of which formed by the sides of the Ligaments were Convex and the third formed by the Tunicle of the Intestine was strait Each of the two Ligaments was not only Spongious as it is ordinarily in other Animals but they were hollow with a long Cavity in form of a Pipe which went from the Os Pubis where was the Origine of the Ligaments as far as the Glans The Vessells which were sent into the body of the Penis had a particular distribution For whereas the Artery Vein and Nerve do usually all three run upon the Penis there were but two in our Subject And the Vein after having formed a Net work and several Circumvolutions towards the root of the Penis did penetrate into the Ligament and producing a Trunk which running along the Internal and Superiour part of the Cavity sent forth several Branches into all the rest of the internal Surface of this Cavity The Structure of the Glans was yet more Extraordinary than all the rest Above it terminated in a point and appeared to be the continuation of the Ligaments not differing therefrom neither in its Substance nor its Tunicle Underneath it had two flat and almost circular Append ces placed one upon the other The greatest which was fastned to the Glans underneath was an Inch and half in diameter The least which was fix'd to the middle of the greatest contained but half an Inch. It had moreover two little Appendices like two buds about the bigness of a Line All the Glans was of a Colour like to that of the Inferiour part of the Tunicle of the Rectum which serv'd as a Case to the Penis 't was of a very dark slate Colour There were two Muscles serving to draw the Glans inwards They took their Origine from the Vertetrae Lumbares and passing along the side of the Rectum inserted themselves at the upper part of the Penis near the Glans Towards the middle they were interlaced with two other Muscles appointed for the Motion of the Tail and which served them as a Pully The Heart was seated in the upper part of the Breast being closed in a very thick Pericardium and fastned by the lower part of the Membrane which covered the Liver It s Figure differed greatly from that which the Heart generally has For instead of being extended from its Basis to its point its greatest dimension was from one side to the other being three Inches this way and an Inch and a half only from the Basis to the point The two Auricles which proceeded from the Basis were very loose and as it were hanging down The right had two Inches and a half in length to an Inch and half over the left was lesser The Vena Cava which as has been said had two Trunks proceeding the one from the right part of the Liver and the other from the left convey'd the Blood thro' each of these Trunks into each of the Auricles These Auricles as usually opened each into a Ventricle and at each of the Apertures which gave passage to the Blood from the Auricle into the Ventricle there were three Valvulae Sigmoides which contrary to what is usuall in this kind of Valve hindred the Blood from going out of the Heart to return into the Auricles performing the Office of the Valvulae Tricuspides Besides these two Ventricles which were in the hinder part of the heart which faceth the Spine there was a third in the fore-part inclining a little towards the right side These three Ventricles were communicated by several Apertures their Substance not being solid and continued as in the Hearts of other Animals but Spongious and composed of Fibres and fleshy Columns contiguous only to each other and interwoven together Besides the strait Apertures which were between these Columns there were others more capacious by which the two Posteriour Ventricles had communication together and with the Anteriour Ventricle The two hinder Ventricles as has been sayd did recieve the Blood from the two Trunks of the Vena Cava with the Blood of the Pulmonique Veine which was double there being one on each side For these Veins emptying themselves into each Axillary did mix the Blood that they had received from the Lungs with that of the Vena Cava to carry it into the right Ventricle from which the Aorta did proceed The Anteriour Ventricle had no other Vessel than the Pulmonique Artery This Artery as well as the Aorta had three Valvulae Sigmoides the action of which was to hinder the Blood which is got out of the Heart from re-entring when the Ventricles have dilated themselves to receive the Blood of the Vena Cava and the Lungs This uncommon Structure of the Ventricles and Vessels of the Heart must have some particular uses on which we will not declare our Conjectures supported on different Experiments till after having shewn that the Structure of the Lungs is not less extraordinary For the one and the other Structure is thus extraordinary in these parts by reason of the particular Actions that they have in Amphibious Animals of which kind the Tortoise is The Aorta at the end of the right Ventricle was divided into two Branches which formed two Crosses These Crosses before they were quite turned downwards did produce the Axillares and Carotides Afterwards the left Cross descending along the Vertebrae did cast forth Branches The first was distributed to all parts of the Ventricle The second went to the Liver Pancreas Duodenum and Spleen The third furnished Branches to all the Intestines Afterwards it was united with the Branch of the right Cross which descended so far without casting forth any Branches and both formed but one Trunck which descending along the Body of the Vertebrae gave Branches to all the parts of the lower Belly The Larynx was composed as in Birds of an Arytenoides and Cricoides articulated together The two Bones which do each make one of the Horns of the Hyoides were not articulated the one to the other but each separately in different places of the Basis of the Hyoides The Cleft of the Glottis was strait and close apparently to keep the Air a long time enclosed in the Lungs for uses which shall be afterwards explained It may be also believed that this so exact inclosure is to prevent the Water from entring into the Aspera Arteria when the Tortoises are under Water And this particular Conformation of the Glottis may be the Cause of the Snoring of the Sea-Tortoises which as Pliny reports is heard a great way when they do float sleeping upon the Surface of the Water The Sea-Calves which are likewise remarkable for their Snoring have also their Glottis and Epiglottis extraordinary close as has been remarked in the Description of this Amphibious Animal The Aspera Arteria which had its Rings intire was separated at the entrance of the Breast into two long Branches of six Inches each From the entrance of the Lungs these Branches did loose their
and a half from the end of its Nose to the beginning of the Tail. It exceeded not one foot and a half in heighth from the top of the Back to the end of the Fore-claws The Tail was but eight inches There was nothing in all its exteriour Figure which is not in a Cat save that its Tail was not long enough in Proportion to the rest of the Body whose Bulk did indeed surpass that of the largest Cats but was also much inferiour to that of the Leopard and Panther It had no long and slender Neck like those Animals It was on the contrary in some sort shorter than the Cats which we found to proceed in some measure from its extraordinary fatness But in this it seemed to us repugnant to the nature of the Leopard which according to Gallen is the leanest of all Animals unless it be supposed that our Chat-pard was ingendred of a Leopard and a Cat and not of a Cat and a Panther because it is observed that commonly when there is a mixture of Species that which is thereby ingendred has more resemblance to the Damme than the Sire especially in that which respects the Form and Habit of the Body The grosness of the body of the Hair was proportionably of the length as it is in Cats but it was somewhat shorter The Colour which most prevailed all over the Body was of a Fox-red only the belly and inside of the fore-legs was Isabella the Throat and bottom of the lower Jaw was white There were black spots all over long ones upon the Back and round ones on the Belly and Feet at the extremity of which the spots were very small and thickly seminated on the Ears there were some very black streaks which crossed them and in short they wholly resembled those of a Cat. The Hairs of the Beard were shorter than those in Cats proportionably to the Body and there was none on the Eye-brows and Cheeks where Cats have them In opening the Belly there was found an extraordinary quantity of Fat for all the intervals of the Muscles of the lower Venter were filled therewith and under the Peritonaeum there was a piece which was bigger than ones Fist which inclosed the Vena Umbilicalis The two Skins or Coats of the Epiploon which were likewise furnished therewith did joyntly descend as usually and reached into the Groin and folding themselves under the Intestines did embrace and keep themselves suspended as in a Sack. The Intestines were almost all of an equal bigness and had two thirds of an Inch diameter The Rectum and Colon exceeded the other in bigness only one third of an Inch. These two great Intestines together were twelve Inches long the others from the Pylorus to the Caecum about seven foot The Caecum was an Inch and a half in length and two thirds of an Inch in its greatest thickness It terminated in an obtuse point The Stomach which was very great and large had in the sinuosity which is in most Brutes between the superiour and inferiour Orifices a Membrane greatly loaden with Fat which joyned these two Orifices together and which conducted the trunck of the Vena Gastrica to the bottom of the bending without touching the Membranes of the Stomach the Vena Gastrica being in this Membrane after the same manner as the Vessels are in the Mesentery and casting its branches into the Stomach as the Vessels of the Mesentery do cast them into the Intestines or as the Vas breve produces them to insert them at the bottom of the Stomach and in the Spleen The Pancreas was fastened and run along the Duodenum and Ileum and advanced not far underneath the Stomach The Spleen was four Inches long and fifteen lines in its greatest breadth It was of a dark-red colour and its Figure very well represented that of an Oak leaf being slit in several places The Liver was divided into six great Lobes three whereof were indented in several places It s Substance was soft and seemed to be composed of several Glands as we have already remark'd in the Liver of the Gazella This was found by two different Colours which were seen in this Liver the bottom being black and spotted with a clear and yellowish red But these spots had not a regular Figure like those which have been observed in the Liver of the Gazella's The Gall-Bladder was in the greatest Lobe of those which were again divided in two its Colour inclined to Yellow It s size was proportionable to that of the whole Animal like as the Kidneys whose proper Membrane was easily separated altho' the Vessels which were numerously extended on the external Superficies of the Parenchyma and which were very large and swelled appeared through this Membrane even as if it had been closely joyned to the Parenchyma for these Vessels were so visible that they seemed to appertain to this Membrane altho indeed they were included in the substance of the Kidney which has been already remark'd in the young Lion. As for the Parts of Generation they were very defective and imperfect for except the Penis Prostatae and Caruncula which is in the Urethra there appeared not the least sign or remain thereof There was only a Vessel which might be taken for one of the Deferentia but it was impossible to know certainly whether it was really one because that there was no appearance of Testicles and it could not be discovered from whence it came As to the other Spermatick Vessels there could none be found altho sought after with all possible care for it was doubted whether they were not broken through carelesness as it is probable Hofmannus did when he Dissected a Woman in whom these two Spermatick Arteries were not found although she had had several Children To clear this doubt the Vena Cava was presfed and the Blood therein contained made to ascend from the Iliack branches to the Emulgent Veins The same compression was likewise made on the left Emulgent without getting out one drop of Blood which was there very abundant and free from coagulation The great Artery was likewise tied a little below the Emulgent and having blown into the Trunk there went not out any wind 'T is true that having tied the Trunck above the division of the Iliack Arteries the wind lost it self through the Superiour Mesenterick which was broken but this branch being tied the Air found no way out when blown and when the whole Trunk was swelled up This defect of the Spermatick Vessels and other parts which are absolutely necessary for Generation agreed very well with the abundance of Fat whereof this Animal was full after the manner of all those which by an external cause have been rendred incapable of Engendring and in which the remainder of the nourishment could be imployed only to produce Fat. This gave us some suspition that our Chat-pard might have been Castrated when young according to the Custom which the Turks have followed as much as they could
