreover when the habit of the body is changed and their is an ill colour of the the whole body and penury of blood is in the veins sometimes also by default of the spleen or by reason of excrements regurgitating from elsewhere into the veins the colour of the whole body is changed thirdly distribution of blood
of strength do require you may give more drink but sithence drink is to be considered not as drink only but as medicinal hence it comes to pass that at certain times certain drinks are to be chosen Drink considered as drink ought to be given according to the rules for meat But as it is considered as altering by how much the dry heat is more intense by so much the more hotter drinks are to be avoided and the colder to be chosen Yet regard is to be taken of the cause and oftentimes there will be need of attenuating and absterging drinks and not of cooling only and the matter being deeper fastened in the part admits not cooling drink The drinking of cold water is only useful in acute Fevers 't is never proper in intermittent Fair water is often altered with barley which is called a decoction and barley-water Instead of drink Juleps are also exhibited water mixed with Honey Oxymel Emulsions Whey strong beer wine But seeing certain drinks for certain Fevers are most convenient we may more properly handle them severally amongst the different kinds of Fevers of which sorts are peculiar for such a particular Fever then in general to treat thereof The air in all Fevers ought to be pure cold rather then hot yet so temper'd Air. that the drawing in thereof may rather allay the fevourish heat then meeting with a naked body cause it to shut its own pores which hinders the discussion of vapours and sweats and therefore the sick is to be covered with outward garments but such as are light that so the heat may be drawn to the outmost parts of the body Sleep ought to be moderate Rest in putred Fevers is most advantagious Sleep rest Excrements passions of the mind Excrements ought not to be retained beyond measure but to be ejected in due time The passions of the mind ought to be at peace and sadness and anger are to be avoided CHAP. X. Of the differences of putred Fevers HItherto we have spoken of putred Fevers in general The differences of putred Fevers it remains that now we speak of them particularly First their differences are a little more cleerly to be explained And they are taken chiefly from the matter putrifying and the place of putrefaction As for the matter Feversarise either from choller or phlegm From the matter blood or melancholly To which not without reason is added a serous humour especially that Ichor which is very evil easily obnoxious to putrefaction A serous humour and causeth the blood and other humours to putrefie more easily Whence some are of opinion that Ephemeral Fevers which commonly are said to arise from Spirits kindled do all proceed from the ebullition of the serous part of the venous or arterious blood And much more a Synocha without putrefaction although the vital Spirits being heat may first allure the heat to the serous humour The same shew that all Synochaes or Fevers containing as they are called which have no periods as well putred as not putred do arise from the same aqueous and serous humour whether putrefying or not putrefying whereof the Tract of Fevers may be seen Those Fevers which proceed from blood do all keep a certain continuity and equality and are neither exasperated daily From blood Phlegm Choller nor each other day nor the fourth day but those which do arise from Phlegmatick chollerick or melancholy humours all have their periods whether they are continued or intermittent Besides these there are other Fevers Melancholy which although they are exasperated yet have no certain periods such are those which arise from inflammation putrefaction worms corrupted milk From other causes as in Infants blood out of the Vessels chyle and blood imperfect putrefying in the Mesaraicks The matter whereof putred vapours are bred in Fevers From the place is either contained within the vessels or without The vessels which carry the perfect blood as the vena cava and the arteries or the more imperfect as the Meseraick veins within the vessels Whilest blood putrifies in the vena cava there arise continued Fevers whereof some are called Synochaes or containing Fevers others continued instead of a genus and periodick continued If excrementitious humours putrefie in the Mesaraicks intermittent Fevers are stirred up but if imperfect blood putrifie in the Mesaraick veins continued Fevers are raised but calm ones Putrifying matter without the veslels Without the vessels sending putred vapours to the veins and arteries kindles continued Fevers Such are first Symptomatical which proceed from inflammations of certain parts Moreover calmer Fevers which proceed from the stubborness of the guts and their obstructions Thirdly those that are caused by an Ulcer Fistula and all putrefaction Fourthly from corrupt milk as in Infants from blood putrefying without the vessels also the matter of Catarrhs whence they are called Catarrhal Fevers Lastly there are Fevers called Comitatae or Companions which are occasioned from matter putrefying in the veins Fevers accompanied part whereof when nature either expells out of the body which happens in a Diarrhaea Dysentery and a Catarrh or protrudeth into some part which happens in the Meazles Small Pox Stragling pains Quinsey Peripneumonie Phrensie Erisipelas oftentimes Another disease then accompanies the Fever CHAP. XI Of a continued putred primary Fever and first of a Synocha in particular NOw concerning putred Fevers in particular A primary continued Fever and first we will handle a primary continued Fever A primary continued Fever is that which comes not to apurexie before it be plainly taken away and hath its rise from putred humours contained in the greater branches of the vena cava and arterie For since that thence putred vapours are continually sent to the heart a continued heat is also caused thence until it fully be cured there is no absence of fire neither doth it return by intervalls with tremblings and shaking fits Primary continued Fevers are two-fold Some without any remission or exacerbation of the heat continue from the beginning to the end But there are others wherein the heat before the Fever be throughly cured doth never totally depart yet at certain periods is increased The former are called fiery Synochaes and Fevers containing the other are called Synoches or continued instead of a genus The Fever Synocha putred A Puered Synocha is a Fever which without any slacking or increasing afflicteth from the beginning to the end arising from putrefaction of the blood in the greater branches of the vena cava Although continued Fevers may arise out of vessels of determinate parts yet such are Symptomatical And if they are true Synochaes which have their original from the default of any part as from the womb offending Yet that part only affords an occasion the polluted putredity being communicated that the blood in the greater vessels might corrupt But there are Fevers risen from determinate parts for the most part continued Periodicks So
sometimes peccant matter in the first passages collected in the first concoction which useth to go to some of the humours which at certain Periods are moved and hath not as yet received its limits for motion it useth then to corrupt the humours and communicate putrefaction to the vena cava which Fevers for the most part are malignant A putred Synocha hath its original for the most part from transpiration hindred and want of ventilation of the blood The cause and hot fuliginous retentions by reason of obstruction of veins as well in the skin as also in the internal parts And the blood appointed to nourish the body putrifies in these Synochaes and putrefying continually sends hot vapours to the heart For when preter-natural heat is so kindled in the veins that nature can no longer rule it it becomes putred and is corrupted Nor is there any need that the putred blood should be turned into another humour presently For blood of its own nature is apt to putrefaction and in inflamations we see it changed to quitture not into choller though nothing hinder it in the veins but that it might And especially the Ichor or thin waterish part of the blood is apt to turn to putrefaction and by reason of the Ichor the blood in the first place is corrupted which happens when the vapours which ought to transpire are retained in the veins Yet the whole blood doth not putrifie but some parts thereof which so long as they are not seperated from the good blood crudity is said to be present which afterwards by concoction are seperated from the good blood which being done Nature appoints evacuation by which the blood returns to its former purity again A Synocha is three-fold Acmastick i. e. when it remains alwayes in the same state namely Differences when so much of the humour daily putrifies as is discussed this is called also Homotonos Epacmastick or Anabaticos is when the heat continually increaseth and more of the matter is kindled then can be discussed Paraemastick is when there is more discussed then corrupted and thence the heat alwayes decresseth Furthermore it blood which putrifies be temperate absolute 't is called a sanguinious Synoch a in particular But if it be hotter which useth to be called cholerick the disease is then called Synocha bilosa The Fever is known first by this Diagnostick signs that it continues from the beginning to the end without any exasperation and mutation Moreover because the Pulse is great vehement swift frequent unequal and inordinate And in a Synocha proceeding from temperate blood the signs of Plethory are present The blood to him that toucheth seems much and full of vapours and is not so troublesome and sharp as in other Fevers and other signes are present which are observed in a Synocha that is not putred A putred Synocha is distinguished from a non-putred by certain signs The heat in a putred is sharper then in a non-putred In a putred the urine is red thick and troubled without any sediment and crude or a little concocted in the beginning the Pulse affords signes of putrefaction and all the Symptomes are greater then in a Fever that is not putred A Synochabilosa happens to those that are troubled with cholerick blood and the heat is sharper then in a Synocha proceeding from temperate blood thirst is more troublesome the urine thinner and sharper and other signes which are usual in cholerick Fevers are discerned This Fever is the most simple amongst the putred Prognosticks and easiest to be cured And being pure seldom passeth seven dayes but the spurious is extended to the fourteenth day and is terminated sooner or later as the signes of concoction appear sooner or later A white urine in a Synocha is evil The least dangerous of all is that which is called Synochos Paracmasticos next to that Acmasticos But that is most dangerous which continually increaseth and is called Epacmasticos which easily degenerates into a disease called Causus And by how much the fewer the evil Symptomes are by so much the better hopes the more they are the more danger is shewn The whole cure consists in taking away the cause Indicatious and altering the fevourish heat Blood therefore as abounding in plenty is to be lessened the pores of the skin to be opened the causes of obstructions being taken away The fevourish heat is to be tempered and allayed if there be strength as for the most part there is thin diet is to be used Therefore a vein is forthwith to be opened in the right arm a Clyster or lenitive medicine being given first if occasion require and to take away as much blood as the strength will permit Breathing of a vein and you may more boldly take away blood in this then in any other sort of Fever Blood being evacuated Medicines that the concoction may be made more facile we are to use those things which allay the heat free from obstructions and resist putrefaction namely the juice of Sorrel Lemmons Citrons and Syrrups and Conserves prepared of them Syrrup of Sorrel simple Oxymel simple Oxysauharum simple Spirit of Vitriol and the four cold seeds with cooling waters are to be administred Principally we ought to endeavour that the pores of the skin may be freed from obstruction which for the most part is the cause of this disease which thing Oxymel and wine mingled with honey and the honey dissolved will conveniently perform since they are easily carried to the outmost parts of the body and attenuate dull thick humours and simple Oxymel resists putrefaction Concoction being perfected the Ancients used to drink cold water and gave so much of it to drink as might not only extinguish the fevourish hear but that the matter concocted might be evacuated by stool vomit or sweats But in our countries sick people are not so accustomed to drink cold water and many inconveniences are to be feared by the use thereof So likewise swimming in cold water which was usual with the Ancients doth not agree with our bodies The concoction being perfected nature useth for the most part critically to evacuate the corrupted matter which if it be not done it ought to be performed by the Physician with purging medicines Dyet in this Fever ought to be thin Diet. because both that blood aboundeth and the disease is short It should be cooling and moistening and also to have power of attenuating thick humours and deterging viscid ones CHAP. XII Of a Causus or Burning Fever WHereas amongst continued Fevers there is often mention made of a Causus we are also here to say something of it But a Causus is not any difference of a Fever but rather a measure expressing the quality of fevourish heat The word Causus is sometimes taken generally and not so properly sometimes specialiter and more properly Generally for any sort of Fever whose heat is vehement in particular for a Fever which hath two Pathognomonicks great heat
out of things generated in the body according to nature but retained in the body beyond the limits of nature p 343 Of taking away the corrupt parts of the body p 344 Of freeing and taking away things generated in the body contrary tâ— nature p 345 Of restitution of parts that are lost or of the Chyrurgery of imperfect parts p 346 Book 5. Part 2. Sect. 1. OF the method of healing and of Indications in general p 348 Of Indicants p 350 Of the concord and discord of Indicants p 353 Of Indicants p 354 What mâ—râ—istâ—ue causes indicate and peculiarly of purging a juice in the body which causes ill digestion p 360 Of the time fit for the purging of a disease p 363 Of the preparation and concoction of humours p 365 Of the quaâ—tity of purgation p 371 Of the plâ—â—e by wâ—â—ch purgation ought to be made p 372 Of the â—â—ue administration of purges p 374 Whether it be lawful to sleep having taken a purge Ibid Whether it is beâ—â— after purging to use cleansing and abstergent meâ—â—oines p 375 Of evacuation by â—rine Ibid Of evacuation by sweat p 376 Of particular evacuations p 378 Of the abating abundance a blood with Leaches Cuppinglasses Scarrifications c. p 379 Of opening a Vein p 382 Of revulsion p â—85 Of derivation p 3â—8 Of repulsion ibid Of interceptings p 389 Of discussing p 390 Of softning and ripning of matter p 391 Book 5. Part. 2. Of shewing how to Cure OF diseases of Intemperature p 392 Of curing diseases of the whole substance p 394 The cure â—f diseases of confirmation p 395 Of the cure of diseases of number p 397 Of curiâ—g of diseases of magnitude p 398 Of curing diseases in sâ—ituation and connexion p 3â—9 Of the cure of solution of continuity p 400 Of the cure of oppressing and urging Symptomes p 402 Book 5 Part. 2 Sect. 3. Of the Vital Indication WHat doth indicate Dyet in those that are sick p 404 What things belong to Dyet p 4â—5 How many sorts there are of Dyet and which agrees to which â—â—seases p 406 Of the right administration of a dict of sick persons p 407 Book 5 Part. 3 Sect. 1. OF preparing and compounding of Drugs in general of necessity and profit of preparing and compounding of simple Medicines p 409 What things are necessary for the Artificial preparatîon and composition of Medicines p 411 Of the weights of Medicines p 412 Of Physical measures p 414 Of Dozes of Medicines p 416 Of the Dozes of Purges p 417 Book 5. Part. 3. Sect. 2. OF operations necessary for the preparation and composition of Medicines Of the parts of Pharmacopaea p 419 Of the kinds of heat p 420 Of the first rank or form of operations of breaking sleeking or making plain shaving and filing p 421 Of the second rank and form of operations p 424 Of the third manner of operations p 428 Sect. 3. OF the forms of Medicines p 429 Of the division of medicines ibid Of Decoctions p 433 Purging decoctions p 436 Of infusions and other purging potions p 437 Of medicinal wines drinks of Honey and water sodden together of wines mingled with honey of Oxymel of medicinal vinegar decoction or barley-water also of clarified juices p 439 Of distilled water and spirits p 443 Of oyles p 444 Of Syrrops and Julops p 445 Of Emulsions and Ahes mixtures bringing or causing milk and of strengthning things p 448 Of tinctures and extracts and liquid dissolutions p 450 Of conserves preserves and medicinal jûices p 451 Of Electuaries p 453 Of Eclegmays and Lohochs p 455 Of Boles p 457 Of Powders and Trags or Comfits p 458 Of Salts p 459 Of Crosses p ibid Of flowers and sublimates p 460 Of precipitates ibid Of Glasses Regons of certain chymical powders p 461 Of Comfits little round cakes and morcels and such like ibid Of Troches p 464 Of Pills p 465 Of Suppositors p 468 Of Clystors p 470 Of Injections into the womb and of Pessaries p 472 Of those things which are injected into the Yard and Bladder p 473 Of the washing of the mouth and Gargarismes ibid Of medicines that draw away flegm p 474 Of medicines that rub and cleanse the teeth p 475 Of medicines put into the nose and to provke sneezing p 477 Of sweet smells perfumes and odcrifierous Balsomes p 478 Of those things which are put into the ears p 479 Of liquid medicines for the eyes ibid Of oyles and balsomes p 480 Of linements and oyntments p 481 Of Cerots and Emplaisters p 482 Of Cataplasmes p 485 Of medicines to take away hair Salves made of Mustard and medicines causing wheales or pustles in the body Vesitatories or medicines that cause blisters p 486 Of Epithems which are something moister then Plaisters Medicines made of Vinegar and Roses and of medicines applied to the Temples to stop fluxes of Rheume from falling to the eyes p 427 Of medicines applied plaister-ways to mitigae paine and of little bags p 489 Of Embrocations Lotions and Baths p 490 Of Sopes p 491 Of Cauteries p 492 THE FIRST GROUND OR FUNDAMENTALS Of the whole Art of PHYSICK AND CHIRURGERY BOOK I. CHAP. I. Of the Nature of Physick THE word Medicina The name of Physick sithence it is derived 〈◊〉 Medendo that is helping such as are sick doth properly belong indeed to the Therapeutical part only which part being the most necessary was first invented and garnished and in this sense the word was formerly taken The Definition of Physick Yet afterwards when that part was added which shewed the preservation of present health the same ancient Appellation was still retained and is now attributed to the whole Art Physick is an Art as far as it is possible of preserving mans present health and restoring it when it is lost Physick is most properly set down amongst the Arts The Genus of Physick because it propounds to it self not knowledge onely but effecting somewhat namely gaining of health For the distinction betwixt Disciplines are taken from their next end neither doth Physick observe the other principles that are requisite in a Science The Subject of Physick is mans Body The Subject of Physick as it is indued with health and obnoxious to diseases And this Subject hath one excellency peculiar to it self beyond the Subjects of all other Arts in that they do nothing onely they perform obedience and undergo the operation of the Artificer but this hath a certain in-bred power striving for health of its own accord The End of Physick is Health The End of Physick and that is the true and last aim of it the first mover and that for which it is but the scope or means and that to which it aims is to heal as J. C. Scaliger in his first Book of Plants teacheth for although the Physitian do not alwaies obtain his chief end since it is impossible to cure all that are sick yet the â—hysitian hath performed his
colder is hot Man for whose sake these things of Temperaments are spoken In man there is a twofold Temperament since his body is not simply mixed but organick and living there is required in him a double Temperament one of the body as it is absolutely and simply mixt The other as it is living This is lost by death and is often changed by old age but that remaineth sometimes in the dead carcass after death yet at length by putrefaction and corruption of that which is mixed t is dissolved In that also according to Heat Cold Drowth and Moisture there is a great diversity of parts But the matter which is proper to living Creatures in all is Heat and Moisture Again the Temperament of a living man is twofold Temperament Innate Influent the one Innate the other Influent Innate is that which is imbibed in the living parts of man by reason of the Innate heat is inherent in him from his first being Influent is that which floweth from the principal parts and is communicated to the whole body And that it is not the same with Innate is manifest from those that fall into a Swoun when the body becomes extreme cold and yet the Innate Temperament is not changed These three Temperaments though they may be considered severally Yet they concur to constitute one Temperament of a sound man And therefore although without all doubt amongst all other living Creatures man is of the most temperate so that other living Creatures as also medicines compared to him are said to be Hotter Colder Moister or Dryer Yet simply and absolutely he is not temperate The Temperament of a man of what sort it is for common-sense tels us that Heat in man is predominate over the other qualities for the Temperature of a man to perform his actions best is Hot and Moist and our lives consist of Heat and Moisture on the contrary coldness and driness lead us to death and by how much sooner a man is cooled and dryed by so much sooner he grows old and dyes Yet The differences of the Temperaments of man that heat and that moisture have their degrees For if the heat exceed the cold and the moisture the drowth moderately that Temper is best and is accompted Temperate All others differing from this are called either Hot and Moist Hot and Dry Cold and Moist or Cold and Dry although all in general are Hot and Moist These differences of Temperaments are commonly explained by the names of Sanguine Sanguine Cholerick Phlegmatick Melancholy Cholerick Phlegmatick and Melancholy Temperaments These differences and appellations may be admitted of if they are not taken from the diversity of excrementitious humours in various bodies but from the variety of blood which is the nutriment of the body For those whose Blood is temperate Occult qualities or moderately hot and moist are called Sanguines Those who have hotter and dryer blood and their bodies from thence become hotter and dryer are called Cholerick Persons Those who have colder and moister and their bodies from thence grows colder and moister are called Phlegmaticks Those who have cold and dry blood and their bodies from thence become cold and dry are Melancholians But we must not rest at the Primary qualities for there are others more noble and more abstruse the causes of many actions and of Sympathy and Antipathy with other alterations that must be granted although in this humane imbecillity for the most part they are unknown to us The Astrologers The opinions of the Astrologers that they may some way expresse the various Constitutions of Bodies according to the occult diversities of Stars call some Solar bodies born under the influence of the Sun so Jovial under Jupiter others Martial Venereal Mercurial Saturninal as being born under one of those and also admit of mixt constitutions born under several Planets nor indeed absurdly altogether since there is a great agreement and consent betwixt Superior and Inferior bodies But since there are divers parts of a body and each part hath its peculiar Temperature not onely proceeding from the mixture of Elements but some are hotter some have lesse heat in them neverthelesse they agree together to make the Temperament of the whole which is hot and moist and so heat with cold moisture with dry things are equal'd So that from thence there proceedeth a certain Harmony and the Temperament of the whole is moderately hot and moist But to constitute that Temperament of the whole The Temperament of the whole wherein it depends the noble parts of the body perform more then the rest and most especially the Heart the Fountain and Treasury of the native heat and vital spirits From whence all the parts of the body receive the influent spirits and heat Next to it the Liver which furnisheth the whole body with aliment namely bloud afterwards the Stones then the Brain the shop of Animal spirits last the Stomack the place for the first Concoction Concerning the Temperament of several parts The Temperament of the parts of the body The Hot Parts the most Temperate is the skin especially that in the Palm of the hand to which as to the mean the other parts being compared tend to heat cold drowth or moisture The Hot parts are the Heart of all the parts the hottest the Fountain of native heat and Closet of vital spirits Also the Liver flesh of the Muscles Spleen Reins Lungs Veins and Arteries Fat also and fatness The Cold are Bones Gristles Ligaments Tendons Nerves Cold. Membranes Spinal Marrow the Brain The Moist parts are Fat the marrow of the bones the Brain Moist the marrow of the back the Duggs the Stones the Lungs the Spleen Reins flesh of Muscles the Tongue Heart and softer Nerves The Dry are Bones Gristles Ligaments Tendons Membranes Dry. Arteries Veins hard Nerves There is a certain difference of Temperaments in mans body by reason of Sex and Age As for what belongeth to Sex The Temperament of Sex Females are colder then Males as having contracted a colder nature from their principles of generation lest that the blood necessary for future generation by a stronger heat should be consumed The Temperament is also changed according to age to wit The Temperament of ages the age which is principally ordained for certain internal changes by heat and moisture Authors for the most part divide mans life into three ages Child-hood Manly-age and Old-age or Youthful Age of perfection Declination or if you please into the first middle and last age to which differences other ages spoken of by Authors may be referred The first age therefore is our Infancy which remaineth till the seventh year the second our Child-hood which for the most part continueth to the fourteenth year of our age then our youthfull age from the fourteenth to the five and twentieth when our growth for the most part in stature ceaseth And sometime Hippocrates in his first Book
or else of the Individuals of its species Now to the preservation of its individuals belongs Nutrition and Augmentation to the preservation of its kind Generation belongs The nourishing faculty whose action is called Nutrition Nutrition or alteration is that which turneth aliment into the substance of the body living and restores what is taken away and performs this work during all ones life time The faculty increasing whose action is called Augmentation is Augmentation that which extendeth the body to its due and just bigness whose office is most performed in our growing age and is extended till it compleateth and perfecteth its due magnitude The generating faculty whose action is called Generation is Generation that by which man by his kind continues to perpetuity which by Individuals cannot be done And these three faculties being as it were the Princes The servile faculties Attraction Retention Concoction Expulsion have others as it were their servants added to them The Attractive the Retentive the Alterative or Digestive the Expulsive The Attractive draweth profitable nourishment to the parts The Retentive reteins it so long there till it be digested The Digestive altereth aliment changeth it renders it fitting for that which is living The Expulsive faculty rejects that as excrementitious which is dull and unfit to be converted into the substance of the body The Attractive Retentive and Expulsive faculties perform their actions principally by the benefit of the fibers Attraction is made by the right fibers placed along the length of a member Retention by the oblique or flanting fibers Expulsion by those that passe overthwart but Digestion or Concoction are performed by the Heat of the member But in the other parts of the body the same faculties want not the help of the fibers but perform their operations only by the help of the Innate heat which is in each part But although aliment in nourishing be in a capacity to be like to the body yet actually it is unlike at the first and therefore is changed by little and little untill it be rendered like to that into whose substance it is to be turned which is performed by several Concoctions Concoction is either private One Concoction is publick another private and is appointed onely for nourishment and use of the part where it is made or publick which is made for the common use of the whole body That is made in the several parts this in the Stomack Liver and Spleen Hence there is commonly accompted three Concoctions necessary for nourishment of the body The first is that which is made in the Stomack the second in the Liver from which that of the Spleen is not to be excluded the third in the several parts of the body There are other actions which passe through the Fabrick of the whole body such as that of the Vital spirits in the Heart the Animal in the Brain and that of milk in the Duggs the generation of seed in the Stones unless you will refer this to the Generative faculty not by reason of the part wherein it is generated but by reason of the end for which it was instituted namely publick use The first Concoction is made in the Stomack The first Concoction is made in the Stomack which first prepares Nutriment for the whole body To which for this reason not onely the power of Concoction but also a double Appetite is given Natural by which it desires nourishment necessary for it self Animal by which it requires nutriment for the whole body The Natural Appetite doth not sensibly want nutriment Appetite two-fold Natural Animal but as the other part by a natural instinct requires and draws nutriment But the Animal Appetite hath an exquisite sense joyned to this desire living in the upper Orifice of the Stomack by which it can perceive not onely its own wants but the wants of all the body besides For after the whole body is emptied it draws out of the Veins and the Veins which require to be filled again suck upward again from the Stomack and their sucking is again received in the Orifice of the Stomack The first preparation of meat in the mouth whence ariseth the Animal Appetite which is two-fold Hunger and Thirst But before Food descend into the Stomack it is first prepared in the mouth where it is chewed into pieces by the teeth moistened by the spittle and by the heat of the mouth and of the tunicle which is common both to the Ventricle and the mouth it is altered by attraction The meate chewed and so altered in the mouth by the motion of the tongue is sent down through the gullet into the stomack which by the help of the oblique fibers is there reteined and imbraceâ— untill by the Digestive faculty and proper heat of the stomack and the adâ—acent heat it be changed into one form and masle not unlike to the scum of Ptisan and is called Chyle Meat being taken The Chyle that aniâ—nal appetite ceaseth or hunger and thirst ceaseth to wit the twitching and plucking for want of Aliment ceaseth but the natural appetite is not satisfyed except perfectly nourished and refreshed with the blood of its own body The Chyle generated in the stomack is sent down through its lower orifice into the first guts by which with their digestive force which they have by reason of their community with the stomack is here somewhat wrought and perfected But seeing that all nourishment is proper for nourishing certain parts of the body Nature in this concoction separates nourishment The excrement of the first concoction twofold thick whence their ariseth a double sort of Excrements the one thin the other thick The thick which is called the ordure of the paunch whilst the Guts contract themselves up by the circular or transverse fibers and the Muscles coming in the Guts by the paunch the paunch is prest and the siege is thrust out and voided through it The other thin and watry which is not forthwith sent out through the paunch but continues mixed with the chyle Watery that it may the more easily passe through the narrow Veins of the Mesentery of the Port and of the Liver afterward it is separated by the veins and expelled by Urine The Chyle being separated in the Guts from the thicker dregs is drawn by the Meseraick Veins and is somewhat altered by them The second concoction in the Liver and first it receives the rudiments of blood and hence it is carryed to the branches of the gate Vein and Liver and there by the innate heat and power of the Liver is turned into blood which action is Sanguification or turning into blood The Liver reteins a part of this so gotten blood that it may by it be nourished the rest through the hollow Vein in which some part of it is hitherto reteined and perfected it distributes it through the whole body That the purer blood may be generated in the Liver
