Spleen is not only kept together by its common Membranes but also by innumerable Fibres which come from the Points of the internal Membrane and are inserted in the Points of the opposite side of the same Membrane the Expansion of the Extremity of these Fibres seem to compose the Internal Membrane Of the Substance of the Spleen The Substance of the Spleen is composed of an Infinity of Membranes which form little Cells and Cavities of different figures and bigness which communicate with one another and which are full of little Glands The Membranes which form these Cells come from the Internal Membrane of the Spleen but Malpighius thinks rather from the Sinus Venosus by which they all communicate not only at the Extremities of the Capillary branches but also at some small holes which are in the Trunk and great branches of this Vein which open immediately into the Cells these Membranes are nourished by the Capillary Arteries which frequently make small Plexus upon them Of its Glands These membranous Cells are full of small Glands of an Oval figure a soft substance and a white colour They seem to be hollow in the middle There are seven or eight of them together which hang at the Extremities of the Nerves and Arteries as so many little Grapes Of its Veins The Spleen has Nerves Veins and Arteries which no sooner enter its Substance than they are received in one common Capsula which contains not only their great Trunks but all their branches This Capsula is thick in that side that the Nerves and Arteries lie on but thin and liker a Net than a Membrane on the side that the Vein lies on The Splenick Vein comes from the Porta before it enters the Spleen it has two Coats the inner fine and thin the outer strong and thick which goes no further than the internal Membrane of the Spleen with which it unites This Vein is divided into three or four branches each of which send out others at a certain distance by two and two and all these end in the Cells of the Spleen In its great branches on the opposite side to that whereon the Arteries and Nerves lie there are many little holes which open immediately into the Cells as we have said before it is not the same in the Arteries The Splenick Artery comes from the Coeliaca Arteries As soon as it enters the Spleen it is divided into as many branches as the Vein which it accompanies thorow all its Substance and its Capillary branches terminate in the Cells and Glands The Nerves are two from the Plexus Splenicus Nerves they accompany the Arteries with which they are included in a particular Capsule which comes from the common Capsule they inosculate several times and form a sort of Net upon their particular Capsule The use of the Spleen The true use of the Spleen is yet unknown The Ancients thought that it was the receptacle of the Melancholick humour some considering that in the Spleen there are a great number of Membranes and Fibres and also many Nerves think that the Blood is attenuated and becomes more spirituous in the Spleen and considering that the most of the Blood in the Liver comes immediately from the Spleen and Omentum they think that the one furnishes the Oleaginous the other the Spirituous part of the Bile This Opinion seems pretty probable but then to what end are the Glands in the Spleen others therefore to give an use to the Glands think that they separatâ— a Liquor from the Nerves and Arterial Blood which is carried by the Porta to the Liver But then to what end is a Liquor separated from the Blood to be immediately mixt with it again Nature has given to the Glands every where else their proper Excretory Vessels by which we know their several uses and till we discover those of the Spleen it 's probable we shall be ignorant of its true use SECT XIV Of the Kidneys Glandulae Renales Vreters and Bladder Of the number and figura of the Kidney THE Kidneys are two in Number one on each side they have the same figure as the Kidney-beans their length is four or five fingers breadth their breadth is three and their thickness two the right is under the Liver and the left under the Spleen In a foetus their External Substance is divided into several Lobes join'd together which in Adults become more close therefore their Superficies is equal and smooth they have two Membranes the one common from the Peritonaeum the other proper they are ordinarily covered with much Fat their colour is a dark red Of their Vessels We observe in the Kidneys Lymphatick Vessels which discharge themselves into Pecquet's Reservatory Nerves which come from the Intercostals Veins from the Cava Arteries from the Aorta These Veins and Arteries are called Emulgents they enter the Reins by their Concave sides which lies nearest the Cava and Aorta included in one Capsule and are divided into several branches which surround the Pelvis These branches are again divided into an infinity of others less which go to the external Part of the Reins where they join by several Anastomoses and form a sort of Net from which their Extremities coming terminate in an infinity of little Glands Their Substance These Glands are of a round figure they compose the outer Substance of the Reins which is half a finger thick From each of them there goes a long and small Tube these Tubes compose the inner Substance of the Reins As they approach the Pelvis or Bason they gather together in little bundles whose Extremities piercing the Membrane of the Pelvis form those little Protuberances on the inside of the Pelvis called Papillae Of the Pelvis The Pelvis or Bason is a Cavity in the middle of the Kidneys covered with a Membrane which is a dilation of the Ureters and from the External side of this Membrane go several membranous Appendices towards the External Substance of the Kidneys In their way they form a sort of Net-work which divide the Urinary Tubes into bundles and which make a sort of Capsula to the Blood Vessels The use of the Kidneys The use of the Reins is to separate the Urine from the Blood which by the motion of the Heart and Arteries is thrust into the Emulgent branches which carry it to the little Glands in which the Serosity being separated is received by the Orifice of the little Tubes which go from the Glands to the Pelvis from whence it runs by the Ureters into the Bladder The Blood which was carried into the Glands and which could not enter their excretory Tubes is brought back by the emulgent Veins Of the Glandulae Renales In the middle between the Aorta and the Kidneys a little above the emulgent Vessels are situated the Glandulae Renales or Capsulae Atrabilares They are two in number one on each side wrapt up in some Fat
makes the root of the Intercostal Nerve this goes out at the Canal thorow which the Carotidale Artery enters The seventh is the Auditory Nerve it rises from the hind Part of the Processus Annularis and enters the hole in the Process of the Os Petrosum The eighth Pair is the Par Vagum it rises from the Medulla Oblongata behind the Processus Annularis by three several Threads which join in one and it goes out at the same hole the lateral Sinus's open into the Jugulares The ninth Pair rises from the Processus Olivares of the Medulla Oblongata and passes out at a hole in the Occipital Bone which is proper to its self The tenth and last Pair rises by several Fibres from the beginning of the Medulla Spinalis from thence ascending within the Occiput it turns and passes out at the same hole thorow which the Vertebral Artery enters between the first Vertebra and the Occipital Bone running thorow a Sinus in this Vertebra These are the Nerves of the Brain which we shall trace further in the Eighth Chapter Of the Vesseâ—â— of the Brain The Arteries are the two internal Carotidals which pass thorow two oblique Canals in the Ossa Petrosa as soon as they enter the Skull they give a branch which enters the Orbit of the Eye they give branches which make the Rete Mirabile then they pierce the Dura Mater on each side of the Infundibulum they communicate with the Cervical Artery and they give branches to the Plexus Choroides and are distributed thorow all the Substance of the Brain their branches make many turnings and windings upon the Pia Mater and at last are lost in the little Glands of the Cortical Substance of the Brain The two Vertebral Arteries which come out of the holes in the transverse Processes of the Vertebrae enter the large hole of the Occipital Bone they pierce the Dura Mater and go along the under side of the Medulla Oblongata then they cast back two branches for the Spinal Arteries and at the Processus Annularis they join in one branch called the Cervical Artery This communicates with the two Carotides by two branches called the Communicant branches then it divides again into two which give branches to the Rete Mirabile Plexus Choroides and they are afterwards distributed thorow all the Substance of the Brain ending in the Cineritious Substance as the Carotidales The Veins enter not the Cranium at the same holes that the Arteries do because as Dr. Ridley rightly observes upon any Fermentation of the Blood the Swelling and Pulse of the Arteries would compress the Veins against the bony sides of their Passage and so cause a Stagnation and Extravasation of the Blood in the Brain which would be the destruction of the whole Machine Neither do the Veins run along by the sides of the Arteries in the Brain as they do thorow all the rest of the Body but they rise from the Extremities of the Arteries in the Cineritious Substance of the Brain and go streight to discharge themselves into the Sinus's of the Dura Mater The Vse of the Brain The Blood which is brought into the Brain by the Carotidal and Vertebral Arteries is separated by the Glands which make the Cineritious and Cortical Substance of the Brain from its finest and most subtile Parts which they call Animal Spirits which are received from the Glands by the Fibres of the Medullary Substance which is the beginning of the Nerves the Blood which remains is taken up by the Veins which are the branches of the Sinus's which discharge themselves in the Lateral Sinus's which pour the Blood into the internal Jugulars to be carried back to the Heart This is all the use we know of the Brain in General As to the particular Use of its Parts the Seat of the Soul of the Memory the Imagination and the Judgment that Authors have so wittily determin'd I am apt to think that it was more Fancy than Judgment that determined them to think so We shall speak of the Medulla Spinalis in the Third Section of the Eighth Chapter SECT IV. Of the Eyes THE Organs of Sight are divided into two Parts The internal Part which is the Globe or Body of the Eye and the external Part which is those Parts about the Globe subservient to the Globe Of the Eye-brows The first of these last are the Eye-brows which are nothing but some Hairs bunching out above the Eye by some Fat which is under the Skin in this place They break the Rays of Light that they be not directly darted into the Eyes which would greatly offend the Sight as they do when we look directly upon the Sun Eye lids The next are the Eye-lids two to each Eye The upper Lid moves very quickly the under very undiscernibly Its Muscles The upper Eye-lid is lifted up by the Musculus Rectus which rises from the bottom of the Orbit of the Eye where the Optick Nerves pierce the Cranium and passing above the Musculus Superbus 't is inserted by a large tendon to the border of the Eye-lid Both Lids are brought together to shut upon the Eye by another Muscle called Orbicularis It rises from the great Angle of the Eye and its Fibres are spread two fingers breadth covering the under Lid they reach to the little Canthus from which continuing its circular Fibres which cover the upper Lid it is inserted into the same place from which it arose Some Authors divide this Muscle into two the Superior and Inferior which they make to rise from the great Canthus and to be inserted into the little Canthus Of the Conjunctiva The Eye-lids are covered within with a smooth Membrane called Conjunctiva because it is continued upon the forepart of the Globe constituting that which we call the white of the Eye it joins the Globe to the Edges of the Orbit Of the Cilia The edges of the Eye-lids have two small and soft Cartilages like the Segments of a Circle called Cilia they keep the Eye-lids extended that every Part may be equally raised Upon them there is a rank of small Glands whose excretory Channels open upon the edges of the Lids They yield a wax which fasteneth the Eye-lids together whilst we sleep They are covered with the Skin externally and with the Conjunctiva internally Upon the edges of the Lids there are also some hairs in form of a Pallisado to preserve the Eyes as the Eye-brows do and to hinder any filth or flies from falling into the Eyes Of the Glandula Lachtymalis In the backside of the Conjunctiva upon the upper Part of the Globe is the Glandula Lachrymalis pretty large divided into several Lobes each of which send out an Excretory Channel which opens in the foreside of this Membrane where it covers the upper Lid. This Gland separates the Matter of the Tears which by the continual motion of this Lid moisten the Cornea which otherwise would
Line This Coat is loose and stretches very easily 't is not closely tied to the rest The second is a Web of small Vessels in form of a Net it furnishes the necessary Nourishment to the rest of the Coats The third is made of little Glands which separate the serosity of the Blood brought by the Vessels of the second Coat The fourth is composed of Muscular and Spiral Fibres whose Parts successively contracting hasten the Circulation of the Blood The only reason why the Veins do not beat as the Arteries do is because the Blood in the Veins runs from a narrow Channel into a broader whereas in the Arteries it runs from a wide Vessel to a narrower one Authors do not agree about the Origination of the Veins Some say that it is in the Heart and some others will have them to rise out of the Liver Others think that they come from all the Parts of the Body by their little branches which are distributed thorow it where they say they have their beginning as so many roots which join to make a Trunk or as little Brooks that produce a River But they have juster thoughts who think that they have no Origination at all no more than all the other Parts of the Body which are all formed in the Cicatriâ—â—lâ— of the Egg where they only grow and are insensibly disclosed The branches of the Veins in proportion as they recede from their Trunks they divide into an infinity of little Capillary branches which at last are imperceptible These Capillary branches are spread thorow all the Viscera in the Membranes and thorow all the Fibres of the Muscles to receive the Blood which was brought there by the Arteries The Extremities of the Veins unite to all the Extremities of the Arteries But because there are more Capillary Veins than Arteries the Veins unite with one another and so likewise do the Arteries that if one Branch be stopt the Blood may have a Passage by another These Unions Authors call Anastomosis The Veins have in their Cavities little Membranes or Valves disposed at certain distances in such a manner that they open towards the Heart and they shut towards the Extremities of the Body to hinder the Blood to return and to sustain it that by its weight it fall not back again There are more Valves in the Veins of the Thighs Legs Feet and of the Arms and Hands than in the other Parts of the Body There are none in the Vena Porta the Emulgent Veins nor in the Vena Pulmonaria The openings of the Valves are disposed alternatively to the end that the Blood which escapes or falls back from one may be stopt by the next Their Figure is almost like a Half-Moon their Substance is membranous fine and strong their number is uncertain The use of the Veins is to bring the Blood back again to the Heart from all the Parts of the Body SECT V. Of the Vena Porta ALL the Veins rise from two principal Trunks viz. The Porta and the Cava except that of the Lungs which is a particular Vein and separate from the rest The Vena Porta was so called by the Ancients because they thought that it brought the Chyle by its Meseraick branches from the Intestines to the Liver thorow whose Substance 't is spread as is said in the Section of the Liver It rises out of the Liver it sends out two small Veins to the Vesica Fellis called Cysticae Gemellae one to the Stomach called Gastrica Dextra then advancing a little to the left its trunk divides into two branches of which the least called Ramus Splenicus goes to the left Hypochondrium And the greatest called Mesenterica goes to the right The Ramus Splenicus so called because it carries the Blood from the Spleen sends out from its Trunk two branches called Gastrica Minor Maâ—â—â— which are spread thorow all the Stomach A branch of the Gastrica Major makes the Coronariae Stomachicae at the upper Orifice of the Stomach It gives three branches more two to the Omentum and Colon and the third to the Pancreas Then the Splenicus divides into two branches the one Superior the other Inferior The Superior sends out the Vas Breve and some other branches which go to the Spleen The Inferior gives two branches viz. The Epiplois Sinistra which is spread thorow the back Part of the Omentum and that Part of the Colon which is under the Stomach The other branch is the Gastro-Epiplois Sinistra which is also spread upon the Omentum and upon the Stomach it makes sometimes the Vena Haemorrhoidalis Interna The rest of this Inferior branch enters the Substance of the Spleen The right branch of the Porta called Vena Mesenterica before it divides sends out the Gastrâ—-Epiplois Dextra which is spread in the Omentum and lower Part of the Stomach it sends out also the Intestinalis which goes to the Duodenum and to the Jejunum it gives some branches to the Omentum and Pancreas Then the Mesenterica divides into three great branches which run betwixt the Duplicature of the Mesenterium two of them go towards the right side which divide into fourteen branches and these are again divided into an infinity of others less which are called Meseraicae they creep upon the Jejunum Ilium Caecum and Part of the Colon. The last and third branch of the Vena Mesenterica is spread thorow the middle of the Mesenterium to that Part of the Colon which is on the left side to the Rectum down to the Anus where it forms the Haemorrhoidales Internae The Use of this Vein is to bring back to the Liver the Blood which was brought by the Arteries to these several Parts SECT VI. Of the Trunk of the Cava Ascendens ALL the little Capillary branches of the Vena Cava which are spread thorow the Substance of the Liver unite by little and little into others which grow bigger and as they approach the Convex side of the Liver where they join all together and make up one large Trunk which comes out of the Liver and divides into two great big branches one of which goes towards the Heart and forms the Trunk called Ascendens the other goes downwards and is called Descendens Both the one and the other lie upon the Body of the Vertebrae on the right side of the Porta The Vena Cava Ascendens goes to the Claviculae before it divides but as it ascends to them it casts out three branches on each side The Phrenica or Diaphragmatica the Coronaria and the Intercostalis Superior Besides these three it sends out the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or Vena fine Pari on the right side only The Phrenica comes from the Cava where it pierces the Diaphragma upon which it is spread It casts some branches to the Pericardium and Mediastinum Some Authors think that 't is by this Vein that the Pus of an Empiema is carried to the Kidneys and Bladder