towards all the Males which they do keep in their Houses where they do frequently nourish these Chat-pards especially in Barbary there being some appearance that the Spermatick Vessels might have been consumed and effaced by age even as the Anastomoses of the Heart are in Animals of a short time after their Birth when these parts wanting Action and Use do wax dry and utterly Abolish But the truth is that we found not any Cicatrice in the Skin of the Belly and considering that the Umbilical Vessels do still remain altho contracted when they do no more execute the Functions for which they were employed before the Birth and that the Spermatick Vessels serving for other uses than Generation have no reason to dry up for want of Imployment when that for which they were principally designed comes to cease seeing that it is ordinarily seen that as they pass they shoot forth several branches for the nourishment of the adjoyning parts we remain in our former Opinion that this defect of such important Organs must proceed from some other part and that the Sterility which is common to some Animals which have been ingendred by the mixture of two different Species must have a particular cause in our Subject For that which renders Mules Barren is not the defect of any of the Organs which are necessary to Generation seeing that the difference which may be found in the Conformation of the Matrix of Mares and that of She-Asses cannot as some pretend be the occasion of Sterility the Mare in which something is wanting that is found in the She-Asse being not deprived of any of the parts which are absolutely necessary to Generation seeing that she ingenders and the difference of the Organs which is between the Species of Horses and that of Asses hinder's not the Generation of Mules which do proceed from the mixture of these two Species Therefore Aristotle according to Empedocles attributes this defect only to the Temper of these Animals whose parts have contracted a hardness which renders them incapable of contributing to a new mixture which this Philosopher explains by the comparison of Copper and Tin which being separately very Ductile and Malleable to be imployed in different and several works are no more in a condition of being weilded and receiving a new form by reason of a brittle hardness and sharpness which the Mass composed of these two Metals acquires when they are melted together So that if it be true that the Lupi Cervarii or Ounces which are thought to be engendred of the Wolf and Panther as Mastives of the Leopard and Bitch and the greatest part of the other Animals which are born by the mixture of two Species cease not to be fertile it must be thought that the Conformation of our Chat-pard was particular and accidental to it and that the defect of the Parts which are wanting and which made it incapable of Generation proceeded not from this mixture of Species which by changing the Conformation of the Parts could not corrupt it to the degree of rendring it useless to the Functions and which is still less capable of making a Mutilation but which may more easily cause a vice in the Temper which is a consequence very natural from the mixture and in fine it is probable that if the Mule be the only Animal which the confusion of Species makes Barren it must needs be that there is something particular in those which have ingendred it which is not found in the others 'T is that which Aristotle has observed in the Horse and Asse who hath both much less power for Generation than all other Animals seeing that in this Genus which consists of those which are short-liv'd and which ought consequently to be more readily engendred the Females do carry their Conception a great deal longer and have much more difficulty to give it its last perfection than others by reason as this Philosopher says of the hardness of their Uterus which is like an Earth which Drought and Aridity have made sterile For this being so it is found that the Mule is Barren not only by the general reason of the repugnance which is always found in the mixture of different Species but likewise by the particular defect which was in both of the Species which are assembled for Generation and which have not surmounted that repugnancy so powerfully as Leopards Dogs and Foxes which are Animals fertile enough to transmit to their Posterity the powerful dispositions which they have for Generation notwithstanding the contrariâ—…ty which the mixture of different Species may cause The Penis was extraordinary small containing from the swelling of the Ischium which is its Origine to the end but an Inch and half and but a Line and half in Diameter There was found no Bone. The Diaphragme was very fleshy and its nervous part very small The Pericardium in which there was no water was exceeding close to the Heart which happened perhaps by the swelling of this part which after the manner of all things that do congeal was puffed up For this Dissection was made the eleventh day of Ianuary 1670. at which time was felt a greater cold than ever was known The Ventricles of the Heart were filled with great plenty of congealed and hardened blood which was not in the Veins perhaps by reason of its little quantity which easily thaws in the parts which must necessarily be much handled in the Dissection and Preparation thereof The Heart was rounder and less pointed than in Cats and fierce Beasts by reason as it is probable that the extraordinary distention and enlarging of the Ventricles had made the point to shrink towards the Basis. The Lungs had eight Lobes four on the right side three on the left and the eighth in the middle in the cavity of the Mediastinum joyning the Diaphragme The Os Frontis had two very large Sinus's which were square and long adjoyning to each other There were two other Sinus's in the Os Occipitis they were of a triangular form and distant from each other being of the right and left side of the Cerebellum The Bone which separated these two Brains had two points The Brain was divided in two by the Falx which was very large and which did enter very deep therein The Anfractuosities were extended in length from the Cerebellum to the fore-part At the place where the Glandula Pinealis usually is there was found only a little point about the bigness of a pins point which was taken for this Gland The Orbite of the Eye was whole and bonie all round the Bones of the Temples and that of the Iaw being joyned but the internal and upper part was open insomuch that the Ball of the Eye touched the Muscles of the Temples The Ball of the Eye contained eleven Lines in Diameter through the middle the Cornea had nine There was an Internal Eye-lid which was seated in the great Canthus of the Eye and which advanced towards the
great difficulty to seperate them with a Launcet Rondeletius runs into the same error altho he has examined à little better than other Authors the Pouches from which the Castoreum is taken but yet very negligently not to perceive that they are four in number for he reckons but two There are some more Modern Authors who have not gone much farther than the other contenting themselves with knowing that the Testicles are different from these Pouches and have so ill understood Dioscorides as to believe that when he says the Testicles of the Castor are hid in the Groins he took the Pouches for them But experience hath demonstrated to us that all these Authors are mistaken if all Castors are like to that which we Dissected for the Testicles were no more on the inside than the Pouches they were only a little higher at the external and lateral parts of the Os pubis in the place of the Groins where we found them wholly concealed so that they appeared not outwardly no more than the Penis before that the skin was taken off Their Figure and Shape was very like to the Stones of Dogs save that they were longer and lesser in proportion to their length They were little more than an inch long their breadth was half an inch and their thickness somewhat less As to the Epididymis and all the Vessels necessary to Generation they differed in nothing from those of Dogs The Penis appeared more singular to us In its extremity instead of the Balanus it had a Bone fourteen lines long and made like a Stylus which was two lines broad in its basis and suddainly straitning it self ended in a point There was this also remarkable that whereas the Penis of Dogs re-ascends from the Os pubis towards the Navel this descended downwards towards the passage of the Excrements where it ended It was as we have said concealed so that before the skin was taken off we perceived it not and we could not discern of what Sex this Animal was The better to examine these Parts we opened the lower venter and having traced the Spermatick Vessels to their Origine we found them like to those of Dogs and other Animals We observed likewise that the Penis was laid upon the Rectum and that it passed underneath the two first Pouches of the Castoreum to which it was closely joyned that moreover these Baggs received their Veins and Arteries from the Hypogastrick Veins and Arteries there being no appearance that there were other Vessels which could furnish the matter whereof the Castoreum is formed unless it be imagined that it is caused by the Uret which is improbable As to the other parts of the lower Venter the Muscles of the Abdomen Peritonaeum Stomach and Bladder had nothing remarkable and their Structure was altogether like that of Dogs The Intestines had little considerable except the Caecum which was two inches and a half in breadth and ten in length It was unusually ranged on the left side underneath the Spleen from whence it descended to the Cavity of the Ileum and terminated in a round point making an Appendix of an inch in length It was that which made us to distinguish this Intestine from the others It s Figure was not strait but a little crooked like the blade of a Scythe In the concave part of this bending there was a Ligament and in the convex another both like to those which are commonly found in the Colon of Men and these Ligaments were accompanied with Veins and Arteries which came from the Venae Mesentericae and spread from space to space their branches into the Body of this Intestine Two fingers underneath the great end of the Spleen there lay a little Spherical Body very extraordinary which appeared of the same Substance as the Spleen altho it was remote from it It was three lines Diameter The other Intestines were so little different from one another that we could never distinguish the Colon. They were near twenty eight foot long Having opened them we found in the inside eight Worms long and round like to Earth-worms three whereof were between seven and eight inches long and the rest about four The Spleen was laid along the left side of the Stomach to which it was fastened by eight Veins and as many Arteries which made so many Vas Breve's It s Colour was very Red Its length seven inches and its thickness almost equalled its breadth which was about ten lines We observed nothing particular in the Liver save that it was divided into five Lobes of the same Colour as the Lobes of a Dogs Liver The Gall-Bladder was hid under the hollow part of the Liver between two of its Lobes It was two inches and a half in length and near an inch in breadth All the lower Venter was overflowed with a diffused Choler which had perhaps occationed the death of this Animal The Pancreas was nothing different from that of Dogs It s length was ten inches but it exceeded not two in its greatest breadth Though this Castor was very Fat especially through the Belly and Tail yet there was found very little in the Tunica adiposa of the Kidneys and in the Epiploon Each Kidney was an inch in thickness near two in length and as much in breadth at the middle The Cartilago Xiphoides was round and fourteen lines broad but very thin and pliable Having afterwards opened the Thorax we observed little difference between all the parts which were there inclosed and those of Dogs The Lungs had six Lobes three on the right side two on the left and another little one which was in the Mediastinum near the Center of the Diaphragme That which was most remarkable in the Heart is that the left Auricle was larger than the right which is likewise seen in some other Animals but not in Man who on the contrary has the right Auricle of the Heart bigger than the left We the more carefully sought after the Foramen Ovale which several Modern Authors have averred to be found in all Amphibious Animals and even in Men who do often dive and swim a long time in the water But what exactness soever we used in the search we could not discover that hole in the Heart of our Castor It is true that as it had been several years penn'd up at Versailles without having the liberty of going into the Water it might be that this hole was closed up even as it happens to the Foetus after it is born and has breathed sometime Indeed it seemed that in this place there had formerly been a hole which was since grown up Under the Vena Coronaria we found the Valve called Noble which fills the whole Trunck of the Vena Cava and which was so disposed that the Blood might easily be carried from the Liver to the Heart by the Vena Cava but which is hindred from descending from the Heart towards the Liver through the same Vein The Heart was two inches and