the Spleen draweth to it self from the trunk of the Meseraick Veins The use of the Spleen before the Chyle be carryed to the Liver by an inbred faculty through the splenick branch of the gate Vein the more earthy and thicker part of the Chyle and generates blood though not so good blood yet fit and proper for its own nourishment and for the nourishment o◠the more ignoble parts of the lower Ventricle that thereby the pun◠and better part of the Chyle may be drawn through the branch 〈◊〉 the right side of the gate Vein called the Mesentery to the Liver and there purer blood might be generated and so in one work the Spleen serveth to cleanse the blood from dreggs and generate worser sort of blood For the Spleen is not appointed only for th◠drawing and evacuating the Melancholy blood from the Liver Th◠beginning of the Splenick branch which ariseth not out of th◠Liver but the gate Vein The Symptomes of Diseases in the Splee◠do shew the constitution of it to be neer that of the Liver and the◠is a connexion of the Spleen with the stomack by Vessels But the which cannot be turned into blood by the Spleen by convenien◠passages is evacuated and the thick and dreggish matter for th◠most part is sent through the paunch either with the excrements o◠without them through the Haemerod Veins and trunk of the gat◠Vein yet sometimes 't is evacuated by Urine The acqueous matte◠most commonly is drawn through the Splenick arterics to the Vein◠and purged out there yet sometimes that also is expelled by th◠paunch by sweats by the stomack In Sanguification in the Liver two excrements are generated Yellow Choler and Urine The excrements of the second concoction Yellow choler The Yellow Choler is gathered into the bladder of the Gall and from thence the most part is sent into the Guts and the sharpness of it stirs up the expulsive faculty to do its office to stir the dreggs of the paunch and is cast out with the ordure But the serous matter and the aqueous humor is drawn by the Veins through the emulgent vessels and is transmitted through the Ureters to the bladder Urine by which afterwards it is cast out and is called Urine The Urine therefore consists first of aqueous and potulent matte◠sent with the Chyle to the Liver but unprofitable to nourish the body Urine consists of three things afterwards of a clammy or salt excrement of blood and thirdly of natural contents in sound bodies but in bodies diseased of many other things which are mingled with the Urine And so Urine is properly called an excrement of the second concoction to wit wherein the serous part of Urine is separated from blood and mixed with potulent matter affords Urine Blood thus separated and cleansed from its excrements The parts of the masse of blood nevertheless is said to contein in it self many humours Nor is that masse of blood so elabourated and wrought in the Liver and conteined in the Hollow Vein plainly Homogeneal or of the same kind but some parts in it are Temperate others colder others hotter others dryer others moister The most Temperate in its kind is called blood the hotter and dryer part by reason of its consanguinity with choler is called Cholerick blood the colder and moister is called Pituitous blood the colder and dryer is called Melancholy blood Yet all these parts of blood are conteined under the form or essence of blood and are profitable for the nourishment of the body Nor do the humors in a sound body constitute a masse of excrementitious blood neither in the Veins of a man most healthy are these humors Choller Phlegme Melancholy acounted excrements Hence ariseth the decision of the question whether our body's be nourished by blood only or by the four humors For when Aristotle Tays that animals that have blood in them are nourished by blood only he intended the whole masse of blood but Physitians when they say that our bodies are nourished not only by blood but by other humors by blood they understand the most temperate part of blood or one part of the masse of blood and this they would have that not only that part but the rest of the masse to be profitable for the nourishment of the body But that our bodies are nourished by excrementitious humors no man in his wits ever said The third concoction The blood being perfected in the Liver is distributed through the branches of the Hollow Vein over the whole body to nourish it and all its parts That change by which it is assimilated to other parts is called the third concoction which is performed by the innate heat in each part Four secondary humors In this concoction the blood before it assimilates the parts receives some external dispositions and is changed into four humors called secondary humors The first is called Innominate or without a name The first In nominate when the blood passeth through the capillar Veins and admits of a sensible mutation by reason of the heat of the external parts and in the Spermatick parts turns white in the fleshy parts remains red 2 The second is Dew The second Dew namely that blood which passeth without the orifice of the Veins 3 The third is called Glue The third Glue The fourth is cambium or exchange The excrements of the third concoction two-fold thick thin because while it is still more concocted it becomes clammy and thick 4 The fourth is called dry Exchange which turneth into the substance of the part and exchangeth and changeth its nature with it This third concoction hath also its excrements one thick to wit filthiness in the skin which is collected in the garments also in the brain eyes and ears the other thin which is dissolved by insensible transpiration sometimes also it is evacuated by sweat For although all things are rightly performed in the body and the nourishment be well concocted and moreover nothing external and violent befal the body as Baths Heat Violent exercises no sweat passe through the skin in the night yet because even in the most healthy all things are not ever exactly performed and many deviate from their best condition as to health and moreover many errors are committed in diet Nature useth to expel such superfluities by sweats Another office of the natural function is Augmentation or increasing Augmentation by which mans body out of nourishment taken and assimilated to the parts is extended in all its dimensions and acquires magnitude convenient to perform actions Nutrition and Augmentation how they differ Although this function ariseth from the same soul with nutrition and is perfected with the same Instrument Innate Heat hath the same matter out of which it proceeds blood the same subject a living body yet it ariseth from another efficient determinate cause to wit from the increasing faculty it differs in form which in
nutrition is a coagulation of aliment but in augmentation there is a motion of Extension of the whole of every part therof it differs also in regard of the end which in Nutrition is only a restoration of that which is taken away but in Augmentation an acquiring or a getting of a greatet magnitude to exercise perfectly all the necessary actions of our life and lastly in time for Nutrition dureth the whole time of our lives Augmentation to a certain time in our life For man as other living creatures doth not alwayes grow but to the certain time of his age which comes not to passe by reason of the soul which alwayes reteins its force and strength but by reason of the body especially of the bones which in processe of tims are so hardned that they are not apt to any farther extension of growth CHAP. X. Of Generation BUT since man although he be nourished cannot live perpetually and in individuals as other living Creatures also cannot indure to perpetuity The generative power the generative power is granted and given by the Creator of all things that mankind might be preserved and the third kind of Natural actions is Generation which by ejaculation of seed begets his like For although this faculty and Action be common to plants yet in man and other more perfect Creatures it requires greater preparation and distinction of sex as male and semale concur in Generation and it is necessary that both of them do some way help and conduce to Generation and the male not in himself but in another The distinction of Sexes The instruments of generation but the foemale in her self doth generate For the male ejaculates his prolifique sperm into the female womb which mingled with hers is cherished by the same it is also nourished and reteined until it hath the shape of a perfect man For which purpose the Creator hath made necessary Instruments for both Sexes for the male Testicles Vessels preparing and conducting sperm and a yard necessaâ—y to ejaculate it into the part most fit to receive it for the Females Stones seminary vessels and the womb There are two principles which concur to the Generation of a Child the seed of the male and female and the menstruous blood The Principles of generation Seed The seed is a body hot and moist full of that divine Spirit of the first Principles or Elements and proportionable to the Quintessence or Element whereof Stars were made fit for the propagation of the Soul and generation of a living Creature like it self and is getherated in the Stones whither the purest part of the blood Spirits and heat is sent through the Veins Arteries and Nerves from the remote parts of the body and is changed into a white frothy or slimy matter The male and female seed both confer seeing the same Instruments are appointed by nature for generating and semitting of sperm and the same cause efficient and the same â—matter in each for the forms of each alike do manifest themselves in the off-spring Blood although the power and force be greater in the male then the female But the menstruous blood is only the material principle wherefore it is ordered by the Creator that at the time when semales are apt and fit for procreation which for the most part is from the fourteenth till the five and fortieth year of their age that blood which the other parts wants not each month is sent to the womb to supply what may be wanting for a little one or if the female be not great may be by it evacuated Menstruous blood This menstruous blood of it self is not offensive nor is it expelled because it is hurtful but because it aboundeth in quantity but when it becomes pernicious 't is by reason of its remaining too long in the body by its comixture with other humours The forming of the young is caused by the Soul The formation of the young which is in the seed and there shews it self in two actions in putting life into the conception and forming of all the parts and the Soul as Scaliger writeth out of Themistius is its own architect which builds a convenient domicill for its own habitation But it receiveth this power from the Creator whose Instruments and hands as it were the Souls are and he hath given this energy to them at the Creation of them then which nothing can be more wonderful to be thought on The Generative faculty hath two others whereby it performs its Office The Alterative and Formative The Alterative The Formative The Alterative is that which changeth the generative matter into the substance of the young and all its parts the formative is that which Forms all the members and gives them their quantity figure number place and the rest The Instrument which the Soul and formative power useth is the formative or plastick heat or that Spirit proportionable to the Element of the Stars for the seeds being received into the womb are mingled together reteined cherished and the power which lyes hidden in the seed is stirred up by the innate heat of the womb and then a Conception is said to be made Conception and then begins a sending forth of the instruments of the body to be made then is it called a Conception which commonly is said to continue til the seventh day But first of all The order of frameing Firs the membrances whereof are framed two Chorion Amnios The Secondine The Spermatick parts are described together Theumbilisall vessels The Veins belonging to the Navel Two Artcries Urachus The time of formation the membranes about the Child are formed by which the seed is shut in and the Spirit and heat thereof is covered and as it were intrenched They are two in number the first is called Chorion and covers the whole Child and is fastened to the vessels belonging to the Navel by their intervening the whole cleaveth to the womb the other coare doth immediately cover the Child and is called Amnios These two coats in the birth seem to be one as it were and come forth after the Child and are therefore called the Afferbirth But the solid and Spermatick parts shall be explained in the first place and afterwards according to their nobleness and as necessity requires the rest shall be perfectly shewn The Infant in the womb doth not take that nourishment which it receiveth by the mouth but from the Mother for the receiving whereof there are appointed by nature four vessels belonging to the Navel namely a Vein which is a branch which comes from the Gate-vein which is as it were the infants nurse two Arteries branches arisen from the Iliak Vein by which the Infant breaths although later Authors who teach us that the vital Spirits by which the Child breaths proceed not from the Mother but from the Child 's own heart do assign another use to the said Iliak branches to wit that
and rest Exercise for idlenesse and too much rest fills the body with Excrements dulls the native heat and renders the body slow and feeble on the other side too much exercise dissipates the Spirits consumes the body and by consequence cooles the whole body hinders concoction the veins and vessels often break stirs up untimely humours heats them and causeth fevers and especially if the body be full of vitious humours they being stirred are carried through the whole body and stir up fevers and other distempers and symptomes Fifthly Passions of the mind the affections of the mind make great alterations in the body in anger the Blood and Spirits become extream hot and are hurried to the external parts from the internal whence they inflame the whole body and often kindle Fevers and raise other Symptomes Too much joy may so dissipate the Spirits that it is observed one may die therewith in fear and trembling the Spirits and heat desert the exteriour parts and fly to the heart and suffocate the heart sorrow by degrees dissolveth the Spirits cooleth the Body dryes spoils concoction causes watchings and begets melancholly diseases Lastly Excretions and retentions those things that are reteined in and sent out of our bodies are the causes of Diseases for if the profitable humors be untimely sent out it debilitates the body and consumes it but if the excrements are retained diseases are bred that are like unto them CHAP. III. Of the internal causes of Diseases and first of fulnesse of Blood INternal things which are the causes of diseases Internal things the causes of diseases either are generated in the body according to nature or are found in the bedy contrary to nature those which are generated according to nature are those three of Hypocrates conteining conteined and doing violence or as others would have it solid humid and spirituous those are called preternatural humours which are found in the body contrary to nature as stones gravel wormes and all things that are generated in the body differing from natural whereunto belongeth those things that are sent into the body and there stick and remain as darts bullets of lead and such like But these things are made to be the causes of diseases How many wayes either as they are in their whole kind contrary to nature or as they offend in qùantity quality motion or place The fault of humours in Specie is divided into Plethorick and Cacochimick The fault of humors twofold Plethorie for humours are either apt to nourish the bedy or not fit plenty of the one â—s called Plethorick of the other Cacochimick for Plethory is when blood and humours profitable for the nourishment of the body abound Plethorie towfold To the vessels To the strength and are beyond mediocrity This plenitude is twofold either as to the vessels when blood so abounds as that the vessels wherein it is contained are stretched beyond their ordinary bigness the other as to the strength when there is more blood then the strength can bear to which Horatius Augenius adds this mixt of them both to wit when there is so great plenty of blood as stretcheth and extendeth the veins and so great pains that the strength cannot bear it Chacochimy is an excesse of other humours besides blood Chachochimy namely when natural excrementious humours offend in plenty or preternatural excrementious humours abound and whilest either these or those putrifie and bring in a strange nature The seat of Plethory and Chacochimy Both pure and spurious Pure Plethory Pure Chacochimy Spurious The causes of Plethory The seat of Plethory is only in the veins but Chacochimy is not onely in the veins but also out of them and in the whole body or some parts especially the bowels But sometimes Plethory and Chacochimy are mixed whence both are divided into spurious and legitimate pure Plethory is when there is too great plenty of pure blood and humours without any vitious ones Pure Chacochimy is when there is too great plenty of ill humours and no good blood with them but when good juyce aboundeth and ill humours are mixed therewith it is called a spurious Plethory or Chacochimy according as blood and ill humours do more or lesse abound There are many causes of Plethory as plenty of Dyet supplies matter to cause it nourishment of good juyce and great plenty of such nourishment the Efficient causes are Constitution of the Body and principally of the Heart and Liver hot and moist and youthful age which may be occasioned in the Spring time and a temperate constitution of the Air idlenesse moderate sleep a life without care and paines suppression of accustomary evacuations of blood Chacochimy according to the variety of excrementitious humours is manifold The kinds of Chacochimy for sometimes phlegm sometimes choller sometimes melancholly and adust melancholly and sometimes serous humours abound of which humorsthere are again various differences CHAP. IV. Of Phlegm THere are divers kinds of Phlegm which are commonly divided into natural and preternatural The kinds of Phlegm Natural Phlegm Natural is a cold and moist juyce or blood not perfectly concocted but if we rightly observe the matter this humour is not properly to be reckoned amongst the excrementitious humours because the blood is crude and may be turned into the aliment of the parts Of the preternatural Phlegm there are four kinds unsavory The kinds of preternatural Plegm Unsavory sharp vitreous salt Unsavory Phlegm peculiarly and principally may be called a Crude Humour which for want of concoction hath not acquired that perfection which it ought in the stomach and therefore can no where in mans body be turned into good substance Acride Phlegm is also crude and called so from the taste it relishes of to them that void it Acride and proceeds from the defect of heat These two kinds proceed from the same causes which according to greater or lesser power they have of introducing coldness and crudity so sometimes this sometimes that kind is generated such are cold meates hard to be digested too great plenty of meat and drink and taken at unseasonable times a cold constitution of the stomach and the adjacent intrails which way soever occasioned Salt Phlegm Salt so called from the savour and is occasioned by the mixture of a serous humidity and a salt with Phlegm whence it is not simply cold but mixed with heat and drinesse and as there is more or lesse of the salt humour mixed so is it more or lesse hot Lastly Vitreous Phlegm is vitreous so called by Praxagorus because in substance and colour it somewhat doth resemble melted glasse this is exceeding cold clammy and thick CHAP. V. Of Choller CHoller is threefold The kinds of Choller Alimentary Natural and Contrary to Nature but the first is not an Excrement but the hotter and dryer part of the Masse of Blood of a different nature from that which is in
the bladder of the Gall. Excrementious Choller is twofold Natural and Contrary to Nature Natural is yellow Yellow Choller and is generated by Nature and that onely is properly called Choller it is an Excrement of the second concoction and generated in the Liver and collected into the Bladder of the Gall it is generated out of the hotter and dryer parts of nutriment Preternatural is that which is not generated in our bodies according to the law of Nature Preternatural whereof for the most part we account four kinds Vitelline Leekeblade colour Verdegrease colour and Woad colour or a blewish green The Vitelline is so called from the yolk of an Egge Vitelline it is yellow hotter and thicker it is generated of yellow and burnt Choller whence it is sometimes called rosted Choller And there is another kind of Vitelline Choller but not so properly so called which is neither so hot nor so yellow which is compounded of Phlegm and yellow Choller Leekgreen Choller so called Leekgreen because it represents their greennesse which is often voided with the Excrements of children by the panch and is often generated in the stomach by corrupt nutriment and sometimes also in the Veins and about the Liver out of the Vitelline from the great heat of the Liver and 't is of a venemous nature and it is hot and very biting the likest to Verdegrease The Aeruginous which comes neer to the colour of rusty greenish Brasse is generated out of corrupt aliment Aeruginous when the heat is more vehement in the Stomach in the Liver and Veins from the inflamation of the Liver and the too great heat of the Veins Lastly Woad colour Blewish green or a blewish green Choller is more deep in sense then the Leek colour and is caused by more adust Aeruginous Choller Aliment hot and dry Causes of Choller affords matter fit for all the kinds of Choller and especially sweet and fat things A constitution hot and dry hath regard to the Efficient cause and those things that adde to it are youth full age Ait that is hot and dry watching anger too much exercise of the body CHAP. VI. Of Melancholly THe third is the Melancholly humour Melancholly which commonly is distinguished into Alimentary and Excrementitious but Alimentary is nothing else then the colder and dryer part of the Masse of Blood The Excrementious is twofold Natural and Preternatural Twofold Natural Natural is that thick and feculent Excrement which in sanguification which is made in the Spleen as is abovesaid is collected and separated for the generation whereof much meat conduceth 'T is of a terrestrious and thick juyce of every sort especially being hardned with salt and fuliginous vapours old Cheese Cabbage all sorts of pulse as Pease c. a cold and dry constitution of air cares fear sorrow The black Melancholly which is generated contrary to nature Preternatural although it be sometimes also called by the name of melancholly yet Physitians for the most part call that Excrement which is naturally generated black Juyce not black Melancholly but that which proceeds from adustion is called black Melancholly and that Excrement is naturally cold and dry but this Preternatural hot and dry the worst of all humours But adust Melancholly is commonly accounted threefold Its kinds One is that which is occasioned by adust blood and is counted the least the second is that which is generated of Melancholly humours if they are burnt The third is that which proceeds from adust colour which is of all the worst Hence it is manifest that although all which can generate Melancholly humours or yellow Choller conduce to the generation of black Choller yet the generation of black Choller principally depends upon the too great heat burning the humours CHAP. VII Of the Serous Humour and of Wind. AMongst the humours that are the causes of diseases Serous what we are not to slight Serous Humours and Wind by Serous Humours we sometimes understand all thin humours and watery sometimes peculiarly we mean not those onely which are watery but have a saltnesse joyned therewith which Galen calls A salt serous moisture the greatest part of this serous humour turns to Urine and is ejected by it yet some part thereof is mingled with the Blood to clarifie it and make it more easie to be distributed and lastly through the Pores of the skin or insensible transpiration or sweat is emitted Of this serous humour there is found but small quantity in the Veins in sound bodies yet sometimes for some causes Preternatural there is found greater quantity The matter that breeds it are Meats that contein much Whey in and watery juyce in them It s cause much Drink Obstructions and Distempers of the Bowels by reason whereof this serous matteris not rightly separated it is deteined and gathered together because the reins do not draw enough and by reason of the weaknesse of the expulsive faculty and the suppression of its passages by Sweat and Urine Of humours oftentimes are generated Vapours and Wind Wind. which are the causes of many evils windy meats afford matter for wind so doth much drink especially when yellow and black Choller is spread over the stomach Also wind is generated from debility of heat which rusheth out of the abundance of matter that it cannot overcome it all and that is such either simply and in its own nature or in respect of the matter from the plenty whereof although it be otherwise strong enough it breaks out CHAP. VIII Of humours according to the opinion of latter Physitians and of Chymists ALthough some Chymists plainly reject these things that have hitherto been said The opinion of Chymists about humours according to the opinion of the Galenists and having rejected them they have in their stead and place put the names of Salt Sulpher and Mercury yet they have no reason for it for as Galen in his first Book of Places affected and second Chapter writeth That that which put we are diseased and which taken away we are freed 'T is taken for granted by all to be the cause of a disease but we see the humours being present we are diseased and being taken away we are freed therefore humours are the causes of diseases Yet this we grant that humours are not confined to the first qualities but that they have in them secondary qualities such are bitter acide salt sharp which may offend and hurt the body no lesse then the primary as Hypocrates of ancient Physick teacheth which he calleth the Powers and Efficacies also the force and strength of humours Whence Galen also and other Physitians call them Salt Nitrous Aluminent Humors which plainly manifest themselves in many diseases as the Gout Scurvy Cankers and others Venemous humours And so such humours are not to be rejected but to be explained by the principles of Chymists and such things as have affinity with themselves