divides into several more branches The third is the Vena Spermatica of which we have already spoken The fourth is the Vena Lumbaris which is not always one but often two or three on each side which they divide into Superior and Inferior they are bestowed on the Muscles of the Loins and on the Peritonaeum They sometimes call the last branch of the Lumbaris Muscula Superior There are some Anatomists that have observed that there is a branch of the Lumbaris that enters the Cavity of the Vertebrae and which ascends to the Brain which gave them occasion to think against all probability that the seed descended by that Vein from the Brain A little below the Emulgents the great Artery goes above the Cava and then the Cava divides into two branches called Iliaci because they pass above the Ilia to go to the Thighs Near this Division they send out one or two branches called Venae Sacrae they go to the Medulla of the Os Sacrum Then the Venae Iliacae divide into two branches the one Internal the other External The Internal sends out two branches the Muscula Media which is spread thorow the Muscles of the Thigh the Hypogastrica which is sometimes double it 's spread about the Sphincter of the Anus wherefore 't is called their Haemorrhoidalis Externa The Hypogastrica is spread also upon the Body of the Bladder upon the Matrix and its Neck therefore some thought without ground that the Menstrual Blood was discharged by this Vein which comes only from the Arteries The External branch of the Iliacae sends out three branches two before it goes out of the Peritonaeum and the third after it goes out of it The first is the Vena Epigastrica which comes rarely from the Cruralis it goes to the Peritonaeum ascends to the Musculi Recti where it Rencontres the Mammariae with which it communicates by Anastomosis The second is the Vena Pudenda 't is spread upon the Parts of Generation The third is the Muscula Inferior it goes towards the Articulation of the Remur and is distributed to the Muscles of this Part. The Iliaca Exterior after it hath sent out all these branches takes the name Cruralis and then sends out six branches more The first is the Vena Saphena which goes down under the Skin along the inside of the Thigh and Leg accompanied with a Nerve which loses it self at the inner Ankle The Saphena turns towards the upper Part of the Foot where it gives several branches of which some go to the great Toe The second is the Iscias Minor this Vein is little 't is spent on the Muscles and Skin which are about the upper Joint of the Femur The third is the Muscula Externa because it goes to the External Muscles of the Thigh on the other side of the Cruralis just opposite to the beginning of this Vein there goes out another called Muscula Interna which goes to the Internal Muscles of the Thigh The fourth is the Poplitaea made of two different branches united together it goes straight down by the Ham to the Heel it lies pretty deep upon which account it can hardly be opened The branches which appear in this place are not of this Vein The fifth is the Suralis which is pretty big and which divides into two branches the one External which is least the other Internal which is biggest Each of these branches divide again into two more the one External the other Internal The Suralis distributes its branches upon the fat of the Leg and makes with the branches of the Poplitaea all those Plexus of Veins which are conspicuous on the upper Part of the Foot The sixth and last branch of the Cruralis is the Iscias major which goes also to the Muscles and fat of the Leg and is divided afterwards into several branches which are distributed to the Toes SECT X. Of the Lymphatick Vessels I Have referred the Lymphatick Vessels till now because they do not properly belong to any particular Part of the Body They are small and Pellucide Canals which carry a thin and clear Liquor from all the Parts of the Body towards the Heart They have a fine transparent Coat their Cavity is full of Valves which open towards the Heart and which shut towards the Extremities Of these Lymphatick Vesels some rise from the Viscera as the Liver Spleen Lungs c. and others from the Glands which are spread thorow all the Parts of the Body They have no common Trunk nor Receptacle but they discharge themselves into different Vessels as they are nearest to them viz. the Receptacle of the Chyle the Ductus Thoracicus and the Subclavian Axillary Jugular and other great Veins The Lympha which the Vessels contain comes from the Serosity of the Blood which is separate in the Glands Some Authors think that it comes also from the Succus Nervosus which is brought by the Nerves to the Glands it 's ordinarily clear and transparent but it changes its colour according as 't is tinctured by the Chyle Bile Blood and other Humours 'T is insipid of it self but sometimes 't is acid salt or bitter It coagulates sometimes by the mixture of Liquors and dissolution of Salts as the Serosity of the Blood and when it 's dryed it has a particular Smell If you examine it Chymically you may draw from it much volatile but no fixt Salt some Phlegm and Sulphur and a little Earth Acids coagulate it and Volatile Spirits dissolve it The Lympha serves to liquisie the Chyle and Blood that thereby they may the more easily move Some think it serves to nourish and augment the Body But if we consider its Nature and the Parts it discharges it self into 't is more probable that 't is a proper Menstruum for the last and finest dissolution of the Chyle It hinders the dissipation of the Spirits it helps to make Fermentations it temperates the Acrimony of the Bile and Acids it dissolves Salts The breaking of the Lymphatick Vessels is often the cause of Dropsies SECT XI Of the Arteries in General WIllis hath demonstrated that the Arteries have four Coats as well as the Veins The first is thin and nervous its inner is woven of little Veins Arteries and Nerves whose Extremities terminate in the other Coats The second Coat adheres to the first in it there are an infinite number of little white Glands The third is musculous made of many Spiral Fibres which are close to one another The fourth and last is a Coat whose Fibres are in a straight Line The Blood which is necessary for the nourishment of these Coats is brought to them by the little Arteries and that which remains is brought back by the Veins the Serosity is separated by the Glands and the Animal Spirits are brought by the Nerves to the muscular Fibres of the Coats for the assisting the Pulse of the Arteries The beating of the Arteries as well as that of the Heart is nothing else
but what we call Systole and Diastole It is done as much by the Structures of the Fibres of the Heart and Arteries as by the Blood which being thrust with Violence by the Contraction of the Fibres of the Heart into the Aorta dilates its Fibres because it is thrust from a wide passage into a narrow one the Fibres being once dilated by their spring contract again and so thrust the Blood to their Extremities as fast as they receive it from the Heart The Use of the Arteries is to carry the Blood to all the Parts of the Body It is hard to distinguish the Capillary branches of the Arteries from those of the Veins if it is not by the Injection of tinctured Liquors The Capillary branches throughout all the Body unite with one another as well as with the Veins SECT XII Of the Trunk of the Aorta Ascendens THE Aorta coming from the left Ventricle of the Heart sends out two branches called Coronariae before it pierces the Pericardium but after it hath pierced it it ascends a little and then it crooks downwards and forms the Aorta Descendens From the upper side of this Crook it sends out three branches two on the left side which are one Subclavian and one Carotide one on the right side which is the right Subclavian from which immediately rises the right Carotide The Arteria Subclavia on each side send out the Mediastina the Intercostalis Superior the Mammaria the Cervicalis or Vertebralis and the Muscula which goes to the Muscles of the Neck of the Breast and to the Glandulae Thyroides After that the Subclavia hath passed thorow the Musculus Scalenus it is called Axillaris The Arteriae Carotides as they ascend on each side of the Trachea Arteria give some small branches to the Trachea Arteria to the Larynx to the Glandula Thyroides and then they divide into two branches the one Internal the other External The External Carotide sends out four branches The first goes to the Tongue to the Muscles of the Os Hyoides and to the Pharynx The second divides into two branches of which the first loses it self in the Muscles Milohyoides and Digastrici and the second goes along the basis of the lower Jaw and is lost in the Muscles of the Lips The third branch of the External Carotide divides at the Angle of the lower Jaw into two branches one enters into the lower Jaw and the other makes the Arteria Temporalis The fourth branch of the External Carotide goes to the Muscles on the hind Part of the Neck and to the Skin of the hind Head The Internal Carotide passes thorow the Canal in the Os Petrosum gives some branches to the Dura Mater joins with the Cervicalis sends out branches to the Glandula Pituitaria Plexus Choroides then it runs thorow all the Circumvolutions of the Cerebrum and Cerebellum and loses its Capillary branches in their Cortical Substance The Axillaris having pierced the Scalenum gives some little branches to the nearest Muscles it sends out the Thoracica Superior and Inferior the Scapularis and then it gives a branch which passes under the Head of the Humerus into the Musculus Longus and Brevis of the Arm. The Trunk of the Axillaris goes down the inside of the Arm giving branches by the way to the Muscles that lie upon the Humerus Above the Elbow it sends out a branch which is spread upon the Internal Condile of the Humerus At the bending of the Elbow this same Trunk divides into two branches the one External and the other Internal The External runs along the Radius it casts out a branch which goes to the Supinator and ascends to the Brachialis Internus in the rest of its course down to the Wrist it gives branches to the Longus Rotundus and benders of the Fingers Wrist and Thumb Being come to the Wrist it sends out a branch which goes to the beginning of the Tenar then it passes under the Tendon of the Flexor Pollicis it gives branches to the External Part of the Hand and it passes under the Muscles between the fore Finger and the Thumb to which it gives a branch on each side The Internal branch goes down along the Cubitus to the Wrist and is distributed to the middle Finger to the ring Finger and to the little Finger SECT XIII Of the Aorta Descendens THE Aorta Descendens sends out first the Bronchialis of M. Ruysch which accompanies all the branches of the Bronchiae A little lower it gives the Intercostalis Inferior the Phrenica which are distributed in the Diaphragma the Lumbaria which goes to the Muscles of the Loins and Psoas the Celiaca which divides into two branches the one on the right the other on the left of which the first gives the Gastrica Dextra which goes to the Stomach the Cisticae to the Gall-Bladder the Epiplois Dextra to the Omentum the Intestinalis to the Intestine Duodenum and to a Part of the Jejunum the Gastro-Epiplois to the Stomach to the Omentum and some branches to the Liver which enter the Capsula Communis to accompany the branches of the Vena Porta The left branch of the Caeliaca gives the Gastrica Dextra which is also spread on the Stomach the Epiplois Sinistra to the Omentum and the Splenica to the Substance of the Spleen Then the Aorta Descendens sends out the Mesenterica Superior the Renales or Adiposae which go to the Glandulae Renales and fat about the Reins the Emulgents to the Reins the Spermaticae to the Testicles the Lumbares Inferiores to the Muscles of the Loins the Mesenterica Inferior which with the Superior is distributed thorow all the Mesenterium and which accompanies all the branches of the Venae Meseraicae When the Aorta is come to the Os Sacrum it divides into two branches called Iliacae and before these branches go out of the Cavity of the lower Belly to go to the Thighs it sends out 4 or 5 branches The first is the Sacra which rises near the middle of the division and is spread in the lower Belly upon the Os Sacrum The second and the greatest is the Hypogastrica 't is distributed to the Bladder to the Rectum to the outer and inner side of the Matrix and to the Os Sacrum then it gives two considerable branches which go out of the lower Belly The first passes under the Pyriformis and is distributed to the Muscles called Glutaei The second which is lower than the first gives also two branches pretty big of which the first goes to the Obturatores the second pierces the Cavity of the Abdomen under the Pyriformis and loses it self by several branches in the Glutaeus Major The third is the Pudenda which passes under the Os Pubis goes to the Privities when this branch is wanting the Hypogastrica supplies its place The fourth is the Ilias Minor or Muscula Inferior it goes to the Muscle Iliacus transversus and Obliquus Ascendens
be smooth and beautiful to defend the Body against external Cold and in fine to hinder too great a dissipation of the Spirits SECT VII Of the Membrana Adiposa Carnosa Communis and Propria Musculorum What a Membrane is A Membrane is a web of several sorâ— of Fibres interwoven for the covering and wraping up of some Partâ— Their membranous Fibres give them 〈◊〉 Elasticity whereby they can contraâ—â— and closely grasp the Parts they contain and their nervous Fibres give theâ— an exquisite sense which is the cause 〈◊〉 their contraction therefore they câ—â— scarcely suffer the sharpness of Medicines and they are difficultly unitâ—â— where there is a solution of continuity or loss of their Substance In their teâ—ture there are a number of small Glands which separate an humour fit for moistening the Parts which they contain Those that cover the solid Parts A distinction of Membranes are properly called Membranes and they have their particular Names as the Peritonaeum which wraps up all that is contained in the Abdomen the Pleura that which is in the Thorax the Periostium the Bones and the Pericardium the Heart Those which form the Coats of Vessels and which contain the Humours as those of the Veins Arteries Stomach Bladder Intestines Testicles c. are called Tunicles or Coats And those which cover and embrace the Brain as â—â—e Dura and Pia Mater are called Meâ—â—ages Of all these Kinds of Memâ—â—anes some are thin and some are â—â—ick and the same Membrane is thick 〈◊〉 some places and thin in other plaâ—â—s as in the Membrana Adiposa which 〈◊〉 thicker in the Neck than in any other Part of the Body The Vse of the Membranes The Use of the â—embranes is to cover and wrap up the â—arts to strengthen them to save them from External Injuries to preâ—â—rve the Natural Heat to join one â—art to another to sustain small Vessels and the Nerves which run thorow their Duplicatures to stop the returning of the Humours in their Vessels as â—he Valves stop the returning of the Blood in the Veins and Heart of the Chyle in the Lacteals and Thoracick Duct and of the Lympha in the Lymphatick Vessels The Membrana Adiposa and Carnosa The Membrana Adiposa which is said to be the basis of the Cellulae Adiposae is double and may be divided into two Parts the one is External thorow which there are a number of little Cells full of Fat the other is Internal which Anatomists have mistaken for the Membrana Carnosa because it has a greater number of blood Vessels Of the Mem. Com. Musc Anatomists do generally assert that there is a Membrana Communis Musculorum being led into that Mistake by 〈◊〉 Aponeurosis of several Muscles whereâ—â— upon stricter Observation there is no suâ—â— thing to be found Of the Membrana Propria Musculorum The Membrana Propria Musculorum is that which covâ—â— immediately all and every one of the â—â—bres of a Muscle and is closely attachâ—â— to them Of the Membrana Communis Vasculorum There is another called Membrana Communis Vasculorum which is thin Membrane and accompanies almoâ—â— all the Vessels of the Body All theâ—â— Membranes receive Veins Arteries aâ—â— Nerves from the Parts which are nearâ—â— to them CHAP. II. Of the Lower Belly SECT I. Of the Muscles in General The Definition of a Muscle A Muscle is a bundle of fleshy and often tendinous Fibres of which all in the same Plane are Parallel to one another and they are all enclosed by one proper Membrane Of the fleshy Fibres The fleshy Fibres compose that Part which is called the Body or Belly of the Muscle they are red lax and spongious containing a number of small Cavities â—â—â—y are tied together by a number of â—â—â—ll and short Threads which go from â—â—â—re to Fibre called Membranous Fiâ—â—â—s Of the tendinous Fibres The Tendinous Fibres compose 〈◊〉 two Extremities they are called 〈◊〉 Head and Tail or the two Tenâ—â—â—ns of the Muscle they are white â—â—â—d compact and closely bound toâ—â—â—ther that which makes them lefs â—â—â—an the body of the Muscles In eveâ—â—â— Tendon there are as many tendinous â—â—ores as there are fleshy Fibres in the â—â—dy of the Muscle so that every fleshy â—â—bre answers at both ends to a tendinous Fibre to which they are always â—â—n'd obliquely making equal and alâ—â—rnative Angles The Surface of the â—â—elly of the Muscles resembles a Rhomâ—â—ides or Lozenge to whose opposite â—â—des the Tendons are joined at oblique â—nd alternative Angles The Division of Muscles Muscles are either Simple or Composed the Simple have all their Fibres â—arallel and in the same Direction The â—omposed have the fleshy Fibres of several Planes crossing one another or of â—ifferent Directions and they may be divided into as many simple Muscles as there are Planes whose Fibres have different Directions The Strength of a Muscle consists in the Union of many Fibres The Motion of a Muscle is always towards its Centre The Tendons are sometimes double and triple as the Biceps and Triceps Sometime several Muscles join in one Tendon as the tendo Achillis Sometimes oâ— Muscle has two Bellies as the Digâ—stricus We find also Muscles without Tendons as the Quadratus of the Fore-aâ—â— and several of the Face Tongue aâ—â— Lower Jaw and they are only inserteâ— into the Periostium whereas those thaâ— have Tendons are inserted into the body of the Bone There are others which have only Tendons at one end as may be seen in the Myology This makes 〈◊〉 suspect that Tendons are only for thâ— conveniency of having a great number of Fibres inserted about a small Boâ—â— Those who would have a more particular Description of the Muscles may consult Steno where they will see how 〈◊〉 Muscle may swell without the addition of any New matter only by the change of their Angles The Muscles have Nerves Veins Arteries and Lymphaticks as other Parts 〈◊〉 their use is to bend and extend and to perform all the motions of the Parts SECT II. Of the Muscles of the Lower Belly â—Aving raised the Skin and Fat the the Muscles of the Lower Belly apâ—â—ar which are Five Pair in Number â—â—e first of which that presents it self is â—â—e Obliquus externus or Descendens Obliquus enternus it â—â—es its Origination from the two last â—â—ue and the five false Ribs by five or 〈◊〉 Digitations betwixt the teeth of the â—â—ratus major from the upper and foreâ—â—rt of the Spine of the Ilium its Fiâ—â—es descending obliquely are inserted 〈◊〉 along the Linea alba under the Musâ—â—li recti and to the forepart of the Os â—â—ubis It has a large Aponeurosis which â—â—vers both it's self and the Musculi â—â—cti The Linea alba is a Line which â—â—â—ches betwixt the Cartilago Xiphoides â—â—d the Os Pubis made by the union of â—â—e Tendons of the Oblique and Transâ—â—rse Muscles dividing the Abdomen in â—â—o in
the middle This Muscle reâ—â—ives a twig of a Nerve from the Interâ—â—stals at each of its Digitations Obliquus internus The second Pair is the Obliquus ascenâ—â—ens or Internus whose Fibres are dispoâ—â—d in a contrary manner crossing the â—â—ormer obliquely they arise with a â—â—rge and fleshy beginning from the Circumference of the Ilium from the Os Pubis Above they are fixed to the Cartilaginous Part of the false Ribâ— and they are inserted all along the Linea alba The third Pair is the Transversalis it lies under the two former Transversalis it arise from the Cartilago Xiphoides from the Extremities of the false Ribs from the transverse Apophises of the Vertebrae 〈◊〉 the Loins itâ—s fixed to the inner side 〈◊〉 the Spine of the Ilium and is inserted 〈◊〉 the Os Pubis and Linea alba These three Muscles unite their Tendons as they approach the Linea alba they are pierced in the middle of the Linea alba for the Passage of the Umbilical Vessels They are also pierceâ— above the Os Pubis for the Passage of the Spermatick Vessels in Men and the round Ligaments of the Womb in Women These holes are not opposed to one another that which is in the Transversal is highest that in the Obliquus ascendens is a little lower and that iâ— the Obliquus descendens lowest It is thiâ— last which is only cut in the Operation of the Bubonocele it has a fine and thiâ— Membrane that closes exactly its ring 〈◊〉 hole through which the Vessels pass The fourth Pair which is covered with the Aponeurosis of the Obliqui Rectus is the Musculus Rectus it arises from the Sternum the Extremity of the last true Rib from the Cartilago Xiphoides and goes straight down the middle of the Abdomen to be inserted in the Os Pubis This Muscle has three or four Innervations which when the Muscle acteth serve to render the compression equal which otherwise would be all in the middle It has Veins and Arteries which creep on its inside from the Mammillary and the Epigastrick Vessels which are supposed to have Communication that the Blood may return by the Mammillary Veins when the Passage is stopt by the Epigastrick which are compressed in Women big with Child The fifth Pair is the Pyramidalis Pyramidalis so called because of their Figure they rise with a fleshy beginning from the outer and upper part of the Os Pubis and growing narrower and narrower are inserted into the Linea alba sometimes near to the Navel Sometimes one and sometimes both of these Muscles are wanting The use of these Muscles The Use of all the Muscles of the Lower Belly is to compress all the Parts that it contains for the filtration and distribution of the Chyle for the expulsion of the Excrements all of them help the expiration by making the Diaphragma mount up and the Obliqui help to pull down the Ribs for the contracting of the Thorax they help to bend the Trunk forwards By the admirable Contrivance of their Fibres decussating one another every point of the Lower Belly is sufficiently compress'd so 〈◊〉 that the Intestines can slip no where from the Compression SECT III. Of the Peritonaeum It s Description AFter the Muscles of the Lower Belly are raised comes the Peritonaum It is a thin and soft Membrane which encloses all the Bowels contained in the Lower Belly covering all the inside of its Cavity It s external Superficies is unequal where it adheres to the transverse Muscles The Internal is very smooth and polish'd It has a number of small Glands that separate a Liquor which supples the Intestines and facilitates their motion When these Glands are obstructed the Peritonaeum grows thick as may be seen in several Dropsies The upper Part of this Membrane covers the Midriff to which it closely adheres the forepart of it sticks to the Transverse Muscles and Linea alba the lower part of it to the Os Pubis and the back part of it to the Os Sacrum and Vertebrae of the Loins 'T is a double Membrane and contains in its Duplicatures the Umbilical Vessels the Bladder the Ureters the Kidneys and Spermatick Vessels to all which it gives a Membrane as also to the Liver Spleen Stomach Intestines and Womb. Its Productions It s external Membrane has two Productions like to two Sheaths which pass thorow the rings of the oblique and transverse Muscles in the Groin for the passage of the Spermatick Vessels in Men and for the round Ligaments of the Womb in Women These Productions being come to the Testicles in Men dilate and form the Tunica Vaginalis Its Vessels The Peritoraum has Veins and Arteries from the Phraenicâ—e from the Mammillary the Epigastnick and often from the Spermaticks Its Nerves are of those which are distributed in the Muscles of the Abdoman By the elasticity of its Fibres it easily dilates and contracts in respiration and conception If it breaks it causes a Rupture either in the Groin or Navel It s Use is to contain the Bowels of the Abdomen and to give each of them an outer coat SECT IV. Of the Navel THE Navel is a knot in the middle of the Abdomen made by the Union of the Umbilical Vessels which are cut after the Birth of the Foetus These Vessels are the Umbilical Vein which goes from the Navel by the fissure of the Liver to the Vena Porta the two Umbilical Arteries which pass by the sides of the Bladder to the Iliack Arteries the Vrachus which goes betwixt the two Arteries to the bottom of the Bladder these Vessels turn dry after the Child is Born being of no use They are all contained betwixt the doubling of the Peritoneaum We shall speak of them more after wards SECT V. Of the Omentum THE Omentum otherwise called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in English Caul lies under the Peritonaeum above the Intestines 't is composed of two very fine Membranes betwixt which its Vessels Fat and Glands are contained At one Extremity it is tied to the hollow side of the Liver to the backside of the Duodenum to that part of the Colon that lies under the Stomach It s Description to the Back and Spleen from thence descending below the Navel it turns up again and ascends as high as the Stomach where it s other Extremity is again tied to the hollow side of the Liver to the forepart of the Duodenum and Pylorus to the bottom of the Stomach and to the Spleen so that it resembles an Apron whose end is turned up as high as the Girdle Sometimes it descends as low as the Os Pubis which with the Dilatations of the Productions of the Peritonaeum causes an Epiplocele Its Vessels The Gaul receives Veins from the Porta which are the Gastro-epiplois dextra smistra and the Epiploioae Arteries from the Coeliaca and Mesenterica and Nerves from the Intercostal Which Vessels