after the manner of all the cloven footed Quadrupeds of Barbary which we have Dissected It exceeded not thirteen Inches in length comprehending a tuft of black hair three inches long which it had at its extremity The Ears were seated not at top of the Temples and underneath the Horns as in Cows but more backward as for the rest they were like to the Ears of the Gazella being covered in the inside with a white Hair in some places the rest being bald and discovering a skin perfectly black and smooth The Eyes were so high and so near the Horns that the Head seemed to have almost no fore-head The Teats were very little very short and only two in number which rendred them different from those of Cows The Shoulders were very high making a bunch at the beginning of the Back There was another bunch opposite to this of the Back viz. at the bottom of the Sternum like as in the Camel. We found that all the particulars which are observed in this Animal were seen in the Bubalus which Aldrovandus describes and the Figure of which was sent him by Horatius Fontana There is only the bunch of the Sternum which neither Aldrovandus nor Fontana do speak of It is probable that this Animal ought rather to be taken for the Bubalus of the Ancients than the little African Ox which Belonius describes for Aristotle compares the Bubalus to the Stagg Aelian reports that it is very nimble footed Oppian attributes to it Horns bent backward and Pliny averrs that it altogether resembles a Calf and a Stagg But there is not found any of these marks in the Animal which Belonius describes and they all occurr in the Animal which we speak of as may be easily demonstrated if reflection be made on all the particulars before remarqued But it is no wonder that Belonius is deceived in attributing to his little Ox the name of Bubalus seeing that Pliny testifies that even in his time this word and appellation was very equivocal and that it was given to Animals which had no similitude with the Bubalus As for the inward parts the Epiploon inclosed and covered the Ventricles It was Composed of a Membrane very thin but continued and not pierced The Vessels were included in a thick Caul Its Ligatures were fastned to the two last Ventricles viz. from the Pylorus to the second Ventricle to the upper part which touches the Diaphragme and from thence it extended over the two first by bending it self towards the left side The Ventricles were in number four The first and greatest was velveted with an infinite number of small Teats which made the exteriour surface of the internal Membrane of this Ventricle as it is in the generality of other Animals which chew the Cud but this Membrane was easily separable from the external as in the Gazella The second Ventricle had its internal Membrane in form of Net-work and this Net-work as in Sheep was nothing else but the Folds of this Membrane which was looser than the external and these folds were of different Figures some Triangular others Square and others Pentagonal The third as usual had its internal Membrane much looser than the second and the folds which it had were more raised but they were all ranged long-wise making as it were leaves indented The Fourth which alone was greater than the Second and Third together was likewise filled with Leaves but they were without indentures and their Situation was transverse as it were to stop and retain the Nourishment a longer time Such a Structure has been observed in the Sea-Fox where the Cavity of the Intestine was interrupted by Membranes transversly situated and disposed like a Snail-shell or Newel of a winding Stair-case and this very transverse Situation of Leaves has been found in the Coecum of Apes in the Colon of Hares and Rabits in the Colons and two Caecums of Ostriches and in the Iejunum of Man The Colour of this last Ventricle was very different from that of the others being of a very darkred The Intestines were all together seventy and eight feet The Caecum was eighteen inches long and three broad It had a Nervous Ligament which nevertheless caused not any Cells The Pancreas was fastened along the little Ventricles The Spleen was ten inches in length and four in breadth It was half joyned to the Ventricle The Liver was round and without Lobes Being only a little cleft before and behind In the Trunk of the Vena Porta there was observed little Membranes in form of Valves which half covered the holes of the branches which do carry the blood from the Trunck of the Porta into the Substance of the Liver to hinder it from returning into the Trunck These Valves which have not been yet seen in the Liver of any Animal are very favourable to the Pulsation which Glisson attributes to the branches which the Porta casts into the Liver for this pulsation which he thinks to be communicated to them by the Arteries which are joyned and fastened to them by the assistance of a Capsula which incloses the Vein with the Artery this Capsula having a particular motion of constriction is not easie to conceive without these Valves it being hard for the blood lock'd up in these Veins to form any pulsation when it is struck by the dilatation of the neighbouring Arteries if not inclosed and retained by some adjoyning obstacle such as is that of the Valves otherwise it will necessarily flow back into the Trunck and Branches which do convey the blood thither for the impetuosity of the motion of this blood towards the trunck cannot supply this obstacle as Glisson pretends by reason of the weakness of the Tunicle of the Veins which do bring this blood into the Trunck for these Veins would have more need of a Capsula to be strengthned than the branches which are in the Liver the Parenchyma whereof might be sufficient to strengthen them So that it seems that for want of these Valves the beating would be much greater in the Branches which do convey the Blood into the Trunck of the Vena Porta than in those which do distribute it into the Substance of the Liver and that this beating must be as contrary to the motion of the blood contained in these branches as advantagious to that which must be distributed in the Liver The Gall-bladder was at the extremity and on the edge of the hollow part on the right side It was fastned to the Liver by its internal half and the Membrane which made the outward half was thin fine and all folded being intirely void of Gall. The Lungs had seven Lobes the five upper ones were small the two lower contained nine inches in length and five in breadth They were fastned to each other towards the middle by a Membranous Ligament half an inch broad and two thirds of an inch long The Rings of the Aspera Arteria which were imperfect did leave the space of a fingers breadth
Brushes to clean their Cloaths The Liver had seven Lobes one of which was divided in two The Gall-Bladder was in the middle of the two upper Lobes which were the greatest It s Forme was Ovale It was eight Lines long very full and Blewish The Venae Lacteae were White and very apparent in the Mesentery and the Receptacle of the Chyle was great ample and full The Spleen was layd on the Ventricle to which it was fastned by twelve branches from the Vas Breve It was long and cut like a Cock's Comb. The Pancreas to which it was fastned had the same Forme It differed therfrom only in Colour the Pancreas being Whitish and the Spleen of a Blackish Red. The Intestines were all alike in Substance and thickness There was no Caecum They contained all together four Feet in length The Kidneys were an inch long and eight Lines broad They were of an Olive Colour the right being situated higher that the left The Bladder was an inch and a half long and an inch broad In the Male the Testicles were in the Belly which according to Aristotle is peculiar to the Hedg-Hog which amongst all Quadrupeds that do ingender a perfect and living Animal is the only one whose Testicles are inclosed in it as in Birds These Testicles had a very larg Epididymis which received the Vasa Spermatica Praeparantia divided into four Branches and which were separately inserted into them from the basis to the greater half of their length This Epididymis was not separate from the Testicle as in the Porcupine but was therto fastned all its length The Vasa Spermatica Deferentia proceeded from the top of the Epididymis The Testicle and its Vessels were tyed and suspended by a Ligament which might passe for a Cremaster because that it was a Membrane which appeared somewhat Fleshy near the Testicle The rest of this Membrane was extended and inlarged after the manner of the broad Ligaments of the Uterus It had a great many Vessels of which two of the cheif did make a very considerable Anastomosis by crossing one another in the middle They proceeded from the Vasa Spermatica Praeparantia as from their Trunck and were distributed through this whole Membrane extended like the Wings of a Batt as in the Uterus so that considering the greatness and Number of these Vessels which were not proportionate to the quantitie of the Nourishment which the Membrane might require it might be probably thought that the use of this Structure was that the Arteria Spermatica might send to this Membrane a part of the bloud which it carryes to the Testicle to be prepared in this great Number of branches in which the remainder that cannot be imployed to the Nourishment of the Membrane seemed to be sometime retained and perfected by this long retention to be inabled afterwards to reflow into the Trunck of the Spermatick Artery and to mingle with the bloud which go's into the Testicle there being nothing to oppose this reflux of which it is necessary to suppose the liberty into all the Arteries which upon this account are destitute of the Valves which are found in the Veins and the compression that the motion of Respiration causes to all the Viscera bâ—…ing a sufficient impulsive cause for this reflux On both sides of the Neck of the Bladder there were Pouches of a Substance partly Glandulous partly Membranous They were very Yellow T was apparently the Parastatae The Prostatae were a little underneath of an extraordinary size even as the Parastatae In the Female the Uterus was composed of a Neck and two Hornes The Neck was composed of two Membranes the external was thick and Fleshy the internal was thinne Membranous and Nervous The Hornes were unequal the left being lesser than the right in which there was a Foetus The Lungs had five Lobes viz. three of a middle size at the right side and two on the left one of which was greater and the other lesser than all the rest This little one which the Cavitie of the Mediastine inclosed was forked at the end The Heart was almost round The right Auricle was of a Red almost Black. The left was whitish The Globe of the Eye exceeded not two lines in diameter it had an internal Eyelidd Of the three Humours of the Eye there appeared only the Crystalline which filled up the whole Globe without any appearance of the Aqâ—…e us or Vitreous Humour The Retina did immediately touch the Crystalline and as it were â—…tick to it on that side towards the bottom of the Eye as the Cornea did cover and touch it before The Uvea was all over black without the Tapetum it did not likewise make any fold on the fore-part to forme the Iris so that the Eye when the lidds were open did appear all Black. The Explication of the Figure of two Sapajous and two other Monkeys THe lower Figure showes how the Hands and Feet of the Ape do differ from the Hands and Feet of Man the thumb of the Hand being small and the great Toe of the Foot very large and the other Toes extraordinary long Here is not described the Figure of the fourth Ape which is the second Sapajou because that it was wholy like to that which is here represented except the Nose which was longer In the Upper Figure A. The Umbilical Veine B B. The two right Lobes of the Liver C C. The two left Lobes of the Liver D. The fifth Cleft and making as it were two Leaves E. The Gall-Bladder F. The Ductus Cysticus G G G. The three Ductus Hepatici 4. 