Ears are called Tempora the Temples the superior part of the Face is called Frons The Inferior Parts are the Eyes the Nose the Ears and the Mouth in whch is contained the Tongue and other Parts The Pericranium and Periostium We shall begin with the Pars Capillata or hairy Part of this Venter the extern Membranes of this are two the Pericranium and the Periostium which encompass the Cranium The inward Membrances which enclose the Brain under the Cranium are the Dura Mater and the Pia Mater The Dura Mater and Pia Mater the Dura Mater oâ— Carssa Menynx divides the Cerebrum from the Cerebellum and the Brain into its right and left Parts and so constitutes four Sinus's oâ— Ventricles the receptacles of Blood and Spirits besides these four Sinus's there are three more one at the bottom of the Calx the other two lateral ones Their use is to receive the Arterial Blood The Ventricles of the Brain which is superfluous in the Nutrition of the Brain and the generation of Animal Spirits and from these proceeds that Blood that is evacuated at the Nostrils The outward part of the Brain is called Cortex the inward Medulla The Cortex is soft but of on Ash Colour which some think ariseth from the innumerable Veins there disseminated the Medulla is more hard and compact of a white Colour it hath two Parts the one Globose which hath three Cavities or Ventricles the other Oblong called Medulla Oblongata where is the fourth Ventricle in which the Animal Spirits are generated and here is the Origen of all the Nerves as this Part descends down to the Spine so it is called Medulla Spinalis The Motion of the Brain consisting of a Systole and Diastole The Brain is observed by some to have a Motion consisting of a Systole and Diastole in its Diastole or Dilatation it draws in the Vital Spirits with the Arterial Blood and Air thro the Nostrils In its Systole or Contraction it forceth the Animal Spirits therein elaborated into the Nerves The Cerebellum hath the same Substance Colour Motion and Use with the Cerebrum only it hath several circular Gyrations in an exact Order which the Cerebrum hath not it hath two Processes called Processus vermi-formes whose use is that the Calamus Scriptâ—rius being press'd by the Cerebellum might not be obstructed thereby The other Parts observed in the Brain are the Rete Mirabile the Glandula Pituitaria the Infundibulum the Corpus Callosum the Fornix the Plexus Choroides the Glandula Pinealis c. The Rete Mirabile or Plexus Retiformâ—s is at the Basis of the Cerebrum it consists of Carotid and Cervical Arteries brought up from the Heart to the Basis of the Brain and bring in them Blood and Vital Spirits to this Rete for the first preparation of the Animal Spirits The Glandula Pituitaria The Glandula Pituitaria is of a harder and more compaâ—â— Substance than other Glandules it receives the Excrements of the Brain thro the Infundibulum and throws them out upon the Palate The Infundibulum The Infundibulum is an Orbicular Cavity made of the Pia-mater it hath four little Channels saith Riolan which distil the flegmatic Serum thro their four Foramina or little Perforations it hath two Glandules or Protuberances of the Brain thro which the Infundibulum receives the Serum from the Ventricles they do also stop and impede the great Impulse of that Matter that is carried to the Infundibulum least it should thereby be too much dilated or broken The Corpus Callosum The Corpus Callosum is in the Medulla of the Brain where its Substance is harder and where the two anterior Ventricles make two Extuberances it is distinguisht by a thin lax and wrinkled Membrane called Septum Lucidum because when extended and exposed to the Light it is Pellucid the inferior white part of it where the two Ventrâ—â—â—â— are joyn'd together is of a triangular Figure Between the first Ventricle and the Fornix The Plexus Choroides is formed the Plexus Choroides its Contexture is of Veins and Arteries its use is the same with the Rete Mirabile The Glandula Pinealis its use The Glandula Pinealis is a Glandule of a conic Figure it is called by the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Conarion by others the Penis of the Brain its use is the same with that of the other Glandules but especially to distribute the Vessels of the Brain Cartes and his Followers imagined the Soul to reside in this part of the Brain Cartesius and his Followers Regius Hogelandus and Meyssonierius say that this Glandule being placed in the middle of the Ventricles which are always distended with Spirits doth receive the Motion of all Objects and the Soul being placed here doth by these Motions apprehend all sensible Species or rather external Idea's which proceed from the five Senses and as it were in the Center of them discerns them all and then by the help of this it sends the Spirits to the Nerves just as all things that are conspicuous in a large Field are in their Order represented in a little Spheric Looking-glass This therefore according to Cartes is the common Seat of Sense and Imagination but because many of the Cartesian Sentiments of the Soul contrary to our Hypothesis depend upon the verity of this Assertion I shall here take occasion to manifest the falsity of it For 1. This is too exile and obscure a Body to represent the Species of all things clearly Eight Reasons why it cannot be the Seat of the Soul for the Species of one thing would impede and hinder the Species of another it being of too small a Magnitude and therefore the Cartesians being conscious of this to make their Hypothesis more plausible make it a great deal bigger in their Cutts and Pictures than really it is 2. The Species of all the Senses cannot arrive hither because the Nerves do not touch this Glandule 3. It is situated in the place of Excrements where they are excern'd thro the third and the two anterior Ventricles and certainly here the Species would be greatly contaminated which Le Forge a Cartesian is forc'd to grant 4. There then would be a great Confusion of different Ideas in this Corpuscle for the Species must remain there otherwise there would be no Memory 5. There is no Duct or Passagâ— from this Glandule to the Nerveâ— neither any communion with the Nerves of the extern Senses 6. This Glandule is bigger iâ— those Animals which the Cartesiaâ— will have to be void of reason 7. It is sometimes found to bâ— full of Sand and little Stones without any hurt to the Reason sometimes it is black and infected how then can it be capable of performing such noble Operations 8. There was never any propeâ—… Motion seen in it but only violenâ—… either of the whole Brain its Concussion or some extern Flatulencieâ—… for it
