purse or bag The bladder fastened above to the Peritonaeum and below to the streight gut The stones are covered with foure skins the outmost called scrotum the next dartos the third erythroides or the red the fourth is the inmost There is somewhat also considerable in the vessells preparing and conveying the seed c. Wee saw the uriteres descending from flat or hollow of the reins to the bladder-neck also the milk-veins tending toward the bunchy-part of the reins both sprouting from the body of the hollow-gut but the left is higher then the right and all most twice as long The straight-gut is tied to the beginning of the tayl by a middle-string it hath veines and sharp kernels Wee saw the mid-rif and meseraicks and sweet-breads being a kernelly substance Wee saw the blind-gut a thumb-breeth long the other guts are uniform but winding and brittle The reins large bigger then a great nut wherein are a few creeks through which the pisse is strained We saw the vein porta with it's meseraick and Spleen-branch hereout sprouts the coeliacus a branch compassing the stomack and conveys the melancholy humour thither to provoke appetite We saw the vein ascendent pearcing the mid-rif and reaching the heart and set into the right side thereof Wee saw the peerles vein-branched from the hollow vein by the heart and turning backagain and descending by the backbone on the right side which sends forth sprigs to the ribs to nourish them The liver is distinguished by six strings out of the midst of two of them on the right side goes the gall forth the bottome shews like a bolt-eye The gall-bag hath two branches the one passes from the liver to the duodenum carrying the dregs away The other running back to the bladder to be kept there In the duodenum foure fingers below the pores called cholidochi is found a worme little but of the bignes of the ureteries from the sides of the ascendent hollow veine descends a sinnew to the fleshy ringlet of the diaphragm and another on the left side proped with the thin skins of the sharp artery conveying feeling to the diaphragm We saw the turnagainsi news which propagated from the sixth conjugation of sinews are set in at the head of the sharp artery the one on the left turning upward about the great artery the other about the branches of the arterie tending toward the throte the heart with a double lappet on the right and left side the right is greatest and blackish the left of the colour of the heart The heart hath a right venticle to beget vitall spirits and a left one whether the vein-vein-blood is conveyed and it hath foure large vessells the first is the hollow ascending vein which is set into the left eare the third the arteriall vein containing blood having a double coat whence it hath the name this is set into the lungs to nourish them The fourth is a vein-vein-artery set into the left ventricle of the heart to convey to the brain blood prepared there to beget animal spirits In the right venticle are lappets or partitions which keep in the blood and so in the left The lungs have six fins Wee saw the inner-muscles about the larynx or the head of the sharp artery which being inflamed breed a squincy There are kernells in the yard like a Cats-tongue Wee marked the passage leading to the bladder The Cats brain-pan hath red streaks like veins the inner-eare is rarely fashioned whereof they have such use to listen and looked and prey by night Herein we marked the communion between the great artery and the great vein where the first parting is into the bowels I beleeve it is common to all living creatures what I observe in the tame Cats-back bone for with the own membranes it being covered at the end that which answer the hard menynx the inner sends forth nerves from it self but since there are companies of them like strings we note that they having passed a little way meet as in one knot as we in top of grain And since those severall strings are covered with the same skins if you strain one you spoyl the other till they come to the knot In one rib of the house cat was noted a round knob like a tree-knot the midst whereof being broken asunder was porose and full of pits with drops of blood My fellow dissecters doubted whether it was the breach of a bone in anatomizing or some error in the first shaping and superfluous stuffe In a man on the flat part of the forehead bone that lies between the two eybrows ly equally on the right root of the nose Bruize but that bone or peirce it you find two long pits passing sidelings above under the skull and below blind ones with partitions These are doubtlesse the chambers of smelling where the breath is as also in the ear which is but of late discovered That which strengthens my opinion is that in a hound these cells are broader and more conspicuous then in man dogs excelling in sent This is not found in a Monky perhaps because he needs not excell in that sense THE NATURALL HISTORY OF THE FOURFOOTED BEASTS THE FOVRTH BOOKE Of the Fourfooted Creatures that have toes and spring of an Egge THE FIRST TITLE Of the skined ones CHAPTER I. Of the Frog ARTICLE I. Of the VVater-Frogs THus far of the Fourfooted beasts that bring forth living broods those that lay egges follow These are either skined or shelled Those that are covered with skin are the Frog Lizard Salmander Chamaeleon Crocodile c. The Frog is either the water or Land-frog Called Rana either from the summer-croaking ra ra or the Hebrew 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is to cry out In Greek Batrachos from his shrill voyce and Boox c. By the Cypriots Brouchetos the Ionians Bathrakos the Phocians Brianchone by those of Pontus Babakos by the late Greeks Bordakos and Gurinos and Brinoi and Parphusides from their puffed-cheeks with croaking It is an Amphilium living both in water and on land afore not fleshy but behind the hinder-legs nature hath made thick and longer the fore-legs They have five toes long skined between to help their swimming The Shee is biggest they have no neck the belly white the tong as infants tied afore but loose by the throat the milt small the liver imparted into three laps whereunder on each side part of the lungs is seen frothy not very bloudy the guts knotly the testicles and other parts like those of other beasts In England are no green ones but they abound in Germany Italy especially in Bononia They swarm so in the waterish places of Egypt that they would destroy all if the storks did not devour them They are said to be dumb in the Island Seriphus and Cyrene perhaps because the water is cold They are in streams but delight in puddles where bulrushes reeds and sea-gras grows They are ever found