5. 6. Three Branches that come out of the first H. The common Ductus I. The Ventricle K. The Spleen L. The Pancreas M. The Caecum N. The end of the Ileum O. The beginning of the Colon. P. A Gland fastned to the lower part of the Trunk of the Cava Q Q. Two other Glands fastned to the two Iliack Veines R R. The Testicles S S. The Glandulous Prostates Θ. The Bladder so turned upside down as to hide the Penis T T. The Brain t t. The back part of the Brain without Anfractuositys V. The Bladder in the Natural situation and opned to shew the Caruncle Y and the thickness of the Prostates 3. 3. X X. The Parastatae Cyrsoides Y. The Caruncle at the beginning of the Urethra 3 3. The Glandulous Prostates which look but like the thickning of the Neck of the Bladder THE ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION OF TWO SAPAJOUS AND TWO OTHER MONKEYS THe Species of Apes are very numerous Pliny reduces them under two Genus's viz. those which have Tails and those which have none The Tail-less Ape is by the Latines simply called Simiâ—… Those which have a Tail are of two Species The Latines have borrowed of the Greeks the names which they do give them for some are called Cercopitheci from the name of the Genus that is to say Tailed Apes others Cynocephali that is to say which have a head
so much thereof in one dying Animal The Intestines were in all four foot eight inches long and two inches diameter They were all of one breadth and Substance without leaves on the inside without Cells and without a Caecum The Liver was of a moderate size the right Lobe being only eight inches and the left four It was every where Scirrhous The Gall Bladder which was fastened along the right Lobe and shut up in the Capsula was seven inches long and an inch diameter at most The Ductus Cysticus which proceeded from the top of the Bladder measured eight inches in length and was enlarged towards its insertion which was towards the beginning of the Duodenum The Hepaticus was eight inches and a half and descended from left to right and the Cysticus from right to left which made that these two Ductus's increased towards their lower part The Hepaticus was inserted underneath the Cysticus The Spleen was three inches long and an inch and a half broad at its greatest breadth It had the shape of a Sole-Fish Its Vessels were distributed as usually The Pancreas was little in proportion to the other parts It was but two inches in length and two lines in breadth It s Ductus which was very slender was but one line and a half long and was inserted above the Cysticus The Kidneys as in other Birds were divided into several Lobes They measured eight inches in length The Ureter's were of the bigness of a Goose-Quill and seven inches long The Testicles were an inch in length and half an inch in breadth Their Substance was white and hard and much different from that of the Epididymis which was soft and yellowish but the size was very extraordinary being three inches long and two lines broad so that it was raised two inches above the Testicle The Ductus Deferens descended along the Kidney being fastened to the Vena Emulgens and afterwards uniting it selfe to the Ureter It was eleven inches long having the bigness of a Quill The Penis was placed as in the Ostrich It comprehended two inches in length an inch in breadth towards its Basis and two lines towards its point The Skin which covered it was hard thick and unequal on the inside by reason of several folds which were disposed like a Screw The Body of the Penis consisted of two Cartilaginous Ligaments which gave a Piramidal Figure to the Penis They were very hard and solid and strongly connected to each other at the top They were separated underneath to give place to a Membranous Ductus with which we could not perceive that the Deferentia or Ureter's had any communication The Lungs measured eight inches in length and four in breadth over their middle This Bird being the largest that we have dissected next the Ostrich we applyed our selves to observe some things which do appertain to the Organs of Respiration which have a particular Structure in Birds and which we begun to discover in the Ostrich For it is not easy to perceive well these things in lesser Birds Amongst other things we examined two Muscles which we do call the Muscles of the Lungs These Muscles had their Origine very fleshy which in each was divided into six Heads each fastned to a Ribb at the place where the Ribb which by one end is articulated with the Vertebrae is by the other articulated with another Ribb which is joyned to the Sternum For it must be observed that the Ribbs of Birds are ordinarily double and that whereas in Terrestrial Animals there are some Cartilaginous Appendices which do fasten them to the Sternum they are in Birds real Bones which are articulated and not joyned per Symphysin with the Ribbs Now these six Heads of the Muscle of the Lungs did all together produce a large Tendon or Aponeurosis which covered the Lungs and which separated it from the Bladders into which the Air after having penetrated the Lungs enters through the holes with which this Aponeurosis is pierced and these Bladders were again covered over by the Diaphragme even as the Lungs was by the Aponeurosis So that the Bladders were shut up between the Aponeurosis and the Ribbs This Aponeurosis thus lay'd upon the Lungs went to joyn it self with the Aponeurosis of the opposite Muscle on the Vertebrae to which it was also strongly connected leaving nevertheless upon the middle of the Body of the Vertebrae a void space for the passage of the descendent Aorta and Oesophagus At the same place where these Aponeuroses were connected together and fastned to the Vertebrae the Diaphragmes were also joyned and united to the Aponeuroses but towards the left side they gave way to a great branch of the Aorta which supplyed the place of the Caeliaca and Mesenterica This Branch was crept between all these Aponeuroses as well of the Muscles of the Lungs as of the Diaphragmes which were joyned together The use of these Muscles according to our Conjectures is twofold The first is to serve the Motion of the Thorax by drawing it downwards because that they do go from the Angle which the Ribbs make by their mutual articulation and do obliquely ascend towards the inferiour Vertebrae of the Back to which they are fastned The second use is to retain the Air lockt up in the Pouches or Bladders and hinder it from going out with the same liberty that it entered in The use of this Retention is not well known to us at least in respect of the upper Pouches For in regard of the lower ones the use of this Retention has been explained in the Description of the Ostrich where it was shown that there is a probability that the Air contained in the lower Pouches serves to compress the Viscera and make them rise upwards Some do think that this Retention of the Air serves Birds to render them lighter in flying like as the Bladder which is in Fish helps them to Swim And this Conjecture would have some foundation if the Air contained in the Bladders of Birds was as light in proportion to the Air in which they Fly as the Air contained in the Bladders of Fish is in proportion to the Water in which they do Swim But to say something which hath at least a little more probability waiting till we have a more certain knowledge of the Truth and use of this retention of Air we consider that the Birds generally rising very high and even to the place where the Air is a great-deal lighter than it is near the Earth might be deprived of the principal advantages of Rispiration for want of an Air whose weight might make on the Heart and Arteries the Compression necessary to the Distribution and Circulation of the Blood if they had not the faculty of containing a long time a portion of Air which being rarified by the heat which this Retention produceth therein might by inlarging it self supply the defect of the weight of which the Air that they do breath in the middle
out and make it pass into the left Ventricle It may be again Imagined that the Ventricles of the Heart of the Tortoise and other Animals whose Lungs are absolutely Membranous not having their walls solid like those of the Heart of the Dogg wherin the Blood has no freer passage from one Ventricle to the other but cross the Lungs but that being Porous in all their Substance and also open one into the other by very large holes it must not be thought strange that altho the Lungs remain Immoveable whether blown up or sunk the Circulation is not hindred and that in these Animals it is always performed after the same manner as it is in the Foetus Because that in the Foetus as in these Animals the Lungs receive the Blood only for their Nourishment and not for the intire Circulation so that it sends to the Heart only the remainder of what it has not consumed And in fine as the intire Circulation is not performed but by the Anastomoses of the Heart in the Foetus it is done also in the other Animals which we treat of only by particular Apertures which the Ventricles of their Heart have one into the other But to be more assured that the Blood Circulates not intirely thro' the Lungs in the Tortoise the Trunck of the Artery of the Lungs was tyed up and it was observed that the Motion of the Heart was in no manner altered and that the Circulation was continued always after the same manner Now this is easier to be seen in this Animal than in others by reason that its Heart being whitish and the Walls of the Ventricles thin before the Blood was in some sort seen to enter in and go out of the right Ventricle from which the Aorta proceeds as has been declared and this was known by a redness which happens when the point of the Heart approaches its Basis and which disappears when it is remote from it For it is easy to judg that when the point approaches the Basis 't is then that the Heart utter'd the Blood from its Ventricles because that at this very instant their Walls presing inwards and compressing the Blood did cause a redness to appear in this place The Compression being capable of making the Bodys which their Spongious consistence has rendered Opake to become diaphanous by the diminution of the Intervals which make them Spongious In fine this Circulation thus apparent which has continued for four Dayes the Lungs being opned and cut in several places has seem'd to us very clearly to Demonstrate that in the Tortoise the Lungs serve not for the Circulation of the Blood as in the Animals which have fleshy Lungs The true use of the Lungs in the Tortoise and other Animals of its Genus is a thing which has seemed to us obscure enough to excite us to examine it carefully and to allow us the boldness of promoting thoughts somewhat extraordinary following the liberty that we thought we might take to our selves in these Memoires where we do not place things as being compleated but only as materials which may be employed or rejected according as they shall be found fitt or useless or defective when time by new Experiments or better Argumentations shall better