they sometimes change their situation and their figure is also various for in some they are round in others oval square triangular of a trapeze or irregular figure the right is ordinarily bigger than the left and each about the bigness of a Nux Vomica In a foetus they are always almost as big as the Kidneys They are covered with a fine Membrane and they have a pretty large Cavity in which there is found a blackish sort of Liquor Their colour without is like a red drawn upon brown but within it is a more lively red There are some little holes in their Substance which open into their Cavity Their Vessels and use The Emulgent Vessels and sometimes the Cava and Aorta send them one or two branches of Veins and Arteries The intercostal Nerve furnishes a branch which makes a Plexus upon them Their use is not yet known They seem to separate a Liquor from the Arterial Blood before it goes to the Reins for the liquefying the Blood which is too thick after it comes from them Of the Vreters The Ureters are two long and small Canals which come from the Basons of the Kidneys one on each side they lie betwixt the doubling of the Peritâ—naeum and descending in the form of an S they pierce the Bladder near its Neck where they run first some space betwixt its Coats and then they open in its Cavity They have two Coats one common from the Peritonaeum the other proper which is very sensible they have Veins and Arteries and Nerves from the Intercostals and from those which come from the Vertebrae of the Loins Such as are subject to the Gravel and given to excessive Drinking have them sometimes so much dilated that you may put the end of your little Finger into them Their use is to carry the Urine from the Reins to the Bladder Their Obstruction causes a suppression of the Urine Of the Bladder The Bladder is a Vessel of the figure of a Pear situated between the Duplicature of the Peritonaeum in the lower Part of the Abdomen between the Os Sacrum and the Os Pubis above the straight Gut in Men and the Neck of the Womb in Women It 's tied to the Navel by the Vrachus degenerated into a Ligament and its sides to the Umbilical Arteries its Neek to the Intestinum rectum in Men and to the Neck of the Matrix in Women It s Substance is composed of three Coats The first is from the Peritonaeum The second is composed of straight circular and transverse Fibres for its Contraction And the third is Nervous and full of wrinkles for facilitating its Contraction and Dilatation This last is covered with a viscous and slimy Matter which defends it from the acrimony of the Salts in the Urine It s Neck is longer in Men than in Women where it has a little Muscle called Sphincter whose Fibres are circular its use is for shutting the Orifice of the Bladder The Body and Neck have Veins and Arteries from the Hypogastrick Nerves from the Intercostals its use is to be a Reservatory of the Urine Such Animals as have no Bladder have no Spleen as Lizards Camels and others We find in the Urine much Phlegm and volatile Salt a little Sulphur Earth and fixt Salt SECT XV. Of the Parts of Generation proper to Man THE Vessels and Parts of Generation proper to Men are The Vasa Praeparantia the Testes the Epididymedes or Parastatae the Vasa Ejaculatoria the Vesiculae Seminales the Prostatae and the Yard Of the Vasa Praeparantia The Vasa Praeparantia are four in number two on each side which are one Vein and one Artery The Vein on the right side comes immediately from the Cava a little below the Emulgent that on the left side comes from the Emulgent because if it came from the Cava it must needs cross the Aorta which by its frequent beating would quickly break it or at least stop the motion of the Blood in it The Vein on the right side as soon as it comes from its Trunk gives some branches to the Peritonaeum and Omentum The Arteries come both in mediately from the Aorta about two fingers breadth below the Emulgent Arteries As soon as the Veins and Arteries are come from their Trunks they pierce the inner Membrane of the Peritonaeum and being both wrapt up in the same Coat they descend above the Muscle Psoas betwixt the two Membranes of the Peritonaeum The Vein divides and unites several times and so by diverse Divisions it passes with the Artery thorow the rings of the transverse and oblique Muscles within the Productions of the External Membrane of the Peritonaeum to the Testicles and four fingers breadth above them it begins to form the Corput Varicosum or Pyramidale which is a Pyramidale Figure made by the Divisions of this Vein whose basis is upon the Testicles these Veins are full of Valves The Artery divides only in two branches three or four fingers breadth above the Testicle upon which the greater branch is bestowed by which many small branches are spread thorow all its Substance the lesser goes to the Epididymides There descends also with these Vessels into the Testicles two branches of the Intercostal Nerves and of the twenty one of the Spine which carry Animal Spirits to the Testicles besides these Veins Arteries and Nerves the Testicles have also Lymphaticks which discharge themselves into the common Receptacle Of the Scrotum The Testicles are contained in the Scrotum which is composed of 〈◊〉 Membranes besides the Scarsskin Thâ— First is the Skin which in thin and without Fat in this place but full of Veins and Arteries The Second is called Dâ—rtâ—â— it 's a thin Membâ—â—â— made up of fleshy or muscular Flora by means of which the Scrotum is wrinkled and contracted There are some Men who can contract and â—â—laâ—e it when and as they please The Scrotum is divided in the middle by a thin Membrane which separates the two Testicles When the Scrotum is little and contracted it is a sign of health its use is to contain both the Testicles The Testicles are not always found in the Scrotum they are sometime thoâ— rarely in the Abdomen Of the figure and bigness of the Testicles They are of an oval figure the bigness of a little Heâ—s Egg they are two in number I know those who have three The Testicles have two Coats 〈◊〉 Authors say three Of the Tunica Vaginalis The First is called Elythroides or Vaginalis formed by the Dilatation of the Productions of the external Membrane of the Peritonaeum its inteâ—â—â— Superficies is smooth its external roughâ—â— it contains the Vasa Praeparantia and Deferentia it embraces loosely the whole Body of the Testicle This Tunicle is almost all covered by a Muscle called Cremaster which rises from the Os Pubis and spreading its Fibres upon the Elythroides it suspends the Testicles and draws them
up in the act of Generation Of the Albuginea The Second is that which covers immediately the Testicles It is called Albuginea because of its white colour It is strong and thick very smooth and equal the Coats of the Vasa Praeparantia are united to it Of the Substance of the Testicles The Substance of the Testicles which formerly was thought to be a sort of Marrow is nothing but the folding of several small Vessels which have no conspicuous Cavity disposed in such a manner that if they could be separate from one another without breaking them they might be drawn out to a great length These Foldings are separate from one another by thin Membranes which come from the inner side of the Albuginea At the end of the Testicles Of the Epididymiâ— they send out six or seven small Vessels which piercing the Tunica Albuginea unite into one Canal which by several turnings and windings upon the upper part of the Testicles forms this Body which we call Epididymis They are covered with a thin Production of the Albuginea The same Canal continuing and ascending from the Extremity of the Epididymedes Of the Vasa Deferentia forms the Vasa Deferentia or Jaculatoria one from each Epididymis about the bigness of a Goose-quill with a conspicuous Cavity as they ascend within the Tunica Vaginalis they make several Serpentine turnings and windings then they enter by the holes of the transverse and oblique Muscles into the Abdomen and marching over the Ureters between the backside of the Bladder and the Rectum they grow larger as they approach the Vesiculae seminales which discharge their humour into them where they come close to one another and growing again smaller and smaller they pass thorow the Prostatae and open into the Vrethra a little below the Neck of the Bladder where each Orifice has a spongious border which hinders the involuntary running of the Seed they may sometimes be mistaken by Surgeons for a Carnosity of the Yard The Spermatick Arteries carry the Blood from the Aorta to the Testicles which separate that Part of it which is fit for Seed The Veins carry back to the Cava what Blood remains after the Secretion of the Seed and the Nourishment of the Parts The Seed is further purified in the Epididymides and in coition is carried by the Vasa Deferentia into the Vrethra Of the Vesicuâ—â—e Seminales The Vesiculae Seminales are two in Number one on each side situated betwixt the Bladder and the straight Gut tied to the one and the other by a Membrane of fleshy Fibres which in time of Coition swells and presses the Vesiculae They are covered with a a pretty thin Membrane upon which do creep many branches of Veins Arteries Nerves and Lymphaticks Their External Surface resembles that of the Intestines of a little Bird which in some places of their Circumvolitions are broad in others narrow they are about three fingers breadth long their broadest part is about an inch from which they grow narrower by little and little to their end which is next the Prostatae They have two considerable Cavities divided into membranous Cells which open distinctly by two Orifices which are in their small Extremities into the two Vasa Deferentia into which they discharge a pretty thick and clear humour which embraces the true Seed which comes from the Testicles Of the Prostatae The Prostatae or Corpus Glandulosum is situated at the Neck of the Bladder covered with a Membrane made of muscular Fibres as that of the Vesiculae and for the same use It is about the bigness of a Walnut the Vasa Deferentia pass thorow its Substance which is Vesicular and Glandulous full of an oleaginous and viscous humour which is carried into the beginning of the Vrethra by eight or nine excretory Ducts which open about the Orifices of the Vasa Deferentia the border of their Orifices is also spongious to hinder a continual running of this humour The Prostatae have Veins Arteries Nerves and Lymphaticks They are the Seat of the Gonorrhaea's for it the morbifick Matter fixes in them it enflames corrodes and ulcerates them from whence there is a continual running of purulent Matter Of the Yard The shape figure and dimensions of the Yard are well enough known It is covered with the Skin and Scarf-skin The Skin at the end of the Yard folds in and forms a Hood to the Glans called Praeputium which is fixed to the lower part of the Glans by a little Ligament called Fraenum The Substance of the Yard is composed of two nervous Bodies called Corpora Cavernosa they arise at two different places from the lower part of the Os Pubis a little from their root they come close together being only divided by a Membrane which at its beginning is pretty thick but as it approaches the end of the Yard it grows thinner and thinner and the two nervous Bodies terminate in the Balanus The External Substance of these nervous Bodies is hard firm close and nervous the Internal is membranous loose and spongious full of Veins and Arteries Of the Balanus The Balanus or Glans is only a continuation of the soft and spongious Internal Substance of the two nervous Bodies covered immediately with a thin Membrane which is a Dilatation of the Internal Membrane of the Vrethra About the Crown of the Glans where the Praeputium is contiguous to it there are several small Glands which lie under its thin Membrane they separate a whitish humour for the moistening the Balanus In a Phimosis this humour not only hardens but may grow acid and ulcerate the Glans Of the Urethra The Vrethra is a Conduit which reaches from the neck of the Bladder to the end of the Yard in the middle and lower part of the two nervous Bodies It s Substance is externally hard and internally spongious like that of the nervous Bodies except a little at the neck of the Bladder which is membranous With in its Cavity is covered with a thin and exquisite Membrane in which some have observed several Glands which separate a Liquor for preserving it against the Acrimony of the Urine Of the Vessels of the Yard The Yard has a small Ligament which arises from its back a little distance from its root which ties it to the upper part of the Os Pubis that it may not hang too low It receives two branches of Veins and Arteries from the Hypogastrick Vessels besides others from the Pudenda they are distributed thorow all the body of the Yard particularly thorow the spongious Part of the Corpora Cavernosa and Vrethra The two Veins unite near its roots and form one trunk which runs along the upper side of the Yard It has two Nerves from the Os Sacrum and several Lymphaticks which empty themselves into the Inguinal Glands Of its Muscles and Erection The Yard has two pair of Muscles The First
is the Erectores they rise from the Ischium a little below the roots of the two nervous Bodies they lie upon them and are inserted into them The Second are the Acceleratores they rise from the root of the Vrethra they have several Fibres which join the Fibres of the Sphincter Ani they lie upon the Vrethra betwixt the two former and are inserted into the nervous Bodies When these Muscles act they compress the Veins of the Penis against the Os Publis and so stop the Blood from returning whilst the Arteries still bringing more must necessarily swell and distend the spongious Part of the nervous Bodies and Vrethra which is the true cause of an Erection for if you stop the Veins of the Yard in any Cadaver and inject a Liquor by the Arteries the Yard shall swell as in a Natural Erection SECT XVI Of the Parts of Generation proper to Women HAving given an exact Account in the First Chapter of the Figure and Situation of the External Parts of Generation proper to Women I shall here only examine their Substance and Use and then proceed to the other Parts Of the Clitoris The Clitoris which is in the upper part of the Vulva is a long and round Body naturally about the bigness of the Vvula it begins to appear well about 14 Years of Age it is covered with a folding of the Skin of the Vulva called its Praeputiam The Substance of the Clitoris is composed of two nervous Bodies such as those of the Yard they rise at two different places in the lower Part of the Os Pubis and approaching one another they unite and form the Body of the Clitoris whose Extremity which is of an exquisite sense is called its Glans The two nervous Bodies before they unite are called the Crura Clitoridis they are twice as long as the Body of the Clitoris Its Muscles It has two Muscles which rise from the Protuberance of the Ischium and are inserted in its nervous Bodies They erect the Clitoris in the Coition after the same manner that the Muscles of the Yard do erect the Yard Its Vessels The Clitoris receives Veins and Arteries from the Haemorrhoidal Vessels and the Pudenda Nerves from the Intercostals which are afterwards distributed thorow all the Parts of the Vulva Remark that the Veins on the one side of the Vulva communicate with those of the other side and so do the Arteries communicate with one another Of the Nymphae The Nymphae have been sufficiently described already Their internal Substance is spongious and full of Blood Vessels therefore they swell in the act of Copulation they receive Vessels and Nerves as the Clitoris Their Use is to defend the internal Parts from external Injuries to encrease the Pleasure in Coition to direct the course of the Urine they are bigger in married Women than in Maids The Hymen is a membranous Circle or Ring at the Mouth of the Vagina Hymen which being broke at the first Copulation its Fibres contract in three or four places and form what they call Glandulae Myrtiformes A little beyond the Clitoris in the upper part of the Vulva above the Neck of the Womb there is a little hole Urethra which is the Orifice of the Vrethra It is naturally so large as to receive a Probe as big as a Goose-quill it is covered within by a sine Membrane The length of the Neck of the Bladder is almost about two singers breadth It has a little Musele called its Sphincter which embraces the Vrethra to hinder the involuntary running of the Urine it joins the fleshy Fibres which are at the Orifice of the Vaginae Between this Muscle and the inner Membrane Lacunae there is a white and glandulous Substance almost a finger breadth of thickness it surrounds all the Neck of the Bladder in it there are many little Excretory Vessels called Lacunae which discharge themselves of a viscous Liquor for the tickling of the Sex into the lower part of the Vulva This glandulous Body is the Seat of Gonorrhoea's in Women as the Prostate are in Men it has the same use that they have It hath been found all ulcerate in Women which have had a Gonorrhaea The Vagina Vagina or Neck of the Womb is a long and round Canal which teaches from the Pudenda to the internal Mouth of the Womb. In Maids 't is about five fingers breadth long and one and a half wide but in Women who have born Children its length and bigness cannot be determined because it lengthens in the time a Woman is with Child and it dilates in the time of Birth It lies betwixt the Bladdes and the Rectum with which last it is wrapt up in the same common Membrane from the Peritonaeum for this reason the Excrements come out some times by the Vulva when this Intestâ—â—â— is wounded The Substance of the Vagina is composed of two Membranes of which the inner which lines its Cavity is nervous and full of wrinkles like the roof of the Mouth of an Ox especially in is forepart There are may little Vessels which pour into it a viscous humonâ— in the time of Coition of which we have spoken before The wrinkles of this Membrane are for the Friction of the Balanus to encrease the Pleasure in Copulation to detain the Seed that it run not out again and that it may extend in the time of Gestation The External Membrane of the Vagina is made of muscular Fibres which as occasion requires dilate and contract become long and short for adjusting its Cavity to the length and bigness of the Yard At its lower part there is a Muscle of circular Fibres like a Sphincter and under it on each side of the Vagina a Body composed of Vessels and Fibres which they call Plexus Retiformis both of them help to straiten the Mouth of the Vagina that it may grasp the Yard closely The Neck of the Womb receives Veins and Arteries from the Hypogastrick and the Haemorrhoidal Vessels Those from the Hypogastrick are dispersed in its upper part and those from the Haemorrhoidal in its lower part These Vessels communicate with one another Some of them open into the Cavity of the Vagina and pour out part of the Blood which makes the Menstrua It has Nerves from the Os Sacrum Amongst other uses the Neck of the Matrix serves for a Conduit to the Menstrua and for a Passage to the Foetus Of the situation of the Matrix The Matrix or Womb is simated in the lower part of the Hypogaster betwixt the Bladder and the straight Cut the Os Pubis is a fence to it before the Sacnum behind and the 〈◊〉 on each side they form as it were a bason for it but because it must swell whilst a Woman is with Child there fore they leave a greater space in them than in Men it is for this reason that Women are bigger in the hauncher than Men.