inflammations of the Midriff the Eungs the Liver the Gutflion Loathing and Vomiting have their rise from the same causes differing according to Major and Minor Causes of loathing and vomiting either in the stomach it selfe ill affected and weak or from something contrary to nature tearing the stomach The stomach is ill affected by a cold and moist distemper or by conformation thereof or by a certain native straitnesse thereof by reason of drynesse and leannesse swelling an Ulcer whereunto belongs frequent vomiting which indeed it selfe disposeth the stomach to more frequent vomiting as also the shutting of the inferiour Orifice of the Ventricle by some tumour as an obstruction also of the Guts and mesentary and inverted motion of the fibres of the Guts The diseases called the Chollick and Stone by the communion of the Membranes and lastly wounds and hurts of the Braine and its Membranes But the matter which Irrirates the stomach to expel either loading it with its plenty or twitching it with its sharpnesse or moilifying the superior Orifice or by stimulating it with a malignant quality it doth it whether it be meat and drink or medicines poysons worms blood quitture choller effused into the stomach which happens to those which have a vitious implantation of the Pores or the Vessel that carries the Choller into the bottom of the stomach The evident external causes are too much exercise of the body and the sight of loathsome things The cause of Choller is offensive Moist Choller and sharp matter irritating the expulsive faculty of the stomach by its plenty and its quality to expulsion and stimulating it to evacuate upwards and downwards Such is Choller collected about the Liver Pancreas and parts adjacent also sharp adust humours salt nitrous and other peccant humours bred of corrupt food as Mushrooms Garden-fruits and such like strong purging Medicines and Poysons do the same and stir up this matter As for the difference betwixt the other Choller and this Dry Choller which we have newly explained that is dry this is moist the cause is a flatuous and sharp spirit stirred up by yellow black and adust Choller spread over the stomach Belching is occasioned by thick and fuming vapours breaking out upward and stimulating the stomach to expulsion Belching Concerning a loosenesse Alientary and Celiack affects the causes of a Lyentary and Coeliack affects are for the most part the same differing onely in magnitude And in this also that a Coeliack is rather a Disease of the Guts then of the Stomach although its name seems to signifie otherwise For in a Lyentary as hath been said the meat is cast forth crude In a Coeliack the Chyle is ejected contrary to nature and therefore the cause of a Lyentary is the hurting of the retentive faculty of the Ventricle and Intestines by reason whereof the meat before it be perfectly concocted descends into the Guts and is cast out And indeed in a Lyentary the retentive faculty of the stomach is principally hurt Nor can it be that meat unconcocted can be cast forth out of the Panch unless it be sent too soon into the Guts by reason of some fault of the retentive faculty of the stomach but the Coeliack is occasioned rather by some hurt of the retentive faculty of the Intestines because Chyle generated in the stomach ought to remain some time in the Guts that it might there be in some manner elaborated and be conveniently drawn by the meseraik veines and the ordure should be throughly elaborated If the retentive faculty of the Intestines be hurt all these things cannot be performed but the Chyle untimely and in some as measure crude is cast out of the Panch but the retentive faculty of the Stomach and Guts is hurt either of its selfe or by accident of it selfe through a cold and moist distemper and that either alone or joyned with a phlegmatick humour as also by cicatrising after a disentary and the immoderate use of fat things and such as cause Lubricity By accident it is hurt when the expultrix being stirr'd up exceedingly drives the meat presently downward by reason of the ulcerous disposition of the Stomach and Guts caused by biting and sharp humours sometimes also by a hidden quality or from hurtful and poisonous meats or ill disposition of air A Diarhaea proceeds from the expultrix of the Guts stirr'd up by plenty of humours A Diarhaea crudity or pravity whether they proceed from corruption in the stomach and guts or flow from the wholebody or any part to the guts from what cause soever they are generated and collected The more remote causâ—s of Diarhae a are imbecility of concoction and distribution through the distemper of the stomach and parts adjacent ill diet untemperate air omitting exercises of the body or taking a strong purge The cause of a Dysentery improperly so called or of voiding of blood without exulceration of the Guts are the opening of the mouths of the Mesentary Veines A Dysentary either by too great plenty of this blood or by crudity by reason of the concoction of the Liver or being retained too long in the Liver Veines and by a burning with a preternatural heat But as for Dysentery properly called the causes are sharp and biting humours whether they flow from the whole or from some part to the Guts or are generated in them and are peculiarly troublesome to them of which kind also are sharp gnawing drugs â—speciplly violent purges sharp quitture and poysons A Tenesmus or desire to go to stoole and cannot void any thing but blood A Tenesm comes for the most part from the same cause yet principally salt phlegm and a sharp humour clammy thick closely sticking to the skin of the Gut called Rectum The Belly on the contrary is suppressed either because the expulsive faculty of the Intestines is hurt Suppression of the helly or because the Muscles of the belly do not help to expel or because the ordure doth not stimulate or because the Guts are not alwayes sensible of pricking and stirring up the expulsive faculty doth not expel either because it is hurt or frustrated by some external error or fault in the object 'T is hurt either because it is weakened by a cold and dry distemper or it is hindered by the strength and driness of the retentive faculty or by the narrownesse of the Guts which proceed first from astringent and drying things Secondly from their inflammation or a Tumor bred in them Thirdly from growing together especially of the Fundament Fourthly from the going out and turning of them which happens in a Rupture Fifthly from obstruction by reason of the hardnesse of the siedge Worms Stones viscous Phlegm Sixthly from the Muscles refrigerated and straitned shutting the Gut Rectum The belly is supprest through default of the object when the Ordure is too thick viscid and hard the Muscles of the Panch do not help to expel either because they are
it go from him That happens by a certain imbecility of the Sphincter of the Bladder Yet there concurs a more deep sleep and a certain negligence of the superiour faculty as also custome It is not easie to explain from what cause a Diabetes doth proceed To this obscure matter I say Diabetes It seems probable that the immediate cause is the hurting of the retentive faculty of the Reines by too great plenty of Urine which when the Reines cannot endure they suffer it to flow into the bladder This plenty of Urine seems to be occasioned by the heat of the bowels liver and spleen and the veins drawing drink very powerfully and melting of the humours in the veins to which for the most part there happens imbecility and relaxation of those parts which carry the watry humour from the Stomack to the Liver and Spleen by reason whereof the drink is suddenly carried to the Reins The causes of those Symptomes which are deservedly joyned to these The cause of defect of milk and belong to the generation of milk seed and courses of women milk either is wanting or corrupt it is wanting either when it is generated in too small quantity or through some distemper of the Paps or some disease or straitnesse of passages by reason whereof they cannot draw and elaborate suffitient quantity of blood Vitious and corrupt milk is generated either through the pravity of the matter Vitious and fault of the blood or by some distemper of the bâ—ests Lastly Coagulated Milk grows thick and coagulates whilest either it is burnt by too much heat or if it abound in quantity and is retained 100 long in the brests or if any vitious humour be mingled the ewith which hath a power to coagulate A Gonorliaea Gonorhaea or emission of Sperm against ones will happens without erection of the Yaâ—d and desire of Venery 't is occasioned either by the hurting of the retentive faculty or some exrernal error the faculty is weakned through distemper principally moist rendring the spermatick vessels more loose whether it proceed from too great a flux of flegmatick humours or too much coition or other causes But from external hurt or fault of the seed whether it be too cold watry thin or crude sometimes also a Gonorhaea happens by convulsion as in such as have the falling sicknesse The cause of Nocturnal pollution is too great plenty of seed Of nocturnal polution heat and sharpnesse stimulating the expulsiye faculty and therefore this infirmity principally happens to those whose Reins and parts adjacent are very hot and to those who have sharp humour flowing to the spermatick vessels and then especialiy when nature in venereal dreams is irritated to ejaculate seed or their loyns are become hot by lying on their backs But the cause of a Venereal Gonorhaea is poysonous seed A Vencreal Gouorhaeâ— corrupt sharp and foul stirring up and stimalating the expulsive faculty The cause of suppression of Courses The cause of suppressions of Courses is the narrownesse of the veines belonging to the Womb and the foulnesse of the Blood as for the straitnefle of the veins they are most frequently the cause of suppression of Menstrues by reason of thick blood and dull humours sometimes they grow together with the vessels after abortion or compression of the same by some Tumours of the parts neer the cunto or from condensation contraction and driness of the â—â—â—tance of the Womb but by default of the blond the Courses are supprest whilest that is thick viscid and unapt to move The same cause Causes of diminishing of Courses The dropling of Courses but more gently occasâ—oneth small evacuation of Couâ—ses viz. They eithâ— flow in lesse quantity or else more slowly The comming down of Courses when they come out drep by drop and with pain is occasioned through default of the blood when there is too much and is thick viscid biting and sharp and flowing down to the Womb with too great violence some way obstructs the passages and extends them and stirs up pain or else through default of the passages or veins about the Womb and in the Womb when they are become narrower then they ought Too much slowing of the monthly Terms Of too much flowing aâ—iseth when the vessels are opened either by an Anastomasis when the mouths of the veins are opened or a Diairâ—sis when they are divided or when the blood being hotter thinner more moveable sharp and troublesome to narure stimulates the expulsive faculty to expel Now for the Causes of encreasing vitiated Terms Causes of encreasing vittated 't is manifest what things shew the causes of diminution thereof from what is spoken of want of nourishment But the cause of too much encrease is too great plenty of blood from too plentiful use of meat and drink full of nourishment an idle life much sleep too frequent use of baths of fair water and manly strength which converts the blood into the substance of the parts And these are the causes of the Symptomes of the natural faculty so far The causes of generation hurt as they belong to the preservation of individuals Now follows the causes of Generation hurt and that either tâ—ken away or depraved there is no generation made and bartennesle happens either in respect of the Man or of the Woman In regard of the Man In respect of the man it is hurt either through default of the seed or by vitious ejaculation of the same unfruitful seed or not sufficient is generated or the faculty is hurt through some distemper of the Stones especially cold and moist whence unripened thin and lesse spirituous is generated or else some hot whence too sharp seed proceeds or through default of matter whilest the blood and spirits necessary for the generation of seed or by old age or some disease drying the body or its principal parts or by fasting are defective or when the vessels which are necessary for generating and carrying of the seed be wanting or when the nutriment turns into fat or when the blood is vitious The emission of the seed into the Womans Womb is vitiated by the Yard either shorter whether by nature or by a disease or crowded through the shortnesse of the ligament The action is hurt by default of the Woman In respect of the Woman either when no seed or unfruitful seed is generated and emitted for the reasons lately mentioned Secondly if she do not draw and receive the mans seed by reason of her cold and moist distemper of the Womb or by reason of a Tumor Ulcer or Straitnesse of the neck of the Womb. Thirdly if she cannot retain the seed received because of the moist distemper of the Womb an Ulcer opening of the mouth of the Womb a flux of Courses and other humours Fourthly if the Seed be not well tempered by the womb or being some other way affected is not rightly cherished Fifthly if the
necessary that a sound body may obtain the most convenient temperature and constitution of the simular parts fittest for all actions Secondly a convenient number it ought to have of organick parts and likewise magnitude figure scituation connexion with others and all things in all respects which are required to the constitution of a part as it is organick Thirdly all the parts in order ought to be united and joined but in respect of actions a man that is very sound doth very well perform all the actions convenient for a man natural vital and animal So that there is no defect in them and observes moderation in them all and is very little subject to diseases and withstands all the causes of diseases violent excepted the excrements observe their natural substance quality quantity time and convenient part on 't which to be ejected the qualities which follow the best constitution of a Body are a rosie colour of the face nay and of the whole body calidity frigidity softnesse and hardnesse smoothnesss and roughnesse a sound body well constituted observes mediocrity the body is neither bald nor too rough but the hairs themselves keep mediocrity and in youthfull age tend to yellownesse in manly to blacknesse the habit of the body is the middle betwixt too corpulent and too slender good flesh and good stature out of all which the handsomenesse of the body proceeds yet all these most evidently appear in the middle and flourishing age CHAP. II. Of the Signs of Bodies differing from the best constitution BUt Bodies which differ from the best constitutions either are sick which are dâ—scerned from sound Bodies by the hurting of the actions and the sign which distinguishes betwixt a sound and sick body is sensible hurt of the actions Or they are hitherto sound which have not their actions hitherto sensibly hurt whereof there is a great latitude and some in the temperature of the simular parts some in the composition of the organick parts some of them both deviating from the best constitution And first those bodies which are too hot Signs of a hot body yet moderate in drinesse and humidity such discover themselves to the touch hair abounds in the whole body and is yellow and thick They are thinner as to matter of fat they are swift and strong for motion prone to anger the colour of the face is redder then of a temperate body they are easily hurt by hot causes If drynesse be joined to the heat Of a hoâ— and dry which they call cholleâ—ick the body shall be hot hard thin and lean hairy and the hairs are black cuâ—led the Puise of the Arteries are great and the Veins great they are angry persons which are endued with such a temperature obstinate levers of brawlings they desire few things they are fit for the generation of Males If moisture be joyned to the heat Of hot and moist which temperament they call Sanguine the bodies shall be hot and soft abounding with much blood fleshy endued with large Veins and those which are so in their youth often have the Hemorrhoides of the Nose and if the humidity somewhat abound they are apt from their youth to discases of putrifaction If the body be too cold Of a cold such a body is perceived by the touch 't is white at slow soft and baid 't is easily hurt by cold things it hath a narrow brest and without hair and narrow veins scarcely appearing the hairs are thin and of small increase for the most part they are fearfull that are of that temperament If moisture be joined to the cold Of a cold and moist not much nor that coldnesse great the body shall be white in colour fat thick soft red hair inclining to palenesse but if the frigidity with the humidity be more intense the body shall be thick coloured yellow exceeding bald the hair smooth the veins lying hid such temperaments are dull and slow of apprehension and for the most part altogether idle no wayes ready simple and not prone to anger If frigidity is joined to drinesse Of a cold dry such a body is discerned by the touch those shall be lean bald pale which are of such a constitution they are slow in going on dejected in countenance with their eyes fixed And for what belongs to Melancholians in particular Of Melancholians not onely whom the vulgar but whom Aristotle in the thirtieth Section and first Probleme accounts ingenious wherein the said Aristotle writes that much and cold choller is black these are foolish and idle wherein there is much and hot choller those are quick-sighted and ingenious apt to love propense to anger and lust and some greater bablers but those whose heat is more remiss more temperate and as it were reduced to mediocrity those are much more prudent and although they less exceed in some matters yet in others they are far better then the others some in the study of Literature others in Arts others in Common-wealths namely those Melancholians are ingenious who by nature abound with good and plenty of blood wherewith some part thicker and dryer is mingled which adds as it were strength to the blood and when attenuated and as it were poured it is spiritual And whereas the differences of bodies are constituted according to Astrologers Saturnines and according to the number of Planets Those that are born under Saturn have a dry skin black hair and are delighted with those black things they have little eyes small pulse a slow and dull gate they are fearful sad love solitude they are busie-bodies covetous slow of endeavouring silent laborious they have terrible and obscure dreams Those under Jupiter are fair Jovials and have rosie countenances with a pleasant and venerable aspect they have black eyes are of a fit stature and handsome composure of all the parts their habit of body is good flesh blood and spirits pure and in great plenty hence they are milde joyful ingenious bountiful moderate lovers of friends just and all their manners composed with comeliness and their gate is moderate Those under Mars abound with choller Martial have a lean body rather then a fat have red faces and shadowed burning and threatning eyes a broad brest an upright neck they are propense to anger contentious bold and often precipitate contemners of danger seditious Those under Sol are of a yellowish Solares or a Saffron colour tending to red they have yellow hair golden and curled black eyes swelling full faces moderate garbs and have hotter blood and spirits hence they are courteous wise open hearted honest strong magnificent and aspiring to high things and sometimes proud Those under Venus are faire Venereus coming nigh to the feminine beauty and softness delicate colour is red or of white inclining to red their eyes shining sparkling and casting lacivious looks the brows and lips thin they are quiet joyful pleasant in conversation delighted with jests company singing delighted
represents the colour of red Lead and therefore called plumbeous To these differences they refer Oleagenous Urine Oyly Vrine which represents the colour and consistence of Oyl Now these differences which are taken from the substance and colour are complicate and constitute The smell of Vrines compound differences amongst which the chief are seaven Urine thin and white thin pale thin flame colour or fulgent thick white thick red thick black Moreover besides these there are other differences less principal which are taken from other qualities and circumstances first from the smell for some Urines smell little others very little and have that odour which is natural to Urine others stink exceedingly and others smell pleasant From the sound for some Urines whilest they are poured out make no noise others make a noise From the quantity for some Urines are made in an indifferent quantity others more sparingly others more plentifully From the manner for some are made without difficulty and pain others with pain some drop by drop and others altogether CHAP. III. Of the Contents in Urine A Content in a Urine is every corpulent and visible thing which is mingled with the liquor of the Urine some Contents are essential Contents what how many fold others accidental the essential are those which appear for the most part in all the Urines of sound persons and most of sick but the accidental are those which neither alwayes nor most frequently are discerned in Urines Essential in respect of scite or place in which they abide there are three the sediment the suspension and the clouds the altitude of the whole Urine is to be divided as it were into three parts into the bottome of the Urinal and the highest region of the Urine and the medium betwixt these two extreams The subsidence or sediment of Urine The sediment of Vrine The suspension of Vrine The nubecula is that in Urine which descends towards the bottome and settles in the bottome Suspension or subliment is that which is contained in the middle and is as it were suspended The clouds and little clouds is that which hangs in the higher part of the Urine like a cloud yet suspension in Urine is sometimes taken by Hypocrates by the names of a cloud as in the second of his Prognosticks in the 29. Title is manifest Yet these Contents do not alwayes exactly keep their natural place for the sediment sometimes plainly sticks in the bottom and sometimes ascends higher and tends to suspension and sometimes suspension also ascends a little higher from the middle sometimes descends lower so also Clouds plainly overspread the extremities sometimes incline towards the middle In these three Contents The difference of Contents other differences moreover are to be considered from the substance a Content is said to be thick or thin equal or unequal plain and smooth or rugged equal is when all the parts of the Content are of the same thinness or thickness unequal is when one part is thick and another thin plain and smooth is that which observes continuity of parts divulsed or rugged is when there is no continuity for the colour A Content is either white red or black or tinctured with a colour neer to one of these In respect of quantity 't is either little much or indifferent out of which complicated divers other differences again do arise Concerning the accidental differences which are contained in the Urine contrary to nature Accidental differences some settle in the bottome others in the middle others in the superficies some stick to the fides of the Vrinal others are confusedly mixt with the Vrine Of the first kind are farenacious sediments Farenacious sediment like leaves like Pulse which represent thick branâ— little flakes which are like leaves grainem which represent a kind of pulse or corn besides these sometimes in a Vrine there are clots of blood small sands stones little rags of flesh quitture worms In the middle of the Vrine there sometimes swims little bodies like Attomes threds or rags and haires Hairs in Vrine and sometimes small sands cleave to the sides of the Vrinal representing the substance of Tartar But in the superficies there appears principally four things preter-natural bubbles and those various froth Bubbles Froth A crown a crown according to the common opinion when notwithstanding 't is nothing else then a shadow or light passing through the circumference of the Vrinal received within the compass of the Vrine and so is not properly called a Content and Fat yet besides these sometimes fine Sand swimming in the superficies of the Vrine CHAP. IV. Of the causes of the various consistence of Vrines AFter we have mentioned the differences of Vrine Causes of Vrine of an indifferent consistence Thin next we must find the causes of all those differences and first the cause of a Vrine of an indifferent consistence is a serous excrement of blood mingled with an indifferent quantity of water which happens when the faculty concocting is well The cause of a thin Vrine which hath little of that serous excrement mixt with it is debility of concoction especially in the Liver and Veins which coldness of the Stomach may occasion but principally store of drink also a cold distemper of the Reins Thirdly obstruction and straitness of the vessels through which thick humors cannot flow with the Vrine Fourthly the changing and converting of the matter in another part Thick Vrine is made by the mixture of any thick matter which happens when crude humors Thick which are cumulated in the Veins are expelled by nature this way or when any obstruction is opened out of the Spleen Liver Reins and other parts or an imposthumation is broken or ulcer the thick matter is mingled with the Vrine or if there be store of serous and salt humors If the Vrine be made clear and remain so Clear and be of good consistence it is a token that such clearness proceeds from the natural heat rightly elaborating the matter for nature elaborates not only aliment but excrements also as much as it can Thin and clear and impresses convenient qualities in them but if Veine be thin and clear also 't is a token of crudity neither hath nature then begun concoction of humors and if Vrines have any other colour then such waterish they obtain it from collerick humors mixt therewith But if the Vrine be made clear Troubled and afterwards be troubled and that be in a sound body it is a sign that he declines from his best health and is prone to some disease especially a Fever and it signifies the humors in the Veins to be indigested which nature now hath endeavoured yet hitherto hath not perfectly concocted but if the same happen to those that are sick it signifies that some concoction is now to be made and something of the peccant matter to be mingled with the watty substance but that mixture not
plenty thereof as may render the Vrine thick A pale and thin Vrine is made when a small portion of choller is mingled with an aqueous Urine A pale and thin A pale red thick but a pale red and thick when choller is mixt in greater plenty but if any choller be mingled with a thick white Vrine the Vrine is dyed pale CHAP. VII Of the causes of smell quantity and such like accidents THe Urine which obtains the natural and usual smell Cause of the smell of Vrine signifies that the natural heat is right and concoction is well performed but if the Vrine smell not or lesse then the Vrines of those that are well use to do it is a token that the native heat is weak and almost no concoction performed Of no smel nor is the serous and excrementitious humour mingled therewith Sweet Vrine Of smelling well or that which smells well doth not proceed from any internal natural causes but if any such be found it hath acquired that smell from meats or medicines taken inwardly Stinking Vrines are caused first from meat and drink Of Faetid and certain medicines taken also from crudity and corruption of meats erosion and especially from putrifaction Fourthly from daily retention of Vrine in the Bladder Vrine naturally ought to answer to the drink Of store of Vrine but it is made more plentiful then is fit First if meats are administred which are full of aqueous humidity Secondly if the aqueous and serous excrements which use to be discussed by motion or evacuated other wayes be retained in the body Thirdly if nature from the other parts or the whole body expels the vitious humours through the passages of Vrine which useth to happen in Critick and Symptomatick evacuations as in a Diabetes or incontinence of Vrine Fourthly if Dyuretick medicine be taken On the contrary little Vrine is caused by contrary causes Of little Vrine namely not only by reason of small quantity of drink taken but of dry meats moreover if the aqueous matter be consumed which useth to be in burning fevers as also by motion and too much exercise Thirdly if the Vrine be converted to other parts Fourthly by reason of the straitness of the passages by which the Vrine ought to be expelled CHAP. VIII Of the causes of Contents in Vrines of those that are sound THe matter of a Content The matter of a sediment in sound men or Sediment in the Vrines of such as are sound for in Vrines of those that are exactly well there is scarce any Content save onely a sediment is some part of aliment which escaped concoction for since it neither can be changed into perfect blood nor into the nutriment of any part after the third concoction it is sent to the Reins and cast cut through the Bladder and there is scarce found a Vrine of a sound man The causes of diversity of Contents wherein the natural sediment doth not appear because scarce any body is so exactly sound which doth not generate some such excrement and no nourishment is to be found which cannot afford matter for such an excrement Whence according to the diversity of meats and natures thereof there ariseth diversity of Contents For although the Contents settle in the bottome and in those that are exactly sound yet in those which do not enjoy most perfect health The cause of the quality of the sediment or do not eat the best meats it doth not enjoy its natural place but in some and those which eat grosser food more then is convenient it doth settle in the bottome in others it ascends higher then is fit by reason of the heat which cannot subdue it A Sediment is naturally white and takes this colour from the veins and parts which are wont to impress a white colour on those things which they change Equal and continued is not divided by reason of heat rightly concocting and rendring this excrement equal and obtains the figure of a Pyramid which although all parts seem to the senses to be equally thick yet in truth some are thicker which settle underneath others thinner which consist in the superiour part A great sediment is through plenty of crude juice which affords matter for a sediment Quantity whence boyes through much eating and those that live in idleness and those whose accustomed evacuations are suppressed and females also have a more plentiful sediment but men because they are hotter and have not so many crude humors have less sediment the same happens in Summer through fasting too great evacuations and other causes consuming the humors also obstructions and much and thin drinks which are distributed and cast forth before it can receive any mixture or digestion with meat CHAP. IX Of the causes of Contents in Vrines of those that are sick AGain in sick people the sediment consists of the more crude part of the aliment which cannot turn into nourishment â—f the parts The cause of a sediment in the Urines of the sick with which notwithstanding other vitious humors also are mingled nay sometimes vitious humors onely may afford matter for a sediment but by how much the more the Contents of those that are sick are like to those that are well by so much they are the better and shew great concoction but by how much the more they recede from those either in colour or other qualities by so much they are the worse and indeed the differences of colours of Contents are borrowed from the humour whereof they consist but as for what belongs to the diversity of substance that proceeds from the variety os burning heat and various disposition of matter a farenacious sediment as Galen teacheth is made from thick dried blood Causes of a fernacious sediment Frothy Bran-lik Pulse-like or flesh unequally consumed by a fiery heat but rough or scaly when the solid parts are unequally consumed and scaly particles are cast forth with the Vrine and bran-like sediment proceeds from a flamy and consuming heat of a Fever and a sore in the bladder or veins a sediment that represents pulse proceeds from melting as Actuarius teacheth when a Fever comes to the flesh and melts it but it is not thought credible by the late Physitians that by the melting or flesh any thing so thick can be mixed with the Vrine and moreover those sediments they account do proceed from a scabby and exulcerated bladder or from a crude and melancholy humor Small Sand and Gravel proceed from thick and feculent matter which sometimes contains in it selfe a principle of coagulation and a light occasion being offered Of sand and gravel it concreates of its own accord Clods of blood are discerned when either from an ulcer Of Clods of blood or otherwise from a hurt broken or open vessel in a part through which the Veine passeth blood is cast out Quitture appears in the Vrine when an imposthume Of quitture in Urine or