large Let it suffice that Pliny hath advised that you shear of the Horse main that they may condescend to cover an asse for they pride themselves in their crest There have been those also that would win a course without a wagoner In the circe put into Chariots they undoubtedly manifest that they understand both hartning and prayse In Claudius Caesars races a Charioter being shaken at setting out from his seat the Horses clad in white won the race dashing out of their way whatever hindred them and performing all against their corrivals as if they had had a guide shaming men and their skill that they should be outdone by horses and comming having run their course to the goal they stood stone still It was a great matter of divination of old that Horses in the Plebejan-games having cast off their guide ran into the Capitol and thence compassed the seat there as Pliny adds And the greatest omen of all that Ratumena being Conqueror of Veja ran with lawrell and crownes thither from which gate came to beare the name In Pausanias we read that Phidotus of Corinth his Mare her name was Aura her rider falling off at first starting held her course as exactly as if he had been managed by a Horseman and reaching the goal she turne herself but hearing the Trumpet sound shee was mad to be running and preventing the Judges she stood still as knowing that she had won If you mark their Sympathy and Antipathy The Horse holds much friendship with Hens and the Buzzard but is at enmity with the Camel Elephant Wolf Beare Sow Sheep Asse Serpents a Fish called Trachurus the Sea-Calf Apples and Figs a kinde of Barly called Pelwort of a black colour and dead carkasses When Cyrus encountred Craesus his Horse with Camels the Horse fled Xerxes placed his Arabians mounted in Camels in his rere least his Horse should bee frighted In the Tarentine war the Horses being terrified by the greatnesse the misshapen Bulk and strange Hew and hideous noyce of the Elephants thinking those unknown beasts to be huger then indeed they were fled all which cause a great slaughter Caesar wading over a River in Brittain mounted on an Elephant amazed the British Horses Aporta reports that they cannot abide so much as drums made of the skins either of Elephant or Camel or Wolf Pliny testifies that it went by tradition that a Horse will burst that under his rider treads in a Wolfs steps We read in Aelian that if a Wolf tread on a Horse heel as he is drawing a Cart he stands still and stif as if with the Carter he were frozen Pierius Valerianus reports that you cannot get a Horse to passe by where a Wolfs bowels are buried Pliny saith that if you ty great teeth to horses they will never tire We shall speake of Lycospadi and Lycophori or Horses that men ride with bits when we shall deal with the differences of Horses Wee ow it to Portaes relation that Bears in the wildernesse are affrighted by a drum made of a horsehide Geldings will by no meanes come neare a Lion others not gelt will run on him If Sheep stand in a stable wherein Mules Horses or Asses have stood they easily get the scab Braying Asses in Darius his expedition against the Scythians troubled their Horses Of Serpents and Horses Silius Ital. hath written The tayl of a Trachurus hung at a Mares belly makes her cast her foal if we beleeve Aelian They cannot abide the sight of a sea-calf They swound if they carry Appels or Figs but come to themselves again if you lay bread afore them They will not touch a kind of barley that grows in Thrace near a Province of the Scythians and Medes They run mad if you smeare their nostrils with the herb laser or benjamin Gesner was informed by an old man that Gentiana or Pelwort causes Mares to cast fole If they tread on henbane they cast their shoos If Horses drink of the River Sybaris they are troubled with neezing if of Cossiniris in Thrace that fall into the land of the Abdeerites they run mad The same is said of a well or pit not far from Potniae a city of Boeotia SIlius Ital. writes that Catoes Horse though spurr'd on would not approach a black Moore in black harnesse We have it from Homer that they loath carcases Wee have great use of the Horses in meat phisick war hunting journeying triumphs and other occasions we will onely see in what account they are to be had in meats and medicine That not onely besieg'd persons have eaten horse-flesh as in Verona under Maximilian the First in Novara under Lewis Aurelian at Rupel under Lewis 13 of France to name no more but we read that heathens make it their food the name of the Nomedes the Scythians the Scarmathae and the late Tartarians is well knowne these take pleasure in wounding and cutting of Horses and feeding upon half rawe flesh they eat Horses dyeing the day before of themselves or of a desease the impostumed place being cut up and their Kings when they would distribute provisions amongst them were wont to give one horse amongst 40 men And also amongst the Persians in their Feasts on their bearth-day they had set before them whole roasted horses and among the Gearmans they ate both wild and tame horses untill it was forbidden by Gregory the III. Bruerenus relates that he hath heard that the Inhabitants of the Alpes eate colts Blood also hath beene a delicate Pliny indeed reports that the Sauromatae doe live of hirse especially puls and also rawe meal mingled with blood out of the thigh vaines Mecovius and Paulus Venetus have written that if travellers be surprized with hunger and thirst they satisfie themselves with opening of vaines and drinking of blood Wee read in Horace that the Cancany who according to some are Besalte and according to Acron and Porphiry are Spanish nations delighted in the same food Concerning milk there is no doubt For the Scithyans give their children Mares-milke assoone as they are borne Thence have they their names of horse and milke-suckers The same lay the milke in the Sun that the thicker part may settle downe and by and by they seath it They say that it becomes like white wine The Moschy once the servants of the Tarters were wont to present them Mares-milke upon their journey as they came with their Captaine to demand tribute Writers are not agreed what Hippacks is Hypocrates Dioscorides and Pliny write that it is chees which he ads smels of vennome and answers in proportion to ox-milke others beleeve it to be Mares-milke crudled Theopompus writes that it was Scithian food of Mares-milke however it is we read in Theophrastus that they could live 11 or 12 days together upon that and licourise Hypocrates testifies that for the most part they use Mares-milk chees Neither is that any wonder since some relate
the like of a shee-Asse of Iohn à Grua the juggler Shee saith hee would first daunce three severall kinds of daunces as the musick changed and that with her forefeet held up with great alacrity and anone as if all her jollity were turn'd into the deepest sorrow cast herself all along on the ground and there ly stone still as struck with an apoplexy and could not be brought to stir with spurning or kicking after being bid to greet all the beholders shee would like a man turne her eyes and head toward them all and salute them doing obeysance with her forefeet and which was the greatest wonder of all shee to the amazement of the bystanders would cast her body through a hoop at her masters beck as cleverly as a dog should leap through Lastly like a dogge shee would take up an handkerchief or glove dropt on the ground and restore it to the owner They are so fond on their colts that they will run through fire to come at them and are so loving to their kind that they swound if they see them dy It is also observed that the sheeashe takes speciall heed that shee bring not forth afore any mans eyes or in the light When shee is overloaden shee shews it by hanging down her eares That Asses flesh hath serve for food is witnest by Galen The story also of Charles V. relates the Spanjards did sometime eat it Wee know also that M.D.XVI. at the siege of Verona it was counted a dainty when they used