Mother shall have during her life The Vse of the Vmbilical Vessels The Use of the Umbilical Vessels is to carry the Maternal Blood by the Veins to the Foetus for its nourishment that which is unfit for this Use is carried back by the Arteries to the Placenta whilst the Foetus is still supplied with more by the Vein so that there is a continual Circulation betwixt the Mother and the Foetus Of the Placenta The Placenta is a glandulous Body fixed to the bottom of the Womb by several small Protuberances or Roots it grows in proportion as the Foetus grows it is of a circular Figure at its biggest 't is two fingers thick and six or seven in Diameter its Concave side is smooth its Convex by which it is tied to the Womb is rough and unequal there are as many of them as there are Foetus the Umbilical Vessels terminate in it The use of the Placenta is to separate and prepare from the Arteries of the Womb that part of the maternal Blood which is fittest for the nourishment of the Foetus and to send back by the Veins of the Womb the Blood which is brought by the Umbilical Arteries Of the Posture of the Foetus The Foetus is almost of an oval Figure whilst it lies in the Womb for its Head hangs down with its Chin upon its Breast its Back is round and turned opposite to its Mothers Back with its Arms it embraces its Knees which are drawn up to its Belly and its Heels are close to its Buttocks its Head upwards and its Feet downwards But about the ninth Month it changes its Posture the weight of the Head makes it to tumble so its Head falls down its Feet get up and its Face turns towards its Mothers Back but because then it is an irksom tho' favourable Posture for its Exit the motion it makes for its relief give frequent Pains to its Mother which causes a Contraction of the Womb for the Expulsion of the Foetus When the Child presents in any other Posture it should be carefully put back again and if possible turn'd to the right way if that can't be done it should be brought out by the Feet CHAP. III. Of the Thorax or Middle Cavity SECT I. Of the Dugs HAving already described the Figure Bounds and External Parts of the Thorax we come now to examine the Substance and Use of its several Parts amongst which the first that presents it self is the Dugs The Dugs are like two Semispheres situated upon the Pectoral Muscles in the upper Part of the Chest one on each side they have each a small Protuberance in their middle called the Nipple about which there is ordinarily a darkish coloured circle called Areola The Substance of the Dugs is composed of a great number of Glands of an oval Figure of which some are much bigger than others these Glands lie in a great quantity of Fat of Veins Arteries and Nerves the Vessels make several Plexus's about them and terminate also in them They have each an Excretory Duct which as they approach the Nipple join and unite together till at last they form 7 8 or more small Pipes called Tubuli Lactiferi which have several cross Canals by which they communicate with one another that if any one of them be stopt the Milk which was brought to it might not stagnate but pass thorow by the other Pipes which all terminate in the Extremity of the Nipple The Nipple is made of a fibrous and spongious Substance thorow which the Tubuli Lactiferi pass It has several Nerves Veins and Arteries which give it an exquisite sense and a small erection when it is handled The Dugs have Arteries and Veins called Mammariae from the Subclavian Vessels they have others also from the Thoracica Superior which are spread chiefly in their External Substance They have Nerves from the Vertebral Pairs and from the sixth Part of the Brain The use of the Dugs is to separate the Milk for the Nourishment of the Foetus The Arteries which terminate in the Glands which compose the Substance of the Dugs bring the Blood pregnate with a Chyle which has received its last Perfection by its Circulation thorow the Lungs this Chyle being separated by the Glands of the Dugs runs thorow the Tubuli Lactiferi upon the Suction of the Child The Dugs in Men are very small they are chiefly for an Ornament I have seen some Men who have had Milk in them SECT II. Of the Diaphragma or Midriff UNder the Dugs lie the Muscles and Bones which compose the forepart of the Thorax these are described in their proper Places having therefore cut them up and having laid the Cavity of the Thorax open the Diaphragma Pleura Mediastinum Heart and Lungs appear Of the two Muscles which compose the Midriff The Diaphragma is composed of two Muscles which divide the middle and lower Cavity The First and Superiour Muscle is Circular where it beginneth from the Sternum and the last Ribs on each side and ends in a Tendon or Aponeurosis which hath always been taken for the nervous Part of the Midriff The Second and Inferiour Muscle comes from the Vertebrae of the Loins by two Productions of which that on the right side comes from the first second and third Vertebrae of the Loins that on the left side is somewhat shorter and both these Productions join and make the lower Part of the Midriff which joins its Tendon with the Tendon of the other so as that they make but one Membrane or rather Partition The Midriff is covered with a Membrane from the Pleura on its upper side and by the Peritonaeum on its lower side it is pierced in its middle for the Passage of the Vena Cava in its lower Part for the Oesophagus and the Nerves which go to the upper Orifice of the Stomach and betwixt the Productions of the Inferiour Muscle passes the Aorta the Thoracick Duct and the Vena Azygos Of its Vessels The Midriff receives Arteries and Veins called Phrenicae from the Cava and Aorta and sometimes on its lower Part two branches from the Vena Adiposa and two Arteries from the Lumbares It has two Nerves which come from the third Vertebrae of the Neck which pass thorow the Cavity of the Thorax and are dispersed in the Muscles of the Midriff Some say that these Diaphragmatick Nerves are the Organ of Laughter of Weeping of Sneezing and of Singing because of the Connexion they have with the Nerves which go to the Muscles which perform these Motions Of its Vse The Midriff in its natural Situation is Convex on the upper side towards the Breast and Concave on its lower side towards the Belly therefore when its Fibres swell and contract it must become plain on each side and consequently the Cavity of the Breast is enlarged to give liberty to the Lungs to receive the Air in the Inspiration and the Stomach and Intestines are
pressed for the distribution of the Chyle but it diminishes the Cavity of the Breast when it resumes its natural Situation and presses the Lungs for the Expulsion of the Air in Expiration SECT III. Of the Pleura Mediastinum and Thymus Of the Pleura THE Pleura is a double Membrane which covers all the Cavity of the Thorax it arises from the Vertebrae of the Back ascends on each side upon the Ribs to the middle of the Sternum It is fixed to the Periostium of the Ribs to the internal intercostal Muscles and it covers the Midriff It s side towards the Cavity is smooth and equal but that which is fixed to the Ribs is rough The Vessels which run betwixt its Duplicature are Veins from Vena Azygos and upper intercostal Vein Arteries from the Inferior and Superior intercostal Arteries and Nerves from the twelfth Pair of the Back from the intercostal Pair and from the eighth Pair Of the Mediastinum The Mediastinum is a double Membrane formed by the continuation of the Pleura it comes from the Sternum and goes straight down thorow the middle of the Thorax to the Vertebrae dividing the Cavity in two It contains in its doubling the Heart in its Pericardium the Vena Cava the Oesophagus and the Stomachick Nerves The Membranes of the Mediastinum are finer and thinner than the Pleura and they have a little Fat The Mediastinum receives branches of Veins and Arteries from the Mammillary and Diaphragmatick and one Proper called Mediastina its Nerves come from the Stomachick it has also some Lymphaticks which open in the Thoracick Duct The Mediastinum divides the Thorax in two Parts to the end that one Lobe of the Lungs may officiate if the other be hindered by a Wound on the other side of the Thorax it fixes the Heart in its Pericardium and preserves them from external Injuries Sometimes there is a matter contained betwixt its Membranes immediately under the Sternum which may occasion the Trepaning of this place Of the Thymus The Thymus passes for a Conglomerate Gland a little softer than the Pancreas situated in the upper Part of the Thorax under the Claviculae where the Cava and Aorta divide into the Subclavian branches This Gland is big in Infants but as they grow in Age it grows less It receives Veins and Arteries from the Jugulars Nerves from the Par Vagum and Lymphatick Vessels which discharge themselves in the Subclavian Vein The use that is commonly given to the Thymus is to be a little Cushion to support the Thoracick Duct and to strengthen the Cava and Aorta at their Divisions in the Subclavian Vessels to defend them against the hardness of the Vertebrae But 't is probable that its principal use is to filtrate or separate some Liquor which is not yet known SECT IV. Of the Pericardium Heart and its Parts Of the Pericardium THE Pericardium is a thick Membrane of a Conick Figure it resâ—mbles a Purse and contains the Heart in its Cavity It s Basis is pierced in five places for the Passage of the Vessels which enter and come out of the heart it is fixed to the Mediastinum and to the Midriff It receives its Vessels from the Axillaries and Phrenicae Nerves from the recurrent and Diaphragmatick It has Lymphaticks which discharge themselves in the Thoracick Duck. It defends the Heart from external Injuries Of the Water contained in the Pericardium In the bottom of the Pericardium there is a clear and sweet tasted Water but in some tinctured a little with Blood It is found in abundance in the Pericardium of Women and Old Men but there is little of it in those that are Hectick and Pleuritick When it is in too great quantity it causes a Palpitation of the Heart and sometimes Death Authors do not agree about the rise of this Water Some say that it comes from the Extremities of the Arteries others that it comes thorow the Substance of the Heart but it 's more probable that it is filtrated thorow the Glands which are at the basis of the heart and that it may not abound too much nor putrify by standing too long it is taken up by some small Glands which are in the Membrane of the Pericardium and from them carried by the Lymphaticks into the Thoracick Duct Of the Situation Figure and Connexion of the Heart The Heart is situated in the middle of the Thorax between the two Lobes of the Lungs it is of a Conick Figure It s basis is the upper end and its Apex or Point is the lower end which is turned a little to the left side therefore its motion is best felt there It is tied to the Mediastinum to the Pericardium and sustained by the great Vessels which bring and carry back the Blood It is covered by a Membrane which is the proper Membrane of the Muscles its basis is always surrounded with Fat in which there are some small Glands Of its Vessels It has two Veins which come from the Cava immediately before it opens in the Heart and they are accompanied with two Arteries from the Aorta which run thorow all the Substance of the Heart they are called the Coronal Vessels The Veins on the right side communicate at their Extremity with the Veins of the left In like manner do the Arteries of each side communicate with one another and it is the same almost in all the Parts of the Body The Heart receives a multitude of small Nerves from the eighth Pair particularly they creep in great numbers about the Aorta and on the left Ventricle It has also some Lymphaticks which discharge themselves in the Thoracick Duct At the basis of the Heart there are two Auriculae or little Ears Of the Auriculae one on the right the other on the left side In the right Ear opens the Vena Cava in the left the Vena Pulmonaria The first discharges the Blood that it receives from the Cava into the right Ventricle and the second thrusts the Blood that comes from the Vena Pulmonaria into the left Ventricle Their Figure is like the triangle Ambligonium the left is less but thicker than the right Their Substance is composed of two Orders of muscular Fibres which terminate in the tendon in the basis of the Heart and at the right Ear there is a circle like to a tendon where the Cava ends Their external Surface is smooth their internal is unequal full of small fleshy Pillars which send out small Fibres that cross and go thwart one another and betwixt these Pillars there are as many furrows which are more in the left than in the right Ear they receive Nerves from the branches of the eighth Pair They have the same motions of Systole and Diastole as the Heart which we shall explain afterwards Their Vse Their Use is to receive the Blood which is brought by the Veins and by them to be thrust
into the Ventricles of the Heart Of the Ventricles of the Heart In the Heart there are two Cavities or Ventricles which answer to the two Ears one on each side the sides of these Cavities are very unequal full of Fibres and little fleshy Productions long and round of a different Figure and bigness called Columnae or Pillars Betwixt these Fibres there are several furrows in the sides of the Ventricles especially in the left Ventricle they are deeper and larger they contribute much to the close contraction of the Ventricles And because the side of the right Ventricle is much thinner than the left therefore there are often two or three fleshy Fibres which come from the middle Partition to its opposite side to hinder it from dilating too much The right Ventricle seemeth wider than the left which is longer and narrower than the right and its sides stronger and thicker The two Ventricles are separated by the Septum Medium which is properly the inside of the left Ventricle being its Fibres are continued with the Fibres of the opposite side of the same Ventricle The Vessels which enter and come out of the Heart are the Vena Cava the Arteria and Vena Pulmonaria and the Aorta or Arteria Magna Of the right Ventricle and of its Valves The right Ventricle receives the Blood from the Vena Cava thorow the right Ear and at the mouth of the Ventricle there are placed three Valves made of a thin Membrane they are of a triangular Figure and are called Tricuspides their bases are fixed to the mouth of the Ventricle and their Points tied by small Fibres to the fleshy Productions so that when the Heart contracts its Point approaches its basis the fleshy Productions move upwards therefore the Fibres of these Valves are relaxed and the Valves lifted up by the Blood which gets underneath them because the furrows and fleshy Productions keeping the Valves at a little distance from the sides of the Ventricle give way to the Blood to pass under them and so to thrust up the Valves which shut so closely the entry into the Ventricle that the Blood cannot return the way it came in But when the Ventricle is dilated the Fibres are pulled down and the Passage made open for the Blood to enter Of the Valves of the Arteria Pulmonaria When the Heart contracts the Valves being lifted up the Blood in the right Ventricle finds an open Passage into the Arteria Pulmonaria which rises immediately out of the right Ventricle its Mouth is less than the Cava it has three Valves called Segmoidales or Semi-lunares because they resemble a Half-Moon or Segment of a circle their Substance is membranous When they separate they give passage to the Blood from the Ventricle into the Artery but they shut the Passage and are thrust together by the Blood if it endeavours to return Of the Valves of the left Ventricle The Vena Pulmonaria discharges it self thorow the left Ear into the Ventricle of the same side At the Orifice of this Ventricle there are two Valves called Mitrales because when they are joined together they resemble a Mitre they are broader than the other Valves they are situated and have the same use as the Tricuspides in the right Ventricle Of the Valves of the Aorta The Aorta or great Artery rises immediately out of the left Ventricle it has three Valves which have the same Use and Figure as the Semi-lunares in the Arteria Pulmonaria Of the Substance of the Heart and of the order of its Fibres The Heart is a compound Muscle its Substance is made of Fibres of the same Nature as those of other Muscles there are several Orders of them which have different Directions and all their Tendons are in the basis of the Heart The First or External Order is of Fibres which surround the whole Heart they go in an Oblique or Spiral Line from the left to the right except on the Surface of the right side some of its finest Fibres go in a straight Line from the basis to the Point The Second or next order surrounds also the whole heart they have a contrary Direction which is from the right to the left in an Oblique or Spiral Line The next Orders are only proper to the left Ventricle The first which is on the external side of the Ventricle goes in an Oblique Line from the left to the right The second Order is on the inside or that which makes the Septum Medium or Partition Wall of the Ventricles they go in an Oblique Line from the right to the left and they are continued with the foregoing Fibres at the Point of the Heart All these Orders of Fibres come together as to one common Centre at the Point of the Heart But Obs That all the Fibres of the same Order do not always go from the basis to the Point for some after they have gone about half way obliquely from the one side turn up obliquely and are inserted in the basis on the other side Neither do all the Fibres in the same order keep together for some intermix with the Fibres of the next Order so in separating these Orders many Fibres are broken Some of the Fibres in the internal Orders proper to the left Ventricle terminate in the fleshy Productions of the same Ventricle The Bone which is found in the basis of the Hearts of several Beasts is nothing but the tendons of the Fibres of the Heart ossifyed it is sometimes found in Men. Of the Systole and Diastole of the Heart This Muscle has two Motions which they call Systole and Diastole The Systole is when the Fibres of the Heart contract its Point approaches its basis the Heart becomes short its sides swell and its Cavities are strongly pressed on all sides The Diastole is when this Muscle ceaseth to act its Fibres are lengthened its Point retires from its basis its sides fall and its Cavities become large and wide Of the Circulation of the Blood thorow the Heart Having described the Heart and its Parts let us now consider the Circulation of the Blood which is performed by means of this Muscle the Vena Cava Ascendens and Descendens unite in one and open into the right Ear where they unite there is a little Protuberance made by their Coats on the inside of the Canal like an Isthmus which directs the Blood both of the one and the other into the Ear and so hinders them from rushing upon one another The right Ear in its Diastole receives the Blood from the Vena Cava which by its Systole is thrust into the right Ventricle for the tendinous Circle which is at the Mouth of the Cava contracts and hinders the Blood to return into it which at the same time is in its Diastole in the Systole of the right Ventricle the Blood is thrust into the Arteria Pulmonaria for it cannot return into the Ear