about the Tongue is taken away and that which was corrupted is separated and that change first appears in the top of the tongue hence that other paâ—t towards the chops also by little and little becomes pure Lastly the root and if any one daily do diligently observe the tongue of the sick the declination of these may be known no less from thence then by the urine The taste of the Tongâ—e being changed Savour signifies abundance of humours from choler the taste is bitter from sweet flegme sweete from a salt salt from an acid humor sour or sharp The tongue is made rough and dry by defect of the humidity which was consumed by the feaverish heat yet in roughness there is a greater defect of humidity then in driness only THE THIRD BOOK THE SECOND PART Of the Diagnostick Signes CHAP. I. Of the Signes of Causes in generall BUt now that we may come to the Kinds Antecedent Signes and that we may explaine the Anamnestick Diagnostick and Prognostick signes concerning the Anamnestick signes we only admonish you of this that the causes which have gone before are known either by the effects which are left or they are known by some profitable or hurtful thing which they occasioned As for the Diagnosticks Diagnostick signes of a disease at hand they are either of a disease neer at hand or present Of the signes of diseases neer at hand this is a general rule that every mutation in actions accidents and excrements after what manner soever hapning contrary to custome and without any externall cause Of a present threatens a disease for when all these things are right according to the natural constitution they are signes of health as soon as any thing in them begins to change from its natural state it signifies a falling from health into a disease and the same signes if they are gathered together and increased indicate a disease to be now present But since it doth not satissie a man to know that a disease is imminent or that it is present but it is necessary to know what the disease is the signes are to be propounded severally both of Morbifique causes and places affected of diseases as also of symptomes and that we may begin from the signes of causes which lead us unto the knowledg of diseases concerning the necessary signes of causes and by which any thing may be known certainly some are proper others common but collected together by a race or current and are limited within their proper subject Proper signes of humours from the tastâ— The proper signes are savour colour and motion of humors as to tast blood is sweet flegme watrish and unsavory choller bitter salt flegme causeth a salt taste flegme and melancholy an acid a sharp adust melancholy causeth a brackish taste The blood is red as also choler is red From the colour flegme that is white hath a white colour pale choler a pale yellow a yellow Leek colour a greene an Aeruginous is like Verdegrease melancholy hath a black hew troubled black choler black splendid and when one savour or colour agrees with two humors we may know the humour from the taste and collour joyned together so that when acid flegme and melancholy are joyned 't is acid by the white colour acid flegme is known by the black melancholy Moreover the humors have their determinate motions several daies the flegme is moved the day between each From the motion choler Melancholy is moved the fourth day if such a motion be wanting the blood offends choler also for the most part is moved about noon-day melancholy in the evening flegme in the night the swiftnesse also and slowness of motion indicate the humours of a disease for a swift disease depends on a thin humor hot and cholerick a slow on a dull and thick But because those signes lie hid in the innermost parts of the body so that the humours cannot be known Of the common signes Current a current of common signes then ought to suffice the causes and affects or the antecedents and consequences supply us with such signes antecedents are supplied by two fountains namely external and evident causes or things not natural and the disposition of the body but the consequences are all symptomes and whatsoever help or hurt Non-natural things dispose the body and bowels to the generation of this or that humour Antecedents according as they either heat the body or cool it or make other changes in it of which is spoken before Lib 1 Part 2. Chap 2. Moreover the dispositions of the body have great power in generating humors without which those evident causes can do little in producing them Now these dispositions may be reduced to four heads First there is an hereditary disposition of the body 2ly age 3ly Constitution of the body 4ly Intermission of some accustomed evacuations fit to generate this or that humour The consequences are symptomes Consequence namely actions hurt excretions and retentions and the qualities of the body changed also diseases arising from humours Lastly all things helping and hurting CHAP. II. Of the Signes of Causes and of Humours in particular AS for what belongs to the signes of every humour in particular gone before Signes of Plethory signifies that blood doth abound and a plethory as to the vessels is present as is expressed before in the Lib 2. Part 2. chap 3. The habit of the body is fleshly and firm overspread with an habituous vapour the veins are fuller and especially after exercise and heat swel the muscles are extended the strength of Nature is increased with a certain proportion of blood and if the blood fil the veins so ful that they cannot be cooled or fanned enough it grows thick and seeks to weigh down the inferior parts hence the muscles of the leggs being filled with blood are moved with paine and wearisomness ariseth Respiration is more difficult after labour in their behaviour they are merry and pleasant and their discourse and memory duller their sleep is profound and more durable and pleasing with flattering dreams and of red things and blood the pulse is great and strong all natural actions are excellently performed the urine is more plentiful and moderate in substance and colour and the contents therein are plentiful the colour of the whole body and especially of the face is red and rosie the reins of the cies are red the skin being touched is hot yet that heat is gentle they easily tolerate evacuations of blood by what means soever made sparing diet takes away the wearisomness and quencheth thirst but they are offended by hot and moist things and all things which increase heat idleness and food increasing blood hurts them but a plethorick constitution is known as to its strength by gravity of body an unequal pulse signes of crudity and oftentimes by signes of putrifaction begin Sweet flegme abounding is known from the causes which conduce to the
ignoble part not having any great vessells since without great danger it cannot be performed Seaventhly Paracentesis to Seperation or Section belongs Paracentesis by which word every pricking in generall was denoted by the Ancients and t is performed in divers parts and that either with a needle or with the point of a knife this operation is famous and Ancient in the paunch to evacuate water of those that have dropsies which retaines the name of the generall name the manner and reason of performing whereof in the Institutions and in the 3. Booke of Practise part the 6 th sec the 2 d. Chap. 3. is delivered in water of the head the same pricking is sometimes used in the skin of the head and in the cods filled with water Hereunto belongs the cure of a Cataract by pricking which is so to be performed as Celsus also describes in his 7. Couching of a Cataract Book and 7. Chap. As also the cutting of the wind-pipe Laryngotome which is called Laryngotome which when it is necessary is to be performed with a launce the other parts being removed under the Larynx betwixt the third and fourth ring of the Wind-pipe the manner of operation is propounded in the Institutions As also the cutting of the brest in an Empyema An incision of the brest or an Ulcer or imposthume in the cavity of the brest which is performed on one side of the brest betwixt the fift and sixt rib and how it also is to be performed is explained in the Institutions Moreover a Seton Applying of a Seton or using of a Seton Needle by which operation the neck is prickt and the wound kept open that peccant humours may be evacuated by it of which operation you may also read in the Institutions To prickings we have annexed leaches Leaches or the application of leaches which being chosen prepared and cleansed are applyed with a rag or a reed by their biting they open the veines and draw out blood and indeed from the subcutaneous parts only and capillary veines if they are applyed only to the skin but if they are applyed to any great vessell they draw blood from the innermost parts of the whole body and therefore they are applyed according as there is need of this or that evacuation and are applyed to children when we dare not use the launce to open veines To the veines of their armes when they are affected with any greivous disease that requires evacuacion of blood CHAP VIII Of Section of Bones BUt that cutting which is performed in hard parts or bones is fourefold according to the various manner of seperation and variety of instruments namely shaving filing perforation and sawing First shaving is a plaining and a making smooth of the inequality of bones with an incision knife shaving them Shaving or a detraction and taking away of the filth clinging fast to the bones and it is performed with files in magnitude and figure according to the severall natures of diseases and of bones either straight such as are hammers which they use in driving or bent in the end such as they use in drawing sometimes they use both a file and a Hammer wrapt in a clout Secondly filing Filing or wearing away of bones with a file it usefull in the teeth when they hang out contrary to nature The third is perforation whereby we cut the part out of the middle of a bone Perforating either with a Trepan or with a file or together with a Trepan and a file the perforation which is made by a Trepan the Greekes call Trupesis a wimble they call Trupanon Kinds of Trepans or Wimbles and Trupane but a Trepan is either straight and sharpe and in a hollowed circle which is called a wimble in particular or it is hollow which is called Modiclus Trepan is like to common wimbles which Carpenters use and t is twofold the one is that which answers plainly to the wimbles of Carpenters the other which neere the point at such a distance as the thicknesse of the skull is of hath a knot without or a circle fitted which whilst the Trepan is within the skull hinders it that it cannot goe deeper then is fit which kind of Trepan because it cannot goe deeper the Greekes call Trupanon or Abaptiston Modiolus the Greeks call Cointhion and Coinichis and Prion Caractos t is a hollow Instrument of Iron round and long like a Pillar at the bottome of the mouth like a saw or full of teeth and straight Trepans which are called Periteria are opposed to it which are turned about with a handle which if it have a naile or pin in the middle t is called male and if it have not is called female but the perforation or boaring is performed principally when the skull is broke or when some matter or blood is contained within the skull the manner of which operation may be seen in the Institutions sometimes also in rotten bones when the rottennesse goes deep Lastly by sawing Sawing or cutting with a saw bones are divided when any dead part the flesh being first cut away with a knife to the bone and the bone is laid open or when some broken bone hangs our and cannot be put back into it place or when any chinke is to be filled up or when the table of the skull is to be taken away CHAP. IX Of Burning THe last kind of seperation remaines Burning which is burning which is to be used when diseases cannot be taken away by medicines nor cutting burning is performed two wayes Burning twofold either by those things which actually have in them fire and a fiery quality as Iron or other fiery Instruments made of Gold Silver Brasse which are called actuall Cauteries or with burning medicines which are called potentiall Cauteries There are some differences of actuall Cauteries especially An actuall Cautery in respect of matter and figure and differing also some other wayes as for matter Metallick Instruments prepared of Iron Brasse Silver Gold are in use this day Iron burnes potently Brasse and Gold not so violently the figures of Cauteries are various which are described every where sometimes they are fiered more sometimes lesse sometimes impressed deeper sometimes superficially only the manner of burning is to be seen in the Institutions Another manner of burning is that which is performed by potentiall Cauteries Potentiall what Caustick medicines are and Escaroticks is spoken above part the 1. sect the 1. Chap the 10 th and in what manner Cauteries are to be prepared shall be shewne in the end of this Book Fontanells Issues and Issues are made by actuall and potentiall Cauteries namely little Ulcers prepared to evacuate draw back and drive humours through them but in what parts and how these Fontanells are to be made shall be shewn in the Institutions To this third operation may be referred that Cupping glasses whereby something is drawn in the body or
meate is defiled and corrupted by the medicine and the humours which are drawn its concoction is hindred and being uncocted the medicine stimulating it is expeld and t is to be feared least some excrements mixt with the meate should be distributed into the Liver and veines or that the meate it selse being not enough concocted or rather corrupted should breed some inconveniency in them CHAP. XI Whether it be lawfull to sleepe having taken a purge WHether we may sleep having taken a purge Physitians disagree but there is need of a distinction for if the purging medicine be gentle and benigne having taken it we ought not to sleep least the medicine should be carried away and overcome by nature and its action hindred but if the purging medicine be stronger and requires greater heate that it may be brought into action sleepe may be granted to the sick yet moderate which may only further the activity of the medicine but not impead evacuation but afterwards to abstaire from sleep untill perfect and sufficient purgation be made moreover for the same reason after taking strong purges t is lawfull to sleepe a little while that the malignity of the medicine may be resisted by the more plentifull heat occasioned by sleepe and those troubles which the medicine occasioneth may lesse be discerned in sleepe and so the medicine retayned without trouble or molestation may rightly be reduced into action CHAP. XII Whether it is best after purging to use cleansing and abstergent medicines T Is the custome at this day some houres after taking purging medicines to exhibit cleansing broathes and such as wipe away and that is righly done for t is profitable before food be taken that the remainders of the medicine and the residue of its qualities and if any vitious humours are drawn by the medicine and remaine in the stomach they are to be washed away and drove downward and the loathing and disdaining of meate which is wont to be occasioned by purging may be freed and taken away CHAP XIII Of Evacuation by Vrine ALthough the watry humour is principally evacuated by Urine which remains of the drinke Evacuation by Urine and is mingled with the blood and the gibbous part of the Liver Reines Bladder and Vessells sub-servient to these are principally purged by it yet the other humours attenuated and principally the serous thinner phlegme the cholerick humour and all the nerves and veines may be purged by the same But seeing those things that cause Urine cleanse the body by degrees t is most profitable in those diseases wherein t is convenient to evacuate matter by degrees and sparingly but in those where there is need of sudden excretion and of evacuation to be made on a sudden in such evacuation of Urine is not so helpfull But what the difference is of medicines provoking Urine is spoken before Diureticks properly so called are usefull only as often as thick humours residing in the Reines bladder and parts sub-servient to them are to be evacuated or if thick humours stay or stick in the veines but those which move Urine only by affording aqueous matter are convenient in those diseases which are bred of thick and adust humours for by the mixture of aqueous substances these are rendred more fluid Permittenes and Prohibients Those things which permit and prohibit also are here to be considered the strength easily endures this evacuation so that it be so administred that more profit then dammage may redound to the sick for if either in the whole body or about the liver many ill humours stick there is danger least by their plenty and thicknesse whilst they get to the straight passages they should obstruct them and therefore first a purge for the belly is to be appointed Diureticks also are not so convenient for hot and dry diseases as feavers arising from hot humours nor for such as are leane and withered as also if the Reines bladder and passages and vessells appointed for this evacuation are ulcerated or inflamed or affected with some such like disease Time The time of drinking medicines causing Urine is not not convenient in the beginning of a disease since the matter is as yet more plentifull and thicker but in the declination when the matter is somewhat abated and thinner but they are most profitably given before meate and on an empty stomach CHAP. XIV Of evacuation by sweate LAstly vitious humours also may be expelled by sweate Sweate whence it evacuates for although sweate evacuate in the first place from the circumference and habit of the body yet it may evacuate humours also from the rest of the body and indeed first out of the greater veines and Arteries and afterwards out of all other parts namely from whence humours may be driven to the veines and from thence to the superficies of the body for they are not conveniently thrust out from the cavities of the stomach guts wombe and such like to the extremities of the body and there are other wayes by which they are far more easily evacuated What humours are evacuated by sweate but the watry humour is evacuated by sweate which also may be evacuated by Urine and so may every thin humour and cholerick as others also if they are attenuated but principally sweates are profitably provoked by art in inveterate and cold discases and diurnall distillations in the Palsie the Sciatica and other paines of the joynts Yet you must be carefull here what the strength can permit for this is a powerfull remedie Things permitting and requires great strength but principally hot and cholerick persons endure sweate lesse and not long nor doe very hot things agree with them much matter prohibits provocation to sweate for t is to be feared least being dilated to the skin it should shut its small breathing holes or pores and so either generate or increase putrifaction As for how much How much we must be carefull that we doe not over much provoke sweate for sweate if it be too much weakens the strength exceedingly resolves the body and makes it leane wherefore t is more commodious to cause moderate sweates often then to debilitate the strength with one that exceeds measure But the fit time for provoking sweates is the beginning of a disease but after universall purging of the body When. and in the declination of a disease but the particular time when the meate is concocted and in the declination of diseases in those which have paroxismes But medicines provoking sweate are especially to be exhibited with profit in pestilentiall diseases and in all malignant matter by which the malignant matter In what diseases the pestilent and venemous matter to the great benefit to the sick is driven from the internall parts and those that are next the heart to the extremities of the body and is evacuated by sweate But Sudorisiques which are given in such diseases ought to be of the number of those that resist poyson that
they may together infringe and debilitate the venome In Administring of which there is no need of all those rules or observations which are necessary to be observed in provoking sweates in other diseases but presently in the beginning of a disease those Sudorifique resisters of poyson are to be given neither is too much debilitating of strength to be feared CHAP. XV. Of particular Evacuations AS for particular Evacuations Particular evacuation of the braine Errhines if any vitious humours are collected in the braine it may be evacuated two wayes by the Nose and the Palate By the Nose first Errhines call out phlegme which is spread about the braine and filmes that cover it and stirs up its faculty that it may strive to cast out super fluous humours Moreover sternutatories Sneezing which are stronger and irritate the braine and by the force thereof humours which lye deeper may be cast forth of both of these this in generall is to be noted that such remedies are not to be used unlesse universalls have preceded and that the whole body be purged but or the matter and forme of Errhines and those things that cause sneezing see before part the 1. Sect. 1. Chap. 18. and hereafter part the 3 d. Sect. 3. Chap 30. But those things which evacuate by the Palate Apophlegmatismes are called Apophlegmatismes and purge the more inward cavities and ventricles of the braine they are not conveniently given to those the inward part of whose mouth throate gullet or Larynx is exulcerated and such as are obnoxious at other times to distillations to the Chops and breast Those which purge the Lungs are called expectorating things Purging the breast and because humours cannot cast out from the lungs through the Wind pipe without a cough they are called Becchica of which kind for the most part are Arteriacks i.e. medicines for Rhemes all of them especially those which cleanse cut or any way prepare the matter for expulsion but that humours may the more easily be evacuated by cough their consistence ought to be indifferent neither too thin nor too thick but only so thick that they may be carried upward by Aire not so viscide as to stick in the mouth of the Lungs and therefore if the humours are viscide they are to be moistned and cleansed with sowre things but if too thin to be somewhat thickned The stomach is evacuated by vomit or by the paunch Things purging stymach Liver Reines Wombe the guts with glisters and medicines purging the belly the cavities of the liver through the belly the gibbous parts by urine the reines and urinary passages by urine the wombe by the cources Of which t is now spoken in universall evacuation CHAP. XVI Of the abating abundance of blood with Leaches Cupping-glasses Scarrifications c. THe other fault amongst morbifique causes is quantity and the common Indication which is taken from hence that that which aboundeth may be deminuished What shews the fault concerning quantity What offends in quantity and that which is diminuished may be increased but since nothing can be said to abound unlesse that at other times it be naturally present but in the body blood only and such excrements are contained which proceed from nature blood and naturall excrements in this second manner may be the causes of diseases as also milke and seed and moreover the spirits and solid parts of the body all which if they are deficient in quantity ought to be increased but if they exceed are to be deminuished naturall excrements are seldome desicient in quantity but they often exceed but since the same reason is of evacuating naturall excrements which there is of the humours in their kind preternaturall here only we will speak of taking away of blood when it abounds Therefore if Plethory be present and the blood abound Plethory what it shews the blood is to be diminuished and that which aboundeth to be taken away and too great plenty of blood indicates diminution of the same But concerning the manner how we abate the blood The manner of abating blood some performe it more strongly others more weakly frications Sweates Bathes Exercise Fastings performe it more weakely Leaches opening of the Hemethodes provocation of courses Cupping-glasles and Scarrifications performe it more strongly but the most generous and powerfull remedie here is opening of a veine Frications sweates Bathes and Exercises they diminuish the blood one way because they stir up the heate in the body which dissolves and dissipates the substance of our bodyes But fasting doth not evacuate by its selfe Fasting but by reason that it takes away humours and diminuisheth the body because it puts nothing in the stead of that which is consumed by heate and denyes necessary aliment to the body but because fasting evacuates the whole body equally t is then requisite when the humour abounding doth abound not in one part but in the whole body yet shorter fasting first evacuates humours out of the stomach and about the stomach but because fasting evacuates by degrees it is not profitable nor sufficient for an indication when plenitude is suddenly to be abated But t is endured when the strength is powerfull to which all other things which prohibit fasting are to be referred as temperature of body hot and dry hot and moist a thin habit of body griping or biting in the Orifice of the stomach vomiting flux of the belly Leaches by opening the mouths of veines Leaches and sucking blood evacuate blood by themselves and sensibly yet by little and little in which respect they may diminuish the plenitude of the whole body and helpe diseases of many parts to which they are applyed and evacuate sometimes a greater sometimes a lesser quantity of blood as they are applyed to a greater or lesser veine in the application therefore of them you are to observe whether they are placed for the evacuation of the whole body or for a disease of some private part for if they are applyed for the evacuation of the whole they are to be put to the great and prominent veines in the Legs and Armes or Hemerhodes yet in women that are with child they must be applyed only to the Armes but in regard of peculiar diseases they are to be applyed to divers parts as this or that part is affected The Hemerhodes if they use to flow at other times Hemerhodes the opening of them may be instead of breathing a veine but otherwise the Physitian in opening of them shall labour with little profit unlesse happily they are opened by leaches putting to them but since the Hemerhodes are twofold externall and internall the externall are opened to abate a Plethory as also for diseases of the Reines Wombe Back Hips and other diseases arising from the hollow veine with profit as in diseases which proceed from the Hypocondries the Liver Spleen Mesentery the internall may be conveniently opened but the externall are opened with frications