lentils and beanes but seldome The Persians also on their birth-feast-day would rost an Asse whole and reckoned it among Princely delicates Mecaenas saith Pliny was the first who appointed Asse-colts in feasts at that time prefer'd afore wilde Asses after his time the tast grew out of request That they are ill tasted and hard of disgestion and spoil the stomach they that have fed on them can witnes The Physitians have brought into use Asses milk blood flesh liver spleen yard stones hoofs scurf stales and dung Galen saith their milk is thinnest if compared with that of the cattell that we use to milke but thick if compared with that of camels and Mares Unlesse we so distinguish he must be said to contradict himself since Pliny also writes that camels-milk is thinnest next that of Mares the shee-asses so thick that men use it in stead of curds It is best if she be well well fed young and shortly after her foaling Physitians advise some of them that they that are in a consumption should suck it themselves that it abate not of the native warmth Galen prescribe it to yong man who was wasted away mixt with hony as soon as he came out of a bath The same drunke alone refresheth an exulcerated stomack and is commended against a cough leannes and spitting of blood Drinking it helps a sore breast as Pliny delivers and taken in with hony it helps monthly terms It is not good for a weak or giddy swimming head It helps against parget ceruse brimstone and quicksilver Gargling it is most comfortable for exulcerated jaws There are examples of some helped of the gout by drinking Asses-milk And some eased of that gowtish pain by drinking the whey thereof It is thought to help somewhat to the making womens skin white It is certain that Domitius Nero his Poppaea carried still along with her 500 bigbellied Asses and bathed her whole body in the milk on a conceit that it saftned and suppled her skin The blood some say stanches a flux of blood out of the brain Pliny sayes that it is said to cure a quartan ague if the patient drink three drops of the blood taken out of a vein in the Asses-eare in a pinte and a half of water Hartmannus commends the same taken after the ears as extreme good against madnesse Linnen never used afore is thereby softened and bleached whereof a part is softned in a draught of spring-water and the water taken in against frenzy Aelian witnesses the same of Asses flesh and that one Bathylis of Candia was recovered of lunacy thereby it being prescribed him Pliny saith it cures the Tisick especially in Achaja wee read the same in Avicen who addes that it is given in against the falling sicknesse The liver also eaten helps against the same disease but is prescribed to be eaten fasting Others advise it to be drop'd into the mouth mixt with a little of the universall medicine The milt is so effectuall against the spleen that the profit is felt in three dayes usage The same beaten to powder and out of water put on the breasts brings the milk into them if we credit Sextus The fume is good for old matrices as Pliny holds Their Reins in powder given in pure wine help the bladder and to hold the water The Asses genital is conceived sayes Pliny burnt to ashes to make hayr come thick and prevent gray hayrs if smeare on the new shaven with oyl and pounched to powder with lead His right stone drunke in wine or bound to the arme provokes lust Either of them helps against witchraft Wrapping infants in the skin keeps them from frighting A ring made of his hoof if there be no black in it carried about one inclinable to sounding fits keeps him from falling The Asses of the same are also good for that end drunk many dayes together and kneaded with oyl dispersse swellings or bunches Tarentus used it for a bait to take many fishes That they call lichen whether male or scurf or tetter burnt and powderd and laid on with old oyle breeds hayr so that if you annoint but a womans jaw with it shee shall have a beard daubd on with vineger raises from a lethargy or dead sleep Their stale smeard on with clay takes away corns and cures hard flesh saith Marcellus Savanarola hath written that it is good against an ill savour of the nostrils Dioscorides that in drinke it helps the ache and gravell in the reins Wherefore those of old have still used it Of their dung thus Pliny The dung of the Asse-colt voided first after his foaling is called Polea The Syrians minister it in vineger and meth against the spleen The same helps the collick and bloody flux boyld in wine it greatly relievs the pain of the skin In three dayes it cures the kings-evill given but as big as a bean in wine A mares foles dung hath the like efficacy The same is used to stanch blood Tarentinus much commends it moystned in Coriander juice and kneaded with barly-flower for the taking of trachuris and perch I need not speake of their usefulnesse in carriage in the mill in warre and at the plow c. This may be added that pipes are made of Asses bones and are shriller then others and that the Arabs make parchment of the asse-hide and cloath of the hayr Some differences and kinds they may be divided into
the description unlesse happily there be several kindes of them Caesar and Pliny mentions no shagge hair on them Eras. Stella ascribes to them shaggie temples and beards as also Albertus Magnus who confounds him with the Bonasus For the rest he is little lesse then the Elephant shaped and coloured like the Bull Some are fifthteen cubits high three men may stand between his horns rough of hide and dew-lapped Horned thick black short red-eyed towards the outer corner great-headed broad-faced almost black especially his temples chin neck The face sides thighs tail einclining to red He is found in the Hyrcinian wildernesse in Podolia Samogitia Masovia and Hungaria They are not tameable by man not the least of them they are exceeding strong and swift he can tosse with his hornes Horse and Rider and turn up reasonable great trees by the roots Great men count his flesh seasoned a dainty The northern Barbarians drink in the horns some head their darts with them Among us saith Pliny they make clear lanterns of them that cast light very far and the shavings are used to many delightful purposes now painted now smeared pictures called Cerostrata or horn-peeces are made of them It may be that wild-Bull that did so much mischief in Macedonie that King Philip killed at the foot of Orbel whose hide and horns of fourteen hand-breadth dedicated in the porch of Hercules his Temple was a Bugle or Urus See Aldrovand of the manner of taking him POINT II. Of the Bison or Buffle THe name Bison comes from the German word Vicent The Oppian coppies have it Bistoon from Bistonia happily a Thracian wood but it is a mistake Dion calls them Bissones Like wild Oxen they are bristled and have rough long manes which they shake on their thick neck and shoulders that it is terrible to behold so busht also they are about the cheeks and chin Their horns crooked but bending upwards and sharp as swords not broad and crosse as other Oxen but starting upright and hooked only about the tip Their shaggy hair smells of musk short-headed great and fierce-eyed and sparkling broad fore-headed the horns so wide from one another that three men may sit between A bunch on the back the hinder-part of the body lower then the fore-body Gesner saw a horn