of the Heart each of these divides into two branches for the two great Lobes of the Lungs which being accompanied with the branches from the eighth Pair of Nerves they divide into as many branches as there are little Lobes in the Lungs Where-ever there is a branch of the Trachea there there is a branch of the Nerve Vein and Artery and the Trachea is always in the middle The branches of the Trachea Arteria which are ordinarily called Bronchiae open in the Cavity of the Vesicles and the Nerves Veins and Arteries form Plexus's upon the Membranes of the Vesicles the Arteries open into the Veins by an Anastomosis Besides these the Lungs have Lymphaticks which discharge themselves into the Thoracick Duct accompanying the Vein and they are chiefly to be seen in the External Part of the Lungs There is also a Vein which comes from the Cava that Sommichellius calls Pneumonica and an Artery that M. Ruysh calls Arteria Bronchialis which comes from the Aorta The Artery brings the Blood for the Nourishment of the Substance of the Lungs and the Vein carries back what is superfluous Of the Trachea Arteria This is the passage of the Vessels thorow the Lungs but because the Trachea Arteria has a particular Structure it demands a particular Examination It is a Canal situated in the forepart of the Neck before the Oesophagus it descends from the Larynx to the fourth Vertebrae of the Back where it divides and enters the Lungs and its branches are afterwards called Bronchiae Of its Cartilages This Canal is made of Annular Cartilages which are at small and equal distances from one another These Cartilages the nearer they are to the Larynx the bigger they are and the further they are from it the smaller they are and those of the Bronchiae are so close to one another that in expiration the second enters within the first and the third within the second and so the following always enters the preceeding Betwixt the Larynx and the Lungs these Cartilages make not compleat rings but their hind part which is contiguous to the Oesophagus is membranous that they may the better contract and dilate and give way to the Aliments as they go down the Oesophagus but the Cartilages in the Bronchiae are compleatly Annular only the Extremities of the Bronchiae a little before they open into the Vesicles have no Cartilages but instead of them they have small circular Ligaments which contract and dilate for the reception and expulsion of the Air. Of its Membranes These Cartilages are tied together by two Membranes the one external and the other internal The external is composed of circular Fibres it covers the whole Trachea externally The internal is of an exquisite sense it covers the Cartilages internally It is composed of three distinct Membranes The First is woven of two Orders of Fibres Those of the first Order are Longitudinal for the shortening the Trachea they make the Cartilages approach and enter one another The other Order is of circular Fibres for the contracting the Cartilages When these two Orders of Fibres act they help with the external Membrane in Expiration in Coughing and in the Excretion of any tickling humour The second Membrane is altogether glandulous and the Excretory Vessels of these Glands open in the Cavity of the Trachea they separate a Liquor for the moistening the Cavity and for defending it from the Acrimony of the Air. The third and last is a Net of Veins Nerves and Arteries The Veins come from the Vena Cava the Nerves from the Recurrent and the Arteries from the Carotides Of the use of the Lungs Having thus considered the Structure of the Lungs 't is evident that the Air enters by the Trachea into the Vesicles and so swells and dilates the Substance of the Lungs in Inspiration but in Expiration these Vesicles contract and thrust out the Air which carries a great deal of excrementitious Vapours from the Blood along with it by the Elasticity of their Fibres by the help of the Nerves and by the pressure of the surrounding Bodies employed in respiration It is also evident that the Blood is carried from the Heart by the Arteria Pulmonaria thorow all the Substance of the Lungs and that the same Blood is taken up by the Vena Pulmonaria and carried back again to the Heart And we are sure that whilst the Blood passes thorow the Lungs that it receives some alteration for the Blood in the Arteria Pulmonaria is of a dark colour as venal Blood but that which is in the Vein is of a florid red as Arterial Blood yet how this Alteration is made is not determined by Anatomists Some considering that the Surface of venal Blood drawn in a Pellet and exposed to the Air turns to the colour of Arterial Blood do think that the nitrous Particles of the Air which we breath passes thorow the Tunicles of the Vessels and mixes with the Blood and causes this Alteration which they say is necessary for the recruiting of the Animal Spirits and for the entertaining the natural heat of the Blood by fermenting with the Sulphureous Parts of the Aliments Others explain this Alteration only by the beating and agitation of the Air upon the bloody Vessels of the Lungs which indeed is sufficient to cause this Alteration and the necessity of this beating appears by an Experiment which is this take a little new drawn Blood look to it immediately thorow a Microscope you shall see a number of small red globules swimming in a thin and clear Liquor and the longer you look the more of these Globules join in one and the bigger they grow till at last they all come into one and the Liquor is separated by its self and then the Blood is coagulated Thus the red Globules of the Blood in the Veins as they return from the Extremities grow bigger and bigger for the want of being agitated And if they were not separated and broken into many smaller Particles they would soon cause a stagnation in the Capillary Vessels So the beating of the Air in Inspiration and Expiration is necessary for the attenuating subtilizing and intimately mixing the Chyle Lympha and other Parts of the Blood SECT VI. Of the Larynx It s Situation THE upper Part of the Trachea Arteria is called the Larynx It is almost of a circular Figure lying below the root of the Tongue before the Pharynx It is composed of five Cartilages which sometimes in old Men become as hard as Bones Of the Cartilago Scutiformis The first is the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or Scutiformis because of its Figure It makes that Protuberance in the forepart of the Larynx called Pomum Adami It has four Corners It is about an inch broad but not so long It 's Concave within and Convex without It is divided in the middle by a Line from its upper to its lower Part it s four Angles have each a small
of all the Membranes of the Body Of the Dura Mater The Dura Mater is a strong and thick Membrane which covers all the Cavity of the Cranium it contains the whole Brain somewhat loosely that the Vessels which run between its Duplicature and upon the Surface of the Brain be not too much press'd by the Cranium it sticks very close to the basis of the Cranium and to its Sutures by the Fibres and Vessels it sends to the Pericranium it is fastened to the Pia Mater and to the Brain by the Vessels which pass from the one to the other It gives a Coat or Covering to all the Nerves which rise from the Brain to the Spinalis Medulla and to all the Nerves which rise from it It s Surface is rough towards the Cranium but smooth towards the Brain It is a double Membrane woven of strong Fibres which may be plainly seen on its inside but very hardly on its outside next the Cranium Of its Processes The Dura Mater hath three Processes made by the doubling of its inner Membrane The First rises by a narrow beginning from the Crista Galli to which it is fastened and as it approaches the hindhead it grows broader and broader till it terminate where the Longitudinal Sinus ends It divides the Cerebrum into two Hemispheres as deep as the Corpus Callosum It resembles a Sickle therefore it is called Falx The Second separates the Cerebrum from the Cerebellum down to the Medulla Oblongata that the weight of the Cerebrum may not offend the Cerebellum which lies under it This Process is very strong and thick and in ravenous Beasts 't is for the most part bony because of the violent motion of their Brain The Third is the smallest it separates the external Substance of the hindpart of the Cerebellum into two Protuberances and upon it Mons Du Venney's fifth Sinus runs Of the Sinus's of the Dura Mater In the Dura Mater there are several Sinus's or Channels which run between its external and internal Membrane of these there are four principal ones which are commonly described First of the Longitudinalis The First is the Sinus Longitudinalis it rises from the blind hole in the upper Part of the Crista Galli it runs along the upper Part of the Falx and ends where it ends it lies exactly under the Sutura Sagittalis Into this Sinus the Veins of the Brain and some of the proper Veins of the Dura Mater bring back the Blood which they receive from the Arteries Of these Veins some running obliquely from the forepart of the Brain backwards and others contrary from the hindpart forward creep a little space between the Duplicature of the Membrane as the Ureters do upon the Bladder and so they open in the Sinus In this Sinus there are several small Cells and round Ligaments which go from one side of the Cavity to the other These by their Elasticity retard or further the Motion of the Blood The Second and Third Sinus's Laterales which this Sinus pours into are the Laterales they rise from the end of the first into which they open and going down upon the sides of the Occipital Bone in a crooked way they pass thorow the same hole with the eighth Pair of Nerves and discharge themselves into the internal Jugulars into these Sinus's some Veins and the other Sinus's discharge themselves Of the Fourth Sinus The Fourth Sinus runs upon the broad Extremity of the Falx and opens where the Lateral Sinus's join the Longitudinal This meeting of the four Sinus's is called Torcular It receives the Blood at its other Extremity from a Vein of the Plexus Choroides Besides these there are Six more which have been described by several Anatomists Of the Sinus Superiores The first two are called Superiores they rise from the hinder Processes of the Sella Turcica or from the circular Sinus's of Doctor Ridley and run along the upper Part of the internal Processes of the Os Petrosum then descending they open into the Laterales Of the Inferiores There are two more called Inferiores they rise from the same place with the other two and running upon the Union of the Os Petrosum with the Occipital they open into the Laterales just as they are going out of the Skull A fifth Sinus There is a Fifth which the curious M. Du Verney demonstrates it runs upon the third Process of the Dura Mater and divides into two branches of which one opens into the Laterales and the other into the Sinus Vertebrales The exact Anatomist Doctor Ridley Of the Circular Sinus in his Treatise of the Brain gives account of a Sixth which he calls the Circular Sinus because it surrounds the Glandula Pituitaria it communicates with the two Superiores and Inferiores Of three other Sinus's Vezal hath remarked a Sinus which runs along the bottom of the Falx and which opens into the Fourth Sinus this is called by M. Du Verney Longitudinalis Inferior There are two more situated at the second Process of the Dura Mater one on each side they are about an inch wide from the Laterales into which they open but these three do not always appear The Vse of the Sinus's The Use of these Sinus's is to receive the Blood of the adjacent Parts from the Veins to which they are as so many Trunks which discharge the Blood into the internal Jugulars Of the Vessels of the Dura Mater The Vessels of the Dura Mater are first a branch from the Carotidals whilst it is in its long Canal which is dispersed in the fore and lower Part of the Dura Mater Secondly An Artery with a branch of the internal Jugular Vein which enter the hole of the Cranium called Foramen Arteriae Durae Matris they are dispersed on the sides of the Membrane and run as high as the Sinus Longitudinalis Thirdly a branch of the Vertebral Artery and Vein which passes thorow that hole where the Lateral Sinus's join the Jugulars they are dispersed in the hind part of the Dura Mater The Blood which is brought by the Arteries is carried back by the Veins which go out at the same holes by which the Arteries enter but in case the swelling of the Arteries by a preternatural Fermentation of the Blood should compress the Veins as they go out of the Skull which might easily happen being it has more Arteries than Veins therefore there are several other Veins which inosculate with the Arteries and which carry the Blood from them into two small Veins which are on the sides of the Longitudinal Sinus 't is these Veins which open into this Sinus that the Blood which was stopt the other way may have a free Circulation this way as has been ingeniously observed by Dr. Ridley It hath also Nerves from the first branch of the fifth Pair which give it an exquisite sense It has a motion of
forepart there is a hole that goes down to the Glandula Pituitaria this hole is the entry to the infundibulum or Funnel Of the Infundibulum so called because of its Figure It is a small Conduit made of the Medullary Substance covered with the Pia Mater it pierces the Dura Mater upon the basis of the Skull and sinks into the Substance of Of the Glandula Pituitaria The Glandula Pituitaria which is situated in the Sella Turcica closely covered with the Pia and Dura Mater it is of a harder Substance than the other Glands of the Body it receives the end of the Infundibulum which is supposed to carry a Liquor from the Ventricles into this Gland Of the Rete Mirabile The Rete Mirabile is situated round this Gland it is composed of Nerves from the fifth Pair of Veins from the internal Jugulars and Arteries from the Carotides and Cervical It was commonly thought to be only in Beasts but Dr. Ridley has discovered it also in Man tho' it be less in him than in other Creatures It s use is said to be to discharge the Serosity of the Blood which might hinder the Production of fine Animal Spirits into the Glandula Pituitaria which cannot be because the Blood which is separate from this Serosity goes not to the Brains but is carried back immediately by the Veins Of the Anus But to return to the third Ventricle in its hinder Part there is another small hole called Anus which leads into the fourth Ventricle in the Cerebellum In the upper Part of this hole is situated the Glandula Pinealis Glandula Pinealis Des Cartes pretended Seat of the Soul about the bigness of a Pease and seems to have the same use as other Glands it is tied by some Fibres to the Of the Nates Nates which are two Prominences of the Medulla Oblongata situated above the fore-part of that Conduit which leads from the Anus to the fourth Ventricle they are of an Oval Figure pretty big and immediately behind them are two other Prominences of the same Figure and Substance called Testes both covered with a Net of Blood-Vessels Testes There is a small transverse Medullary Protuberance behind the Testes from which the Pathetick Nerves rise The Conduit which reaches from the Anus to the fourth Ventricle placne = marg Isthmus is in that Part of the Medulla Oblongata which is betwixt the Cerebrum and the Cerebellum called the Isthmus The upper Part or Cover of this Conduit which is betwixt the Testes and the foremost vermicular Process of the Cerebellum to which two it is tied at its two ends and to the Processes that come from the Cerebellum to the Testes Valvula major at its sides is called Valvula Major 't is of a Medullary Substanceâ— its use is to keep the Lympha from falling out above the Nerves in thâ— basis of the Skull These are all the Parts belonging to the Cerebrum Of the Cerebellum Now the Cerebellum which is much less is also composed of a Cortical and Medullary Substance its Superficies makes not turnings and windings as that of the Cerebrum but its foldings are straight and they resemble the Segments of Circles or the edges of Plates laid on one another and these Segments are largest in its middle and they grow less as they approach its fore and hind Part where they seem to resemble too Worms Processus Vermiformes therefore called Processus Vermiformes The Medullary Substance of the Cerebellum as it approaches the Medulla Oblongata gathers together and then divides equally into two bundles which are joined to the two sides of the Medulla Oblongata as they separate they leave a little space upon the upper side of the Medulla which is called the Fourth Ventricle and its further end Of the fourth Ventricle because of its resemblance Calamus Scriptorius The top of this Ventricle is covered with several Blood-Vessels woven like a Net Of the Processes of the Cerebellum The Medullary Substance of the Cerebellum makes three Processes upon each side of the Medulla Oblongata The first two go on each side of it to the Testes the Valvula Major is betwixt them The second two are pretty broad they go straight down on each side and meet on the under side of the Medulla they make that Protuberance called Processus Annularis Processus Annularis and the Third goes backwards upon the upper sides of the Medulla they make it look bigger being like two Cords upon its sides This is all that is remarkable in the Cerebrum Cerebellum and upper side of the Medulla Oblongata But if you turn over the Brain you may see distinctly the rise of all the Nerves the Infundibulum the Crura Medullae Oblongatae one on each side of the Cerebrum where they join you may see the Processus Annularis and beyond that there are two Prominences called Corpora Pyramidalia Corpora Pyramidalia and Olivaria they are about an inch long and on each side of them towards their lower end there are two more which because of their figure are called Corpora Olivaria and then the Medulla Oblongata goes out of the Skull being contained in the Pia and Dura Mater Observe that the Medulla Oblongata with all the Protuberances which are upon its upper and lower sides are not purely of the Medullary Substance but internally they are mix'd with the Cortical and it is this mixture which makes that they call Striae to which they have given different imaginary Uses according to their different Positions Now the Vessels of the Brains are Nerves Veins and Arteries The Nerves are ten Pair The first Pair are the Olfactory Nerves they rise from the basis of the Corpora Striata and pass thorow the holes of the Os Cribriforme The second Pair are the Optick Nerves they rise partly from the Extremities of the Corpora Striata and partly from the Thalami Nervorum Opticorum which they almost embrace they unite together above the Cella Turcica and immediately dividing again they pass thorow the two foremost holes in the Os Sphaenoides The third Pair are Movers of the Eyes they rise on each side of the Infundibulum from the Medulla Oblongata and go out at the Foramina Lacera The fourth Pair are the Pathetick Nerves they rise from the small Medullary Cord which is behind the Testes and pass thorow the Foramina Lacera The fifth Pair rise from the fore Part of the Processus Annularis they give Nerves to the Dura Mater each of them divides into three branches the first passes out at the Foramen Lacerum the second at the third hole of the Os Sphaenoides and the third thorow another hole of the same Bone The sixth Pair rises from the sides of the Processus Annularis and goes out at the Foramen Lacerum but just before it goes out it casts back a branch which
stronger and less apt to break that several Membranes and Vessels which suspend the Dura Mater and which go to the Pericranium may pass thorow the Sutures and that the Matter of transpiration may pass thorow them Of the Bones of the Skull Now the Bones of the Cranium are six proper and two common to it and the upper Jaw The six proper are the Os Frontis which makes the forepart of the Skull the Os Occipitis which makes the hind-part and the Ossa Parietalia and Temporum which make the sides The two common are the Sphaenoides and the Os Ethmoides which are Part of the basis of the Skull Os Frontis The first of the Proper is the Os Frontis or Coronale it is almost round it joins the Bones of the Sinciput and temples by the Coronal Suture and the Bones of the upper Jaw by the Sutura Transversalis and the Os Sphaenoides by the Sutura Sphaenoidalis It forms the upper Part of the Orbit and it has four Apophises which are at the four Angles of the two Orbits It has two holes above the Orbits thorow which pass a Vein Artery and some twigs of the first branch of the fifth Pair of Nerves It has also one in each Orbit a little above the Os Planum thorow which a twig of the Ophthalmick branch of the fifth Pair passes to the Nose it is the Orbiter Internus It has two Sinus's above the Eye-brows between its two Tables they are lined with a thin Membrane in which there are several Blood-Vessels and Glands which separate a mucous Serosity which falls into the Nostrils The inside of this Bone has several Inequalities made by the Vessels of the Dura Mater It has two large dimples made by the anterior Lobes of the Brain Above the Crista Galli it has a small blind hole into which the end of the Sinus Longitudinalis is inserted From this hole it has a pretty large Spine which runs up along its middle instead of this Spine there is sometimes a Sinus in which lies the Sinus Longitudinalis which ought to be observed carefully by Surgeons in Wounds of this place This Bone is thicker than the Sinciput Bones but thinner than the Os Occipitis In Children it is always divided in its middle by a true Suture Ossa Parietalia The second and third are the Bones of the Sinciput called Parietalia they are the thinnest Bones of the Cranium they are almost Square somewhat long they are joined to the Os Frontis by the Sutura Coronalis to one another in the Crown of the Head by the Sutura Sagittalis to the Os Occipitis by the Lamboidalis and to the Ossa Temporum by the Suturae Squamosae They are smooth and equal on their outside but on their inside they have several furrows made by the Pulse of the Arteries of the Dura Mater They have each a small hole near the Sutura Sagittalis thorow which there pass some Veins which carry the Blood from the Teguments to the Sinus Longitudinalis Ossa Temporum The fifth and sixth are the Ossa Temporum situated in the lower Part of the sides of the Cranium their upper Part which is thin consisting only of one Table is of a circular Figure and is joined to the Ossa Parietalia by the Suturae Squamosae their lower Part which is thick hard and unequal is joined to the Os Occipitis and to the Os Sphaenoides this Part is called Os Petrosum they have each three External Apophises or Processes and one Internal The first of the External is the Processus Zygomaticus which runs forewards and unites with the Process of the Os Mali making that Bridge called the Zygoma under which lies the Tendon of the Crotaphite Muscle The second is the Mammillaris or Mastoidaeus it is short and thick situated behind the Meatus Auditorius The third is the Processus Styliformis which is long and small to it the Horns of the Os Hyoides are tied The Internal Process is pretty long and big in the basis of the Skull it contains all the Cavities and little Bones of the Ear which have been already described The holes in the Temporal Bones are two Internal and four External The first of the Internal is the hole thorow which the Auditory Nerve passes the second is common to it and the Os Occipitis the eighth Pair of Nerves and the Lateral Sinus's pass thorow it The first of the External holes is the Meatus Auditorius Externus the second is opened behind the Palate it is the end of that Passage which comes from the Barrel of the Ear to the Mouth The third is the Orifice of the Conduit by which the Carotidale Arteries enter the Cranium and the fourth is behind the Processus Mastoidaeus by it passes a Vein which carries the Blood from the External Teguments to the Lateral Sinus's Sometimes this hole is wanting there is another which is between the Processus Mastoidaeus and the Styliformis thorow which the Portio Dura of the Auditory Nerve passes They have each a Sinus lined with a Cartilage under the Meatus Auditorius which receives the condyle of the lower Jaw Os Occipitis The sixth Bone of the Cranium is the Os Occipitis it lies in the hind part of the Head it is almost like a Lozenge with its lower Angle turned inwards it joins the Ossa Parietalia and Petrosa by the Sutura Lambdoidalis and the Os Sphaenoides by the Sphaenoidalis It is thicker than any of the other Bones of the Cranium yet it is very thin where the Splenius Complexus and Trapezius are inserted Externally it is rough internally it has two Sinus's in which lie the two Protuberances of the Cerebellum and two large furrows in which lie the Sinus Laterales It has seven holes the first two are common to it and the Ossa Petrosa the Lateral Sinus's and the Par Vagum pass thorow them The third is the great hole thorow which the Medulla Spinalis passes The fourth and fifth are the holes thorow which the ninth Pair of Nerves passes The sixth and seventh are two holes thorow which there pass two Veins which bring the Blood from the External Teguments to the Sinus Laterales sometimes there is but one and sometimes none of these two there are sometimes two more thorow which the Vertebral Veins pass This Bone has also two Apophises one on each side of the great hole they are lined with a Cartilage and articulated with the first Vertebra of the Neck It has also a small Protuberance in its middle from which there goes a small Ligament which is inserted into the first Vertebra of the Neck It is longer in Beasts than in Men. Os Sphaenoides The first of the Bones common to the Skull and upper Jaw is the Sphaenoides It is a Bone of a very irregular figure It is situated in the middle of the basis of the Skull