make known their Worth. We do believe then that there is no appearance that the Lungs of the Tortoise serve for the intire Circulation of the Blood for the Reasons which have been alledged neither is it made for the Voice the Tortoise being absolutely Mute And it is not conducing to the refreshment of the Internal Parts nor for the Evacuation of their Vapours seeing that it wants the continual and regulated Motion which is observed in other Animals and which is necessary for these purposes So that there remains only the compression of the Internal Parts whose uses have been explained in the Descriptions that we have made of Birds and which are reduced to the preparation and distribution of the Nourishment But we do search after another use more Important and which being more particular to the Tortoise and the other Animals of its Species does better answer to the particular Conformation of their Lungs and we have found that to this part may be attributed the faculty that the Tortoise has of raising and holding it self above the Water and of sinking to the bottom when it pleases in so much that it supplys the place of the Air-Bladder which is found in most Fishes There are several conjectures on which we found the probability of this Opinion and which do make us to think that this Bladder of Fishes and the Lungs of the Tortoise being enlarged do render the Body of these Animals light enough to Swim upon the Water and that when these parts are contracted and the Air which is capable of compression taking up less room by reason it is straitned and so the whole Body being less extended it descends to the bottom after the same manner as the little hollow Figures of Enamel enclosed in a Pipe of Glass do sink to the bottom when by pressing on the surface of the Water the Air is compressed which is enclosed in the Cavity that makes them Swim We have frequently observed that as soon as a Tortoise is put into the Water it casts forth thro' the Mouth or Nostrils several bubbles which are in all likelyhood formed by the overmuch Air that it has in its Lungs for the keeping it self in a just Equilibrium which puts it in a condition of being heavy enough to sink to the bottom at the least compression which its Muscles do make upon its Lungs just as the little Figure of Enamel descends in the Water at the smallest effort that is made to compress the Air that it encloses and it is easy to comprehend that if the Tortoise being at the bottom of the Water relaxes the Muscles that did compress its Lungs the Air by the Virtue of its Spring returning into its first State can give again to its whole Body the extent which it had when it did Swim upon the Water The probability of this Arguing has been confirmed by Experience A living Tortoise was lockt up in a Vessel full of Water on which there was with Wax exactly fastned a cover from the top of which there went a Glass Pipe. The Vessel being full so as to make the Water appear at the bottom of the Glass pipe we observed the Water did somtimes ascend into the Pipe and that somtimes it descended Now this could be done only by the augmentation and dimunition of the Bulk of the Tortoise and it is probable that when the Tortoise endeavoured to sink to the bottom the Water fell in the Pipe because that the Animal lessened its Bulk by the contraction of its Muscles and that the Water rose by the slackning of the Muscles which ceasing to compress the Lungs did permit it to return to its first size and did render the whole Body of the Tortoise lighter
Substances in the Gizzard of the Ostrich worn not corroded 225 Structure of the Hands and Feet described 43 Succenturiatus very large in the Porcupine 150 Sweet-Smells unpleasant to Country People 104 T Tail of the Castor like a Fish's 85. 90 of Birds of what use 220 of the Tortoise very strong 254 Talons of the Bustard solid 198 Two Teats in the Barbary-Cow 127 Teeth of the Sea-Colf like a Wolf 's 122 of the Sea-Fox two rows on one side and but one on the other 70 Testicles of the Coati like a Dog. 117 of the Eagle as small as a Pea. 187 In a Female Demoiselle but without Epididymis 209 of the Hedg-Hog in the Belly 153 of some Monkeys long and slender of others round 161 Thighs of the Ostrich very large 223 Toes but three in the Bustard 198 but two in the Ostrich 223 and the little one without Claw ib Thorax of a Bear larger than a Lyons 45 Tongue of a Camelion of an extraordinary make c. 27. 30 of a Cassowar like a Cock's-comb 248 of a Cormorant double 137 of a Dromedary has asperitys that turn outwards 40 of an Eagle Cartilaginous 187 of an Ostrich a little forked 222 of a Porcupine toothed 149 of a Sea-Calf forked 123 of the Tortoise has ten Muscles 266 of the Woodpecker how thrust out 30 Tortoise has no upper Eye-lid 254 wants the outward Ear-hole yet has the Sense of Hearing 266 alters his bulk in the Water proved by an Experiment 264 Tuft on the top of the Ear of the Lynx peculiar to that Animal 76 Tusk of the Coati sharp like an awl 116 V Valve in the trunk of the Vena-cava 89 In the Porta of the Barbary-Cow favouring Dr. Glissons Hypoth 129 In the Iugulars contrary to the motion of the Blood to the Heart 172 Vein goes to the Papilla of the Gazella without sending forth any Branches but disapears at once 59 Vena Cava has two trunks in the Tortoise 259 Gastrica Branches over the Stomach 62 Vena Lactea and Receptaculum Chyli very white and visible in the Hedg-Hog 153 Ventricle of Apes differs from Man's in the Pylorus 160 four in the Barbary-Cow 128 In the Bear very small 45 In the Castor like a Dogs 88 four in the Cassowar 194 In the Cormorant glandulous within 136 three in the Chamois 143 four in the Dromedary 39 four in the Elke like an Ox. 111 two in the Gazella 57 four in the Hinde 171 of the Lynx like a Catts 78 two in the Parrot 201 divided into 3 in the Porcupine 149 but two visible in the Stag. 169 In the Sea-Calfe like an Intestine 123 Longish in the Sea-fox 70 and Liver and bladder very large in the Tortoise 255 three in the heart of the Tortoise open into one another 259 Voracious animals have small Intestines 186 Vpper-lip of the Chamois cleft as in Hares 142 Of the Elke very large 109 Vpper Eye-lid of the Tortoise wanting 254 Vitreous humours of the Indian Cock hard 194 Uterus of the Gazella has several Papillae on the inside 59 of the Lynx like a Bitches 79 Of the Monkey different from Women 161 Uvea covered by a thin transparent Membrane 188 Uvula only in Apes or Men. 162 W Wings of the Bustard short in comparison of its bulk 197 and Back darkest part of the Bird. 198 Of Birds reckoned a wonder of Nature by Iob. 218 described 2â—…0 FINIS 28. Octobris 1687. Imprimatur Liber iste cui Titulus The Measure of the Earth John Hoskyns V. P. R. S. THE MEASURE OF THE EARTH BEING An Account of several OBSERVATIONS made for that Purpose by divers MEMBERS of the Royal Academy of SCIENCES at PARIS Translated out of the French by Richard Waller Fellow of the ROYAL SOCIETY LONDON Printed by R. Roberts And are to be Sold by T. Basset at the George near Temple-Bar I. Robinson at the Golden Lyon in St. Paul's Church-Yard B. Aylmer at the Three Pigeons over against the Royal Exchange I. Southby at the Harrow in Cornhil and W. Canning in the Temple MDCLXXXVIII THE MEASURE OF THE EARTH ARTICLE I. THE attempt to determine the Magnitude of the Earth is not new Many ancient Authors have made themselves famous by this enquiry But the most memorable Attempt for this purpose was that of the Arabians thus Recorded by their Geographer A great Circle on the Earth is divided into 360 parts as we also suppose those in the Heavens Ptolomy Author of the Almagest and many other of the Ancients have observed what space upon the Earth contains one of these 360 Parts or Degrees and have found it to contain 66â…” Miles Those which succeeded them willing to satisfie themselves by their own experience met by the order of Almamon in the Plains of Sanjar and having taken the height of the Pole they divided into two Troops the one marching as directly as was possible towards the North and the other towards the South till the one found the Pole one Degree more and the other one Degree less elevated then meeting again at their first station to compare their Observations they found the one had computed 56â…” Miles but the other just 56. but they agreed to account 56â…” for one Degree so that between the Observations of the Ancients and of these Moderns there is a difference of 10 Miles Now Ptolomy having establish'd the bigness of a Degree 500 Stadia for which the Arabs account 66â…” Miles it follows that the Arabian Mile was equal to 7½ Stadia but we are to seek what Stadium Ptolomy means for if it were the Greek eight of which made one ancient Italian Mile the proportion of the Arabick Mile so the Italian will be as 15 to 16 and consequently the 56â…” Miles found in a Degree by the Arabs will make but 53 â—… old Italian Miles But if more favourably to the Arabs we suppose which is most likely that the 500 Stadia of Ptolomy were the Alexandrian bigger than the Grecian according to the proportion commonly received of 144 to 125 we shall find that the Degree measured by the Arabs was 61½ Italian Miles which makes 47188 Toyses of Paris supposing that the old Roman Foot the same which Father Ricciolus after Vilalpandus would have established it was to that of Paris as 667 to 720. though the Roman Foot of which the Module is to be seen in the Capitol is to the same Parisian Foot but as 653 to 720. or thereabouts 'T is very remarkable that anciently the measure of the Earth was always upon the diminishing For if we will believe Aristotle or the most part of the Mathematicians of his time according to his report a Degree was about 1111 Stadia whereas Eratosthenes counted but 700. Possidonius 666 and in fine Ptolomy 500. In like manner the Arabs following the same example make a Degree less than all that preceded them But without entering upon the determination whether these Opinions are so different as they appear
less than one thick The Structure of the Kidneys appeared to us very excellent and particular Their figure was very long They were five Inches and a half in length and two and a half in breadth The Membrana Adiposa which was without Fat being taken away there appeared another very hard and very thick Membrane which was not the peculiar one fastned to the Parenchyma but a Membrane which like a Sack contained fifty six small Kidneys for they may be called so many Parenchyma actually separated from one another covered with their proper Membranes and joyned together in some places by Fibres and very thin Membranes which were produced from that which inveloped them like a Sack. This connexion was principally of the little Kidneys which are in the Hollow part of this whole heap of Kidneys For towards the Gibbous part they were not linked together The figure of each little Kidney represented a large Basis on the out side and were pressed together towards the inside of the whole Kidney where they were fastened like a Bunch of Grapes This Basis was in some Hexagonal in the most Pentagonal and in others Four-square They were also different in Size but in the greatest part it was about the bigness of a middleing Chestnut in some of a small Nutt This Heap did represent a Pine-Apple when Ripe Each of these little Kidneys was fastned as it were by a Tail composed of three sorts of Vessels which are the Branches of the two Emulgents and the Ureter which entered thro' the Point of the little Kidney which made a dent to receive them as an Apple receives its Stalk after the usual manner of the great Kidneys These Branches were disposed so as that of the Artery was between that of the Vein and that of the Ureter as Riolanus has observed who beleives that these Vessells are thus seated to the end that the Artery strikeing upon the Ureter may Incessantly cause the Urine to run by its continual beating The Truncks of the Emulgent Vein and Artery which were not bigger than a Quill were each divided into two Branches and afterwards into several others to Furnish and add one to every little Kidney though there were sometimes two which seemed to be fastened as it were to one single Tail But that appeared so by reason that the two Branches which fastened them together did enter into the little Kidney presently after the Division These Branches penetrated a little farther and lost themselves in the Parenchyma so that the notable Cavity