of them at a Gold-smiths to be tiped with silver of a glistering black eighteen inches long hooked like a bird of preys talends The tongue so rough that were it licks it fetches blood The Greeks used not these nor Bugles in Physick not having tried their vertue though Indianwoods are full of such yet parts of them are of more efficacy in medecine it is thought then any part of ordinary Oxen. Of this kind are the Bulls of Florida an Isle of the new world the natives call them Butrones They have horns of a foot long bunched backed like Camels long and yellow haired tailed like Lions they never become tame the wild cloath themselves in winter with their hides they conceive the horn soveraigne against poyson and wears them for defence against it Hither may by referred the Scotch Bison or wild-Ox who is said to be milk-white mained and crested like the Lion otherwise like the tame Ox but so wild and untamed and opposite to mankind that he shuns grasse or shrubs that a mans hand hath but touched but taken by wiles hee pines to death and finding himself aimed at to be caught makes at his hunter with all his might POINT III. Of the Bonasus ARistotle calls him Bonassos and Bolintos the Poeones Honapos the derivation of the name is uncertain Divers mistake him for the Urus or Bugle and some later Writers calls it the Indian Cow He is bred in the mount Mestapius that parts Poeonia from Media The Poeonians call it Monapus Of a Bulls bulk thicker then an Ox Not high His hide stretched out holds enough food for seven Guests Like an Ox only mained like a Horse but softer haired and lower yellow haired His eye-haires long tween ash-coloured and red rougher then that of the Paroa Mares but wholly under None of them are very black or carnation voyced like the Ox. The horns crooked and thwart and unfit for fight a palm breadth and not full longer each as thick as may be grasped Of a handsome shining blacknesse His ancles rather spreading then bending down-ward He wants the upper-teeth as the Ox and other horned cattel The thighs are shaggy he is cloven-footed his taile is not great for his bulke but greater then the Oxes He casts dust about and digs up the earth like the Bull. Her hide is stroke-proofe Her flesh sweet and therefore men hunt her She flies when stroken till she tyre her self She defends herself with her heels and dung which she casts from her four paces not three akers as Pliny faines The use whereof is good it burns so strong that the cole can scorch a dogs-hair that it is if you stir and fright her otherwise the dung burns not Such is her look and nature when her calving-time drawes near she seeks the mountains and dungs about the place where she calves as if she would so fence herself she dungs in a large measure All this Pliny doubtlesse Solian and Aelian have taken out of Aristotle It is uncertain whether the horns joynts and shoulder-blades and ribs as Cainius on Gesner describes them are this beasts or no. The horns are two foot long and three hands and a half finger round near the head a foot and half a palme Between the horns on the fore-head 3. Roman palmes and a half The turning joynt 3. Roman foot long and two hands-bredth and a half about A rib six foot long To say nothing of the omoplata or shoulder-blade We have added here a figure of the head and bones POINT IV. Of the Wild-Ox of the Ancients or Bubalus THe name Bubalus is at this day an uncertain thing as also it seemed to be in Pliny his time nor had it any peculiar sense among the Greeks Many call divers wild-Oxen especial there where they were brought from abroad Bubali Some make them Goats We shall distinguish them calling the Bubalus that Aristotle calls a timerous beast having blood without fibrae or string-string-veins the same with the African Ox. Scaliger speaks of the Bubalis whose blood and horns are described by Aristotle Pliny makes him like a Calfe or Hart. What is it then the Gazella No surely wherefore what I could learn out of the African stories I will freely impart The African Oxen are scarce so great as our Calves but very strong and can endure hardship I find him called Dant and Lant and Elant Hath an Oxes face but is much lesse and nimbler yea swifter then all other wild-beasts The hide impenitrable iron cannot pierce only a bullet can White-haired taken in Summer because their hoofs are loosned by the burning of the
is roaring He walkes as the lion withdrawing his claws and runs aside to amuse hunters onely for prey hee stretches out his claws In sent hee excells all beasts but the civet and mush-cat He hath wiles when hee waxes old to inveagle beasts to come to him and then preys upon them By his sent hee invites them and no wonder for wee see dogs diverted from their chase by sents As for their nature if they aile any thing as they are sometimes distempered and mad or have eaten the herb Pardalianche they betake themselves to wilde Goats-blood or many ordured they ever lead their whelps and defend them to the death They after whelping keep their Den and the male provides food They seldome are wholly tamed After the death of a King of France Francis the Kings Leopards got loose a male and female and tare very many about Orleans and there were womens carcasses found whose breasts only they had devoured But it is memorable that is reported of a Leopard lying by the way and seeing the father of one Philinus a Philosopher came to him he affrighted steped back shee fawned on him seeming to make great moane shee pulled him gently by his coat inviting him to follow her he did so shee led him to a pit into which her whelps were fallen he helped them out shee jocund attends him with her whelps till he came to the borders of the wildernese and after her fashion exprest her gratitude towards him which in man is rarely found Read also in Aelian of the kid that a Leopard would not touch dead because alive it had been his play-fellow Savages use to feed on them as they between Caucasus and the river Cophena In India also where they seeth them twice the better to disgest them They are also of use in Physick as the brain with the juice of rocket The right testicle helps womens terms saith Cardan The blood helps swoln veins the fat sleeks the skin The Moors use the skin for cloathing the Ethiops for armour They were of old presented in the Cirk at Rome Scaurus shewed fifty of them After Pompey shewed four hundred and ten Augustus four hundred and twenty Some make three kinds of them the Panther the Pard and the Leopard some four Panthers Pard the Leopard without mane sprung from a Pard and a lionesse and the spotted one the issue of a Pantheresse and a lion Some call the males Variae and Pards as those in Africk and Syria Some difference them only by colour and brightnesse There was an order of Senate that transporting them out of Africk into Italy but Cneius Auffidius the Tribune for all that allowed it to gratifie the people in the Cirk-shews Perhaps we may aptly refer hether the beast that the Spaniards call Dazypodes and the Indians Theotochtli he is about the bignesse of a Tumbler round low thick small-eared Lion or Cat faced with lively eyes and red circles thick thighed crooked claws duskish hair about the neck white about the belly the rest of the body ash-coloured everywhere black spotted the muzzle and tayl short the tongue rough rather grumbling