Before the Cava enters the Heart it gives the Coronaria There are sometimes two Veins of that Name they surround the basis of the Heart The same Trunk as it comes out of the Heart pierces again the Pericardium and passes between the two Lobes of the Lungs sends out the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or Sine Pari from its right and backside about the fourth and fifth Vertebra of the Back it descends the Cavity of the Breast a little towards the right till about the eighth or ninth Vertebra where it casts out branches on each side of its Trunk called Intercostales because they run along the eight last Ribs and they join by Anastemosis with the branches of the Thoracica Inferior and with the Intercostal Arteries Then it divides into two branches the one goes to the right the other to the left and they both open into the Cava above and sometimes into the Emulgents by which Communication some explain the way tho contrary to the Laws of the Circulation of the Blood how the matter of an Empiema is evacuated by Urine This Vein gives some little branches to the Medulla Spinalis The Intereostalis Superior which comes from the Cava Ascendens is distributed in the Interstices of the four first Ribs to which the Azygos comes not Remark that the branches both of the one and the other run in the Sinus's which are on the lower sides of the Ribs Sanmichellius hath observed that the Trunk of the Cava Ascendens gives a branch called Pneumonica 't is this branch which accompanies the Arteria Bronchialis of M. Ruysch SECT VII Of the Venae Subclaviae Jugulares and their Branches THE Trunk of the Cava Ascendens as soon as it comes to the Claviculae where it is sustained by the Thymus is divided into two branches the one goes to the right the other to the left they are called Subclaviae which fend out several other branches The first is the Mammaria which comes sometimes from the Cava before it divides into the Subclaviae this Vein is distributed in the Dugs and frequently it goes lower and makes an Anastomosis with some branches of the Epigastrica The second is the Mediastina which is ordinarily one coming from the trunk of the Cava it goes to the Mediatâ—num and Thymus The third is the Cervicalis or Veriebralis which goes up the Vertebra of the Neck and casts some branches by the by to the Medulla Spinalis The Fourth is the Muscula Inferior which comes sometimes from the Jugulars 't is distributed throw the Inferior Muscles of the Neck and the Superior of the Breast The branch that answers this is called Muscula Posterior because 't is distributed in the Muscles which are in the hind Part of the Neck After that the Rami Subclavii are come out of the Cavity of the Breast they are called Axillares they send out the Scapularis Internus and Externus which go to the Muscles of the Scapula and to the Glands in the Arm-pits Then they are divided into two branches the Superior is called Cephalica and the Inferior Basilica From the Basilica rises the Thoracica Superior which goes to the Dugs and Muscles of the Breast The Thoracica Inferior which spreads it self upon the side of the Breast by several branches which communicate by Anastomosis with the branches of the Azygos under the Muscles of the Breast The Subclavii send out also the Jugulares externi interni which go to the Head The Jugulares externi ascend towards the Ears where they divide in two branches the one Internal the other External The Internal goes to the Muscles of the Mouth and of the Os Hyâ—ides The External lying upon the Parotides divide into two branches of which one is spread thorow all the Face and the branches of the one side unites with those on the other side and form the Vena Frontis which they open sometimes in Diseases of the Head The other branch goes to the Temples and hind Head The Jugulares interni afcend to the Basis of the Cranium where they are divided into two branches of which the greatest open into the Sinus Laterales of the Dura Mater by the holes thorow which the eighth Pair of Nerves come out the least goes to the Pia Mater by the hole which is nigh the Cella Tureica SECT VIII Of the Veins of the Arms and Hands THE Basilica and Cephalica are the two principal Veins of the Arms and Hands The Cephalica creeps along the Arm between the Skin and the Muscles it divides into two branches The External branch goes down to the Wrist where it joins the Basilica and turns up to the Back of the Hand where it gives a branch which makes the Salvitella between the ring Finger and the little Finger The ancientâ— used to open this Vein in Diseases of the Head in continued and intermitting Fevers but the Moderns approve not of this particular Practice since the Knowledge of the Circulation on the Blood there is no difference whether one be blooded in the Cephalica Mediana or Basilica The Internal branch of the Cephalica together with a branch of the Basilica makes the Mediana The Basilica which is the Inferior branch of the Axillaris divides into three branches under the Tendon of the Musculus Pectoralis The first branch accompanies the fourth branch of Nerves that goes to the Arm. The second is called Profundus it reaches below the Elbow where it divides into two branches The one External which goes to the Thumb the Fore-finger and to the Musculi Extensores Carpi The other Internal which goes to the middle Finger to the ring Finger to the little Finger and to the inner Muscles of the Hand The third branch is called Subcutaneus towards the inner Condile of the Arm it divides into the Ramus Anterior and Posterior The first goes under the Muscles of the Vlna to the little Finger where it joins a branch of the Cephalica the second near to the Elbow sends out a branch which goes to the Wrist then it unites with the Cephalica Interior and forms the Mediana The Mediana which is made of the Cephalica Interior and the second branch of the Ramus Subcutaneus of the Basilica divides into two branches upon the Radius the one External called Cephalica Pollicis which runs between the Thumb and the fore Finger The other Internal which goes between the ring Finger and the middle Finger and sometimes between this last and the fore Finger SECT IX Of the Trunk of the Cava Descendens THE Trunk of the Cava Descendens accompanies the great Artery from the Liver to the fourth Vertebra of the Loins where it divides into two great branches called Iliaci but before this Division it casts forth four branches from each side The first is the Vena Adiposa or Renalis which is spread on the Coat and Fat that covers the Reins The second is the Vena Emulgens which goes to the Kidney where it
of the Skin WE remark in the Skin the Scarfskin being raised Three Parts The First is an infinite Number of Papille Pyramidales they are the Ends of all the Nerves of the Skin each of which are enclosed in two or three Covers of a Pyramidale Figure and these Covers are each above another They may be easily seen and separated in the Skin of an Elephant and in the Skin of the Feet of several other Animals Between these Papillae are an infinite number of holes which are nothing but the Orifices of the excretory Vessels of the Miliary Glands underneath The Second Part is a web of nervous Fibres and other Vessels differently interwoven it is always covered with a mucous Substance which serves to support and moisten the Papillae Pyramidales and it is the Parenchima or that part of the Skin that the Parchment is made of The Third Part is an infinite number of Miliary Glands about which there is much fat they 〈◊〉 under the other two Parts they seâ—â—te the matter of Sweat and insenâ—â—â— transpiration Each Gland receives â—erve and Artery and sends out a 〈◊〉 and excretory Vessel which last â—â—es thorow the other two Parts to the â—â—icula for the discharging the Body â—his Matter and for the moistening the â—â—icula and the Papillae Pyramidales that 〈◊〉 may not be dry which would very â—â—h hurt the sense of touching Upon 〈◊〉 surface of the Skin there are many â—allel Lines which are cut by as many â—allel ones These Intersections make â—â—es of a Rhomboidale figure and â—â—on the Ends of the Fingers these â—â—es are Spiral There is a Pore â—â—â—h a hair in the most part of the â—ersections the more there are of â—â—se Lines and the deeper they are 〈◊〉 rougher and the more wrinkled is 〈◊〉 Skin The thickness of the Skin The Skin is six times thicker 〈◊〉 the Scarfskin And in the Sole of 〈◊〉 Foot it is much thicker than in the â—â—e Hands and other Parts In the â—mmer it is thinner and softer because 〈◊〉 Pores are wider In the Winter it is â—re compact and harder because the â—res are more close therefore the hairs 〈◊〉 Beasts stick faster and Furs made of â—em are better in that Season In some â—e Skin is white in others black and â—uny which probably comes from the different colours of the Mucosity which covers the Parenchima of the Skin 〈◊〉 the Fibres of the Skin in all are white and there is little or no difference in the colour of different Bloods The Skin has communication with all the rest of the Body by the Veins Nerves Arteries and Lymphaticks which it receives from all Parts of the Body in abundance It s Use is to cover and wrap up all the Parts of the Body The use of the Skin to be the Organ of the sense of touching and the emunctory of the whole Body SECT V. Of the Hair THE Hair may justly be reckoned one of the common Teguments of the Body not only for its Use but also because it is to be found upon all the Parts of the Body except the Soles of the Feet and Palms of the Hands It grows longest upon the Head Beard in the Arm-Pits and about the Privities When we examine the Hairs with a Microscope we find that they have a great resemblance with Plants for they have each a round bulbous root which lies pretty deep in the Skin and which draws their Nourishment from the surrounding Humours and therefore they grow after Death In some places 't is apparent â—hey receive a small twig of a Nerve The Hairs themselves appear hollow which is also confirmed by the Plica Poâ—nica in which Distemper the Blood â—rops from their Extremities they are generally of a triangular figure and â—heir different colours depend much upon the different temperaments and quaâ—ity of the Humours that nourish them The use of the Hairs is for a Covering and Ornament to the Body whatsoever the efficient Cause may be why a Man has a Beard and a Woman â—one it is certain the final Cause is for the distinguishing the Male from the Female Sex which otherwise could hardly be known if both were dress'd in the â—ame Habit. SECT VI. Of the Fat. THE Fat which is another of the common Teguments of the Body is an oily and sulphureous Substance contained in a number of little membranous Cells which being look'd upon with a Microscope resemble the Cells of Honey-combs only they are not so regular being they are somewhat flat and almost of an oval figure The Membrane of which these Cells are composed is very thin and transparent and seems to be only a continuation or production of the Membrana Adiposa to which it closely adheres This Membrana Adiposa lies under these Cells and in a manner is their basis and support From this Membrane arise a great number of Veins Arteries and Nerver which divide into an infinite number of branches which terminate in the celluâ— adiposae The Vessels of the Fat. Malpighius has discovered a Net of small Vessels which he calls Ductus adiposi because they are full of Fat these he supposes bring the Fat into the Cells but he could never discover from whence they take their rise There are also a number of little Glands which are accompanied with Lymphatick Vessels which carry back any Serosity that is superfluous The Fat is to be found immediately under the Skin in all the Parts of the Body except in the Forehead Eye-lids Lips upper part of the Ear Yard and Scrotum but in all the other Parts of the Body there is more or less there is much about the Heart the Kidneys the Intestines the Thighs the Glands and the Joints There are two sorts of Fat Two sorts of Fat. one white or rather yellow soft and lax which is easily melted called Pinguedo Another white firm brittle and which is not easily melted called Sevum or Tallow Some reckon the Marrow of the Bones for a â—hird sort of Fat. The Vse of the Fat. The chief Use of the Fat is to hinder 〈◊〉 too great Exaltation of the Salts for there is nothing which sweetens so much â—he Acrimony of exalted Salts as greasy and oily Substances therefore it is found almost thorow all the Body that it may be taken up by the Veins to blunt and sweeten the too great sharpness and Acrimony of the Salts which are in the Blood The Fat which is about the Glands has the same use in respect of the Lymphae and that which is about the Kidneys may serve to preserve their Bason-against the Salts of the Urine The Fat serves sometimes for the nourishment of the Body and for the entertaining of the Natural Heat Hence it is that the Dormouse and other Creatures live during a whole Winter without any other Food It serves also to moisten and souple the Parts for facilitating their Motion to fill up the Interstices of the Parts that the Skin may
other two which coâ—â— each side of the proper Membrane come from the Peritonaeum Its Vessels The branches of the Arteria Mesenterica Superior and Inferior which come from the Aorta and the Venae Mestraice which come from the Porta run upon its proper Membrane to the Intestines the Nerves which come from the Intercostals and some sprigs from those of the Vertebrae of the Loins make some Plexus from which there goes an infinite number of small twigs to the Coats of the Intestines The Venae Lactâ—â— and Lymphatick Vessels run also throw the Mesentery In it there are also a great number of Glands among which there is one bigger than the rest near its centre called by Assellius Paâ—creas These Glands are surrounded with a great deal of Fat the Lacteal Veins which come from the Intestines terminate in them and other Lacteals arise from them and go to the receptacle of the Chyle Sometimes these Glands being obstructed curn Schirrous and excessively big It s Vse The Use of the Mesentery is to keep the Intestines in order and to sustain the Meseraick Veins Arteries Lacteal and Lymphatick Vessels Of the Veâ—â—e Lacteae Assellius was the first who found out the Venae Lacteae in the Year 1622. They are so call'd because they are long transparent Vessels which appear white by the Chyle which they contain They are so small as that they cannot be seen but when they are full of Chyle They are of two Sorts They are of two Sorts the first sort are called Radicales or Venae Lacteâ— primi generis they come by little branches from the Intestines particularly from the Jejunum and Ilenum and they run betwixt the Duplicature of the Mesenterium where they unite and form great branches which go to the Glands in the Mesenterium The second Sort are called Lactea secundi generis they come from the Glands in the Mesenterium by several branches which uniting form bigge branches which carry the Chyle from the Glands to the Receptaculum They have Valves at certain distances as other Veins which hinder the Chyle to return into the Intestines The first Sort have their Orifices in the Cavity of the Intestines covered with the slime and mucosity of the inner Tunicle of the Intestines the Chyle which enters them is filtrated thorow the Glands which are in this Coat Of the Receptaculum Chyli Assellius and almost all thought That the Lacteae of the second Order carried the Chyle to the Liver But Pecquet who found out the Receptaculum Chyli in the Year 1651. hath shewed by Ligatures that they go not to the Liver but to the Receptaculum This Receptacle is easily found in Bodies that are alive but with a greater difficulty in those that are dead it is of a Vesicular Substance which is thicker in Men than in Beasts but its Cavity is bigger in these than in those Bartholine opening two Bodies immediately after their Death and about four Hours after they had Eat observed three Glands which he calls Lumbares The first which was the least was situated under the right root of the Diaphragma and the other two which were bigger were situated in the Angle made by the Aorta and Emulgents they had Communication with one another by some Lacteal Vessels these he thinks were in stead of Pecquet's Receptacle Of the Ductus Thoracicus From this Receptacle arises a Vessel called Ductus Thoracicus which is sometimes found double This Vessel ascends all along the Vertebrae of the Back under the Oesophagus between the Azygos and the Aorta and discharges it self of the Chyle which it receives from the Receptacle into the left Subclavian Vein by three or four small Pipes or Branches which have every one at their Orifices a small Valve which gives a free passage to the Chyle into the Subclavian but which shuts and hinders it to return back again This Duct is also called Ductus Communis Lymphoticus because the Lymphatick Vessels discharge themselves into it It has several Valves at certain distances which further the ascent of the Chyle towards the Subclavian by sustaining of it that it fall not back again into the Receptacle The use of the Lacteae and Ductus Thoracicus The Chyle being pressed by the Peristaltick Motion of the Guts into the Lacteae is received into the Receptacle from whence it is forced by the pressure of the Intestines and action of the Muscles of the lower Belly into the Ductus Thoracicus which carries it to the left Subclavian Vein to be carried with the Blood to the Heart SECT X. Of the Glands in General THE Modern Anatomists have reduced all the Glands of the Body to two Sorts viz. Glandulae Conglobatae and Glandulae Conglomeratae Of the Glandulae Conglobatae The Glandulae Conglobatae are formed by the several turnings of one or more particular sorts of Vessels closely tied together and wrapt up in one common Tunicle Such are the Testicles and Epididymides Of the Conglomeratae The Conglomeratae are such as are composed of many little Glands each of which is covered with its own proper Coat has its own proper Excretory Vessel which sometimes uniting with the rest form one or more Excretory Ducts and they are all closely tied to one another by Vessels and Membranes and all covered with one common Membrane such are the Pancreas the Liver the Salivares c. The use of the Glands is to separate the Humours such as the Bile Urine Spittle and others from the Blood which is brought to them by the Arteries And tho' of this there can be no Controversy yet what the inward Structure of the Glands is and how they separate these Humours is very much disputed by Anatomists There are some who will not have the Glands to differ from one another nor yet from other Vessels except only in this That their Orifices or Cavities are of different Figures that is they are either Triangular Quadrangular Septangular or such like Others again think That the Arteries and Veins are but one continued Canal and that at the Extremity of the Artery or beginning of the Vein there goes out a Vessel called the Excretory Duct through which the Humour passes and these Ducts have circular Orifices which differ from one another only in magnitude The Learned Bellinus ingeniously imagines That a Gland is only a single Cylindrical Tube which may be either Straight Spiral or otherwise Crooked from which there goes one or more Excretory Ducts as the Venae Lacteae go from the Intestines This Tube at one end is continued to the Artery and at the other to the Vein both which are of a Conical Figure There are as many or more Opinions about the way the Humours are separated The Ancients maintained that it was done by Ferments but as these Ferments must mix with the Blood to separate the Humours from it so they must be exhausted and there must be another Ferment to separate more