which the Vessel had when out of the little Kidney quite disappeared whether that happened by the almost infinite and consequently imperceptible division which is made in the little Branches which disperse themselves through the Parenchyma as Laurentius Bellius thinks it happens to the Emulgents of the Kidneys of Man or that indeed these Vessels do not pass farther according to the Opinion of Higmorus and that the spongious Substance of the Parenchyma presently sucks up and filtrates the Blood of the Artery to render it to the Vein pure and separated from its serosity which runs through the Papillae into the Pelves of the Ureter like as Whey when the Cheese curdles leaves the buttery Part and passeth through the Cheesy part and even as the Lye which is poured upon the top of the Copper comes through the hole below after haveing penetrated the linnen without any Pipes which do carry and convey it thither The Formation of the Ureters was different from that of the Emulgent Vessels For a little after its enterance into the Membrane which like a sack shut up all the little Kidneys it was inlarged and its bigness which was about the size of a Quill increased equall to that of a finger It was afterwards divided into two branches of this same bigness which produced others lesser which supplyed a lesser to every little Kidney This last Branch did nevertheless surpass in bigness the Branches of the Emulgent Vein and Arterie which entered with it into the little Kidney and it passed forwarder and nearer to the middle at which place it was divided into two and sometimes into three branches Every of these Branches inlarged it self a little and at its extremity formed a Pelvis which was filled with a Caruncle like a Nipple and at the side of this Caruncle the Pelvis appeared pierced with three or four holes which were only Sinuosities formed by the Membrane of the Pelvis which was wrinckled on the in-side making as it were other lesser Pelves capable of receiving only the head of a Pin. These Papillae or Nipples which were no bigger than a Grain of Wheat exceeded in their Number those of the Papillae of an Ox's Kidney which are as large as the end of ones Finger but which are not in Number above Nine or Ten whereas there was above a Hundred in every one of the Kidneys of our Bear And it seems that Bartholinus had not examined this when he writt that the Kidney of the Bear was like to that of the Ox of New-born Infants and of a Porpoise which he dissected before the King of Denmark for these Kidneys of which Bartholinus speaks and to which he compares those of the Bear have only slits in their Superficies which makes them to appear at the first sight like unto those of the Bear although in truth they have but one simple and continued Parenchyma these slits penetrating not very deep whereas the Fifty six small Kidneys of the Bear were actually divided and had every one all the parts of which the great Kidneys are composed It must be also that those who like Pliny have reported that the Penis of the Bear so soon as it is Dead grows hard like a Horn have not seriously examined the Matter and that they have not had either the Courage to inform themselves which is the Penis of the Bear when alive or the curiosity of dissecting one when dead for they would have found that this hardness is natural to this part in the Bear as in the Dog Wolfe Squirrel Weasel and several other Animals which have a Bone at the end of the Penis as Aristotle observes That of our Bears was five Inches and a half long four Lines broad towards the Os Pubis from which it was five Inches distant and a little bended The Lungs had five Lobes three on the right side and two on the left The two upper on the right side were very large the third which was middling was divided at its extremity into three Points In one of our Bears the two Lobes of the left side were exceedingly swelled the superior which appeared whiteish was puft up with a great deal of Wind In the inferiour there was found a strange Body twice as big as ones fist like to a Spunge steeped in Ink. In the other Bear which was very young the Structure of the Mediastinum was very particular being pierced in several places with a great many holes of a Line
the Sex of the Female and who excuses him upon this Account that it is difficult not to be deceived if the thing be not carefully examined should suffer himself to run into the same mistake and write in several places that the Anus and Parts of Generation in both Sexes are below the Pouch This Pouch was between the Anus and another little Aperture from which it was two Inches and a half distant but it was nearer the Anus This Pouch was two Inches and a half in breadth and three in length Its Aperture which was a slit from top to bottom was two Inches and a half At the edges and in-side it was covered with a short Hair turned inwards so that it was rough outward By parting the two sides of this Aperture the in-side was seen the capacity of which would contain a small Pullat's Egg the bottom thereof was pierced on the right and left side with two Foramina capable of receiving the Finger which did each penetrate into a Sack supply'd with a White and Rough Skin like that of a Goose. The Eminencies which made this inequality were pierced with as many Pores out of which was made to come when squeezed the odoriferous Liquor which the Arabians do call Zibet which signifies Froth and from whence is derived the Word Civet Indeed this Liquor was frothy in coming out which was known by this that sometime after it lost the Whiteness which it had at the first It proceeded as far as we could judge from a great number of Glands which were between the two Tunicles of which the Sacks were composed The little Aperture which appeared underneath the great Pouch was the entrance of a Ductus in which the Penis of the Male was concealed and the Female had such a Ductus which was the Neck of the Matrix whose internal Orifice was so strait and so difficult to dilate that it was very hard to make a little Probe to enter therein The external Orifice was covered with two little Eminencies somewhat longish which were joyned together and made an Angle underneath which there was a third Eminence which appeared to be the Clitoris At the opening of the Belly there was found under the Skin from the Os Pubis to the Navel two Eminencies of hard Fat an Inch broad and thick and four long They inclosed the Branches which do pass from the Hypogastrick Veins and Arteries into the two Sacks which do make the great Pouch there to convey the Matter whereof the sweet-smelling Liquor is made and which is there collected Bartholiâ—…us has very carefully searcht after tho' not found the particular Ductus's which he thought to be necessary for the conveying this Matter But our Opinion is that there needs no other than the Arteries just as the Papillae and Kidneys have no other which do convey to them the Matter of the Milk and Urine there being a Faculty in the Glands that are lockt up in the Sacks of the Receptacle of the Civet which makes them to receive into the Arteries that which is proper to be converted into odoriferous Liquor even as the Glands of the Papillae do imbibe the Matter which they do find in the Blood proper to receive the Chaacter of Milk. These Vessels which went to the Bags of the Receptacle were very great in the Male but could hardly be perceived in the Female The Civet of the Male had also a stronger and pleasanter Odour than that of the Female yet Authors do almost all say the contrary and Quadramius in his Treatise of Theriaca preferrs the Civet of the Female to that of the Male which he reports to be nothing worth if not mixed with that of the Female We found it not to be true that the Scent or smell of the Civet is perfected after long keeping nor that being new it had an abominable Scent as Amatus Lusitanus reports for its smell seemed no better to us after a year than when we made the Dissection Plutarch says that not only the Skin but likewise the Flesh and Bones of the Panther have a good Scent but we found not that the pleasant smell of the Civet was communicated to the inward parts for it was the Hair only that had a good smell and especially in the Male whose Hair was so perfumed that the hand which had touched it did a long time retain a very pleasant and agreeable smell which seems to confirm and strengthen the Opinion of Scaliger Mathiâ—…lus and several others who do think that the perfume of the Civet-Cat is nothing else but its Sweat so that it is gathered as Marmol affirms from the Animals which do produce it after they have been well chaced in their Cage and that it is gathered not only from their Pouches but likewise from several other places and especially from about the Neck there being a probability that tho this Sweat proceeds indifferently from the whole Body it gathers more abundantly in the Bags and there grows to greater Perfection These Pouches or Bags had some Muscles which Bartholinus mentions not altho he has marked them in his Figures Those which we found were different from those which he represents as well in Number as in Structure He puts down four which proceeding from the neighbouring parts are joyned to the Pouches Those of our Civet-Cats were but three in number of which there was one which taking its Origine at one of the Pouches went to insert it self to the other the two others took their Origine from the lower part of the Ischium and each came to be joyned to its Antagonist at the middle of the two Pouches and was fastened to the Pouch over which it went to make this Conjunction It were easie for us to conjecture what ought to be the Action of these Muscles by their structure and scituation for that which is common to the two Pouches must be for their Constriction by drawing one to the other and those which do come from the Bones of the Ischium do draw the two Pouches together sometimes on the right side sometimes on the left according as one of the Muscles is contracted whilst its Antagonist is relaxed The use of these motions is very probably for the pressing and squeezing out the Odorous Liquor the retention of which is insupportable to these Animals when by time it has acquired a picquant Acrimony which excites them to squeeze it out for it is observed that Civet-Cats do seem to have a restlesness which agitates and torments them when they have gathered store of this Liquor which they are constrained to let out The Epiploon was double and square as usually but very great It descended to the Os pubis and was composed of rows of Fat which inclosed the Vessels These rows or bands had each three Angles and were joyned together by a texture of Net-like Fibres The Intestines were not very long but especially the Intestina crassa which all three together exceeded not six inches On