then roaring and of incredible swiftnesse He lives on the Tetrocamian hills hunts Deere and other beasts of that bulke and sometimes men The tongue is so venomous that a lick on the ey of his prey blinds and kills it He covers the carcasses of the slain with herbs hay and greensward then climbs the next trees and houles when the beast within hearing by instinct of nature come at the call hastning as to a feast and fill themselves together with the provided prey Then the Tocotochtli comes down for his share and not afore knowing that should he eat first all the guest beasts should be poysoned So civill charitable and providently kind is he to the rest None but can profit others if he will We stand not so much in need of power and riches as of a good heart to do good Most rich are unprofitable it were well if they were not mischievous but all that are benevolent can in some degree be beneficient Love is ever liberall CHAPTER III. Of the Lynx or Lyzard THis wild Beast hath his name Lynx from Lykes light he being the most quick-sighted of all creatures Called also a Deer-wolfe not from his shape but his greedinesse and preying on deere It is not the Thois as we shall see hereafter I question whether it be the Chaus or no that the French call the Raphius Pompey shewed one in his plays faced like a Wolfe and spotted like the Pard He is smallheaded his eyes glister his face cheerfull hath teats on the breast The spots are more distinct and round on the Hee The skin from the nose-tip to the tayl is three foot four inches long the tayl seven inches long the neck-skin half a foot the back-skin fifteen inches about the thighs afore fourteen and the hinder twelve inches The Hair soft and downy the back hair tips bright the belly middle white but varied with black spots most near the belly on the sides the ears little and triangular and round black and shaggy a few white hairs intermixt the beard like the Cats with white bristles the feet very shaggy the forefeet having five the hinder four toes the tayl blackish at the end of the same thicknesse everywhere the temples hath weak muscles the skull three futures or seams armed with twenty teeth whereof twelve are fore-teeth but the first and sixt both of the upper and lower jaw are lesser then the middlemost as we observe in Weazles four dog-teeth longer then the rest ten grinders four in the upper-jaw on each side the first next the dog-teeth of a trigon figure the last parted and broad six in the under-jaw the second shaped like a lily the third broader and greater cloven in the midst sharp-pointed The lower jaw is little because hanging and not so employed in chewing The foot armed with sharp clear claws covered with a thin skin like those of the Eagle and Vulter the under part hard-skinned They are found in the Eastern parts thence brought into Europa Also in the mountains of America Those in Lithuania are black and marked on the back with handsome spots They are also in Poland Muscovy Swethland by Helsing they call them Rattluchs Also in Wittemberg where one set on a countreyman who knocked him down with his bill They feed on flesh especially of wild Cats whose flesh is sweeter They love also beasts brains and lurk on trees and catch at beasts as they passe by fastning their clawes on their necks and hold them till they tear them and eat their brains Some say they wound not but only suck the blood out In Scandinia are few beasts that they prey not on They engender as dogs and bitches and as Hares admit of superfaotation They bring at birth two
and thence the venome comes Q. Scaurus was the first who set their flesh afore his guests at his sumptious Feasts the Romans held them for delicates whence their Gliraria or Dormouse pens They are thought best and fattest from October to January and the younger the better meat In Phisick they have also place Eating the flesh frees from dog-hunger the fat provokes sleep if you annoint the soles of the feet therewith the dung drunke breaks the stone the same with vineger and rosemary cures shedding the hair the ashes cleare the eye-sight There are severall kinds of them There is among the Allobroges the Savoyards and the Tarantesians such a beast that sleeps a great part of the year and is of a delicate taste In East-India are some as big as Pigs that overturne houses and digge through walls There are some reddish-haired senting like Musk. In Chiapa is a litle beast the bignes of a Cony shaped like a Dor-mouse that when she seeks her food carries her young on her back CHAP. XVII Of Mice ARTICLE I. Of House-Mice MIce we divide into House Field Nut Spider Alpine and Water-mice The first called in Latine Catus and Sorex and Mus from the Greek Mus Ratus is the name of the greater so called from ravening now of late called Riskos in Greek Sorex is from the noise in nibbling like sawing or from the rotten matter that breeds them in the Aeolick Vrax from the muzzle like the Swines-snout by the Thracians Arklos by some Sminthos and Lamas No need of describing the outward parts as for the inner the heart is very great it is said to have no gall Onely in horned-beasts having teeth on one side and in Hares Bats and Mice that have teeth on either side is there a womb having a hollow whereon the embrio hangs in the midst The lappet of their heart is far greater on the right then the left side and that black as gore blood At the stomacks-mouth above is a certain round passage turning back into it selfe having the shape of a Bird turning and hiding the neck and head in the breast The hollow vein rising from the liver wide in the beginning then slenderer but even all along The blind-gut is like a Swines-stomack though lesse The stones as big as a Chickens and the skins hang lower as the testicles and the right is fuller of veins then the left The right rein is nearer to the hollow vein then the left The privy part is gristly with a threefold parting and sharp at end the rest consists of two sinews The bladder-neck hath fair kennels afore the mid-rif is transparant in the middle long and round In a dissected Mouse in the right horn of the womb were found foure young in the left two each had it's cake of flesh round disposed afore the navell and covered Some write there are no Mice in the Isle Parus that about the Castle Slane in Scotland if you bring a great Mouse he dies That there are none in Peru but those that were brought out of Spain with the Merchants-Wares they eat corne bread flesh and pulse oft onjons and garlick they nibble on many cheeses they sup wine and lick oyl If hunger-starved they fall on each other The females can fill themselves with licking of salt which made Pliny think that by licking they gendred But it is certain that they couple and bring many at once hundred-and-twenty at a time And some in Persia have been found with young in the dames belly They breed also out of filth in houses and ships As in India Worms a finger thick breed of a rotten stuf in reed which after turn into Butter-flies and Mice In Jonia through the overflowing of Maeander Mice multiply so that men are fain to shift their dwellings Those that breed of filth gender not or if they doe their young doe not Their noise is squeaking They hold antipathy with elaterium Sea-Onion coloquintida the Weesel Hauke Cats c. but sympathy with sweet majoram to the root whereof they