and another to separate this and so on ad infinitum Besides it is impossible That any Liquor can lie in any particular place as the Ferments are supposed to be through which other Liquors run continually and not be carried away with the moving Liquors Upon these Considerations the Learned Bellinus in his Treatise De motu Cordis Bilis thinks That the Air might be this Ferment But besides that it may be doubted whether there is any Air in the Blood or not it will be hard to conceive how the same Ferment and the same Structure of Glands can separate different forts of Liquors in the several Parts of the Body But I wish he had been more particular and explained his Opinion more fully Those who maintain that the Glands have Pores or Cavities of different Figures say that none but Bodies of such Figures can enter them and therefore such and such Liquors are always separated in such and such Glands But if they did consider that Liquors are Susceptible of all Figures and that membranous Tubes will yield to any Figure and that all Bodies of a lesser Diameter than that of the Gland may pass through they would have little reason to be of this Opinion Those who think that the Glands differ only in magnitude say That only Liquors of such and such Magnitudes can pass through such and such Glands have no reason to brag of it for if the Bile is made of Parts which are bigger than those of the Urine and the Parts of the Urine bigger than those of the Spittle then the Spittle may pass where the Urine passes and both may pass through the Glands of the Liver Besides there is no Liquor which has not smaller and greater Parts so that Parts of the grossest Liquors would be found separate in the finest Glands It were tedious to run over all the Opinions which are published upon this Subject The Ingenious Dr. Cockburn has given us one in his Oeconomia Animalis drawn from the different Velocities of the Blood which certainly ought to be considered in this Affair SECT XI Of the Pancreas and Succus Pancreaticus Of the Pancreas THE Pancreas or Sweet-bread is a Gland of the Conglomerate sort being composed of a number of Glands all wrapt up in one common Membrane It is situated betwixt the bottom of the Stomach and the Vertebrae of the Loins it lies across the Abdomen reaching from the Cavity of the Liver to the Spleen it 's strongly tied to the Peritonaeum It weighs commonly four or five Ounces It is about six fingers breadth long two broad and one thick It s Substance is a little soft and supple every little Gland has a small excretory Vessel which uniting all together form one common Duct about the bigness of a Quill clear and transparent like to a Lymphatick Vessel Of the Ductus Pancreaticus this Duct runs all along the middle of the Pancreas and opens into the Cavity of the Duodenum at its lower end where there is a little Caruncle at its Orifice Sometimes it joins the Ductus communis Cholidochus and then both open at one Orifice into the Duodenum This Canal was first found by Virtsungus and is called Ductus Pancreaticus Virtsungi Of the Vessels of the Pancreas The Pancreas has Veins from the Splenick branch Arteries from the Caeliack Nerves from the Intercostal It s use is to separate a Liquor not acid but of the same Nature as the Saliva for the further Concoction and Chylification of the Aliments SECT XII Of the Liver and Gall Bladder It s Situation THE Liver lies under the right Hypochondâ—ium It s Convex and upper side reaches a little beyond the Cartilago Xiphoides and touches the Diaphragma its Concave and under side covers the Pylorus and part of the Stomach As also a part of the Colon all the Duodenum a part of the Jejunum and of the Omentum When we stand its Extremity goes near to the Navel It s Figure The Liver is almost round and pretty thick It s upper side is Convex smooth and equal the other side is Concave but not so equal In its middle and forepart it is divided into two by a fissure where the Umbilical Vessels enter The Gall-bladder is fastened to it s under side where there are three Eminences that the Ancients called Portae of which one passes for a little Lobe When it is full of Blood it is of a dark red colour when the Blood is washed out of it 't is pale and soft It s Connexion It is fastned in the Body by three Ligaments The first ties it to the Diaphragma from which it comes and penetrates the Substance of the Liver into the Capsula of the Porta where it is join'd by the Umbilical Vein The second is the Umbilical Vein it comes from the Navel and enters by the great Fissure of the Liver to join the Porta After the Birth it degenerates into a Ligament but is of little use for the fastening the Liver The third is slack but strong it comes from the Common Membrane of the Liver and is tied to the Xiphonoid Cartilage It s Membrane 'T is covered with a common Membrane from the Peritonaeum besides that every Lobe and Gland has its proper Membrane It s Substance The common Membrane of the Liver being raised its Substance appears which is composed of several Lobes of Glands of a Conick figure not easily to be distinguished in the Liver of Men. These Lobes are disposed all along the sides of each branch of the Vessels in the Liver they are every one covered with a proper Membrane and tied to one another by other Membranes in such a manner as that they leave also little Intervals betwixt them which are more visible in Fish and other imperfect Animals Every Lobe receives small Vessels and tho' we cannot see where they end yet we may presume that they go to the little Glands of which each Lobe is composed Its Vessels The Vessels of the Liver are the Vena Cava and the Porta They are accompanied with many small branches of the Arteries which come from the Coeliack and Mesenterica Superior which two bring the Blood for the nourishment of the Liver The Porta brings the Blood full of Bile for Secretion and the Cava carries back the Blood that remains from both The Vena Porta and the Cava enter the Liver by its Concave side and are equally distributed thorow all its Substance where ever there is a branch of the one there is a branch of the other so that each Lobe and each Gland in the Love whether on the Convex or Concave side receive the same Vessels The Vena Porta discharges by the extremity of its branches the Blood as yet full of Bile into the little Glands which form the Lobes of which the Parenchyma of the Liver is composed where being separated from the Bile which is taken up by the
Of its Figure The figure of the Womb is like a Pear from its internal Orifice to its bottom 't is three fingers long two broad and almost as much thick In Maids its Cavity will contain a big Almond It changes both figure and dimensions in Women that are with Child it presses the Bowels and teaches to the Navel towards their Delivery whilst at other times it does not pass the Os Sacrum Of its Substance The Womb is covered with an external Membrane which it receives from the Peritonaum It s Substance is composed of fleshy Fibres which are woven together like a Net and they draw together and make several bundles which have several directions for the better contracting of the Womb in the expulsion of the Foetus The Space between these Fibres are filled up with thin and soft Membranes which form an infinite number of Cells upon which the Blood Vessels run turning and winding in great abundance Upon these Membranes especially towards the Cavity of the Womb there are several Glands which separate an humour to lubricate the Cavity of the Womb in the time of Pregnation The bottom of the Womb grows thick as it dilates so that in the last Months of Gestation 't is at least an inch thick especially where the Placenta adheres because of the abundance of Blood that is brought to it by the Arteries The entry into the Cavity or the Mouth of the Womb which joins the upper end of the Vagina makes a little Protuberance in form of Lips which resembles the Muzzle of a little Dog it opens to receive the Seed in its Cavity and shuts very exactly after Conception Of it Vessels The Womb receives Veins and Arteries from the Hypogastrick and Spermatick Vessels they divide and creep along it by many turnings and windings to the end they may not break when it dilates the Veins on one side communicate by Anastomosts with the Veins on the other side In like manner do the Arteries many of them open in the inside of the Womb and once every Month they pour out a little Blood which runs thorow the Vagina out at the Pudenda this Blood is called the Menstrua or Courses they begin about 14 and continue till about the 60. year of Age. Its Nerves come from the Intercostals and from those which come from the Os Sacrum There are also several Lymphaticks upon its outside which unite by little and little into great branches and discharge themselves in the Reservatory of the Chyle Of its Ligaments The Womb is tied by two sorts of Ligaments by two broad called Ligamenta Lata and by two round called Ligamenta Rotunda The two broad Ligaments seem to be a Production or Continuation of the Peritonaeum they come from the Ilia and are inserted in the sides of the bottom of the Womb for their largeness and figure they are commonly compared to the Wings of a Bat. Their Substance is membranous as the Peritonaeum but mixed with some fleshy Fibres besides the Womb they sustain the Spermatick Vessels the Ovaria or Testicles and the Tubae Fallopianae The two round Ligaments rise from the fore and lateral Part of the bottom of the Womb and pass in the Productions of the Peritonaeum thorow the rings of the oblique and transverse Muscles of the Abdomen to the Os Pubis where they expand like a Goose-foot and are partly inserted in the Os Pubis and are partly continued or joined to the Musculus Membranosus or Fascia Lata on the upper part of the inside of the Thigh from thence comes the Pain that Women big with Child feel in this place The Substance of these Ligaments is hard but covered with a great number of Blood Vessels they are pretty big at the bottom of the Womb but they grow smaller and smaller as they approach the Os Pubis Of the Spermatick Vesselt The Spermatick Vessels in Women are four as in Men they differ only in this that they are shorter that the Artery makes several turnings and windings as it goes down that it divides into two branches of which the smallest goes to the Ovarium the biggest divides into three more of which one is bestowed upon the Womb another upon the Vagina and the third upon the Ligaments of the Womb and Tubae Fallopianae 't is the same as to the Vein Of the Situation and Figure of the Ovaria The Ovaria are tied about two fingers distance from the bottom of the Womb by a Ligament which some Anatomists have taken for the Vasa Deferentia They are fixed to the Peritonaeum at the Ilia by the Sperâ—â—tick Vessels and by the Membranes which cover them They are of an Oval figure a little flat upon their upper Part where the Spermatick Vesselâ— enter The Ovaria or Testicles are about half as big as Mens are their Surface is unequal and wrinkled in old Women but smooth and equal in Maids they are covered with a proper Membrane Of their Membranes and Substance which sticks close to their Substance and with another common from the Peritonaeum which covers also the Spermatick Vessels Their Substance is composed of Fibres and Membranes which leave little spaces in which there are several small Vesicles round full of water which being boiled hardene 〈◊〉 the white of an Egg they have eath of them two proper Membranes upon which there are several small twâ— go 〈◊〉 Veins Arteries and Nerves Thâ—se Vesicles are called Eggs and they are of a different size and number in Women of different Age. Such of theâ— as are impregnant after Copulation are contained or covered all over with â—glandulous Body which has a small hole in its side thorow which they are thrust when they fall into the Tâ—â—â— Fallopianae Besides the Spermatick Vessels the Ovaria have Nerves from the Intercostals and Lymphaticks which discharge themselves into the common Receptacle Of the Tubae Fallopianae The Tubae Fallopianae are situated on the right and left side of the Womb they rise from its bottom by a narrow beginning and they dilate in form of a Trumpet to their Extremities where they are contracted again into a small Orifice from whose Circumference they dilate into a pretty broad Membrane which looks as if it were torn at its edges therefore called Morsus Diaboli Their Cavity where they open into the Womb will scarcely admit of a Hog's bristle but at its widest part it will take in the end of one's little finger These Tubes are tied below the Testicles by a thin large Membrane Their Substance is composed of two Membranes the one external the other internal a little wrinkled which covers all their Cavity These Membranes come from the external and internal Membranes of the Womb. The Tubes are about four or five fingers breadth long they have the same Veins Arteries Nerves and Lymphaticks as the Ovaria These are all the Parts of Generation in Women The Vse of these Parts
because of the Valvulae Tricuspides which communicates with the Vena Pulmonaria which carries back the Blood into the left Ear which in its Systole thrusts the Blood into the left Ventricle which is then in its Diastole In the Systole of this Ventricle the Blood is thrust into the Aorta for it cannot return into the Ear because of the Valunlae Mitrales which carries it thorow all the Body Now the Aorta when it comes out of the Heart ascends a little upwards and then turns downwards to form the descending Trunk because the Blood might offend the Brain if it ran with that impetuosity with which it 's thrown out of the Heart and from the upper side of this turning the Cervical and Axillary Vessels do arise by this artifice the Blood collides against the sides of the Aorta its force is broken part of it is taken in by the Mouths of the ascending branches but it s greatest part is directed downwards Of the Circulation of the Blood in the Foetus Let us now consider which way the Blood circulates in the Foetus for this you must observe that in the right Ear on the lower side of the Protuberance of the Cava just opposite to the Mouth of the Cava Descendens there is a hole called the Foramen Ovale which opens into the Vena Pulmonaria this hole has a Valve which suffers the Blood to enter the Vein but hinders it to come back again There is likewise a Passage or Canal called Ductus Bottali which comes from the Trunk of the Arteria Pulmonaria and goes to the Trunk of the Aorta Now the Blood which comes from the Placenta by the Umbilical Vein into the Porta is sent into the Cava by a Canal which goes straight from the Trunk of the Porta to the Trunk of the Cava in the Liver This ascends the Vena Cava and is directly thrown thorow the Foramen Ovale into the Vena Pulmonaria which carries it into the left Ventricle which throws it into the Aorta to be distributed thorow all the Body But the Blood which comes down the Vena Cava ascendens is diverted by the Isthmus of the Cava from the Foramen Ovale and falls into the right Ventricle which thrusts it into the Arteria Pulmonaria from whence it 's immediately carried by the Ductus Bottali into the Aorta to be mixt with the rest of the Blood By this you see that the Blood which comes from the Vena Cava descendens passes only thorow the left Ventricle whilst the Blood which comes from the Cava ascendens passes only thorow the right Ventricle Thus having shewed what way and by what means the Blood circulates thorow the Heart let us now reflect a little upon the quickness of its motion Each Ventricle will at least contain an Ounce of Blood and therefore we may safely suppose that the Heart throws into the Aorta an Ounce of Blood every time it contracts The Heart contracts 4000 times in one Hour or sometimes more and sometimes less according to the different Temperaments Sexes and Ages from which it follows that there passes thorow the Heart every hour 4000 Ounces or 350 Pound of Blood Now the whole mass of Blood is but about 25 Pound so that a quantity of Blood equal to the whole mass of Blood passes thorow the Heart 14 times in one hour which is about once every 4 minutes I say a quantity which is equal to the whole mass of Blood and not the whole mass it self for it is not to be supposed that the Blood which goes to the Extremities can return to the Heart as soon as the Blood which goes only to the Kidneys or Liver The Velocity and quantity of Blood together with the time it takes to run in different Blood Vessels differ according to the different lengths and orifices of the Vessels according to the greater and lesser Compression the Vessels receive in the different Parts thorow which they run according to different quantity of Secretions from the Vessels in the several Parts of the Body according as the Vessels have more or less turnings and windings and according as they divide into more of fewer branches These things determinate the Velocity Time and Quantity of Blood in the several Vessels of the Body In the Blood there is much volatile Salt and Spirits some Phlegm and Sulphur a little Earth but little or no fixt Salt Alcali's dissolve it and Acids coagulate it SECT V. Of the Lungs Of the Figure of the Lungs THE Lungs are in the middle of the Cavity of the Thorax they are divided into two Lobes by the Mediastinum and the left is ordinarily subdivided into two more The Figure of both Lobes together resemble a Cows foot being a little concave betwixt the two Lobes where they embrace the Heart and behind where they lie upon the Vertebrae but before where they touch the Sternum and Ribs they are Convex The colour of the Lungs in a Foetus is of a pale red but after that the Air has once entered them Of their Colour and Connexion they lose their red and remain always pale yet in Adults they are variegated with the one and the other They are tied to the Sternum by the Mediastinum before to the Vertebrae by the Pleura behind where it rises from the Vertebrae to the Heart by the Vena and Arteria Pulmonaria and sometimes to the Pleura where it covers the Ribs particularly in the left side and especially after a Pleurisie Of the Membranes of the Lungs The Lobes of the Lungs are covered with a double Membrane the External is smooth fine but close The Internal is rough and unequal formed by the Extremities of the Vessels and Membrance which tie the Vesicles together It resembles the side of a Honey-Comb Of the Structure of the Lungs Each Lobe is subdivided into an infinite number of little Lobes disposed like so many Grapes upon the Sides and Extremities of the branches of the Bronchiae covered each with their proper Membrane and tied together by a number of Membranes which fill up the Spaces that these Lobes leave between one another Each little Lobe contains an infinite number of small and little Orbicular Vesicles which leave small Interstices between them which are full of small Membranes like those which tie the Lobes together Each Vesicle receives a twig from the branch of the Brochiae that enters the Lobe in which they are contained This twig opens in their Cavity which is divided into little Cells which communicate with one another and a twig from the Vein Nerve and Artery which are spread upon the Membranes of the Vesicle each Vesicle communicates with one another Of the Vessels of the Lungs Now the Vessels which enter the Lungs are the Trachea or Aspera Arteria which comes from the Larynx the Arteria Pulmonaria which comes from the right Ventricle and Vena Pulmonaria which comes from the left Ear
Production the two upper which are longer are tied to the Horns of the Os Hyoides and the two lower to the second Cartilage which is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Of the Annularis or Annularis because it resembles a ring It 's very large and thick behind which Part is like the Stone of a Ring it 's situated below the other Cartilages of the Larynx They stand upon it as upon a basis and by it they are tied to the Trachea Of the Arytaenoides The Third and Fourth are called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 they reach from the middle of the Concave side of the Thyroides to the upper and back part of the Annularis and they make that chink or Rimula which is the Mouth of the Larynx called Glottis Betwixt those and the sides of the Thyroides there are two small Cavities on each side formed by the Muscles and Membranes which join them together in which if a little drink or bread fall as sometimes happens when one laughs or speaks in eating or drinking it causes a violent Cough and a great tickling Of the Epiglottis The Fifth and last Cartilage is the Epiglottis it 's of a softer Substance than the others it resembles a little Tongue it is tied by its basis to the upper and middle Part of the Concave side of the Thyroides its use is to cover the Glottis in eating and drinking for the Aliments by their weight press it close down upon the Glottis and they pass over without entering the Larynx into the Oesophagus but when the Aliments are past the Epiglottis by its natural resort which is common to all Cartilages lifts up again and gives way to the Air for the Respiration When we Speak or Laugh the Glottis must necessarily be open for the Passage of the Air therefore it is not convenient to speak whilst we are Eating or Drinking Of the Muscles of the Larynx The Larynx has two Pair of common Muscles and four Pair proper The First of the Common Muscles is the Sternothyroidaeus Sternothyroidaeus it arises from the upper Part of the inside of the Sternum and ascending on the sides of the Trachea Arteria it is inserted to the lower Part of the sides of the Cartilago Scutiformis when these Muscles act they pull this Cartilage downwards The Second is the Hyothyroidaeus Hyothyroidaeus it arises from the lower Part of the Os Hyoides and descending is inserted to the lower Part of the Scutiformis near the former They pull up the Larynx The First of the proper Muscles is the Cricothyroidaeus Cricothyroidaeus it ariseth from the forepart of the Cartilage Cricoides and running under the Thyroides it is inserted into the inside of that Cartilage The Second is the Cricoarytaenoidaeus Cricoarytaenoidaeus it ariseth from the lateral Part of the Cricoides and ascending is inserted to the lateral Part of the Arytaenoides this dilates the Arytaenoides I see no reason for dividing this Muscle in two as Mr. Cooper has done The Third is the Thyro-Arytaenoidaeus Thyro-Arytaenoidaeus it ariseth from the internal and Concave side of the Scutiformis and is inserted to the foreparts of the Arytaenoides it contracts the Rimula The Fourth Muscle is the Arytaenoidaeus Arytaenoidaeus it runneth upon the upper Part of the Cartilage Arytaenoides and with its fellow forms a Sphincter for contracting of the Rimula A true Squinzie which is caused by the Inflammation of these Muscles is Mortal because they shut exactly the chink of the Larynx therefore Bronchotomy is absolutely necessary in this case but it is rarely tho' it may be safely used Of the Vessels of the Larynx The Larynx receives Veins from the Jugulars Arteries from the Carotides and Nerves from the Recurrent Of the Glandulae Thyroidaeae On the lower Part of the Larynx upon the sides of the Annulary Cartilage and of the first ring of the Trachea there are two Glands called Thyroidaeae they are big and spongeous of the figure of a Pear their colour is red their Substance solid and viscous they have Veins Nerves and Arteries as the Larynx they have also some Lymphaticks Their Use is to separate a Serosity from the blood this Serosity is deprived of its Acrimony by the Fat which is about the Glands and it is afterwards sent thorow their Excretory Vessels into the Cavity of the Larynx for the moistening it and for facilitating the Motion of the Cartilages CHAP. IV. Of the Upper Cavity or Head SECTION I. Of the Frontal and Occipital Muscles and of the Pericranium THE Head is situated in the upper Part of the Body not only for the conveniency of the Senses but also that the Brain may the more easily send the Animal Spirits to all the Parts of the Body It s Natural Figure is round but a little flat upon its Sides round that it might contain the greater quantity of Brains and flat upon its Sides that the bounds of the Sight may be the larger or rather that the Ears might not be too much exposed to danger We have divided the external Parts of the Head into two the Face and the hairy Scalp we shall now divide it into the Containing and the Contained Parts The Containing Parts are the Skin with the Hair upon it the Pericranium the Skull and the two Meninges Of the Skin and Hair we have already spoken of the Skull we shall speak in its proper place Anatomists do generally say that the Skull is covered both with a Pericranium and a Periosteum but they have taken the Aponeurosis of the Occipital and Frontal Muscles for one of them These Muscles lie immediately under the Skin The first two are called Frontales Their fleshy Fibres are insertedinto the Eye-brows from thence they go straight up the Os frontis and are continued by a long and large Aponeurosis to that of the Occipitales they adhere closely to the Skin of the Forehead which they pull upwards The other two Muscles which are called Occipitales have their fleshy Fibres fixed to the Skin of the Hind-head which they also pull upwards They are short broad and thin and they end in a large Aponeurosis which joins that of the Frontals and both together cover the whole Skull Of the Pericranium Therefore the Periosteum or Pericranium is a very thin and nervous Membrane of an exquisite sense which covers immediately not only the Cranium but all the Bones of the Body except the Teeth and Bones of the Ear. It is tied to the Dura Mater by some Fibres which pass thorow the Sutures of the Skull It receives Veins from the external Jugulars Arteries from the Carotides Nerves from the fifth Pair of the Brain and from the second of the Neck SECT II. Of the Dura and Pia Mater THE Membranes or Meninges which are within the Cranium are two the Dura Mater and the Pia Mater so called because they are supposed to be the Origination