the leaves of a Fig course rags Leaches applyed the juice of an Onion the juice of Century or Sow-bread the Gall of a Hog or Bullock or with rags wet in these but the internall with suppositers and sharpe Glisters The courses whilst they flow exacuate also and diminish perfluour blood Courses but nature appointed that flux which if it be supprest is to be opened in which businesse this is to be observed that in provoking them the Physitian should make use of that time when at other times they use to flow for if he should endeavour it at another time he looses his labour Cuppings which Scarrification also Cupping with scarrisying but by die evacuating blood by themselves and sensibly but by degrees for which reason they are something applyed for good reasons sometimes instead of opening a veine if they are applyed with good reason they are indicated from no great fault of the blood But when they are used instead of Phlebotomie they are applyed for some great fault in the blood which indeed requires the breathing of a veine which notwithstanding weak strength will not endure but Cupping-glasses properly evacuate cutaneous blood yet because some of the blood which comes out of the skin is powred into the capillary veines from the great veines in this respect also they are said to evacuate the whole body but if that evacuation be more sparing it doth not reach the whole And when Cupping-glasses evacuate by drawing the use of them is most profitable if any revulsion be required at the same time as for the place of applycation if they are applyed in respect of the whole they should be put to the inferior parts if in respect of any part then to that part which requires this remedie yet in those that are pregnant they are not to be exhibited to the inferior parts but rather to the Armes Lastly simple scarification also without cupping Scarrification may evacuate blood which truly is used sometimes instead of opening a veine and t is appointed in the Legs especially by which meanes it may not only evacuate but also re-vell from the head and superior parts yet sometimes in the Arme and back also but in its proper use t is exhibited when there is a purpose to evacuate only out of some one part but especially when we would evacuate some acrid malignant and venemous matter least being retained it should cast the sick into danger which is used also in a Gangrene and by the ancients in a callous Ulcer CHAP XVII Of opening a veine BUt the most efficacious remedie for evacuation of blood is the breathing of a veine which neverthelesse hath other uses What indicates a breathing of a veine whereof we will here speake together for t is a question of great moment when the breathing of a veine or evacuation of blood by opening of a veine is to be appointed where first this is to be noted that the opening oâ— a veine is not some one Indicate but the matter of remedie which is profitable in many Indicates There are two generall benefits in the opening of a veine The use of opening a veine to evacuate blood and by accident whilst it draws away the blood the vehicle of heate to coole againe in evacuating it performes two things for it both takes blood out of the body and allwayes the cource and violence of humours in the veines first the way it both takes away the ill blood and only diminuisheth it offending in quantity but the latter way it can revell and draw back and derive the blood flowne into a part and the blood which is flowne in whilst it is yet moveable can draw it to the parts neere thereunto so that the opening of a veine may wholy performe five things namely to evacuate corrupt blood to diminuish blood to revell derive and refrigerate For first the vitious and putrifying blood may be evacuated by opening of a veine Putred blood evacuated by the opening of a veine as that which is contained in veines and they being opened it flowes out and indeed t is most profitably appointed in beginning of diseases since nature for the most part in feavers use to drive no small portion of the peccant matter to the extreames and those greater veines under the skin Secondly breathing a veine is an excellent remedie to diminish the blood The cutting of a vtine devinuisheth blood and revels Thirdly the opening of a veine is used for revulsion for a veine being opened the violence of the blood is turned and drawne back to the contrary part and therefore t is a very efficacious remedie to stop flowings of humours contained in the veines Fourthly the opening of a veine may derive the blood which newly flowed into the part It derives and is not yet setled there but as yet fluid a veine being opened nigh at hand it may I say drive the blood to a neighbouring part Fifthly Cooles opening of a veine cooles by accident but if distemper only be present which may be corrected by other remedies and no other fault of the blood be joyned with it which requires breathing of a veine also cooling medicines are ordered to be used but if the blood be so exceeding hot that it requires sudden refrigeration which other medicines perchance cannot performe or some other fault of the blood be joyned which by the same means opening of a veine may helpe for this cause also you may open a veine From whence it is manifest For which Indicants cutting of a veine serves that the breathing fo a veine may be profitable whilst the blood either putrifyes and is corrupted or offends in quantity or flowes to any part with violence or oppresseth a part or burnes vehemently Yet it is not allwayes necessary to open a veine when these â—inconveniences are present since we can take them away by other meanes but then only breathing a veine is conveniâ—ent when there is a great corruption of the blood and it requires sudden releasing as being that which is the best and most efficacious remedy amongst the evacuations of blood then presently blood may be evacuated In short The adequate Indicant of cutting a veine the Indicant to which by mediation of the Indicate as being the matter of helpe opening of a veine agrees it is a vehement fault of the flowing blood which is corrupted either in its substance or it offends in quantity or rusheth into some part or oppresseth some part or growes exceeding hot yet besides these principle faults the blood also sometimes as a cause without which it cannot and as adjuvant it may offend and then also it requires opening of a veine Yet we may not allwayes open a veine when these Indicants are present Things permitting opening a veine for since the opening of a veine evacuates blood together and also exhausteth somewhat of the spirits and so debilitates the strength if the strength be great it
permits opening of a veine if it be weake it prohibits it and regard is to be had here not only of the present but of the future strength for when the strength is weake either oppressed with store of humours or loosed in the latter imbecility only breathing of a veine is prohibited but in the former it is profitable All other things which are said to permit or prohibit the breathing of a veine besides strength they doe it only in this respect namely as they are the tokens or signes of strength or debility of nature as Age which flourishing admits of opening a veine Child-hood and old Age prohibit the same Seâ— the Sex as to women with child especially in the last monthes the opening of a veine is prohibited unlesse some disease inforce it and there be store of blood property of nature custome habit of body course of life constitution of Aire some Symptomes as large evacuations watchings and such like which dissipate the spirits and substance of our bodyes and loosen our strength unlesse they are taken away by opening of a veine How much blood to be evacuated The quantity of letting blood is indicated from the greatnesse of the fault depending on the blood and according as that hath greater or lesse force so blood is to be evacuated more largely or sparingly yet the strength as also things permitting are here to be weighed anâ— all those things which are the signes of strength and weaknesse and t is to be considered whether the strength will beare that evacuation which the magnitude of the disease requires But whether the quantity of blood which is indicated be to be taken away at once or severall times the greatnesse of the disease and the strength doe shew in a most violent evilâ— t is convenient to evacuate the blood at once in milder at severall times also strong bodyes will beare one large evacuation of blood but if they are weake t is better to doe it at severall times The presence of those Indicants which serve for the letting blood Time shews the time of letting blood and the absence of the prohibiting therefore the most convenient time of letting blood for the most part is the beginning of a disease yet it is not to be appointed whilst crude juice and unconcocted meates are in the first passages and in diseases wherein there are certaine intermissions and wherein the fits returne at certaine times the time when the fit is is not convenient for letting blood but the time of intermission is more commodious or if that be too short the declination of the fit or the abating of a disease As for the houre Houre if a disease that is violent provokes or urgeth in what houre of the day soever or even at midnight no preparation being made before and no delay being made you may open a veine at other times one houre or two after sleep is most convenient But where What veines to be opened or the place and veine to be opened although what veines soever be opened it may evacuate the whole body yet the larger performe this best and regard is to be had to the fountaine of blood and the rise of the evil which are principally the liver and spleen the veines therefore in the right or left cubit are to be opened according as the disease requires the internall externall or middle and especially the internall but what veines are to be opened for Revulsion and Derivation sake shall be shewne in there proper place CHAP. XVIII Of Revulsion AS for the third fault of humours Default of humours according to qualities namely when humours recede from their naturall state in respect of qualities how that is to be amended from those things which were spoken before of the preparation of humours and which shall be spoken hereafter of curing of diseases of intemperature is manifest enough But the error in motion is various In motion and humours decline from their naturall state if either they are not rightly moved that is when they are moved thither whither they ought not that is when they ought to be quiet according to the Law of nature they are moved at that time or else are not moved when they should be moved or are moved in parts or thither where they ought not to be moved the first error is called the restraining motion the second the inciting the third the helping the fourth the correcting and averting to another place First therefore humours as they offend in motion afford one indication only of stopping of motion Humours offending in motion what they indicate of staying the violence of a humour or an averting of a humour from a place to which it flowes contrary to nature unlesse happily nature unburthens it selfe conveniently by that meanes or the body puts away humours that trouble it to some ignoble part of it but we may satisfy this indication severall wayes namely if either we take away those things from the humour which are necessary for motion or whether we draw back the same by force namely if out of what is thin and fluid we make it thick if we stop the passages to it and straighten and make narrow the wayes through which it ought to flow lastly if we prohibit its comming and bind the passages which are in the part that it may not be conveniently received but when we cannot hinder these often or it is sufficient to stay a flux we call back and retract those humours by force Humours are drawn back either by reason of vacuity or heat or paine By reason of vacuity or rather evacuation humours are drawn back which power out and evacuate them out the body through other parts as the opening of a veine scarrifications leaches flowing of courses Hemmerodes purging by the Paunch vomitings urines sweats By heat and paine they are drawn back by those things which have power of inciting heat and paine or have power of performing them both as are frications ligatures lotions fomentations vesicatories causticks and such like An so How many waies the motion of humors may be hindered although there is one Indicant namely a fault of the humours in motion so there is one Indicate namely remedy hindring motion and averting the humour from the part to which it flowes yet the manners of performing these are various namely foure Revulsion Derivation Interception and repulsion Revulsion Revulsion what which the Greeks cal Antispasis is an averting of a humour flowing into some part into the contrary But humours are Revelled not those which are in the affected part for these are properly evacuated out of the part affected Revulsion ought not to be to the next or nigh thereunto but they are such as do flow to some part or are about to flow But since this is common to every Revulsion that a contrary motion may be occasioned for the flowing humour and may move it to a part not to that whither
it tends but to a contrary hence it followes that Revulsion ought not to be to the next but to the remote and opposite parts and principally according to length and breadth As for the other oppositions some observe them also whilest they make a twofold Revulsion the one which is simple and absolutely such or a universall Revulsion as it is called Universall which observes contrariety in respect of the whol body in it regards contrary termes from whencesoever the humours flow as when we revell from the head to the leggs and feet Particular But there is another particular Revulsion or locall which in one member onely regards contrary termes and opposition of the parts of the same member and in the same member revels from the anterior parts to the posterior or from the hinder to the former parts Which nevertheless scarce deserve the name of a Revulsion And this former in the beginning of diseases when the body is as yet very full is most proper But the latter is not convenient in the beginning of diseases also whereas in revulsion the flowing humour ought to be drawne to the contrary part is manifest flowings are to be drawn back together to the beginning hence when humours flow from the whole body or the beginnings of fluxes lye hid the revulsion is fitly made to the remote parts but when the beginning of the flux is certaine to that the flux is to be re-called although it be not the remotest part In particular as for the revulsion by opening of a veine Revulsion by opening a veine although that also is to be appointed in a distant and remote place yet not simply the most remote part is to be chosen for the opening of a veine but that part which is exactly on the contrary or which also hath communion of veines joyned to it or Euthyory which is a certaine direction of vessells by which the reduction of humours may conveniently be made and may easily flow from one part into another and therefore veines which are open for revulsion sake rather communicate with the part sending then receiving as it is necessary so we recall blood flowing to the place from whence it begins and we cause a contrary motion for it namely we ought here to choose veines which are remote to the part affected and have communion with the part sending which are directly opposite to the part affected either according to longitude or latitude hence an inferior part being affected a veine in the Arme of the same side a superior part being affected a veine in the Arme of the contrary side the liver affected the interior veine of the right cubit is to be opened As for the Administration of a Revulsion The right Administration of revulsion the quantity of revulsion answers to the quantity of the flux and strength tollerating but that is greater which is made with the letting out of a humour then that which is without it and there are certaine degrees and differences of magnitude in every kind every one whereof answers to the certaine error in the motion of the peccant humour As for the time of flowing since revulsion ought to be of humours flowing t is principally to be administred The time when the flux begins but if the flux be more lasting it ought to be exhibited after the beginning also but if the flux be lesse so that it may be stopt by derivation or repulsion there is no need of revulsion The places to which revulsorie remedies are applyed Place are various according to the variety of the parts affected CHAP. XIX Of Derivation DErivation regards that matter which newly flowes into the part affected Derivation what but as yet is not spred abroad into the space of the part without theveines but as yet it flowes in its veines and it is an averting or drawing away of the humour offending the part to the adjacent parts and an evacuaion of it through the same and in this evacuation namely that which is made by opening of a veine the communion of the veines with the part affected is observed wherof mention is so often made by Authors also if the matter in the body be plentifull derivation is not to be appointed unlesse that plenitude be first abated The quantity of Derivation of a humour which flowes into the part Quantity answers to the quantity which so flowes and to the strength of the sick but in letting of blood the measure and limits of Derivation in inflamations Hippo commands us to learne by the changing of the colour the second of the reason of dyet in ac T. 10. so that the strength will beare it The convenient time of Derivation is when the matter flowes into the part Time and the store of matter is taken away and the flux is abated yet it ought to be performed before the matter besme are the part The scituation of the part shews the place Place which in generall ought to be neere the part affected and to communicate with the passages CHAP. XX. Of Repulsion REpelling things drive away the humour flowing Repelling to another place and hinders its comming to the part affected and that which newly hath flowne they free the part from by pressing of it out But you may not exhibit Repelling things in all fluxes Repellents not convenient ser fluxes for first they are not to be given in ignoble parts Secondly when the flux is nigh to a principall part least the matter repulsed be carried to the principall parts Thirdly to parts placed too deep Fourthly if the matter be malignant and venemous Fifthly when a wound is inflicted by the stroake or biting of a venemous Creature Sixtly if nature rightly acting drives any matter into a part critically Seventhly if the humour be much and the body as yet full Eightly if the humour be fixed in the part Ninthly if there be vehement paine The most convenient time for Administration of repelling things is the beginning of the flux Time but when the beginning proceeds towards the augmentation Digerents are to be mixed But since as is said before some repelling medicines are cold and moist others cold and dry and astringent those doe best agree when the humour shall be thin and little and is in the extremities of the body or when fluctuations happen by reason of two great heate of the parts or when they have great heat adjoyned or if the paine be vehement but these when paine doth not so provoke and fluctuations are made through the debility of the parts The place to which repellents are to be exhibited is the same from whence we ought to repell Place CHAP. XXI Of Interceptings SUch things as doe intercept Intercipients for the most part agree with those things that doe repell and they differ only in respect of place from them for repellents are exhibited to the part affected but intercipients to the wayes through
of a Synocha with putrifaction OF the Nature of a Fâ—ver Chap. 1. p. 1. Of the causes of Fevers in general ch 2. p. 3. Of the Symptomes of a Fever in general ch 3. p. 4. Of the differences of Fevers in general ch 4. p. 5. Of the Cure of Fevers in general ch 5. p. 6. Of the Fever Ephemera ch 6 p. 6. Of an Ephera of more days and of a Synocha without putrifaction ch 7. p. 10. BOOK II. Of Putred Fevers OF putred Fevers in general ch p. 12. Of the differences of putred Fevers ch 2. p. 15 Of the signâ— of putred Fevers in general ch 3. p. 16 Of the Cure of putred Fevers in general ch 4 p. 17. Of breathing of a Vein ch 5. p 18 Of Purging ch 6. p. 19 Of co-coction and separation of Humors ch 7. p 22 Of Sudoâ—ificks and Diureticks ch 8. p. 23 Of Diet in putred Fevers ch 9. p. 24 Of the differences of putred Fevers ch 10. p. 27 Of a continued putred primary Fever and first of a Synocha in particular ch 11. p. 28 Of a Causus or Burning Fever ch 12. p. 31 Of continued periodick Fevers in general and of a continued Tertian ch 13. p. 33 Of a continued Quotidian ch 14. p. 36 Of the Fever Epiala p. 38 Of the â—yncopal Fever p. 39 Of a continued Quartan ch 15. p 40 Of Symptomatical Fevers ch 16. p. 41 Of Intermitting Fevers in general ch 17. p. 46 Of Intermitting Fevers in particular and first of an Intermitting Tertian ch 18. p. 55 Of a Quotidian Intermittent ch 19 p. 61 Of an intermitting Quartan ch 20. p. 62. Of compound Fevers and Semi-tertians ch 21. p. 67 BOOK III. Of a Hectick Fever OF the nature of a Hectick Fever ch 1. p. 71 Of the signs of a Hectick Fever ch 2. p. 72 Of the Cure of a Hectick Fever ch 3. p. 73 BOOK IV. Of the Plague and of Pestilential and malignant Fevers OF the Nature of the Pestilence ch 1. p. 75 Of the causes of the Pestilence ch 2. p. 77 Of Contagion ch 3. p. 79 Of the signs of the Plague ch 4. p. 81 Of preservation from the Pestilence ch 5. p. 82 Of the Cure of the Pestilence ch 6. p. 85 Of the nature of a pestilent and malignant Fever and the difference of them from the Plague ch 7. p 89 To what kind of Fevers pestilent and malignant ones pâ—rtain ch 8. p 90. Causes of a pestilent malignant Fever ch 9. p 91 Signs of malignant and pestilent Fevers ch 10 p. 92 Of the cure of malignant and pestilential Fevers in general ch 11. p 93 Of a malignant Fever with the Measles and Small Pox ch 12. p. 97. Of the Spotted Fever ch 13. p. 105 Of the English Sweat ch 14. p. 108 Of the Vngarick Disease ch 15. p. 110 Of a malignant Fever with the Cramp ch 16. p. 114 Of a malignant Fever with a Catarrh and a Cough and the Squincy ch 17. p. 116 Of the Cure of Symptomatical Fevers ch 18. p 118 Book I. Of Fevers in General and of an Ephemera and of a Synocha with Putrefaction CHAP. I. Of the Nature of a Fever THat which is called by the Latines a Fever The name of a Fever by the Greeks from fire is called the fiery distemper Hippocrates plainly calls it fire if it be very vehement as being by the consent of all men a hot distemper For although some Germans call it Daskalte yet that appellation belongs not to every Fever neither doth it express the nature of a Fever but only signifieth Cold An intermitting Fever may be so called A Fever is a hot distemper of the whole body atising from heat kindled contrary to nature in the heart It s definition and nature and by the mediation of the Blood and Spirits conveyed through the veins and arteries to all the parts and hindring natural actions unless it be prevented For a Fever is generated when as Galen 1. Aphor. 14. hath it The native heat is become fiery Generation of it For seeing that all the parts of the body have a certain temperature and all of them are actually hot every one according to its own degree and thereby are rendered fit to perform natural actions If in the heart from whence the vital heat is diffused over all the parts of the body each part receiving its due temper from thence a certain preter-natural heat be kindled and spread over the whole body so that to the natural temperature of the parts some degrees of preter-natural heat are added and that actual heat shall be increased a certain excess of heat and a hot distemper is kindled in the whole body which is called a Fever Which distemper indeed formaliter as some say is contrary to nature and is called a Fever but materialiter 't is not altogether contrary to nature for unless there had been before some degrees of natural heat extant the supervenient heat could not constitute this degree of heat And indeed a hot distemper only constitutes a Fever Driness is no part of the Essence of a Fever for although all fevourish heat tend to driness yet that driness is not sickness in all Fevers neither is the body by fevourish heat rendred unfit to perform its natural actions it is so by driness in every Fever that the natural actions are hindred but although the fevourish heat always tend to driness yet oftentimes the disposition of the body wherein that heat acteth and moisture therewithal hinders the production of a disease by driness The adequate Subject of a Fever is the whole body The Subject or certainly most of its parts but the principal is the heart as being that wherein that heat is first kindled and from thence communicated to all the other parts of the body unless it be hindred nor can a Fever be generated unless the heart first become hot Indeed the whole body is the Subject of a Fever in regard of the similiar parts and as it is indued with actual heat which is as it were kindled by the innate and influent heat For this heat when it is changed and converted into a fiery heat from a temperate and moderate a Fever is stirred up The immediate cause of a Fever is heat kindled in the heart contrary to nature The proximate cause and diffused over all the body For as the heart whilest it is well and according to nature is the fountain of natural heat and disperseth the same over all the body so if it grow hot contrary to nature it distributes that unnatural heat over all the parts For although a Fever may be kindled by the inflamation of other parts likewise yet that happens not unless that heat be first sent to the heart and afterwards from thence to all the parts of the body whence it comes to pass that in every Fever the Pulse is changed Nevertheless every kind of heat in the heart is not sufficient to
is a hot distemper of the whole depending on the heat of the Spirits inflamed Indicationâ— And seeing the heat of the Spirits and the distemper thence introduced indicate cooling yet if the cause exciting the same be still present that also ought to be taken away These Fevers are cured by good dyet The Cure so that there is seldome any need of strong medicines the food therefore ought to be cooling and moistning the meat of good juyce and easie of concoction principally cream of Baâ—ey the rest may be mixed with lettice sorrel juice of Citron or Lemmon Vinegar The drink should be barley-water small beer or small white-wine Yet if pain in the head be present or that the Fever be occasioned by anger or from a bubo then wine is to be refrained The Ancients most frequently used Baths of warm water but at present neither the same industry is used in preparation of them neither are men in our age so accustomed and disposed to bathe In the first place diligent care is to be had of that Fever Ephemeral which ariset hfrom the clovure of the skin Cure of an Ephemer a from closure of the skin or it's thickness or crudity of the stomack since they easily turn into putred Fevers And an Ephemera which is caused by stoppage of the pores of the skin since it comes to pass rather from plenty of blood then ill habit of body in that a vein is forthwith to be opened that the blood may be diminished and cooled but the thickness of the skin if occasioned by cold or astringent things is cured by those things that rarifie and open the same by a bath of fair water luke-warm soft rubbings temperate and luke-warm oils wherewith the body should be annointed But if the thickness of the skin be occasioned by drying things use moistening dyet and the body should be annointed with temperate and moistening oils Lastly if the Ephemera proceed from crudity From crudity of the stomack since that is twofold the one called Acid which proceeds from diminution of heat the other Nitrous which is caused by preter-natural heat If from Acid crudity which seldom happens the Ephemera proceed and that crudity be less so that meat may be reduced into a better state rest and sleep are to be occasioned and before sleep meat of easie concoction in a small quantity is to be taken and the stomack to be comforted with hot oyls But if the crudity be great then the meat is to be ejected by vomit or if the sick be not apt to vomit with a lenitive he should provoke a stool before it be distributed into the veins he must then abstain from meat and the stomack both with internal and external medicines is to be comforted But if the crudity be unsavoury or nitrous 't is to be conected with cold things wherewith if the concoction be not helped the corrupt meat is either to be emitted by vomit or to be purged by gentle medicines opening the first passages only such as are good against cholar and as corroborate the stomack CHAP. VII Of an Ephemera of more dayes and of a Synocha without putrefaction THere remains another kind of Fever An Ephemera of many days called Ephemera to which that appellation doth not belong because it is extended more dayes Yet it can be referr'd to no other sort of Fever then this more conveniently therefore although Ephemera should signifie the essence of the Fever Ephemera is so called though with the addition of more dayes Such Fevers are those which no wayes differ from Ephemeral Fevers newly described unless in durability the cause of which is obstruction of cutanious vessels which when they do continue stopped Synocha without putrefaction an inflamation of the Spirits so long endureth until that cause cease Moreover to these belong a Synocha without putrefaction commonly called a Fever inflative which is generated from the fervency of Spirits and thinner blood without putrefaction The cause of this Fever is the prohibition of the hot Effluvium Cause arising from obstructions or striction of the pores of the skin in a plethorick body This continues several dayes namely to the third or fourth day neither can the plenty of vapours kindled and exhaleing which proceed from the blood be discussed in one day nor can the obstruction or astriction of the pores of the skin be opened in one day The Signs of a Synocha without putrefaction are the same with those of other Ephemeraes Diagnostick signs only more evident For the heat is somewhat greater then in the others the skin is not dry but moist as it were the Urine somewhat thicker and redder the Pulse vehement swift frequent full great and equal the face and whole body red and fresh and as it were blown up the veins swell and strut with blood the head is heavy and respiration more difficult This Fever as the other Ephemerals is void of danger Prognosticks and is dissolved by sweat or Hemeroids of the nose within the fourth day or if it be protracted longer within the seventh day so it be rightly handled For unless it be rightly order'd 't will degenerate into a Synocha with putrefaction or into a Phrensie Squincy Plurisie or some other perillous inflamation But when this Fever ariseth by the inflaming of the thinner blood and Spirits in a plethorick body occasioned by the prohibition of transpiration Cure the blood offending in quantity is to be abated the heat to be cooled and the closed pores to be opened Therefore presently a Clyster being first given or a lenitive medicine a vein is to be opened that the blood may be abated fanned and cooled and better governed by nature And in that more plentifully then in any other Fever you may bleed yet so as that the strength may bear it As for things altering Galen to cool the blood drinks cold water and commands the sick to drink as much of it as they please which may be permitted in those which are accustomed to small drinks and in whom no danger is to be feared by drinking the same whether by reason of thick juices which the drinking of cold water may hinder the dividing of or by reason of some weakenness in the bowels by which they may be offended at the drinking of water which unless seeing in our bodies we seldom need we may rather use other coolers such as are Oxymel with water water of Chicory Endive decoct of barley juice of Lemmon or Citron Oxysauharum Spirit of Vitriol and Salt and the like cooling and opening things And that the appertion may the more happily be performed you must abstain from syrrups and conserves with much sugar in them unless they are much watered If obstruction of the pores of the skin be present 't is to be opened as I said before Their diet ought to be thin and little Dyet such as hath force to cool and moisten principally