Nature has given to Man as to the wisest of all Animals for want perhaps of making this Reflection For the Ape is found provided by Nature of all these Marvellous Organs of speech with so much exactness that the very three small Muscles which do take their rise from the Apophysis Styloides are not wanting altho this Apophysis be extreamly small This particularitie do's likewise shew that there is no reason to think that Agents do performe such and such Actions because they are found with Organs proper thereunto For according to these Philosophers Apes should speake seeing that they have the Instruments necessary for speech In the Muscles of the Head and Neck there was nothing particular but the Flexores of the Head which in Man are inserted into the Apophysis Mastoides For they were fastned to the lateral and hinder part of the Os Occipitis because that the Head of the Ape has no Apophysis Mastoides Amongst the Muscles of the Armes there was only the Palmaris that had any thing remarkable It was extraordinary large The great Serratus which in Man takes its rise only from the Omoplatae did in our Subjects proceed likewise from the fourth fifth and sixth Vertebrae of the Neck The Musculus Rectus which in Man reaches only to the Basis of the Sternum did ascend to the top passing under the Pectoralis and little Serrtaus It was fleshy only to the half of the Sternum the rest being but a meer Tendon In the Thigh that of the Quadrigemini which do serve to throw out the Thigh called Pyriformis was a great deal smaller than in Man and in stead of taking its rise from the lower and external part of the Os Sacrum it proceeded from the Ischium near the Cavitas Cotyloides The Muscles of the Buttocks had a Figure different from those of Man being shorter by reason that the Ossa Iliam Apes are much straiter than in Man. On the 〈◊〉 Psoâ—…e there were two other little Muscles which are not found in Man. Every of these Muscles having the same Origine as the Psoas did come by a long Tendon to insert it self into the upper and inward part of the Os Pubis Amongst the Muscles of the Leg that of its Flexores which is called Biceps had not a double Origine as in Man. It proceeded intire from the knob of the Ischium and was inserted into the upper part of the Perona This single Head was in requital very thick and strong The great Toe had Muscles like to those of a Mans Thumb even as it has the Action thereof Which is not in the Foot of Man where the great Toe has Muscles very different from those of his Thumb because that the Actions of these two parts are in Man very different To the History of the Muscles of the Ape might be added the Description of the Pouch which they have in their Mouth It was composed of Membranes and Glands and of a great many Musculous and Carnous Fibres It s situation was on the out side of each Jaw reaching obliquely from the middle of the Jaw to the under part of its Angle passing under a part of the Muscle called Latissimus It was an inch and a half long and almost as broad towards its bottom It opened into the Mouth between the bottom of the Jaw and the bottom of the Gumme T is into this Pouch that Apes use to put what they would keep and it is probable that the Musculous Fibres which it has do serve to shut and open it to receive and put our what these Animals do there lay up in Reserve The Explication of the Stagg of Canada and Hinde of Sardinia THe lower Figure represents the Disproportion which is between the Stag and Hinde the Stagg being almost as big again as the Hinde It discovers likewise how the Hornes of the Stagg is covered with a Skin and how the Hinde has the Back and Flanks marked with several spots of different shapes In the Upper Figure A A. The Liver B. The great Ventricle of the Stagg C. The little Ventricle D. The extremity of the Vasa Spermatica Praeparantia E. The Testicle it self F. The Vasa Spermatica Deferentia G H H. The Epididymis I. The Vterus K K. The Cornua Vteri L L. The round Ligaments of the Uterus M. The Bladder N. One of the Cornua Uteri opened to discover the two leaves O O. which it has on the Inside P P. The Carotides opened to shew the transverse lines which it has on the inside Q Q. The Jugular opened to shew the six rows of Valves which it has viz. four marked R where they are three in a row and two marked S S where they are two and two T T. A piece of the Jugular represented at large the more distinctly to discover a row of three Valves marked V V V. X Y Z Ω. The end of one of the Brow-Antlers of the Stagg X. Part of the Horn with the Skin taken off to expose to view Grouves wherewith the Hornes of the Stagg are ordinarily hollowed to make roome for the Vessels in the Skin which covers them Y The peice of Skin which is cut away and on the inside of which is represented the Vessells in it Z Ω. The rest of the Brow-Antler covered with the Velvet Skin THE ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION OF A STAG OF CANADA AND HINDE OF SARDINIA THe Stagg was very large being four foot from the top of the back to the Ground Its Hornes were three foot long and the Brow-Antlers a foot there were six on each Horne which is the greatest number that Staggs do carry according to Aristotle and Pliny which nevertheless is not true in this Country where are found Staggs that have them to Twenty two The whole Hornes were covered with a very hard Skin and garnisht with a very thick and short hair of the same Colour as that which covered the Body it was turned in several places Pliny very improperly calls this Hair Feathers soft as Downe This whole Skin had a great many Veins and Arteries filled with plenty of Bloud which swelled them on the inside next the Horne which was all furrowed to give place to the Vessels after the same manner as the Cranium or Skull is fluted on the inside according to the distribution of the Vessels of the Dura Mater Gesner was of opinion that the furrows which are seen in the surface of the Horns of the Stagg are made by Wormes which do ingender there in the Summer and which do Eat it which is altogether improbable Pliny had not also well examined the Nature of the Hornes of the Stagg when he says that they were like the Plant Ferula and the Reed For the Stalks of these Plants which are either hollow or Pithy do ill express the Soliditie which is peculiar to the Hornes of the Stagg Democritus has better Philosopized on the Generation of these Hornes for he affirms that in the Stagg because he abounds with
Bloud and grows very Fatt at the beginning of Summer Nature consumes a part of the Nourshment where-with it is overcharged by sending it thro some Vessels which it has in a great Number and of a considerable thicknesse to the place where the Hornes do grow And indeed it is a very surprizing thing to see the abundance of bloud which we found between the Hornes and the Skin which covered them when by Fleaing off this Skin the Tunicks of the Veins being very fine and small were broke in sunder This Observation made us to reflect upon the different Generation of the Hornes of Animals which being of two Natures namely some hollow and others solid have likewise two way's of growing For those which are solid and without Cavitie like those of the Stagg are immediately fastned to the Os Frontis from which they do seem to grow this Bone being a great deal more rare and Spongious than in other Animals as Democritus has observed But if the first Origine or Germination of the Hornes of the Stagg do's proceed from any substance which comes out of the Bone its increase depends cheifly on the Skin which covers it and which affords it a great quantitie of Nourishment thro the great number of Vessels contained in it Hollow Hornes like those Oxen are ingendered and do grow after a quite different manner for they are not immediatly fastned to the Scull but they have their Cavitie filled by a Bone which is an Appendix of the Os Frontis and this Appendix even as the rest of the Scull is covered with the Pericranium by the means of which these Hornes do joyn to the Scull and are ingendered and do grow from what they receive from the Vessels of the Pericranium for on the Pericranium which fastens the Appendix of the Os Frontis there is a Crest apparently made by the Transudation of a matter contained in the Vessels of this Membrane which we found in the Cavity of the Hornes of the Gazellas incomparably greater fuller of Bloud and more numerous than they are in the rest of the Pericranium which covers the other Bones of the Head. So that it must be understood that even as Solid Hornes do take their Nourishment and increase by their external Superficies those which are hollow do take it at the internal for when the first Crust begins to be hardned on the Production of the Pericranium which covers the Pointed Appendices of the Os Frontis by hardning almost after the manner as Nails do harden at the ends of the Fingers between this first Crust and the Pericranium there is ingendered another which glues it selfe to the former and thrusts it forward and thus there is successively ingendered several Crusts one upon another almost after the same manner as Snail-shells and Oyster-shells are ingendered and composed of several Laminae or Plates glued to each other This is the reason that hollow Hornes are generally wrinkled and ruffled like shells and that they are easily separated into several Leaves Aristotle has given some Idea of this manner of the Generatinn of hollow Hornes in saying that there enters into their Cavity something hard which springs from the Scull which must be understood of the Bone which enters into the Cavity of the Hornes But he speakes not of the Pericranium to which the Horne is immediately fastned and from whence it is probable that it takes its Origine and Nourishment The Generation of hollow Hornes is likewise different from that of solid ones by the different quality of the matter which is more aqueous in hollow Hornes and more Terrestrial in solid ones Hollow Hornes do easily sofen before the Fire as not having their Concretion by the Exiccation and Consumption of the Aqueous parts but by the Coagulation of a Matter which hath not a consistence so firm without the cold which does harden it and solid Hornes are of the Nature of the Bones from which they do proceed being of a Terrestrial matter which according to Aristotle and Pliny is harddened on the Head of Staggs by the heat of the Sun Aristotle makes also a remark which demonstrates that the matter of Staggs-Hornes is Terrene dry and of the Nature of Stone for he sayes that there has been sometimes Staggs taken on whose Hornes there was found Ivie which had there taken Root as it do's on Sâ—…ones and Naturalists have observed that the Ivie do's frequently grow in places where Staggs Hornes are Buried This conjecture may be confirmed by the consideration of that excrescence which is peculiar to the Stagg called Lachryma Cervi which comes out as it is said from the great Canthus or Corner of the Eye being strongly fastened to the Bone out of which it growâ—… according to Scaliger for this excrescence is so like a Stone that some do think it really is one and that it grows not out of the Stagg being very far from giving credit to what Authors report of its Generation viz. that it comes out of the Corner of the Eye of the Stagg when to cure it selfe of the Wormes which it has in its Intestines it eats Serpents and plunges into the Water up to the very Eyes The Bone which is found at the Basis of the Staggs Heart is likewise a Sign that this Animal do's exceedingly abound in a juice capable of being easily converted into a Bonie and as it were Stoney Nature The Intestines being taken all together did measure Ninety six foot in length The smallest contained sixty six foot and the great ones without the Caecum twenty The Caecum was one foot ten inches in length and six inches in breadth towards its Basis. It went lessening towards its Point as usual This extraordinary length of the Intestines which is proportionable to the greatness of the Ventricle in Animals which do live on Grass is not found in those which are fed with flesh because that Grass being not so easy to be changed into Bloud and this Nourishment affording it less matter than flesh it was necessary to have the Ventricles thus large to contain a great quantity of Grass and that the Intestines should be proportionably long to make room for the Natural heat to operate a long time on the Nourishment retained and conducted thro long Turnings There were two Ventricles a greater and a smaller which seemed to be the Duodenum inlarged The great Ventricle being blown was five foot round It was composed of several other Ventricles heaped in one by reason of four or five bunches which it had connected together by a Membrane which did joyn and make them to forme to this Ventricle several Cells On this Membrane there was another which did cover and lock up the whole Ventricle This Membrane was fastened behind to the Ventricle Before it was joyned to it only at top the rest being wholy separated and greatly extended by a great deal of wind which it shut up with the Ventricle and Intestines which it also covered