is inserted into the Os Hyoides which it pulls obliquely downwards The Belly of this Muscle is a little tendinous in its middle that the Vessels which go to the Head be not compressed when it acteth The fifth Pair is the Stylohyoidaeus it arises from the Processus Styloides and descending obliquely is inserted into the Horns of the Os Hyoides which it draws to one side and a little upwards The Belly of this Muscle is perforated for the Passage of the Tendonin the middle of the Digastricus CHAP. V. Of the Bones SECT I. Of the Bones in general THo' after the Description of the three Cavities it is usual to give the Myology yet because it cannot be understood without a perfect Knowledge of the Bones therefore we shall begin with them Of the Nourishment of the Bones The Bones are made up of hard Fibres tied to one another by small transverse Fibres as those of the Muscles are In a Foetus those Fibres are porous soft and easily discerned It is probable that they are nourished by the Serous or Lymphatick Part of the Blood which is brought to them by the Arteries and carried back by the Veins As their Pores fill with a Substance of their own Nature such as we suppose the Lympha to be so they encrease harden and grow close to one another but when their Pores are full of this Substance then the Bones are grown to their outmost extent hardness and solidity their Blood-Vessels being compressed on all sides by their bony Channels bring no more Blood than what is sufficient to supply the places of their decaying Particles Of the Vse of the Marrow All the Bones of the Body which have any considerable thickness have either a large Cavity or they are Spongeous and full of little Cells in both the one and the other there is an oleaginous Substance called Marrow contained in proper Vesicles or Membranes which is separate from the Nourishment of the Bones that they may harden for as soon as the Marrow appears the Bones turn firm and solid but is still continued in the Cavity and little Cells to supple the Fibres of the Bones that they may be less apt to break All the Bones of the Body except the Teeth and those of the Ear and where the Bones are articulate to one another are covered with a thin but close and strong Membrane called Periosteum it has an exquisite sense which gives me ground to think that it is an Expansion of some of the tendinous Fibres of the Muscles It s use is to sustain the Vessels which enter the Substance of the Bones with their Nourishment Of the Cavities and Protuberances of the Bones On the external Surface of the Bones there are several Cavities and Protuberances The Cavities are of two sorts either narrow and shallow or wide and deep The first sort is called Glene the second Cotyle But in describing the Bones in particular we shall also describe their Cavities The Protuberances are also of two sorts viz. Apophisis and Epiphisis The Apophisis is a Protuberance made by the Fibres of the Bone produced above its Superficies and Epiphisis is a Protuberance made by a small Bone set upon a bigger Bone which as we advance in Age unite in one Both the one and the other are ordinarily upon the Extremities of the Bones and they are either for the Insertions of Muscles whose force they greatly augment or for the Articulation of the Bones All their difference is from their Figure If it be a large and round Protuberance it is called Caput and the Part immediately under it Cervix but if it be small and round then it is called Condylus If it be a sharp Protuberance then it is called Corone Styloides Coracoides c. according to its Figure Analysis of the Bones In the Bones there is much volatile Salt and Spirit which are very subtile and penetrating some Sulphur which is very stinking a little Phlegm and much Earth SECT II. Of the Cartilages and Ligaments in general A Cartilage is a smooth and solid Body softer than a Bone but harder than a Ligament In it there are no Cavities nor Cells for containing of Marrow nor is it covered with any Membrane to make it sensible as the Bones are The Cartilages have all a natural resort by which if they are forced from their Natural figure or situation they return to it of themselves as soon as the force is taken away They are chiefly in those places where a small and easie motion is required as in the Ears Nose Larynx Trachea Arteria and Sternum and their Natural Elasticity serves instead of Antagonist Muscles They cover also the ends of all the Bones which are joined together for motion First Because they are smoother than the Bones Secondly Because they are without sense And Thirdly Being softer than the Bones the Attrition which is made by the motion of the Joint is the more easily supplied A Ligament is a white and solid Body softer than a Cartilage but harder than a Membrane they have no conspicuous Cavities neither have they any sense lest they should always suffer upon the motion of the Joint Their chief use is to fasten the Bones which are articulated for motion together lest they should be dislocated in any violent motion SECT III. Of the Articulations of the Bones Of the joining of the Bones THE Bones are articulated to one another two ways The First which is called Diarthrosis is when the Articulation is with a manifest motion The Second is when the Articulation is without motion and it is called Synarthrosis There are three sorts of the Diarthrosis viz. Enarthrosis Arthrodia and Ginglimus The Enarthrosis is when a large Head is received into a deep Cavity such as the Articulation of the Femur with the Ischium and this sort of joining is called by Tradesmen the Ball and Socket which is used in large Mathematical Instruments for the turning of them to any side Arthrodia is when a small Head is received into a shallow Sinus as the Radius receives the Humerus Tho' Authors have counted the Enarthrosis and the Arthrodia as two distinct Articulations yet we see no reason why they should be so for as they say Majus Minus non variant speciem The Ginglimus is when a Bone both receives and is received and this sort of Articulation admits only of the motions of Flexion and Extension and it is called by Tradesmen Charnall and it is commonly used in hinges Of this Articulation there are three sorts The first is when the end of a Bone has two Protuberances and one Cavity and the end of the Bone which is articulated with it has two Cavities and one Protuberance as the Humerus and the Vlna or when a Bone at one Extremity receives another Bone and at its other Extremity it is received by the same Bone as the Radius and Vlna The second sort is when a Bone at one
end receives another Bone and at the other end it is received by a third Bone as the Vertebrae do The third is when a Bone has a Cavity which receives the long Process of another Bone which Process turns in the Cavity like the Axle-tree in a Wheel As the second Vertebra of the Neck is articulated with the first but this is no true Ginglimus The second sort of Articulation called Synarthrosis is of two sorts viz. Sutura and Gomphosis The Sutura is when two Bones are mutually indented in one another the Teeth by which they are indented are of various Figures sometimes they are like the Teeth of a Saw sometimes they are broad at their Extremities and narrow at their Basis sometimes the sides of the Teeth are likewise indented and sometimes there are little Bones between the Teeth which are also indented these are most frequently in the Sutura Lambdoidalis and they serve as wedges to keep the Teeth firm Besides these little Bones there is ordinarily a viscous Humour which glews the Indentations together and which perfectly unites them in several old Persons This sort of Articulation is called by Joiners Duftelling and is used in Drawers Cabinets and Boxes All the Bones of the Cranium and upper Jaw as also all the Epiphises of the Bones are joined by this sort of Articulation Gomphosis is when one Bone is fastened in another as a Pin or Nail is in a piece of Wood and the Teeth only are articulated this way in their Sockets Authors add a third sort of Synarthrosis which they call Harmonia and by it they say the Bones of the upper Jaw are joined to one another but these Bones are joined to one another by a true Suture There is still another way by which Bones are united which Authors all Symphisis which signifies a natural growing together of the Bones And this is either with some intervening Substance or without it The intervening Substance is either a Cartilage Ligament or Flesh If it be a Cartilage then it is called Synchondrosis this way the union of the Os Pubis and of the Bodies of the Vertebrae is performed because this union remains always Cartilaginous But the Synchondrosis of the Chin is nothing but the Fibres of the lower Jaw at the Chin not as yet ossified If it be a Ligament then it is called Syneurosis and there are none united this way but the Os Hyoides to the Processus Styloides and the Extremity of the Vlna to the Bones of the Carpus If it be Flesh then it is called Syssarcosis this way they say the Os Hyoides and the Scapula are united But who sees not that the Muscles are not for their Articulation but meerly for their motion and it seems to be more proper to say that the Bones are separated rather than articulated by the intervening Muscles The other sort of Symphisis which is when the Bones grow together without any intervening Substance is nothing but Part of the Bones not quite ossified The Extremities of all the Bones in the Body that are articulated to one another for motion except those of the Ear are covered with smooth and soft Cartilages which greatly facilitate their motion They are also surrounded with Membranes or Ligaments which commonly rise from the Conjunction of the Epiphises and the Bones These Ligaments serve not only to strengthen the Joinings and to keep the Heads of the Bones in their Cavities but it is probable that they have also Glands which separate that Mucilage which is always found in the Joints and which is as useful to them as Tallow is to Coach Wheels SECT IV. Of the Bones of the Cranium THE Cranium or Skull is made up of several pieces which being joined together form a considerable Cavity which contains the Brain as in a Box. The bigness of the Cranium is proportionate to the bigness of the Brain It s Figure is round a little depressed on its sides A round figure being the most capacious was fittest to contain a great quantity of Brains And the flatness of its sides help to enlarge the Sight and Hearing Each Bone in the Cranium is made up of two Tables or Lamina between which there is a thin and spongious Substance made of some bony Fibres which come from each Lamina called in Greek Diploe in Latin Meditullium In it there are a great number of Veins and Arteries which bring blood for the Nourishment of the Bones The Tables are hard and solid because in them the Fibres of the Bones are close to one another The Diploe is soft because the bony Fibres are at a greater distance from one another By this contrivance the Cranium is not only made lighter but also less Subject to be broken The external Lamina is smooth and covered with the Pericranium The internal is likewise smooth but on it there are several furrows made by the pulse of the Arteries of the Dura Mater whilst the Cranium was soft and yielding The Bones of the Cranium are joined to one another by four Sutures Of the Sutura Coronalis The first is called the Coronalis It reaches transversly from one Temple to the other Lambdoidalis Sagittalis and Squamosa it joins the Os frontis with the Ossa Parietalia The second is called Lambdoidalis because it resembles the Greek letter Λ Lambda it joins the Os Occipitis to the Ossa Parietalia and Petrosa The third is called Sagittalis it begins at the top of the Lambdoidalis and runs straight to the middle of the Coronalis it joins the two Ossa Parietalia together The fourth is called Sutura Squamosa because the Parts of these Bones which are joined by this Suture slope being mittered together This Suture joins the Semicircular circumference of the Ossa Temporum to the Os Sphaenoides Occipitis and to the Ossa Parietalia The first three Sutures were called Suturae Verae and the last Sutura Falsa because it was supposed to have no Indentations which is false Of the Sutura Transversalis Ethmoidalis and Sphenoidalis The Bones of the Cranium are not only joined to one another but they are also joined to the Bones of the upper Jaw by three other Sutures The first is the Transversalis it runs across the Face it passes from the little Angle of the Eye down to the bottom of the Orbit and up again by the great Angle of the Eye over the root of the Nose and so to the little Angle of the Eye in the other side It separates the Os Frontis from the Bones of the upper Jaw The second is the Ethmoidalis it surrounds the Bone of that Name and separates it from the Bones which are about it The third is the Sutura Sphaenoidalis it surrounds the Os Sphaenoides separates it from the Os Occipitis from the Ossa Petrosa and from the Os Frontis The Cranium is made of several pieces joined together by Sutures that it might be the
in Generation So great is the Pleasure in the act of Generation that it alters the course of the Blood and Animal Spirits which then move all the above described Parts which before lie quiet and at rest The Clitoris is erected which by its exquisite sense affords a great deal of Delight the Glands about the Neck of the Womb being pressed by the swelling of the neighbouring Parts pour forth a Liquor to facilitate the Passage of the Yard and to encrease the Pleasure The Neck of the Womb contracts and embraces closely the Yard the Fibres of the Womb contract and opens its Mouth which at other times is extreamly close for the reception of the spirituous Part of the Seed and by the extraordinary motion of the Blood and Animal Spirits the membranous Expansions of the Extremities of the Tubae Fallopianae being erected and extended embrace the Ovaria for the carrying the Seed to them The Seed impregnates the Egg which from being transparent becomes Opake some time after 't is covered with a thick and glandulous Body which presses it on all sides and thrusts it out thorow a little hole in its middle so it falls into the Orifice of the Tubes which dilate sufficiently for its Passage into the Womb. Some partly considering the closeness of the Mouth of the Womb and partly the thickness of the Membranes of the Ovaria and Ova do judge it impossible for the Seed to pass this way therefore they think that it is taken up by the Veins which open in the Cavity of the Vagina and Matrix where circulating it ferments with the mass of Blood from thence come all those Symptoms which appear in Conception it enters and impregnates the Egg by the small twigs which are upon its Membranes This Fermentation swells the Membranes of the Tubae opens the Cavity of the Womb and makes every thing ready for the reception of the Egg. SECT XVII Of the Generation of the Foetus of the Vmbilical Vessels of the Placenta of the Posture of the Foetus and term of Delivery THere are two principal Opinions about Generation the first is that all the Parts of the Body were praeexistent in the Egg of the Female and that Generation is nothing but the quickening and rendring the Embrye fit for the Nourishment and due Augmentation which it ought to have The other is M. Leuenhoeck's who by his fine Microscopes does discover a vast number of Animalcules in the Male Sperm he says that they have all the Shapes of our Body and that they alone are sufficient for Generation but Dr. Garden with more reason thinks that the Female Eggs are for a Nourishment to them because that Eggs are frequently found in the Tubae Fallopianae Now the Egg being faln into the Womb the Humours which 〈◊〉 from the Extremities of the Vessels of the Womb penetrating the Tuniclâ— of the Egg swell and dilate it just 〈◊〉 the Sap or the Earth swells Seed that is thrown into the Ground Or the branches of the Veins and Arteries whereby the Egg was tied in the Ovarium which may be probably the Umbilical Vessels being broken fasten with the Vessels which open in the Cavity of the Womb then there appears a little Cloud upon the middle of the external Tunicle of the Egg which Cloud is the beginning of the Placenâ—a and about the same time the Spine of the Embryâ— appears and a little after the Cerebrum and Cerebâ—â—â—â— which are like two small Bladdâ—â— afterwards the Face begins to form and the Eyes stand goggling out of the Head the Heart may be plainly seen beating and last of all the Extremities appear Of the Chorion Now the Membranes of the Foetus are the same with those of the Egg. The first which is the External is called Chorion it is pretty thick smooth on its inside but rough and unequal on its outside It receives some branches from the Umbilical Vein and Artâ—ries by which it is tied to the Placâ—â—ta It covers the Amnies or Internal Membrane and between them there is a Liquor which is that Liquor which the Chorion imbibes first when the Egg falls into the Womb this Liquor decreases as the Foetus increases So that towards the last Month the Chorion comes close to the Amnios Of the Amnios Which is the Second and Internal Membrane It covers immediately the Foetus It is whiter thinner and smoother than the Chorion It contains a clear and pure Liquor in the middle of which swims the Foetus The first of this Liquor is originally in the Egg as has been already said but as soon as the Egg falls into the Womb 't is increas'd by the Liquor which the Chorion imbibes which passes also thorow the Pores of the Amnios till the Plaecenâ—a is form'd which adhering to the bottom of the Womb intercepts this Liquor and sends it by the Umbilical Vein some of whose branches terminate in the Glands of the Amnios where this Liquor is separated from the â—est of the Blood which is carried back by the branches of the Umbilical Arteries which are spread upon the same Membrane Of the Allantoides Needham Graaf and Bidlâ—o say that there is a third Membrane called Allantoides In Beasts it lies betwixt the Chorion and the Amnios It is the Receptacle of the Urine of the Foetus which is brought from the Bladder into this Membrane by the Vrachus which is one of the Umbilical Vessels but it is not in a humane Foetus Of the Vmbilical Vessels Now the Umbilical Vessels are four in number counting the Vrachus with the two Arteries and the Umbilical Vein The Arteries rise from the Extremity of the Aorta or the beginning of the Iliacks of the Foetus and passing by the sides of the Bladder they join the Vrachus at the Navel thorow which they pass then they give some branches to the Amnios and Chorion and are afterwards divided into an infinite number of branches in the Placonta The Vein rises by several roots or branches which are spread thorow all the Substance of the Placenta it pierces the Chorion and Amnios to which it gives several twigs and passing in at the Navel it joins the Vena Porta in the Substance of the Liver The Vrachus rises from the bottom of the Bladder ends in the Allantoides for discharging the Bladder of the Urine according to some tho' we cannot perceive any visible Cavity in it Others with more reason think that it ends in the Navel for the sustaining the Bladder in its Situation to hinder that it fall not upon its Orifice which would necessitate the Urine to run out incessantly The Umbilical Vessels come all three out of the Body of the Foetus wrapt up in one common Tunicle which makes a rope upon which there are several knots which are nothing but the Vessels a little dilated in those places There are some so foolish as to think that the number of knots marks the number of Children that the