a Ptisan the meat should be savoured with juyce of Lemmon Pomegranates Goose-berries Their drink should be barley-water or small beer Fernelius 5. cap. of Fevers Synoch Bilios Fernal makes mention of another sort of Synocha which is made by the kindling of the Spirits and cholerick humours without putrefaction and which ariseth from the same causes as an Ephemera if it happen in a cholerick body which opinion indeed may take place if it be meant of the thinner and subtiler part of the hotter blood which somtimes useth to be called choler but not if it be spoken of excrementitious cholar The end of the first Book BOOK II. Of Putred Fevers CHAP. I. Of Putred Fevers in General WHereas there is a two-fold sort of Fevers whose heat is inherent in the parts according to habitude whereof the one hath it's rise and is continued by the kindling of the Spirits and thinnest parts of the blood without putred humours the other hath it's original from vapours and putred humours of the former kind 't is already spoken The next business is that we handle the putred Fevers That there are putred Fevers many things shew Putred Fevers For neither is it dissonant from the nature of humours but that they may putrifie since that may happen to every mixt body and we see humours putrifie otherwise in mans body as it happens in inflamations wherein quitture is generated as Galen in the 1 of the differences of Fevers cap. 6. he compares the putridness whereby the humours putrifie in the brain with that by which Sanies is generated in the humours And that they do actually putrify sufficient reasons are given which hereafter we shall propound and the matter it self shews that humours do putrifie in the veins For both blood which cometh forth from breathed veins and those things which are evacuated by stooâ— Urine sweat sufficiently by their smell and otherwise argue putridity of humours And the way of cure proves the same for 't is not performed by things that alter but evacuate humours which is partly instituted by nature partly by the Physician For if humoral Fevers could be made without putrefaction they might also be cured by altering things only And indeed such Fevers are not only malignant as some think but the same signs appear and the same way of cure is exhibited to intermittent and continued What Putrefaction is which are void of all malignity and pestilency Aristotlc 4. Met. c. 1. defineth putrefaction to be the corruption of the proper and natural heat in every moist body by reason of external ambient heat but by Galen 11 Meth. med c. 8. without doubt not so much regarding the common and adequate subject of putrefaction as to mans body subject to medicinal consideration It is says he a change of the whole substance of the body putrifying to corruption by reason of extraneous heat the ultimate end of putrefaction is the dissolution of the parts whereof the mixt body consists and the corruption of the whole mixture That we may here pass by the tedious disputations which are extant amongst Philosophers and Physicians concerning putrefaction this is to be taken notice of How manifold it is that putrefaction in respect of the mixt body putrifying the one is according to the whole and perfect according to the whoâ— whereby mixt bodies are plainly dissolved into Elements out of which they are bred The other is in some part and imperfect whereby these which are full of moisture in some part putrify For seeing the moisture wherewith it aboundeth cannot wholly be drawn out only some parts thereof especially the thinner are And such putrefaction namely according to parts agrees to humors also namely when some particles of theirs are really corrupted and they loose their form Yet the whole humour must not necessarily loose it's form thence it continues it's name and those corrupted parts being evacuated it returns to its former nature unless the corruption have so far gone that mutation is made into another kind Which putrefaction is putrefaction indeed and not alteration only For although the whole be not corrupted yet some parts thereof are really corrupted Putrefaction in a body is caused by extraneous heat The cause of putrefaction and when the humours are no longer governed by the natural heat but are destitute thereof they are corrupted Therefore all things whatsoever which may be an occasion to hinder the innate heat so that it cannot in its due manner govern the humours may be said to be the cause of putrefaction of the humours Putrefaction of humours though oftentimes it be caused by obstruction and bowels and prohibiting of free transpiration since that as Galen 11. Meth. med c. â— writeth things hot and moist in a hot and moist place not being fanned and cooled by wine easily putrifie Yet putrefaction may be occasioned without this by the meeting with putred things and other causes which debilitate the native heat and bring in an extraneous heat First certain humours by reason of some internal defect Default of humours of heir own accord tend to putrefaction or at least are casily overcome come by small causes of putrefaction and having gotten the least occasion fall into putrefaction Such vice humours contract first from bad meats of the which they are generated whether they are such by nature or any other wayes corrupted Moreover by meats which are easily corrupted such are fruits rareripe Thirdly from the ill dressing of meats or ill concoction or when they are taken in excess or at unseasonable hours or after a preposterous manner Fourthly by the default of the parts appointed for concoction by reason whereof even the best aliment may be corrupted Lastly by reason of other causes which either impede concoction or retain execrements as also the preposterous use of the six Non-naturals Therefore by how much the more of such humours are cumulated in the body by so much the more easily they putrify For nature doth not defend excrementitious humours so carefully as those which are fit to nourish the body whence they are easily corrupted and putrify Blood also out of the veins being out of it's natural place and of a hot and moist nature easily is corrupted But although such humours turn to putrefaction of their own accord and being in a hot and moist place yet it happens sooner if any other cause be added Nay good humours also in a sound body if they are the cause in pâ—sse of putrefaction may become putted Amongst all these causes the first and chiefest is the hinderance of transpiration and ventilation Transpiration hindred whether it happen by straitnes of the pores of the skin or by obstruction of vessels passages in the more inward parts of the body For hot and moist things in a hot place unless they are ventilated easily putrify Narrowness of pores is occasioned either by constriction from cold or astringent things or driness as staying
is to be procured Putrefaction is to be resisted and the putred humours are to be cooled and dryed the generation of peccant humours by ablation of their cause is to be prevented Yet nevertheless seeing that these indications are often contrary and that those medicines which are administred for the cause may make the Fever worse and the contrary We must be careful how to perform these intentions And for the most part since the Fever comes last the cause is to be taken away first since the cause hath more power then the disease and the cause of a putred Fever being taken away the Fever of necessity ceaseth Yet if the greatness of the Fever inforce 't is necessary to have regard of the Fever first and afterwards to the taking away of the cause or certainly if we may first go to the taking away of the cause we should be very careful that by those things by which we take away the cause we increase not the Fever But those things are never to be used for the cure of the Fever which increaseth its cause fince that for the most pare that is of greatest force CHAP. V. Of breathing of a vein NOw for the cure to be performed by these intentions Letting blood and first concerning Phlebotomy Galen 11. meth medendi cap. 15. gives this rule It is most wholesome he sayes in all Fevers to open a vein not only in continued but also in all others which the putrifying humour stirreth up Whether when and why to be done in a putred Fever especially when neither age nor want of strength prohibites it And he addeth this reason For nature which rules our bodies being enlighthed and unburthened of that by which as with a pack it was oppressed what remains it will overcome without difficulty and therefore not being forgetful of its proper office will both concoct what can be concocted and cast out what may be emitted Yet this precept of Galen is to be rightly understood and explained For although there are many occasions for opening a vein and Authors cannot agree about the reason why Galen commands Phlebotomy in putred Fevers Yet 't is clear he did it that by evacuation of the blood nature might be enlightened and freed from the greatest part of her burthen for when blood abounds the opening of a vein and purging of Cacochymy are the best remedies furthermore when it is a plethorick body without doubt we should open a vein In some measure the breathing of a vein doth take away the cacochymy contained in the veins and mixed with the blood since the vein being opened the vitious humours go out with the blood especially because purgation which can take away foul humours out of the veins is not so safe as the breathing of a vein to be appointed at the beginning of a Fever For although Phlebotomy cannot take away all the ill humours out of the veins yet nature is lessned some part of her burthen and therefore can concoct and master the remainder the more easily for it may be that the plenty of blood which before the sickness was no trouble to the party now being sick and weakened with a Fever may become burthensom unto him And although some good blood be emitted therewith yet that hurts not the sick but rather helps as is said As we also see by critical Hemorrhodes that nature sends out no small quantity of good blood together Yet nature for the most part useth to drive no small part of peccant humours to the extream and subcutaneous parts thence and in the first place most commonly the worst blood comes first out Whence it is manifest especially in continual Fevers in those who abound with blood or have peccant humours mixt with their blood that bleeding is proper and that at the beginning that nature may be unladed of part of her burthen but if vitious humours are not intermingled with the blood in the greater veins the breathing of a vein for evacuation thereof is not to be used Cooling and fanning the blood is performed by lerting blood but they are only to be done when bleeding will not cool it alone Rules allowing Phlebotomy We are not only to observe whether bleeding be needful but also whether the party be strong enough to suffer it when the strength of the vital faculty is principally to be required so that the strength do not languish by too great store of blood suffocating the Spirits Age Habit of body and condition of the ambient air shew the strength But how much blood is to be taken away The quantity that may be taken first by the plenty of blood then by comparing the strength of the Patient with the greatness of the disease will be manifest for greater quantity requires larger emission lesser less robustious bodies require larger breathings of veins weaker require less The strength varies according to temperament habit of body age sex season of the year the condition of the Heavens and the Region as also in regard of certain Symptomes which use to be accompanied with Fevers as of watchings pain and such like As for the time for letting blood The time 't is to be done when 't is indicated and no way prohibited which is in the beginning and by how much the more the disease hastens to increase so much the sooner blood is to be taken away The place but if the concoctions are more dull and slow Pulebotomy may be deferr'd longer Veins that are opened for evacuation are best in the middle of the arm yet if the sick be weak and that also revulsion is to be made from the head the veins in the foot are to be opened to the greatest benefit of the sick CHAP. VI. Of Purging BUt because all putred Fevers have their original from foul humours Purgation Now we are to consider by what means they may be evacuated but seeing those things which evacuate them are twofold Lenitives and Purges properly so called Lenitives are safely to be administred in the beginning of all putred Fevers because there are scarce any bodies wherein the stomack guts and Mesaraick veins contain not some of the peccant humours These evacuations are to be caused by Clysters Clysters called loosening medicines and by vomit The Clysters are made of Mallows Marsh-mallows Violets Pellitory Beares-breech Mercury common Oil or mixt with Violets brown Sugar Cassia Lenitives Elect Lenitive Diacatholicon Hiera and such like Or those lenitive medicines may be given which are at this day in use Syrrup of Roses solutive of Violets solutive Honey of Roses solutive Tamarinds Cassia Manna the lenitive Electuary simple Cream of Tartar You must use such medicines at the times of remisness and intermittings when the Fever least offendeth whether it be carly in the morning or in the evening Sometimes also in the beginning of Fevers you may administer a vomit when great store of matter is contained in the stomack and adjacent parts
whereof no concoction can be expected the which useth to corrupt and putrifie in the body and oftentimes that is easily vomited out which with great difficulty is purged out Vomits The Vomits are set down in the fifth Book of the Institutions part 1. Sect. 1. cap. 12. Some give at this day the roots of Asarabecca from half a drachm to a drachm The Chymists use white Vitriol Salt of Vitriol Medicines prepared of Antimony which do not open only the first passages but stir the whole body These are to be used with much caution and as Hippoc. Purging medicines 1 Aphor. 24. Not without skilful advice Concerning Purgers at what time they are to be used there is great controversie for although vitious humours at any time during the desease shew that they ought to be taken away Yet they ought not to be evacuated at any time but instead of an Oracle Galen admonisheth four of preservation of health c. 5. the Aphorisme of Hippocrates is to be had in esteem 22. Sect. 1. Such as are concocted and ripe ought to be purged and removed not crude neither in the beginnings unless the matter trouble much which seldom cometh to pass But although some interpret this Aphorism otherwise yet if it be diligently considered 't will be manifest that Hippocrates meant to speak only of putred Fevers and of no other disease and by crude humours intends those that by reason of their putresection in putred Fevers ought not to be purged being unfit by concocted he intends such as are fitting to be purged The words crudity and concoction being transsated from their proper signification of crudity and concoction to excrementitious humours Although there are certain other preparations of humours for purgation both in Fevers and out of Fevers Concoction of humors Yet the name of concoction belongs not to them and we must distinguish betwixt concoction and preparation of humours Concoction whereof Hippocrates speaketh is a reducing of the putred humours into a better condition and less obnoxious to the body and a separation of them from good blood that they may the more profitably be evacuated out of the body hence concoction belongs only to humours which are contained in the Veins and mixed with the blood but those that are in other places and not mixed with the blood may be purged at any time For these humours unless they are reduced to a certain mediocrity as they are capable of and are seperated from laudable blood the Physician in vain and with much detriment to the sick endeavours to expell them by purging For neither will the humours follow the foregoing medicine neither hath the Physician nature for his assistant since the matter is only stirr'd and troubled and various Symptomes arise either the strength is weakned by the vioâ—ence of a strong medicine or the native heat is consumed and weakened Yet flatulent humours may be purged without concoction Flatulent humours For although these are not as yet concocted yet because there is not only danger lest they should fall upon some principal part but also because being thin and already in motion they easily follow their leading medicine and the Physician hath nature to assist him which alone sometimes expells such humours at the beginning to the great advantage of the sick But by flatulent humours here we are not to understand only those which hitherto are moved to no determinate part but also those which although they rush into some part yet they are still moveable and so disposed that they 'l easily remove into another part and according to their manner are hitherto wandring but have not any fixed seat any where Concoction whereof we here speak is the work of nature only which when 't is strong gives what perfection they are capable of receiving even to the vitious humours as may be seen in the generation of quitture and this concoction is made only in putred Fevers For whilest the humours ferment in the veins like new wine and the good and bad are mixt together and cannot easily be seperated They are called crude but when the humours are appeased and cooled and the good may easily be seperated from the evil they are said to be concocted CHAP. VII Of Concoction and Seperation of humours ALthough the concoction of humours be the work of nature only Yet a Physician may help her by his medicines which may either cherish and strengthen the native heat or take away impediments which may hinder nature in concocting Digestive medicines and reduce the excess of qualities to mediocrity And medicines of the latter of these two kinds are called Digestives and Concoctives namely such as cool the hot humours heat the cold moisten the dry attenuate the thick incrassate the thin and if there are any other excesses of qualities reduceth them to mediocrity So Cholerick humours because they are hot to be allayed Concocters of cholerick humours and tempered with cold medicines and their tenuity if too much to be reduced to mediocrity and its power of inflaming to be prohibited These perform this Chichory Endive Sowthistle Garden-Endive Sorrell Burrage Bugloss Violets Barley the greater and lesser cooleing seeds the juice of Lemmon Pomegranates Goose-berries Vinegar Spirit of the salt of Vitriol and medicines prepared of these Phlegmatick humours because they are thick and dull Phlegmatick require attenuating and cutting medicines such are the opening roots Hysop Bittony Agrimony Venus-hair Vinegar also Spirit of Vitriol In a Melancholly humour Melancholy attenuating medicines are also useful but such as moisten withal Such as are Burrage Bugloss Polypody Caeterach or Spleen-wort and such like But because in all these Fevers Resisting of putrefaction corruption of humors is present those things which resist putrefaction are also necessary such are Vinegar Juice of Lemmon Citron Pomegranates Sorrel Spirit of Salt of Vitriol And those things which are spoken about concoction and crudity of humours principally take place in continued and acute Fevers which is manifest from Hippocrates who 1. Ash 24. adjoynes In acute diseases seldom and about the beginnings purging is to be used and that with diligent premeditation and 2 Aphor. 29. In the beginning of diseases if ought be to he moved move it but when it flourishes 't is best to be quiet namely if the matter swell big in acute diseases presently at the beginning 't is to be evacuated but if not a concoction is to be expected which nature alone performing very often useth to expell vitious humours which if it be not done the Physician useth to do it The same crudity and concoction is required in intermitting Fevers for since their causes are scituated in the Mesaraick veins and the Mesaraick veins contain and elaborate blood of their own accord if peccant humours be any where mingled with that blood and begin to putrefie crudity is said to be present But when those humours are so conquer'd by nature that they may
extream and unextinguishable thirst A Causus properly and in specie so called is again twofold legitimate and spurious legitimate is that which hath alwayes and that evidently those two signes joyned with it an illegitimate is that wherein those two signes are not so evident Whence it is manifest that burning Fevers Burning Fevers and such as properly and in specie are so called are continued Fevers and arise from choller And so a Causus or burning Fever properly so called is a Fever continued Bilions and indeed either Synocha bilosa which we have newly handled or a continued tertian whereof we are to speak next The Pathognomonick signes as we said before are two vehement and burning heat and unquenchable thirst although the sick shall drink Diagnosticks and the more legitimate the Causus is by so much these signes are greater yet the thirst is sometimes resisted if a little cough happen which may draw humors from the neighbouring parts Concurrent signes there are many as a dry tongue rough black watching giddiness of the brain difficulty of breathing thick and great and the sick continually blow opening their mouth that the hot spirits may the easier exhale These Fevers if they are pure Prognosticks never continue long For nature cannot long endure such burning and vehement heat and the Symptomes which accompany it with their vehemency And for the most part they are terminated the seventh day sometimes the ninth eleventh fourteenth but the spurious are protracted longer and all of them are dangerous according to Hippocrates 4. Aphor. 43. Fevers of what kind soever that have no intermission by the third day are the stronger and fuller of danger Yet some are more dangerous then others according to the violence of the heat and of the Symptomes and force of the strength and by how much the greater digression is made from the natural state by so much the more dangerous is the Fever Hence if an old man be troubled with a burning Fever which seldom happens 't is deadly as Galen hath it 1. Aphor. 14. They lye down in no less danger who are exeedingly burnt in cold air Who if they have not great strength neither the signes of concoction appear it can not be that they should escape as the same Galen 11. Met. med cap. 9. writeth To whom if vehement Symptomes happen by so much the more dangerous the disease shall be whether they are Pathognomonick or supervenient yet if by the other signes it be manifest to be a burning Fever and that thirst be wanting this also is dangerous for it shews the sick either to be in a Delirium or that the desiring faculty of the stomack faileth Black urines are also evil as also thin crude and such as have other ill tokens in them But it is good if the sick can easily endure his sickness the Symptomes being not without vehemency if he can easily fetch breath if he complain of pain in no internal part if he sleep if he find benefit by his sleep if the body be equally hot and soft if the tongue be not too dry if the urine be good But if when the signes of concoction appear and that there is much strength in a critical day there happen large Hemorrhodes or bleeding at the nose without doubt the sick escapeth For it is proper if there be any other of the pure burning Fevers that they should be cured by bleeding Yet sometimes they are determined by Sweats looseness of the belly vomits and imposthums But there are many Prognosticks of burning Fevers in Hippocrates in Prognosticis Porrheticus and Choacis praenotionibus and there are many expounded in the Institutions lib. 3. part 3. But by what means burning Fevers are to be cured appears by what hath been spoken of a Synocha bilosa with putrefaction and those things that shall be said of the cure of the continued Tertian shall make manifest CHAP. XIII Of continued Periodick Fevers in general and of a continued Tertian ANother kind of continued putred Fevers which they call in particular continued comprehends those Fevers Continus periodick Fevers which indeed continually remain and have no remission before they are plainly dissolved yet at certain periods they are exasperated whence they are called continued periodick and proportionated Fevers But as Fevers containing have their original from the blood appointed for nourishing the body so continued Periodicks their causes as also intermittints proceed from an excrementitious humour and Cacochymie Therefore continued Periodicks agree in this with Fevers containing that both their causes are contained in the vena cava but with intermittents in this that both proceed from excrementitious humours But they differ from Fevers containing in that they proceed from alimentary blood these from an excrementitious humour From intermittent because the matter which is the cause of continued Periodicks is generated in the second concoction and contained in the vena cava But that matter which is the cause of intermitting Fevers is contained in the first concoction or certainly in those parts which are about the liver which are not appointed for perfect sanguification Namely the matter of continued Periodick Fevers is generated in the Organs of the second concoction if for any cause whatsoever it be not rightly performed For then the peccant humours generated in the second concoction are sent with the blood into the veins which there stirreth up these continued periodick Fevers Which matter since it is not only confused with the blood as in intermitting Fevers The reason of its continuity but from the very first original is mixed therewith throughly Nature also cannot expell it before concoction and therefore the Fever from the beginning continually lasteth Yet these Fevers have exasperations at set times because that from the instruments of the second concoction fresh matter which is the cause of these periods is afforded and indeed for the most part from the liver Whence also continued Tertians are most frequent These Fevers are generally known because they never come to apurexie Signs yet at certain periods they are increased and remitted Neither doth cold trembling nor shaking fits precede their exasperation neither doth sweat follow their remission There are three kinds of these Fevers For some are exasperated each other day Differences and proceed from Choller and are called Tertians continued Others every day which are caused by Phlegm and are called continued quotidians Others the fourth day which arise from Melancholy and are called Quartans continued First a tertian continued is a putred Fever A Tertian continued arising from blood with ill juyce and choller putrefying in the vena cava indeed continued but afflicting most the third day The causes of this Fever are all things which can increase store of cholerick Cacochymy in the veins The cause and being cumulated there of cholerick Cacochymy in the veins and being cumulated there can introduce putrefaction such as are before propounded This Fever is
thus known Signs in that it is continued and the third day it is exasperated Yet there are present other signes and Symptomes of continued and burning Fevers But what is to be hoped concerning their event Prognosticks is manifest from things which are spoken of the Prognosticks of burning Fevers Concerning the indications for cure Cure this Fever if it be pure since it is exceeding hot and burning and the cause thereof hot and dry it requires extraordinary cooling and moistening and indeed more then any other Fever The humour it self indicates evacuation but crudity for the most part forbids it but if the Fever be spurious regard is together to be had to the humour which is mixed with choller if the Symptomes need it they are to be resisted likewise Therefore a vein is to be opened so that the strength will permit it by which means both some part of the peccant humour may be evacuated Opening a vein and the blood cooled and revell'd from the more noble parts And nature her self sometimes useth to make evacuation by the nose in the beginning of these Fevers whereby the Fever is wont to be abated but the vein should be opened in the cubit forthwith in the beginning or certainly in the augmentation and blood is to be taken in such plenty as the strength of the patient requires But you are not to appoint purgation unless the matter be turged Lenitives Yet 't is very necessary that the belly and first passages be evacuated before a vein be opened but the medicines which perform that ought to be cold and moist not hot or if they are hot they should be tempered with the mingling of cold Afterwards altering namely Alteratives cooling and moistening medicines are to be exhibited both which prepare the humour appointed by nature for concoction such as are Syrrup of Sorrel simple Oxymel simple compound Oxysauharum simple Syrrup of Sorrel Wood-sorrel the juice of Lemmon Pomegranate the accidity of Endive Cichory Violets Gooseberries the four greater cold seeds Purcelane Lettice thâ— flowers of Water-lillies Santalum Water of barley Sorrele Endive Cichory Strawberries Water-lillies Purcelane spec Diamargariti frigidi and such like to which for the resisting of putrefaction and hindring inflamation may be added Spirit of Vitriol and Salt Nitre prepared is also commended If Phlegm be mixed opening and attenuating things are to be added such as the roots of Fennel Sparagus graminis and medicines prepared of them In leek colour'd aeruginous choller John Langius l. 3. epist 1. c. 4. commends Chrystal Topical medicines are also profitable to mitigate the heat as Epithems Oyles and Unguents made of cooling things Topicks which should be applied to the heart liver or back Yet you must be careful that you close not the pores of the skin thereby and hinder transpiration and therefore before the height they are seldom used unless it be when the heat is equally distributed through the whole body and it is more commodious if they are applied hot then cold The matter being concocted that nature might be strengthned and stimulated to expulsion and that the matter might be expelled either by stool or sweat the Ancients used great quantities of cold drinks as Galen teacheth 9. meth cap. 5. and 4. de rat vict in acut 12. But if so be that after concoction nature do not institute evacuation Purgation it is to be done by the Physician with Syrrup of Roses and Violets solutive the pulp of Tamarindes Manna Rubarb Trypheta Persica such as have Scamony in them are not to be admitted yet sometimes some of Electuarii rosati Mesua de psyllio and of juice of Roses may be given For causing Urine in these Fevers an emulsion is profitable prepared of the four great cold seeds Diureticks with the whey of Goats milk or barly and strawberry water or with a decoction of the roots of Parsley Sweats also ought to be provoked with medicines proper for that purpose Sydorificks which hereafter shall be mentioned amongst malignant Fevers Diet ought to be thin but according as the height of the disease is neerer or farther off Dyet it ought to be thicker or thinner The meat and drink ought to be cooling and moistening whence a Ptisan is profitable in these Fevers the rest should be seasoned with juice of Lemmon and Pomgranates The drink should bâ— barley water or water boiled with the juice of Lemmon or Pomegranates and suggar or small beer The air should be cold and if it be not so by nature it should be prepared by art If Phlegm be mingled with choller and the Fever be a continued Tertian or burning Notha blood is to be taken away more sparingly In the preparation of humours those things are to be added which attenuate Phlegm Agarick is to be mixed with the Purgers CHAP. XIV Of a continued Quotidian A Continued Quotidian vulgarly called Latica because it hath a certain hidden and obscure heat A continued Quotidian is indeed a Fever continually lasting yet having every day exasperations arising from indigested phlegmatick humours in the vena cava The cause of this Fever is Phlegm mixed with blood in the vena cava and there putrifying Cause and therefore those fall into these Fevers which are of such an age and nature as that their bodies are moister as children and infants as also old men and such as have grosser bodies and are given to their bellies and to idleness and dwell in moist places but not young men and such as are cholerick The signs of continued periodick Fevers are also manifest in this Fever only the violence is most about the evening Signs The heat first is gentle a little afterwards more sharp and sometimes seems to abate and sometimes to increase by reason of the thickness of the phlegm which purrisieth The pulses are not so thick and frequent the urine is not so fiery and red as in other Fevers but thicker nor are the other Symptomes so vehement as in other Fevers Concerning the event 1. Prognosticks This Fever by reason of the thickness of the humour is long and hard to be cured and therefore dangerous And by how much the thicker the phlegm is by so much the more violent and durable so that it is not ended before the swetieth or sixtieth day and the beginning is scarce past before the twentieth 2. It continueth lesser time where many evacuations happen That which is pure is also longer then that which is mixed with choller and by how much the worser Symptomes are present and the strength weaker by so much the greater danger there is which if they are not health is to be hoped for 3. By reason of the duration of the Fever and weakness of the Liver the sick for the most part fall into Cachexy and Dropsie As to the cure this Fever is more dangerous in respect of the cause then of its heat Cure and therefore since it