betake themselves when they ail any thing and they agree with Swine for offer a mous-liver in a fig to a Sow she shall follow you without grunting as Pierius Valerian at Padua hath experimented They are quick of hearing and hate light by night because it dazles them In goldsmiths shops they eat fileings of mettles and doubtles disgest them In the Isle Gyarus they drove out the inhabitants and nibled on iron and steel in the iron-mongers shops Golden metalls their bellies can cut through Their pisse sprinkled thereon eats through If they slip to the water they hold by each others tayls so that if one scape all scape Albert saw in the low-countries a Mouse hold the candle to his master at his nod and bidding They differ in bignes colour hair smell and place In Arabia are Mice much greater then Rats Vitriacus speaks of some in the East as big as Foxes Americus found exceeding great ones in a certain Island most are of the colour of the Asse some black some dusk some ash Gesner saw one very white in Germany taken in April with reddish bolt-goggle-eyes and a beard rough and full of rough hairs Scaliger saw another very bright with flaming eyes Albert writes of white and very lustfull and white stones found in their excrements Some are softer haired then others and some as bristled and sharp as Hedge-hogs in the region of Cyrene and a kind of Mice are called Echines Hedge-hogs The dung of some is sweet In Italy is a kinde called Moschardine from their sent Bellonius saw one that lived on Hoscyam-seed onely white-bellied ash-coloured backed long-bodied and tayled and sword-mouthed called Skalopes by the Scholiast on Aristophanes In Cappadocia is a kind called Muexis ARTICLE II. Of water-Mice and other wilde Mice VVIlde Mice live abroad called Nitedulae they with their feet dig themselves holes The field-Mice are called Arouraiâ—us the wood-Mice Agrious They abound no where so as in Egypt Neare Thebes after the overflow of Nilus in warm weather they come numberles out of the clefts of the ground Between Gazara and Belba they swarm so that were they not devoured by the Perenopters Birds they would eat up all kinds of seeds they devoure Hops Parsnips and the roots of all sorts of Pulse they affect Artichokes most In the year 1271. they destroyed all kind of Grain so that a great dearth ensued In the North they lurk under the snow and feed on worms They are in some places bred after sudden rains and floods The forepart of a Mouse hath the full shape the hinder not Sometimes they propagate of seed It hath happened that when the movers have intended to reape a field next
forefeet and a spur the yard long and stretched out His chief strength lies in the tail-bone a pill whereof made of the dust as bigge as a birds-head and put into the eare asswages eare-paine and takes away tingling and thicknes of hearing as it is said but it is knowen to give certain ease I adde the craft of the Chirquinchus they that have seene it and report that when it raines he lies on his back gathers water on his soft belly that lies between the plates and remaines so while the shewre lasts though it rain the whole day till some Deere thirsty comes unawares to drink then he closes his plates and snaps the Deers slips and nose and let not go the hold till he stifle him And as the Hedge-hogge also he craftily rouls up himself round like a ball and nothing but fire can loosen him The Indians abuse the shells to their witchcrafts especially to discover and punish theeves first touching the ground therewith that the suspected person had toucht or any thing else they fill his mouth with the drinke Chicha then beat they drums the shells the while skip and daunce Hereby is the theeves face marked with a whelk that runs along his cheeks through either jaw if the charm hold ARTICLE III. Of tame foure-footed Beasts CHAPTER I. Of the Dog SO much for the half wilde Beasts the tame follow namely the Dog and the Cat. Varro fetches the Dogs name Canis from Canorus shrils in his barke The Greekes of old called him Kuoon from Kuoo doubtles to love or lust Of late Ekilos from his masterfulnes Ulaktoor from barking and Akanthis from fawning with his tayl not to insist on the description of so knowen a beast In dissection it is noted that the belly within forked the neck in shortnes and narrownes answering the middle-finger the corners are an handbreath a palme long of like thicknes not wreathed like a Swines the forkends reach to the reins tied by veins that come as far as the womb the testicles resting thereon by a thin skin At the first opening of the neck the body shews it self in bulk shape and colour like a Snails-head thrust forth out of the shell you cannot thrust a bodkin in till you cut it up a litle Dissect a bitch you find the puppies wrapt up in three beds called chorion allantoides and amnion the former can scarce be parted they are so thin In the right corner ly usually five whelps in the left foure each hath its bed the chorion in the midst girdles ly thwart two fingers broad streaked with black from the end and red in the middle each as blood-spotted The kell like a bag covering the upper-guts the top sprouting out of the stomack-bottome compassing the whole the hinder-part is set into the Spleen and the sweetbreads which latter shew themselves presently at the rise of the duodenum being fastned thereto and to the porturine which sends a trebble-branch to the neighbouring-parts Meseraick Spleen-guts the Paunch-branch runs beyond part of the stomack the Spleen-branch runs up strait to the mouth of the stomack The Spleen is tied to the mid-rif by a film two fingers broad and to the stomack by the kall the Spleen is like a foot with a wide shoo on Colon-gut it hath none the blind-gut receives the end of the strait one which unfolded is as long as your middle-finger At the end of the streight-gut within is one faire lappet and another lesse in the beginning of the blind-gut The streight-gut is much rumpled There is a fold of arteries from the aorta wound to the hollow of the liver approaching the pancreas pluck one you draw the other and the upper-bowells Above the upper-mouth of the stomack are two kernels both Spungy-moist the right harder and greater then the left dogs-Dogs-blood is black as burnt At the tip of the Tongue is set in a round muscle descending in a middle-line The right lappet of the heart is twice as big as the left On the parts of the pan that the temple-muscles cover appears no thin skin to enwrap them besides what is proper to the muscles but on the other parts of the brain-pan there is At the tongue-root is a small kernell on either side drawne out sideling The ringlets of the sharp artery lie thwart but not awry as in the Swine The brain is greater then a Swines Turn the brain up and certain mamillary-passages shew themselves and the beginning of the back-bone if you cut deep there you shall spy two small passages one comming from the paps in a strait line reaching to the end of the inner-brain the other a litle on this side lying upward thwart of that On the fore-feet are five toes on the hinder foure The Bitches-belly hath two rows of paps on either side Albert saith that the nostrils of a Dog of a good breed are at the ends round firme and blunt The temple muscles are noted to be very strong as in the Wolf and the Lion which inables his jaws to