like an Epiploon The upper part which covered the Ventricles was thin and transparent without Fat Glands or apparent Vessels the part which descended to inclose the Intestines had some Vessels and Fat but in a very little quantity The Spleen was round thin and wholly adherent to the great Ventricle It was six inches Diameter The Vessels which do make the Vas Breve were utterly imperceptible The Gibbous and upper part was fastned to the Diaphragme by three strong Ligaments The Liver had but one Lobe and was only Cleft before and quite whole within The right side was somewhat more extended that the left and made a point towards the Kidney There was no Gall-Bladder The Kidney was very large being five inches long and three broad There was no Ren Succenturiatus The Penis had no bone The proper Membrane of the Testicle was immediately fastened to the Glandulous Substance so that it was absolutely inseparable therefrom and more than usual in other Animals Over this Membrane were an infinite number of Blood-Vessels some whereof were strait and as big as a Bodkin others were undulated and as it were frizled very small about the bigness of a Pin. The Glandulous Substance of the body of the Testicle was Yellow that of the Epididymis of a pale livid Red. The Uniting of the Vasa Praeparantia was wreathed and confounded and made a Tube about the bigness of ones Finger which produced the Epididymis which covered and imbraced the top of the body of the Testicle even as the Cup of an Acorne This part resembling an Acorne did produce a body about the thickness of ones Finger which descended along the body of the Testicle being there fastened and made towards the bottom a kind of a Teat from whence it returned along the side opposite to that by which it descended and formed the Vas Deferens which was about the thickness of a Swans quill The Lungs had seven Lobes four on the right side and three on the left The Heart was very large almost round and soft because that the Ventricles were very large There was a Bone as usually in Staggs TO the Description of the Stag we do joyn that of the Hinde to discover wherein these two Animals did agree and in what they were unlike besides the difference of the Sex. The highth of this Hinde was two foot eight inches from the back to the Ground The Neck was a foot long The hind-legg from the Knee to the end of the foot was two foot and to the Heel one foot The Hair was of four Colours viz. Fallow White Black and Gray There was some white under the Belly and on the inside of the Thighs and Leggs On the Back it was of a dark fallow On the Flancks of an Isabella-fallow Both the one and the other on the Trunck of the Body was marked with White Spots of different figures along the Back there were two rows in a direct Line the rest was confusedly Speckled Along the Flanks there was on each side a White line The Neck and Head were Gray The Tail all White underneath and Black at Top the Hair being six inches long The Epiploon was fastened to the Peritonaeum directly over the Navel and inveloped the Intestines underneath It was composed of very thin Membranes and small Vessels without Fat It was double The Liver was small and like to that of the Stagg in that it was not separated into several Lobes having only the fissure which is generally at top towards the middle and an other underneath inclining to the right side There was not also any Gall-Bladder The four Ventricles were better distinguished and separated each from other than they were in the Stagg where there was distinctly seen but two The first and greatest Ventricle had on the inside a Membrane easily separable from that of the outside as in the Gazella This internal Membrane was rough by an infinite number of Asperites or Teats as is generally seen in Animals which chew the Cud. All this great Ventricle was contracted in several places and separated in different Pouches as in the Stagg it was filled with Grass amongst which there was found several pieces of Skin of shoe-Soles about the bigness of a Crown-piece some pieces of Lead about the bigness of ones Nail which seemed worn and fretted and some Fragments of slate This may make one to think that these sorts of Animals do hastily gather their Food in the Fields and that they do wait to cull it leisurely when they Chew it The second third and fourth Ventricle were not different from those of Sheep The Intestines were very long as in the Stagg but less in proportion They measured in all forty foot There were two sorts the first which made about a quarter were Grayish and plaited in Folds six inches long the others were of a dark Red and folded very small in Cells The Mesentery was composed of very fine Membranes The Spleen was covered with a hard thick and whiteish Membrane Its figure was round it was like that of the Stagg strongly knitt to the Ventricle and Diaphragme The Cornua Uteri were long and bent into several Anfractuosities Their extremity was applyed to the Testicle which was small on the inside of each of these Horns there were two folds of the internal Membrane which did forme some leaves ranged according to the length of the Hornes almost after the same manner as is seen in the third and fourth Ventricle of Animals which chew the Cudd. The Heart was extraordinary large and soft It s Ventricles were extended by a quantity of coagulated bloud which filled them The Lungs had seven Lobes The Truncks of the two Iugulars as well the internal as external had each sixteen Valves disposed in six rows about two inches distant from each other The four upper rows consisted each of three Valves the two lower ones had only two but they were larger than those of the upper rows The disposition of these Valves was such that the aperture of the Sacks which they did form was toward the Head to stop as it is probable the too great impetuositie of the Bloud which falls in its returne from the Brain into the Axillary Branches Those of the Moderns who are ignorant what is the Motion of the bloud in the Veines have attributed this use to all the Valves of these Vesseles the situation of which is found to be contrary to the Motion and course of the Bloud after the Manner as they understand it and favourable to the course which it efectively has for the Circulation that is to say for its return towards the Heart Bartholinus has remarkt two Valves in one of the Iugulars Riolanus who first found out these two Valves affirms that they are never found but in the internal Iugular although we have alwayes found them in the external as well as Internal But this situation of the Valves contrary to the Motion of the Bloud towards the Heart
Cartilages and produced only Membranous Channels very large and unequal containing even an Inch and half in some places and half an Inch only in others The Membrane that formed these Channels was transparent and thinn but solid and fortified with Ligaments linck'd together after the manner of a Nett composed of several Mashes like to those that are seen in the second Ventricle of Animals that ruminate Each of these Mashes was the border and entrance of a little Pouch which opened into a second and that somtimes into a third The Branches of the Veins and Arteries of the Lungs did run along the Ligaments of which they did accompany all the Divisions equally distributing the Blood into the whole extent of the Lungs The Authors that have thought that the Tortoise has no Blood in the Lungs have grounded this opinion on the whiteness and transparency of the Membranes whereof they are composed which do make it to appear altogether Membranous when it is swelled whereas that of other Animals appears fleshy But the truth is that the only difference is that of more and less The Lungs of Man after the same manner as that of other Animals being composed of nothing else but small Vesicles heapt one against the other amongst which the Sanguinary Vessels are interlaced in so great a number that they do form an appearance of flesh like little Lobes fastned to the Channels of the Bronchi and 't is of these little Lobes that the great Lobes of the Lungs are composed Yet this difference of more and less fill'd with Blood has seemed to us to pass for essential and sufficient to establish a Species of Lungs which is one of three to which we reduce the Lungs of the Animals that we have dissected For we have found Lungs which did appear absolutly fleshy others absolutly Membranous and others partly fleshy and partly Membranous The Lungs of all four footed Terrestrial Animals which lay no Eggs and some of the Amphibious as the Sea-Calf are of the first Species And these Lungs do absolutely appear fleshy because that the Blood is equally dispersed thro' all their Substance into which it Circulates entirely making all the Blood to pass thro' the Lungs by its Vessels from one Ventricle of the Heart to the other The Lungs of Tortoises Serpents Frogs Salamanders Camelions c. are of the second Species And they appear absolutely membranous having but very little Blood dispersed into their Substance viz. only that which is necessary for their particular Nourishment So that there is no other Circulation made in its Vessels but of this Nourishment The Lungs of Birds are of the third Species and they do appear partly fleshy and partly Membranous by reason that the part which is fastned to the Ribbs is filled with a great quantity of Vessels by which the Circulation is entirely made as in Terrestrial Animals and the other part which is divided into eight and somtimes into ten great Bladders has no Vessels and the Circulation therein is only for its peculiar Nourishment These three Species of the Lungs may be reduced to two if their differences be taken from the use which the Lungs have in relation to the entire Circulation of the Blood And in this case the Lungs of Tortoises and other Amphibious Animals of that kind will make a particular Species their Lungs being useless for the entire Circulation And the Lungs of Birds and that of Terrestrial Animals will make another Species which will be common to those whose Lungs appear absolutely fleshy and those that appear only in one part For the establishing these two Species there may be likewise added another difference taken from the Motion of the Lungs which in Terrestrial Animals even as in Birds is continual regular and periodical And in the others as in the Tortoise Camelion c. it is interrupted and so seldom and unequal that the Camelion is somtimes half a day without ones being able to discern in him any Motion for the Respiration And somtimes it is perceived to swell on a sudden and to remain a quarter of an hour in this condition The Tortoise does probably use the same manner We have a long time observed several living and entire and we have taken notice that indeed they somtimes cast forth a cold Breath thro the Nostrils but it is by intervals and without order In those which were opened alive we saw that the Lungs remained continually swelled by the exact compression of the Glottis and that it shrunk entirely and suddenly when entrance was given to the Air by cutting the Aspera Arteria When the Breast of a living Dog is opened by taking away the Sternum with the Cartilaginous Appendices of the Ribbs the Lungs are observed suddenly to sink and afterwards the Circulation of the Blood and Motion of the Heart to cease in a little time after that the right Ventricle of the Heart and its Auricle with the Vena Cava are swelled as if they were ready to burst So that to prevent the Animals Death the end of a pair of Bellows is put into the Aspera Arteria and pushing in the Air to make the Lungs swell and afterwards withdrawing them to make them sink they are Artificially made to have the Motion that they Naturally use and it is observed that the Ventricle and right Auricle of the Heart with the Vena Cava do unswell and the Heart resumes its ordinary Motion again This hapnes not to the Tortoise in which one has laid open the Lungs for whether they continue swelled or whether they do shrink the Circulation and Motion of the Heart do continue so well in their Natural manner that it was experimented that a Tortoise has lived above four days in this Condition We have also made another Experiment to know more distinctly the Necessity of the Motion of the Lungs for the entire Circulation of the Blood in Animals whose Lungs are absolutely Fleshy and which are not Amphibious An Injection being made by the right Ventricle of the Heart into the Artery of the Lungs of a dead Dog it happens that if one continues to make the Lungs rise and sink by the means of Bellows put into the Aspera Arteria the Liquor which is pushed into the Lungs does easily pass and go thro' the Vein into the left Ventricle And that when one ceases to blow it passes not but with a great deal of difficulty After having veiwed the different Structure of the Ventricles and Vessels of the Heart of the Dog and Tortoise it is easy to give some probable Reasons of the Phaenomena of these Experiments for it may be said that the Lungs of the Dog being sunk after Expiration the Vessels are compressed after such a manner that the Blood cannot pass and that it is necessary that these Vessels are dilated by Inspiration for the receiving the Blood of the right Ventricle of the Heart and that they be afterwards compressed in the Expiration to press it