depends on phlegm that is to be heat attenuated cut and afterwards being concocted and prepared evacuated and regard is to be had of the strength principally of the stomack and Liver Therefore in the beginning the stomack and first ways are to be opened and evacuated by Clisters and lenitive medicines Lenitives or else the matter inherent in the stomack is to be ejected by vomit Opening a vein But although the cause of this Fever be cold yet because it is mixed with blood and putrifieth some blood may be taken away by opening of a vein in case that the urine be thick and red and that the strength will bear it and the age that nature may be eased of some part of her burthen Afterwards preparation concoction of the matter is to be endeavored with attenuating things which do not heat much Preparing and altering therefore in the beginning use Syrrup of Sorrel simple with honey of roses Oxymel simple Syrrup of Hysop Bittony with the water or decoction of Maiden-hair Sparagus Grass Fennel Hysop and medicines prepared of those plants also Spirit of Vitriol and Salt When any signs of concoction have appeared you may exhibite some gentle Purger of phlegm Purging of Agarick the leaves of Senna and such like Hence you must come to stronger preparing and purging things and so the matter which cannot be evacuated at once is to be prepared concocted and evacuated at several times And because a pure continued Quotidian seldom happens but that either choller or melancholy is intermixed we are to look to these humours also and to adde Cichory Burrage Provoke urine and Sweat Fumitory Rubarb and the leaves of Senna After the greatest part of the matter is evacuated the remainder is to be emitted by urine and sweat using such medicines as occasion the same But since that by reason of the duration of the disease the stomack and liver are especially offended Strengthening Medicines things that corroborate these parts are to be administred troches of Woâ—mwood of Rubarb of Roses with the powders of aromatici rosati and diaxyaloes The Diet ought to be attenuating Dyet cutting and clensing the meats therefore ought to be of good juice easie of concoction and affording little excrement Fish are not proper in this Fever the flesh should be seasoned with Parsley Fennel Time Hysop Savory Rosemary Cinamon In the beginning nourish somewhat more plentifully that the sick may endure to the height of the disease but when 't is neer the state abate aliment by degrees Yet if crudities be in the stomack and first passages by sparing dyet the three first days they may be abated and consumed afterwards such a dyet as we have mentioned may be observed In the beginning the sick should abstain from wine and in its stead use water and honey yet if by custom it be required give it small and mixed with water Small beer is also convenient when concoction appears wine is more safely administred whereby the concoction is assisted the stomack strengthened and the humours driven out by urine Of the Fever Epiala THe Fever called the Epiala is referred to continued putred Fevers The Fever Epiala which it self is indeed continued and quotidian yet differs from the other Quotidians in this that the sick at the same time endure heat and cold and the heat and cold together are dispersed through the smallest particles of the whole body as Galen teacheth de inaeq intemperie cap. 8. and 2. de diff Febr. c. 6. Galen in the place newly quoted draws this Fever from acid and vitrious phlegm puttrefying Cause yet in his book of an unequal distemper cap. 8. he addeth bitter choller whence he infers that since heat and cold are perceived together in one place it argues mixture of phlegm and choller in another place he determines it to arise from vitreous phlegm part whereof putrifying exciteth heat the other not putrifying causeth trembling and cold Yet Platerus refers them to intermitting Fevers and says that Epialaes are generated when intermitting Fevers happen together in one and the same day and the cold of the one beginneth before the heat of the other be ended or moreover when intermitting Fevers concur with continued and the heat of the continued always remains but the intermittent Fever coming a trembling and cold fit is occasioned The cure of this Fever differs not much from the cure of other Fevers arising from phlegm The Cure only that it requires stronger attenuating and cutting medicines because there is greater frigidity and crudity in this then in the rest also though the humour it self seem to require stronger Purgers yet the weak cannot bear them and therefore evacuation by degrees is to be appointed Of the Syncopal Fever MOreover to these Fevers belongs a Syncopal Fever commonly called a humorous Fever Syncopal Fever in which there is more of pituitous and crude humours then in other Fevers that are phlegmatick and moreover a debility of the orifice of the stomack is adjoyned whence the sick easily fall into a Syncope especially when the Fever begins This Fever is hard to be cured since the sick by reason of their extreme weakness and danger of continual soundings cannot endure necessary evacuations The Prognostick and especially if the pulse be weak small and unequal the Fever is exceeding dangerous But evacuations are most properly occasioned by frictions as Galen teacheth in his twelfth of the method of curing cap. 3. Cure Clysters and Lenitives also with medicines opening the first passages only and causing no commotion of the other humours The first passages being opened and cleansed we come to preparing and evacuating humours as in other Fevers petuitous and medicines to prevent the sounding fits are also to be administred The meats should be not much thin as to substance easie of concoction Diet. and generating as little phlegm as may be and they are to be taken often The drink should be wine which hath power to nourish heat and attenuate and doth not increase phlegm Hydromel is also good wherein Hysop hath been boiled CHAP. XV. Of a continued Quartane LAstly a continued Quartane is a Fever A continued quartan whose heat is indeed continued yet the fourth day 't is exasperated it proceeds from melancholy mixed with blood putrifying in the vena cava The cause is a melancholy humour putrefying in the vena cava The cause hence all things that can generate melancholy and crowd it into the vena cava and putresie are the causes of this Fever It is known by its continued heat the Diagnosticks raging the fourth day without trembling fear or shaking fits going before or sweats following afterwards the pulse in the beginning is small and slow afterwards great full and swifter then in an intermitting Fever wherein 't is most intended in the height This is the rarest of all Fevers â—â—ognosticks but dangerous and far more desperate then
a continued Quartane and debilitates nature exceedingly it lasteth till the fourtieth day oftentimes and beyond it Most part of the cure is the same with that of a continued Quartane Cure and because the humour the cause of the Fever is contained in the vena cava and there mixed with the blood in the beginning those things that open the first passages being first exhibited a vein is to be opened afterwards phlegm is to be concocted and evacuated Yet you should heat and attenuate more sparingly then in intermittent Fevers but to moisten more and adde those things which may allay the heat of the putrifying humours such as are in other cases convenient against choller The humour being prepared purging is to be used and a purge should be given the next day after the fit which at first should be given the next day after the fit which at first should be gentle but if nature order no Crisis stronger may afterwards be given Diureticks and Sudorifiques may also be given after concoction but such as are not so hot and those given in intermittent Fevers and when the strength is much debilitated confortatives are to be exhibited prepared of Burrage Bugloss Balm flowers of Rosemary Gilliflowers Confection of Alkerms and such like Such Diet is to be appointed as in intermittent Quartanes Diet. yet the diet should be thinner and cool more then in intermittent Fevers since that the heat is greater and the height neerer the use of the smaller sort of wine although it may be allowed yet it must be taken more sparingly then in intermittents and if the heat be greater wholly abstain from wine CHAP. XVI Of Symptomatical Fevers BEsides these continued primary Fevers which have hitherto been explained Symptomatical Fevers there are yet other continued Fevers called Symptomatical and accidental which happen upon some other disease which hath gone before and which follows as a Symptome the disease and is taken away at the cure of the disease and so these Fevers follow other diseases which being taken away they cease Whence the Ancients also as Galen teacheth 4. Aphor. 73. said those only were fevourish which were sick without an inflammation or other distemper but those that did febricitate by reason of an inflammation of the side lungs or any other part they did not call them fevourish but Pleuretick Peripneumoniack Hepatick or other such like names But there is not only one sort of these Fevers Differences yet the principal and most usual is that which follows an inflamation of some internal part neer the heart or which hath consent with the heart when from blood powred into the inflamed part and putrifying vapours are communicated to the heart and heat it which in a Pleurisie Peripneumony and Angina happens as we are commonly taught But although it cannot be denied but that from the inflamation of these and other such like parts Symptomatical Fevers may arise and that the Fevers ensuing the inflammations in accidental wounds do prove it yet if we diligently consider it all those Fevers which are commonly called Symptomatical are not such but primary For first putrefaction is kindled in the vena cava whence a continued primary Fever is stirred up Fevers accompanied but because nature is burthened with the weight of those peccant humours she useth to force them as much as it could out of those greater vessels and from a publique and Kingly seat as it were into lesser veins and smaller parts of the body the blood with those vitious humours being diffused into those lesser parts causeth inflammation And it is manifest by this because a Fever for the most part precedes inflammation it doth not follow it and oftentimes the matter passeth from one part to another whence changes of diseases are made Hence these Fevers are properly called by Platerus Comitatae rather then Symptomatical and such Febres Gomitatae are not only those which have an inflammation of any part accompanied with them but also those to which other evils are annexed namely a Diarrhea a Dysentery Spots Measles the small Pox wandring pains the Gout of the joynts or running Gout Catarrhs For all these evils do arise when nature being oppressed with the weight of its burthen of peccant humours it protrudes some part of them out of the vessels A Fever of this kind is also accompanied which is an Erysipelas Erysipelas or Rose called by the Germans Rose for this Fever doth not proceed from an inflammation of an external part but this evil accompanies the Fever for when the thinner and hotter blood burneth in the vessels by what means soever putrifies and is corrupted and acquires a vitious quality which principally is caused by anger and fear nature being stimulated protrudes the same to some external part of the body whence this evil invadeth with a trembling and quaking and whilest the matter striving to go outwards ceaseth on the Glandules under the Arm-pits and about the groin some of the humour that is stirred up sticks there and pain and swellings are there perceived till at length it manifests it self in the leg or some other external part which may be known by the heat pain and rosie colour But we do not assent unto Platerus in that he says that all those Fevers are simple and pure continued and are without any putrefaction The Urines that we may pass by other things do manifestly shew putrefaction which hath the same tokens of crudity and concoction as in other putred Fevers and nature sometimes critically sometimes Symptomatically expells the matter offensive to it for it doth not only expel by insensible transpiration and by a moist steam which useth to be in Ephemeraes and Synochaes which are without putrefaction Some of these Fevers whether they arise from an inflammation of the parts or whether they have that as a companion Differences of Fevers are called Phlegmonides which principally proceed from blood but those which arise from Erysipelas or inflamation are called Erusipolatodes and inflame fires Phlegmonides Typhodes Lipyriae To these belong the Fever that leaves fire as it were behind it which burneth so exceedingly that all the interals are as it were burnt but the external parts grow cold and that during the whole course of the disease and this Fever ariseth from an Erisipelas or inflamation of any internal part but principally of the stomack and from blood and Spirits meeting in the part inflamed The second kind of Symptomatical Fevers which is called Lenta proceeds not from any inflamation of the bowels Febrelentae but from some obstruction and hidden putrefaction that is from matter without the vessels spread over the substance of any of the interals or at least impacted and putrifying in the capillar veins dispersed neer the substance of the interals and hath its rise from the substance of the interal decaying whence there is so great quantity as that when the matter is gotten into larger and wider vessels
most part is thin and often makes toward the extremties of the body and is often full of malignity 't is conveniently expelled by sweat CHAP. XVII Of intermitting Fevers in general AFter continued Fevers intermitting are to be explained Intermitting Fevers But although the Ancients did extend the name of intermitting Fevers more largely and attributed the same to all Fevers which admit of some change of heat and are sometimes exasperated sometimes remitted and so to continued periodicks yet afterwards use brought it to pass that those Fevers only were called intermittent which sometimes cease and come to that apurexy or want of fire The proximate cause of an intermitting Fever is a putred vapour their proximate cause elevated from the putrefaction of excrementitious humours not continually as in continued Fevers but by certain intervalls sent to the heart and heating the same contrary to nature But how it comes to pass The fire place of Intermitting Fevers that the putred vapour is not continually sent to the heart but at certain times is very obscure For the explanation whereof since the knowledge of the place wherein putrefaction ariseth doth not a little conduce and whence the putred vapours are communicated to the heart which Galen calls the Furnace and Chimney in his 2. of the differences of Fevers cap. the last and in his 15. of the method of curing cap. the fourth that therefore is first to be explained But since 't is beyond the bounds of our Breviary of Institutions to reckon up the various and different opinions of Physicians concerning it we will here set down that opinion which we think truest The Chimney or Furnace and place wherein the matter the cause of intermitting Fevers is generated are the Mesaraick veins wherein the matter which sufficeth to irritate each single Paroxism is generated during the time of its interval And that many things which happen about intermitting Fevers do prove namely Loathing Vomitting Dolor of the heart Extension and pain of the Midriffe Intumescence about the Ventricle Bitterness about the mouth Belching and such like for in the beginning of intermitting Fevers pure choller is often ejected by vomit in great abundance which out of the more remote veins could not be evacuated in that manner and about the cava of the Liver Fernelius says he hath found the quantity of a pound by weight after the death of a Patient This choler being cast out the Fever is often cured which is a sign that it is the cause of the Fever and that it is collected in those first ways or passages Which Fomentations also used to the Hypocondries at the beginning of a Paroxysm shews by the mitigation of the trembling and shaking This matter is gather'd together in the Mesaraick veins a long time before it brings forth a Fever but when it begins to putrefie grow hot and be changed its heat being diffused over the whole body it exciteth a Fever which when it is dispersed the fevourish heat and Paroxism ceaseth and the Fever leaveth so long as till new matter which in like manner putrifieth in its due time is generated But although the matter which is the cause of intermitting Fevers be generated in the Mesaraick veins and first passages the cause of intermitting Fevers conteined in the vâ—na cava Yet the whole doth not reside and continue included in them but is sent to the vena cava and arteries both during the fit and out of the same Nor is it here necessary to seek for occult and blind passages through which the putred vapours should be sent to the heart during the Paroxism since there are manifest passages enough for the branches of the Gate-vein are inserted into the substance of the Liver and the mouths of these have communion with the vena cava and the arteries going from the heart are joyned in the stomack guts spleen and other parts to the Mesaraick veins Yet 't is probable that the fevourish matter may be communicated to the veins not principally and only in the Paroxism but moreover some part thereof by that passage which is from the Meseraick veins to the Liver continually may be carried to them whence both by Galen 1. de cris cap. 7. and other Physicians a Fever is called a passion of a venemous nature And that is first manifest from the urines which shew evident notes of crudity and concoction in Intermittents Hence also it comes to pass that urines during the Paroxisms are laudable and like to theirs who are well since that the peccant humor is then protruded by nature out of the veins towards the circumference of the body and so the blood in the veins is become purer which again in the intervals of fits is polluted by the vitious humour proceeding from the chimney of the Fever The same is manifest out of those things which happen at the beginning of a fit and at that time which the Greeks call Episemasian for then spontaneous lassitudes stretching compression of pulses and other things happen which indicate that the matter which is to stir the Fever begins to be moved and as it were to swell in those common vessels veins and arteries That vitious humour accumulated partly in the Mesaraick veins partly in the vena cava when in time it putrifieth nature stimulated and irritated oftentimes strives several ways first by vomit and stool afterwards by sweats and urine sensibly to evacuate the same as also through the pores of the skin and by insensible transpiration it may discuss the same being resolved into vapours and steam For since that peccant humour is not exactly mingled with the blood but confusedly nature may easily seperate the same from the good blood and may shake it off each single fit which being discussed since putred vapours cannot any more be communicated to the heart the Fever also ceaseth and apurexie ensueth But because that as long as the Fever continueth some seeds and sparks are left in the granary and chimney Causes of the return of fits and seeing that there is imbecillity in the part 't is necessary that the humour flowing to it although it be good should be defiled with that pollution and excrement which was left as it were with leaven and through the debility of the part be corrupted and so new matter of a future Paroxism be generated And these fits continue and so often return until that those seeds that putrefaction and those sparks are fully taken away from thence and the weakness of that part restored Yet it seems probable that the whole matter which is the cause of a Fever doth not putrifie together in the first Paroxism but that part which is apt to putrefaction in the other fits the rest until the whole be putrified and consumed By these things it is manifest both where the matter that is the cause of putred Fevers is generated Cause of 〈◊〉 how it causeth a fit by what ways it is evacuated and
in different bodies naturally yet if there be great vehemency of manifest causes even in bodies of different constitutions they may produce the same humours and diseases depending on them As for the difference of intermitting Fevers Difference they proceed from the diversity of humours for there are so many sorts of intermitting Fevers as there are of humours by which they are produced for there are according to the vulgar opinion three sorts of excrementitious humours Choler Flegme and Melancholy and so three kinds of intermitting Fevers Bilious Pituitous and Melancholy which differences we usually call a Tertian intermittent a quotidian intermittent and a quartane intermittent And in case those humours are sincere pure Fevers are generated if they are mixed spurious And that Fever which proceeds from pure Choler is called a pure Tertian but that which ariseth from yellow Choler mixt with some other humour is called a Bastard Tertian But concerning a quotidian intermittent Of a quotidian whether any be the matter is not so plain For Fernelius accounts this the rarest of all other and scarce one of them happens amongst six hundred and that those intermittent Fevers which daylie afflict for the most part he rather accounts them double Tertians But Platerus flatly denies a Quotidian Fever and wholly agreeth with Galen 8. Meth. med cap. 5. where he appoints only a twofold crudity the one nitrous the other acid and they only seem to afford matter for two sorts of Fevers Cholerick and Melancholy For although Flegme also according to preheminency and most principally be called a crude humour yet since it is exceeding cold it can scarcely putrifie and excite a Fever But whether there are more circuits of Fevers Whether there are Quintan Fevers and whether besides Tertians Quartans and if there be any such thing as Quotidians there are also other Fevers which are extended beyond the fifth circuit is doubtful Galen saw no such Nevertheless Hypocrates and other Physitians observed Fevers which returned the fifth sixth seventh eighth ninth day But what the cause of this course is is very obscure Some seek the cause of such fits out of the diverse constitution of Choler and Melancholy and Andreas Caesalpinus Art Med. lib. 2. cap. 15. refers Quintans to Choler Septanes to Melancholy and determines such flower returns of Fits to be a kind of renewing of one or more simple accessions and the Quintan to be a kind of Tertian wherein the third day is without a paroxism and a Septan to be a sort of Quartan renewing the accession of the fourth day But most derive the reason of these circuits from the various mixture of Melancholy humours with others But although it be probable that all these Fevers as keeping longer periods proceed from a Melancholy humour yet a mixture of that humour seems not necessary Because no humour can be appointed to be mixed with a Melancholy which can be a cause of a slower period then it self for those humours both Cholerick and Melancholy are not alwaies of the same sort and moreover the corruption also which they suffer is not alwaies the same so that it is no wonder that the effect also varies which proceeding from them is not alwaies the same And as in epidemical diseases somtimes rare and wonderful corruptions of humours happen so in Intermittents that some such thing may likewise happen is not altogether absurd Intermitting Fevers are easily known Diagnostick signs for they come to Apurexie and at certain times and indeed as Galen 1. ad Glaucan cap. 5.2 de crisib cap. 3. 2. de diff Febr. cap. 3. teacheth they return with shaking horror or cold For although that somtimes Fevers do occur which seem intermittent and invade without any rigour trembling or cold yet really they are not such but only slow and obscure continued ones or in case they are really intermittent they are not pure whose Idea Galen propounds but spurious But these Fevers are less dangerous then continued Prognosticks and seldome unless the strength be decayed or in regard of age or some other cause or some errour committed in diet are mortal sithence it may be convenient during the apurexie to gather strength and administer necessary medicines Concerning the cure of these Fevers in general Indications and Cure Since their cause is collected and generated in the meseraick veins there putrifies and thence is diffused over all the body and at length is discussed by insensible transpiration or sweats But the cause of the recourse of the Fever as Galen teacheth 2. de Febr. cap. the last is a twofold vitious disposition in a body the one a certain pollution or putrifaction left after the former paroxisme the other imbecility of the member or part generating excrementitious humours what therefore is to be done in each sort of Fever easily appears from hence For sithence the beginning of generation and corruption of humours producing a Fever is in the first passages Purging we are to endeavour to purge out that peccant humour before it corrupts the rest of the blood and brings weakness and a vitious disposition to the parts but we must proceed warily in those evacuations since there is not the same reason of all intermitting Fevers For when that vitious and excrementious humour the cause of a Fever in the meseraicks is mixed with blood crudity also and concoction according to their manner are necessary whereby the vitious humours may be separated from the good and rendred fit for evacuation and that often happens in a short time in Fevers full of Choler and the cholerick humour is otherwise apt enough to motion But in a Quartan the humour is more stubborn and moreover according to Galen 1. ad Glau. cap. 11. no strong medicine is easily to be admitted at the beginning And Sudorifiques are not at all or altogether to be used Sweats unless evacuations have preceded for if many vitious and excrementitious humours do hitherto abide in the first ways it may easily come to pass that by reason of hydroticks untimely exhibited they may be detruded thence to the more noble parts and may become the cause of various and grievous evils and such as may bring more danger then the Fever it self As for breathing of a vein Letting blood 't is not indicated from the primary cause of intermitting Fevers which is generated in the meseraick veins where the greatest part abideth Yet because that somtimes blood also abounds which may easily be corrupted and polluted by the vitious humours and so if it be too plentiful cannot be well governed by nature when it is weakned by a Fever and in the progress of the disease from thence some of the peccant matter passeth into the vena cava and is mixed with the blood it is somtimes needful to open a vein which nevertheless is not to be appointed presently in the beginning before the evacuation of the primary passages If the Fever be not cured by