break bones There were no Dogs in Brasil till Vilagagnon's voyage If any come by hap into the Arabian Island Sigaron they wander and die They eat any thing even fish and carrion Onely they refrain dogs-flesh and what is thunder-strooke They eat grasse also and it is their Physick From Ash-apples they abstain because the turning-joints of their hips are thereby pained Drinking wine or strong water makes them run wild till the vapour be spent They are ever given to gendring seldomest in Autumne They hold on so till twelf years old sometimes give over at nine If they begin at foure the breed is better if at a year old not They are foureteen dayes hote and the Bitch six months after puppying go to Dog again They couple also promiscuously with other beasts as with Wolves by Cyrene whence spring Crocutae with Lions whence Leontomiges come with Beavers whence Castorides with Foxes whence Fox-dogs They carry their puppies sixty dayes some three-and-sixty They bring a litter of twelf sometimes sixteen A Hare-hound in Bononia puppied seventeen at once Albertus saw Mastives that brought in the first litter nineteen at another eighteen at a third thirteen Those that women dandle puppy one at once First they breed males next females then males again if they couple in due time The first resembles the sire the rest are as it happens They are all puppied-blind and the more they suck the longer they remain so yet none longer then one-and-twenty dayes nor do any see till seven dayes old some say if but one be puppied at nine dayes old he sees if two the tenth day and so on but it is not certain They have milke commonly five dayes ere they litter some sooner Their milke is thicker then other beasts except the Sows and Hares They seldome live above fourteene yeares some have lasted two-and-twenty The Dogs of Laconia ten
Latine name is Felis comes from Phaelos cozener-deceitfull impostor or Ailis flatterer in the Aeolick dialect Phailis called catus Cat from cautus wary In Greeke Ailouros from flattering with the tayl A knowen beast found almost everywhere At first probably wilde The greatest all say are bred in Iberia among the Tartessians they feed on flesh fish Mice birds snakes and kill toads In Cyprus they hunt Vipers and Chameleons They ly in wait also for leverts and spare not their owne kind In Bononia they are known to play with kitlings and then rend and eat them They live six years sometimes ten the gelded longer In Europa they go a caterwalling most what in January and February In India all the year long The females in gendring ever wawl whether for pain or that the Hee scratches them He stands she lies The shee s are most lustfull They kitten after two months or six and fifty dayes The march breed is prefered those in August not for the fleas They kitten five or six at once The Shee is fondest of the kitlins the Hee oft kills them to make the Shee covet others and affect him They hate mice toads serpents Fox-geese eagles rew their own gall sweet smells and wet With rew you may drive them from your Dove-cotes sents of ointments sometimes make them run mad Duck them a while and you drown them On the contrary they willing rub themselves with setwol and delight in mint The Shee casts her kitlins if her male mate be killed We meet with singular passages about their qualities Cats eyes wax and wain with the moon nay the sun and stars breed changes in in their ey-balles In the morning they are stretched out at noon are they round at sun-set duller Cardan imputes it to want of muscles that they cannot govern their eyes as they list They glister by night Carry them in a bag far from home they come back again They stay in the old house though you remove They love to be stroaked subtile they are How slily they steal upon birds How softly they tread and catch mice how they watch them They bury their own dung knowing that the sent discovers them some especially in Spain Holland Brabant eat them as tasting like Hare Their breath is pestilent and breeds consumptions and no mervail for the brains are ranke poyson and made an Uratislavian Girl mad as Weinrichius I thinke relates In Phisick they have place The ashes of the head burnt in a pot and blown into the eyes clears them the flesh sucks weapons out of the body and eases emrods and back-ache the liver burnt to powder easens the stone the gall fetches away a dead child the fat is smeared on gouty parts the pisse stiled helps the thick of hearing the dregs of the paunch with rosin and oyl of roses in a suppository stops womans flux of blood Some mince the flesh and stuf a fat Goose with it and salt and rost it by a soft fire and distill it and annoint gouty joints with successe The fat keeps iron from rusting nothing better There are tame and wild and outlandish cats Among the tame the Spanish are greediest nimblest and have softest skins Among the exotiques or outlandish the Syrian are cheefe and divers round mouthed strong big-breasted large footed and content with a little meat The wild are bigger then the tame their hair thicker and longer dark-coloured the tail thicker They feed on birds and other living things Perfume of rew drives them from trees In Malabar they live on trees nothing so fleet as they They are best at leaping and even fly without wings They stretch forth a thin skin from afore to behind when they would fly and then draw it together and hover in the air when they rest they draw it up to their belly There is also a kind of cat in India black-haired here and there bright hairs the muzzle long ears small thighs short the tail streakt and striped with black and white The powder helps feavers Then there are monstrous cats one sort hath misshapen another six feet In Singui is a beast like a Cat haired like a Deer with many toes two teeth in either chap of the greatnesse of two fingers having a fleshy bladder near the navell full of blood senting like musk We have put the print of it down like a Cat very coped-headed In dissecting a Cat are found these observables The milt resembles the lower part of an oare The neck of the gall-bag hath very swoln veins at the bottome come down streight veins running outward two sinews are on the sides of the sharp artery on either side one descending to the upper-mouth of the stomack sending also branches to the said sides of the sharp artery The said sinews are knit by one common nerve descending awry then are set into the left side of the stomack tied by many strings where the sharp artery first parts appeare great kernels and some small ones white red ash-coloured mixed In the sharp artery are half circles parted as in man but behind wrapped in a double coat the one outward and fleshy the other inner and sinewy sprouting from the circle-brims In the heart are lappets-party-coloured the right more spotted with black and white then the left besides the right is thicker and rounder the left slenderer and longer like the dogs both hollow and stringy In the right creek of the heart is fold like net-worke longer and plainer to be seen then that in the dog but not with such laps The great artery is almost in the midst of the heart inclining to the left side The inner-coat of the stomack is rough all along like the plaits in an oxes paunch turning up into a round Those tunicles are very fast tied to the upper orifice of the stomack the pleats ly crosse The Liver is coloured like that of the dog-fish In the eare-bone a shell a maze a little window a ring a round muscle three small bones and a stirrop but not bored through In the brain are three creeks two round with net-folds In the eye the uvea or thin skin cleaves not afore to the cornea or horne-tunicles whence the lesse dilatation to this greater kinde in that part is the uvea coloured like a pale leaf The optick nerve is almost in the midst inclining downward the outter thick skin somewhat covering the eye as in the Cock In the Heecat we observe that there is something peculiar about the spermatique vessels testicles c. A white streake the third part of a finger broad descending by the right side of the paunche lies under the muscles of the Peritonaeum the membrane is very thin the Peritonaeum under the ensie forme or sword is fat The Kall is very fast tied to one right liverstring and to the spleen and stomack and the gut duodenum like a
elsewhere none it hath blood only in the heart and about the eyes the bowells are without spleen The lungs take up almost the whole body Thus Arist. and Pliny Others write that from the midst of the head backward there sticks out a three cornered part bony and the rest afore is hollow as a pipe the brims on both sides sticking out bony and sharp as a saw-teeth It moves not the ey-balls it is ever gaping hath a long tongue like that of an earth-worm at the tip is a spungy glewly knot wherewith it preys In stead of teeth and gums it hath one continued bone knaged the upper-lip is shortest the throat and artery like the Lizards the heart as big as a house-mouses the liver hath two lappets the left greatest the gall-bag as big as a barly corn cleaving to the left liver-lappet bowelled as a Lizard the forefeet very different from the hinder the forefeet having three toes inward two outward the hinder three outward and two inward It is from the snowt to the dock seven or eight fingers long five fingers high it hath about sixteen ribs bending between the bottome of the belly and the ridge of the back and it is spotted like a Leopard the teeth stand comlily he hath but one gut with bendings the excrement moyst unlesse near the fundament the liver parted on the bunchy side pouring the blood into the hart that hath ears and not veins the lungs being puffed passes into a thin skin reaching round almost through the whole body there is no rim at the belly bottome onely a thin skin severing the right from the left parts He hath no milt no bladder no reins to be seene but small bits of flesh that it may be are genitals the tongue is near a foot long They are in Asia Africk India and Madagascar They sit on the garden hedges at grand Cair by the banks of Nile as also on bramble-bushes Of old they were thought to live on air but they prey on flies locusts but they fancy most the worms in meal tubs They keep above for fear of serpents and vipers They use their tongue as a trunk darting it forth with that nimblenesse that you can hardly perceive it by the means of a small forke bone planted on either side the ends of the jaws the tongue is hollow like a gut which he can infold and unfold at pleasure at the end is a slimy bit of flesh to prey withall Peirescius kept eight of them to observe their breeding there were in one female within a thin skin above a hundred egges some as big as an olive kernell all yolk no white seen in them yet resembling milk They hold enmity with the hauk which will dy it is thought if he but tast a Chamaeleon and a crew also unlesse bay-leave fence him The Elephant is fabled by Solinus to swallow them they being of the colour of the leaves and they cost him his life unlesse he help himself by wild olive Fear of vipers and serpents makes him live on shrubs and trees His spittle let down on a serpents head like a limed thread kills him Wild figs make him wild who is otherwise harmlesse He turns his whole dy about sits high ever gaping when dead hee is pale In winter he hides himself as Lizards use By nature he admirably changes colour but in eyes and tail and whole body according to the colour of what lies next except red and white yet Ambrosine affirms from a Gentlemans testimony that he changes to white But Peirescius his eight changed not colour Whether they be green or ash they put on a black if you turn them to the sun or fire It is strange that their eyes being combined move not but one looking any way the other is fixed or bends the other way which deflection comes from the four pullies in them there being no distinction of Iris but only a ball wherein the horny part ends which is glistring and various as the rest of the body Those of Cochin eat them They bind many together and sell them being bought they are cast into the fire and roasted Flea one the flesh is very clear which they seeth in a liquour like our butter Sod away with oyl in a new earthen pot it drives away an Epilepsy It makes a rare oyntment for the gout see the composition in Trallianus The tongue hanged on helps memory and women in child-birth the gall stops fluxes The hart wrapt in black-wool first shorn helps a quartan ague to omit fables about raising storms making mute c. with the heart tongue c. you must know it is Pliny who though learned and usefull studied too much to delight men In Egypt they are pale In Arabia much smaller and of another colour as bright yellowish and red-spotted Wee have given here the shapes of the pale and black Chamaeleons CHAPTER VIII Of the Crocodile HE is a kind of Lizard so called from dreading the shores The Aegyptians terme him Chempsa the Turks thence Kimsak Kircher Picharouki Statius the Pharian wild-beast others Tenchea In Arsinoë Suchus in India Cayman It resembles a Lizard it is of a Saffran colour but white-bellied and there soft-skined elsewhere musket proofe Some have been seen six and twenty cubites long By Panama there are some of above a hundred foot The head is broad the snowt as a swines the gape reaches to the ears the eyes sharp and piercing and like a hogs he hath a rew of great bright strong teeth like a comb about sixty in all more in the upper jaw and sticking out seen when the mouth is shut The tongue cleaves and is uselesse The under jaw he stirs not the testicles cling to the inner-loyns The back-bone is made up of sixty turning joynts tied by as many sinews the claws are very sharp bending somewhat toward the sides the tail is of the length of the rest of the body wherein is a finne of seven fingers to the end M. Scaurus was first who in his Edil-ship shewed five in his plays in an Euripus made for the time They are found in Africa Asia and America especially in Nilus and neighbouring pools in Niger in Ganges about Bengala in the river Bambotus near Atlas and not far from Chalcedon but small ones They love warm waters In Peru are none till you come to Pacra then they are frequent Some live in miry plashes on fish but are most greedy after mans flesh They prey also on beasts on land There was one taken that had swallowed three young ones About Arsinoë they were held holy and nourished of old by the Priests with bread flesh and wine Some gave them dainties rost-meat and mingled drinks The Shee lays sixty egges as big as Goose-egges and by a kind of divination where the Nile when it swells comes not Shee lays and hatches sixty in sixty daies Gyllius