fourteen and somtimes to twenty But these Fevers are least dangerous amongst all the putred ones 4. Prognosticks Aphor. 43. and such as are pure do not long continue but at seven fits they are accounted at the height 4. Aphor. 59. Somtimes they are terminated at the third or fourth fit but spurious tertians as they are more frequent so they continue longer for although if the matter be little and necessary medicines are timely exhibited they somtimes cease at the fifth or seventh paroxism yet for the most part they scarce end at fourteen fits and are often lengthned out to the fortieth day somtimes they continue six moneths and end with some disease of the Liver or Spleen or else are also châ—rished by them Although Tertians for the most part are not dangerous yet somtimes they become pernitious First If any errour be committed by the sick or the Physitian Secondly If the humour which Nature endeavours to expel should fall upon any principal part Thirdly If the humour be exceeding thin putred or filthy Fourthly If a thin humour have a thick one mixed with it and stir the same and enflame it Fifthly If a thick humour poured out by heat either fall down into some principal part or cause a dangerous Catarrh or Asthma or the Gout or draw the womb into consent Sixthly If the humour acquire a malignant quality But in the cure of this Fever as also in others Indications and Cure regard must be had of the Fever the cause and nature of it the Fever indicates cooling and moistning things the same Choler also as being the cause requireth which also ought to be evacuated yet if another humour be mixed with it altering preparing and evacuating medicines which that humour requires are to be mixed and because the abundance of the matter is in the meseraick veins the vitious humour is to be purged out of them and if need be prepared before it infect the good blood afterwards also it is to be altered and the disposition of the part generating peccant humours to be corrected Lastly We must endeavour that the pollution and putrifaction may be discussed by Sudorifiques First therefore the first passages are to be cleansed Purgers either by Clysters or lenitive Medicines exhibited of the Syrup of Roses solutive Manna Cassia to which also we may add Rhubarb Agarick the leaves of Senna according as the quality of the peccant humour requires Vomits also convenient may be given especially if the sick be troubled with pain in the heart loathing and a desire to vomit And since the matter consists in the meseraick veins and that nature her self at the beginning of the paroxism strives to expel it either by vomit or stool the Physician ought to be observant to it and to eject the matter if Nature endeavour to expel it by stool or vomit and because the matter for the most part in the first passages is either more abundant or hath thick humours mixed therewith there is need not only of lenitives but those medicines also which we lately mentioned nay somtimes of some of the Electuary of Fleawort or Fleabane of the juice of Roses Rosati Mesuae Yet care must be taken that we do not draw the humours out of the veins into the first passages Concerning the opening of a vein Opening a vein although Choler residing in the meseraick veins do not require it yet if there be store of blood and the peccant humour out of the first region of the body have penetrated the vena cava which may be discerned by the thickness and redness of the Urine and if the party be strong a vein may be breathed and moreover note that not at the first invading but afterwards Phlebotomy is to be used Yet regard of the Fever is to be had for if it be a pure Tertian which useth to be shorter a vein is to be opened more timely if it be required because if it be referred till after the third fit the disease comes to its height but if it be a bastard tertian you may defer it till after the third paroxism namely because more of the morbifique matter is then mixed with the blood in the vena cava but blood is to be taken away in less quantity in a pure Tertian because as in continued Fevers that is not the primary indicant and the strength cannot bear the taking away of a greater quantity blood may be taken away more safely and in greater abundance in a spurious tertian But the opening of a vein is most conveniently appointed during the intermission Afterwards those medicines are to be exhibited which both correct the qualities of the cholerick humour exceeding Preparatives whereby it is troublesome to nature and also the vitious disposition in the part generating excrementitious humours and such as are contrary to that pollution which remains after putrefaction such are cooling and moistning things which together have a power of purging the first ways and of resisting putrifaction such are Cichory Sowthistle Endive Sorrel Barley the four great and four small cold seeds the juice of Citron or Limon and medicines prepared out of these Syrup of Sorrel Acetosa simplex Oxysauharum Syrup of Cichory Endive de acitocitate citri with waters and decoctions of the same to which in spurious tertians we may adde those things which are proper for Flegme and Melancholy the roots of Fennel grass asparogus asarabecca polypodie carduus benedictus centurie the lesser wormwood scolopendrium betony the spirit of vitriol and salt is profitable cream of Tartar Tartar vitriolated But amongst those medicines there are some which by a certain peculiar force are said to oppugne Tertians Specificks amongst which notwithstanding for the most part manifest causes may be rendred for it such are Sowthistle Camomil Century the lesser Plantane Divels bit Altering medicines being given Purgers if the Fever be more pertinacious somtimes purging and vomiting are convenient which for the most part are to be administred on the intermitting day but if it be advertised that the matter during the paroxism doth encline towards the stomack or tend downwards it is lawful even when the fit is present to administer vomits or a gentle purge yet so that before the beginning of the paroxism the operation may be past in case a purge be given Amongst the vomits Asarabecca and Broom are principally commended amongst the purges Rhubarb to those that are stronger the Electuary or Fleawort or Fleabane Elect. Rosatem Mesne and of the juice of Roses may be given in spurious Tertians Agarick or Senna may be added in whom it is also necessary to repeat preparatives and purgations The body being sufficiently purged Medicines causing of urine the remainder is to be taken away by Diureticks In a pure Tertian an Emulsion of the four great cold seeds is profitable made with the whey of Goats milk or the water of Barley Strawberries Cichory In a spurious a decoction of
and such like Sweat and Urine also should be provoked with medicines made of Fennel Movers of Urine and sweat Carduus Benedictus Salsa Parilla wood of Sassafras Treacle and Mithridate and lastly the Bowels but especially the Stomack and Liver are to be strengthned CHAP. XX. Of an Intermitting Quartan THe third sort of intermitting Fevers which ariseth from a Melancholy humour putrifying in the meseraick veins A Quartan and seizeth on the fourth day also whence it is called a Quartan The proximate cause of a Quartan Fever is a melancholy humour collected in the meseraick veins about the spleen and adjacent Bowels The cause and there putrifying and that somtimes natural by its own nature cold and dry and somtimes it participates with some adustion But the more remote causes are all those things which conduce to the generation of black and melancholy humours namely meats and drinks apt to generate this humour amongst the which is vinegar of the which Hypocrates 3. vich rat in acut t. 38. writeth it attenuateth melancholy humours raiseth them and frames many visions in the mind For Vinegar is a Leader or stirrer of Melancholy The time is principally in Autumn especially if a hot Summer have preceded This Fever is known by its quartane circuit Signs and signs of melancholy abounding in the body and it invadeth with a certain unequal disturbance of the body the which a cold shaking fit followeth which at the first is little or at leastwise instead thereof there is at the first refrigeration and horrour in the progress of the disease the cold paroxism is alwaies greater and at length most vehement with pain causing the bones to knock together The heat is kindled by degrees neither is it burning but somwhat milde The pulse is thin and slow and although in the vigour of the paroxism it become swift and frequent yet in comparison of Tertians it is thin and slow The Urines at first are thin and white but in the progress of time higher coloured and thicker Sweats in the beginning are not frequent but in the progress of the disease plentiful And thus things are in a pure quartan but in a bastard one tokens of some humour mixed do appear and heat thirst watchings and other symptomes are more grievous This Fever continueth the longest of all other Prognosticks and oftentimes is not only extended to some moneths but years and if it be not gone by the next solstice or aequinectial after it was first taken it lasteth for the most part till the next after and for the most part goes away in the Spring 'T is safe and without danger if it be legitimate and without any disease of any of the bowels But that which is joyned with black choler is more dangerous as also that which is with some grievous distemper of some of the intrals and casteth the sick into a dropsie the scurvie or a consumption As concerning the cure Indications if this Fever proceed from a pure melancholy humour that since 't is cold dry thick 't is to be moistned and attenuated or if it be also adust it is in some measure to be cooled afterwards to be purged with convenient medicines The causes generating are to be removed and in case other humours are mixed regard must be had of them The Fever it self indicates cooling and moistning yet regard of the strength must be had least by the duration of the disease that be impaired as also of the stomack spleen and liver least they are offended This Fever is to be handled gentlâ— at the first Cure neither are strong medicines to be used at the beginning of cure sithence the melancholy humour may be exasperated by the use of them and out of a simple Quartan a double or treble may easily be raised Galen 1. Opening a vein ad Glauc cap. 11. yet there is least danger in Vomits The first passages of the Body therefore are first to be evacuated with clisters lenitive medicines and vomits also afterwards in case blood abound therewith a vein is to be opened and in case it issue forth black and thick the greater quantity is to be taken that by this means both the plenty of blood may be diminished and that part of the melancholy humour which is poured out into the vena cava may be evacuated but if the blood coming forth appear to be thin and yellow 't is forthwith to be stopped And indeed where there is store of blood the first passages being cleansed a vein may be opened but if this Fever begin without store of blood a vein is not to be breathed presently at the beginning but when some of the peccant humour is drawn into the veins and mingled with the blood The Basilick or median vein either may be opened most commend the opening of the Salvatella yet they have not as yet rendered any sufficient reason why that should be preferred before others The blood being evacuated the peccant matter must be prepared and concocted Preparers and likewise that disposition of the body to generate vitious humours is to be corrected And indeed in case a Quartan Fever proceed only from natural melancholy moistning things are to be first used but heating things should be more moderate but if adust humours are mixed there will be use of things moderately cooling but in the progress of the disease there will be need of cutting and attenuating medicines If the pituitous humour be mixed therewith in the beginning there will be need also of attenuating and cutting things and it may be more safe to heat a little Hence are to be administred Burrage Bugloss Violets Maidenhair Cichory Fumitory Ceterach Hearts-tongue Germander Ground-pine Carduus Benedictus the Roots of Marsh-mallows Licoras Chichory the opening roots Polipody Gentian Fern the barks of Tamarisk Capparum Roots of Walnut Trees Flowers and seed of Broom of the Vine Ash Citron juice of Apples and compounds of these and somtimes this or that may be chosen or mixed according as the nature of the peccant humour requireth The concoction and evacuation of the matter must be by intervals repealed Purging Medicines and when the matter is in some measure prepared purging medicines are to be prepared of Polipody Epithynum leaves of Senna roots of Jalop black Hellebore lapidis Lazuli and compounds of these Syrup of Apples Regis Sapor Electuary called Diacatholicon Confection of Hameck with the compound powder of Senna and Diasenna Tartarious pills or pills evacuating melancholy of lapis Lazuli Armoniack beginning with the more milde or gentle ones A Vomit also is convenient by which oftentimes pertinacious Quartans are cured So Galen of Treacle ad Pisonem cap. Vomits 15. the day before the fit after Supper he gives a vomit the next day after early the juice or dilution of Wormwood and two hours before the paroxism Treacle the gentler Vomits are of the decoction of Dill and Radish with Oxymel the stronger are
in burning and malignant Fevers which may not appear likewise in the pestilence Prognosticks But there is no disease at all to which the Aphorism of Hippocrat 19. sect 2. doth more agree for oftentimes when the plague flatters most it brings unexpected death and on the contrary those that have seemed desperate often recover when past hope But there is the more hopes when tumors come forth suddenly in a place that is not dangerous and after their coming forth the symptomes abate also if the wheals are of a good colour and with remission of symptomes if medicines meat and drink are not vomited up again if sweats come out with lightsomness to the sick and other signs are discerned which use to be present in salutary Fevers But the greatest danger is when tumors come not enough out and carbuncles draw near to the heart or vanish again if giddiness in the head watchings a coma or convulsion fits are present if the sick shall say every thing stinketh if trembling of the heart fainting of the spirits be present if all things are thrown up by vomiting if the extremities of the body wax cold if the sweat be cold if the excrements are of divers colours black and stinking and if the other ill symptomes of malignant Fevers be present CHAP. V. Of preservation from the Pestilence BUt because 't is safer to prevent the Plague Preservatives then being present to expel it out of the body we should therefore be careful first to prevent it The way of preservation with Gods assistance which we ought to seek by prayers consists in two things The first is That all those causes that may occasion the sickness may be avoided Furthermore that the force of those causes when they cannot be avoided may be broken and our bodies rendred less apt to entertain them and more able to resist them First therefore if the Plague reign any where all commerce with the infected is to be avoided and if any one be certainly infected he should be separated from the rest with all his houshold-stuff indeed for many weeks and the house infected as hereafter shall be shewed cleansed and in case it be doubtful whether any one be sick of it or no 't is better to be too cautious then careless But if the pestilence be now sown in any place 't is safest to remove from thence according to that common verse Mox longe tarde cede recede redi Forthwith far from it go Returning come back slow The reasons of which do not prove that he should change his place the assistance of God being implored he should often use medicines against poyson and fortific the body with those things that resist contagion as also he should endeavour that his body should be free from all excrements and preserved in its natural state And that we may begin a posteriore Purging the body is not to be rashly weakned with strong medicines yet if any vitious humour shall be in the body lest that the force of the Alexipharmacal medicines should be debilitated or the venomous poyson should easily take root in the body it is to be purged by little and little with lenitives to which purpose the most profitable are pills of Ruffi so called from the authors name and by custome called Pestilential pills out of which also is made the Elixir proprietatis oyl of Vitriol being thereunto added Syrup of Roses solutive is also profitable and Rhubarb Agarick and medicines compounded with them which are every where extant If blood abound it may be abated by opening of a vein The Diet ought to be such Diet. whereby vitious humours may not be cumulated and with meats and drinks most principally things good against poyson should be mixed and also if as it may easily happen any of the vitious humours be cumulated let them be purged by the said medicines And forasmuch as Fontanels take away excrementitious humours by little and little and hence take away the provision for the plague they also in pestilential times are profitable Mediocrity also is to be kept in exercise and rest sleeping and waking and the passions of the mind and principally as much as 't is possible intentive thoughts of the plague and fear of the same is to be shaken out of our minds Besides these two things more are yet necessary for our preservation from the plague First to take heed that none of the pestilential seed be attracted Furthermore if that happen we being ignorant thereof our bodies should be fortified against it First therefore we should endeavour that the Ayr wherein we live be pure The Ayr how to be purified and therefore first publike places are to be cleansed from all filth and the ayr should be purified with fire principally of the wood of Juniper Oak Pine Bays and odoriferous plants being kindled furthermore every one should avoid company and therefore solemn and frequent meetings are justly forbid by the Magistrate The windows likewise towards places infected should be kept shut and the ayr as I newly said with burnt woods or with vinegar bezoarted being poured upon hot bricks or with suffumigations or with pyrion powder kindled should be purified No man should go abroad until the Sun be an hour or two high How every man ought to fortifie himself against the Plague neither fasting nor unarmed with alexipharmacal things therefore balls of Amber Nodules sweet Limments mixed with Treacle oyl of Rue Znezedoaric Angelica Citron Juniper and such like should be held to the nostrils and under the tongue convenient troches should be held cordial bags should be applied to the region of the heart Amulets likewise of poysonous things are commended by many Amulets as Arsnick powder of a Toad Quicksilver and such like being prepared descriptions whereof are every where extant which whatsoever they do without question they perform in such manner that they draw the venomous poyson to themselves by the similitude of their own substance and turn it from the heart as those that are wounded with a Scorpion with the oyl thereof being externally anointed are forthwith healed yet you must take keed that those bags or mass of such things be not heated by motion lest the strength of the poyson should be communicated to the heart through the pores of the skin But the greatest hope of health and security Alexipharnicks is in medicines that resist poyson out of which those are to be selected which by long experience have been approved The simples are Angelica Valerian Tormentil Carduus Benedictus Sorrel Dittany of Crete and white Rue Swallow-wort Scordium Scabicon Divels-bit Burnet Olsnicium Fluellin Vipers-grass Marigolds Wormwood Tansie Zedoary Masterwort Gentian Juniper berries Walnuts Hartshorn Bolealmanick Terra sigillata an Emerald a Hyacinth Out of which are various compounds amongst which those that excel and are approved by long use are Mithridate Treacle and Confectio Liberantis as also that antidote which is ascribed to
King Mithridates of which Pliny lib. 23. cap. 8. as also Theriaca Diatessaron to which the moderns have added many more as the Electuary of Saffron or of an Egg as 't is called Dioscordium Tracastory Antidotus Saxonica Antidotus Guidonis de Cauliaco Pulvis Caesaris rubeus and Gryseus Electuarium Camphoratum Kigleri and many more which the Tracts of divers Authors concerning the pestilence afford such as are profitable as well for preservation from the Plague as for the cure thereof so that it becomes us to be more solicitous about the choice of them then the store of them here And amongst so great plenty 't is more safe nevertheless to depend on those that have been approved by long use and experience then such as are newly invented what colour or pretence soever they afford themselves But because those strong and hot medicines are not proper for women with child nor children they should have medicines of Harts-horn the bone of the heart of a Stag or Deer the roots of Tormentil Pearl Bole Almenick Coral Bezor and precious stones And since that there is no small difference amongst Alexipharmacal Medicines according to the qualities they have besides their occult ones every one of them doth not agree with every age and season for in a hotter Ayr medicines that are not so hot are to be used which must also be observed in those which in regard of their age or constitution of body are hotter lest that humour should be kindled and a Fever from thence arise afterwards or if some are hotter they should be prepared with Vinegar or taken with Syrup acetos Citri Sorrel great or small Pomgranates For there is no depending upon one medicine against poyson but they are to be varied lest that nature should be accustomed to it and thereby can receive little benefit by it CHAP. VI. Of the Cure of the Pestilence IF in any disease in the world certainly in this an exact way of cure is to be used Cure since that the smallest fault being committed by any may become an irreparable damage But because the right reason of Cure depends on indications and seeing that the Plague is an occult disease and its nature consists in an occult quality which by its peculiar force is mischievous to the heart and is very contagious but that is introduced by a cause endued with the same quality Hence 't is manifest that that occult quality indicates a medicine alexipharmacal contrary to it and shews that the cause in the body whether taken by breathing in or contact or by what means soever contracted should be removed and eradicated But how that ought to be done is controverted amongst Physitians For first since that neither Phlebotomy Breathing a Vein nor Purgation are indicated by the pestilence quatenus 't is the pestilence whether they are to be used or not is controverted First Concerning the opening of a Vein since that it neither cures the disease nor takes away the venome nor the cause 't is rarely to be used and in that Pestilence which is occasioned by evil Diet 't is wholly to be omitted as also in that which ariseth from a pestilential constitution of Ayr unless there be very great store of blood which must be diminished and its heat mitigated But if the Plague come by infection and there be that plenty of blood as may cause us to fear lest that a putred Fever should happen which may become no less dangerous to the sick then the Plague it self or that it be observed that the blood flows violently to inconvenient places and that the strength is rather oppressed by its plenty then dissipated you may breath a Vein yet only bleed what the strength can well bear with and that should be in the beginning for when twelve hours or more are passed away 't is safer to omit bleeding because the strength being debilitated with the violence of the poyson it cannot well bear it Concerning the place for breathing of a Vein such a place is to be chosen as may help the motion of Nature not hinder it and may together divert the pestilent matter from a noble part Therefore if a Parotis break out behind the ears or a Bubo under the Arm-pits or a Carbuncle in the superiour parts a Vein should be opened in the Arm on the same side but if a Bubo come in the Groyn a Vein should be opened in the foot on the same side But if a Carbuncle should arise in either of the Legs seeing that useth to cause an inflammation and great pain by which the strength is weakned 't is convenient to open a Vein in the contrary leg for neither is the motion of nature hindred by this means but the matter is drawn from the superiour parts towards the inferiour and a great flux to the part affected and the increase of the inflammation is hereby prevented Moreover Purgation also is not indicated by the pestilence Purgation nor can the seeds of the Plague be eradicated by any purging medicine unless perhaps a great disturbance of nature being made which must then be joyned with danger and for as much as Nature for the most part expels the pestilent venome to the out-parts of the body this motion of Nature by Purgation is hindred and the pestilent venome is drawn into the internal parts and is more mixed with the humours and the motion of humours being stirred up most dangerous nay deadly vomits and sluxes are occasioned And therefore not in purging but in medicines that resist poyson principally and next under God the hope of health and safety is to be placed Wherefore it will be safest for any one that shall think himself to be infected with the Plague Use of Alexipharmicks having first implored the assistance of almighty God to fly to those medicines resisting venome mentioned in the fifth chapter before and to take some one experienced and approved medicine and in case it be vomited up at the first then 't is best to take of it again forthwith nay in case it be retained it will not suffice to take of it but once but the Alexipharmacal medicine should be repeated thrice in the space of four and twenty hours and so to continue for two days until that the force of the poyson shall be broken The medicine being taken the sick should forthwith compose themselves to sweat especially the second time after taking they should keep out the cold Ayr and if the strength will bear it they should continue their sweat for two hours space The sick should by no means sleep until he hath sweat twice and between the sweats should be refreshed with Conserve and Syrup of Roses Sorrel acetos Citri of Pomgranates red Gooseberries with cordial and odoriferous waters applyed to the Nostril and sprinkled about the Bed-chamber It shall be profitable also to take warm bread out of the oven and fill a hollow part of it with Treacle and apply it to the
Pox and the strength or the sick shew the event For if the Fever and all the other symptomes after the coming out of them do abate if large hemorrhodes of the nose have preceded if the pustules are great white and red soft eminent not alike come forth quickly and are soon ripened a good event is to be hoped for On the contrary the Fever if it be great and be not mitigated after the coming out of the Pox and the tubercles are violet colour green livid haad contiguous come forth and ripen slowly and the symptomes which use to be in malignant Fevers be more grievous the strength weaker they portend danger and either bring death or some great evils in the eyes nose chops gullet lungs guts liver reins and leave filthy pits and scars in the skin There is in a manner the same reason of the Measles which the more milde the Fever and symptomes are the less danger but by how much the greater the more danger is adjoyned with them they are sooner discerned neither are they so lothsom to the sight red ones likewise and those that soon appeare are more mild but those that are green violet colour black and come forth slowly are worst But the worst is when the Pox or Measles come not throughly out or do vanish again for then by the matter left within or returning in a greater Fever is kindled symptomes become greater and the sick for the most part perish The chief scope of the cure must be Indications and Cure that since Nature strives to expel the matter to the remote parts of the body to assist it the second is That the pravity of the matter may be corrected The third That the strength may be fortified And lastly To take care that no part of the body receive any detriment The endeavours of Nature are furthered if the humours are driven out to the circumference of the body and the impediments that may disturb the matter in its coming forth whether it be store of matter or pravity of it or obstruction of the bowels must be taken away But because this evil principally invades Infants Bleeding breathing of a vein is not necessary since their age will not tolerate it but if it happen in an age that will bear it and the abundance of blood require evacuation presently at the beginning before the becoming out of them a vein is to be opened that nature being eased of part of its burthen may the easier expel the remainder Strong Purges are not to be used lest nature should be hindred in its endeavour or a dangerous looseness should be occasioned yet if the body be bound it may be relaxed by a lenitive Medicine or Clister which together allays the heat of the humours and strengthens the internal parts Moreover we must observe whether Nature do its office in expelling Expelling thing for then there is no need to help it with many medicines especially heating ones But if the Pox come out slowly Nature should be helped with expelling Medicines yet such things should be mixed therewith as may strengthen the internal parts mitigate the heat of the humours and resist malignity The expelling Medicines are Roots and Seeds of Fennel Turnip Carduus benedictus Columbine Limmon the Roots of white Dittany Burnet Maidenhair Marigold flowers decoction of red Parsnips Scordium Scabions Myrrhe Figs Lentiles and other things that resist malignity These things cool and resist malignity Sorrel Cooling things young Sorrel Lettice Waterlillies Purcelane Barley Tormentil Endive Cichory Juice of Limmons Oxysaucharum Rob of Currans In giving of which regard must be had to the malignity and Fever together and according as need shall require the medicines must be chosen or mixed Medicines of Figs Lentiles Lacca and Tragacanthwere in use amongst the Arabians which were likewise used by latter Physitians yet if the malignity be great you may sly to more exquisite resisters of poyson But principally we must endeavour to beware that the sick take not the fresh ayr but be rather placed in a hot place that the pores of the skin may be kept open and that nothing may hinder Nature in expelling And we must be careful also that the eyes nostrils How the parts are to be defended and internal parts may not be hurt and therefore the Lungs are to be fortified and strengthned with medicines of Poppy Lentiles Violets Tragacanth Roses the guts with strengthners and moderate binders the eyes and nose with such like as their infirmities do shew they have need of The mouth and chops should be washed with decoction of Plantane red Roses flowers of Pomgranates Prunellas Syrup of Pomgranates and such like Whilst the wheals are ripening there will be much itching but beware of scratching lest you thereby cause scars in the skin if the quitture be white and the pustules not too great 't is best to commit the whole business to nature but if they are great or many of them joyned together when by their whiteness softness and freeness from pain they shall appear to be ripe enough they may be opened with a silver or golden needle best Concerning Diet Diet. the sick by all means must be kept from the cold ayr neither must he be kept too hot lest it make him faint The manner of Diet as in other acute Fevers is to be appointed namely thin yet to Infants if their stomacks will bear it some meat may be given because their bodies are not diaphoretick and by reason of their store of innate heat cannot so well endure fasting from meats that are salt acrid flat which may increase an ebullition of humours we must refrain and those that moderately cool and bind and allay the heat of the blood must be administred Wine at the first is not convenient but rather small Beer or Barley water but in the progress of the disease when the symptomes slacken to those that are accustomed to it a little of the smallest wine may be granted There ought to be temperate moderation of the other non-naturals likewise watchings and sleep the sick should sleep moderately In the beginning of the Pox or Measles there should be gentle frictions of the legs and arms used whereby the humours might be called out to the circumference of the body 'T is in use to put a red cloth to the bed in the sight of the sick to cause motion of humours to the exteriour parts The Belly should be kept open with a gentle Clyster if need require Lastly all vehement perturbations of the mind must be avoided especially anger and fear CHAP. XIII Of the Spotted Fever MOreover another sort of malignant Fever is Patechiae when certain spots like the biting of gnats appear in the skin There are of divers colours but principally red called by Authors Puncticulae Peticulae and Patechiae whence the Fevers are also called Peticulares Patechiales Lenticulares These spots are without all itching extuberancies and ulceration