whole Body it is of every side encompassed by the Lungs yet its Motion is perceived most on the left Side 1st Because the great Artery is on that Side The reason why it beats more on the left side than on the right and the Cavity of the left Ventricle far exceeds that of the right and in this the Vital Spirit is contained Hence it is vulgarly reputed altho erroneously That the Heart hath its residence on the left Side and some Practitioners apply Cordial Epithems only to the left Side 2dly The Vena Cava being on the right Side and there ascending thro the Thorax the Heart cannot conveniently decline that way It is of a Conic Figure the upper part is called the Basis or Radix of it the lower Muâ—ro Vertex Apex or the Cone of the Heart its primary Action is to be the Fountain of Heat this is manifest by that Disease called a Syncope and other defects of the Heart where its Heat is intercepted for then the Members of the Body destitute do faint and lose their brisk Activity wherewith they were before actuated Hence Cordials profit in such Affects How Cordials help the Heart in Syncope's by exciting the almost extinguisht Heat and stirring up the drooping Spirits this Heat is not caused only by the Motion of the Heart as the Carâ—eâ—ians say it is for there is implanted Heat in the Heart before its Motion and Motion is only the Preserver and not the Producer of Heat in the Heart but this Heat is excited by an Ebullition whereby the Blood dilating it self requires a more ample space and so breaks forth just as the mixture of Lime and Water produces an Ebullition and Flower of Brimstone mingled with Spirit of Turpetine and Salt of Tartar with Aqua fortis causes a great Fervescency 3dly Another great use of the Heart is to turn Chyle into Blood to be the Organ of Sanguification and to perfect and renew the depauperated Blood that returns in the Veins in its Circulation Another use of it is to move continually Hence it keeps the Blood from Putrefaction makes it more elaborate kindles that Vital Flame that 's in it and disperses it as a Nutriment adapted to every part This Motion is called the Pulse The Pulse which is continual and never ceasing stirred up by the Blood flowing into it and the Pulsive Faculty resident therein this consists of Systole Diastole It s Systole Diastole and Perisystole and Perisystole Systole the proper and natural motion of the Heart is a Contraction of it into a narrow compass that so the contained Blood might be forc'd from the right Ventricle thro the Arterial Vein into the Lungs and from the left thro the Arteria Aorta into the whole Body The Diastole which is Accidentary and not so properly called a Motion as the Systole because it is a Passion rather than an Action is a Dilatation of the Heart that it might draw in the Blood thro the Vena Cava into the right Ventricle and thro the Arteriae Venosa into the left Perisystole is the space of rest between the two preceding Motions In every Systole the Heart doth plentifully receive the Blood and in every Diastole it plentifully expels it After Dr. Harvey had found out the Circulation of the Blood laying down such evident and infallible Demonstrations as compell'd all to believe it yet many ignorant of the Fabric and Motion of the Heart thought that a few Drops a Scruple or a Dram at the most of Blood was thrown out of the Heart at every Pulse and so imagined that the Mass of Blood in the Body is many hours yea some days circulating thro the Body Yet I must acknowledg my Self to be a Proselyte of that Learned and Famous Physician Dr. Lower Dr. Lower De Corde who hath wrote an Excellent Book of the Heart and also of Exquisite Dr. Charleton The Circulation of the Blood the Author of Oeconomia Animalis That the whole Mass of Blood doth not only once or twice but very often pass thro the Heart in the space of an hour For if we compute how much Blood flows into the Ventricles of the Heart when it is dilated how much emptied out of it when it is contracted how many Pulses there are in an hour how much Blood there is contained in the whole Body we shall easily evince this Assertion for by Autopsy it appears and by the experience and testimony of Renowned Harvey that in a Healthful Man the left Ventricle of the Heart will at once contain two Ounces and so much is thrown out at every Systole and that there are Two thousand Pulses in the space of an hour which is the least Computation of all for Waeleus and Regius have numbred Three thousand and in some Four thousand Plempius 4450 Slegelius 4876 Rolfincius 4420 and Bartholine on his own Wrist 4400. tho these differ according to the Age Temperament and Diet c. And suppose that in a Man there are Twenty five Pounds of Blood which is a greater quantity than is granted either by Nature or Anatomists for the quantity of Blood contained in a Humane Body seldom exceeds Twenty five pound and is seldom under Fifteen If we suppose two Ounces of Blood received and thrown out at every Pulse and Two thousand Pulses in an hour How often the Blood circulates thro the Body in an hour the number of Ounces that pass thro the Heart in that space make up Three hundred thirty two pound Hence it necessarily follows that the whole Mass of Blood circulates thro the Body thirteen times every hour but seeing so great a quantity of Blood is seldom found in the Body of a sound Man and so few pulses in the space of an hour Vid. Dr. Lower de Corde it is very congruous to reason that the Blood passes thro the Heart more than Thirteen Times in an hour At the Basis of the Heart there are two Processes called Anricula their use is to receive the Blood and Air least it suddenly rush into the Heart and cause a Suffocation there are also on both sides two large Cavities which are called the Ventricles of the Heart of which the right receives the Blood from the Vena Cava to supply the Lungs and sends it into the left Ventricle to make the Vital Spirit and Arterial Blood of that Blood prepared in the right Ventricle and transmitted thro the Septum and the Lungs and of the Air drawn in thro the Mouth and Nostrils prepared in the Lungs and sent thro the Arteria Venosa with the Blood into the left Ventricle of the Heart The use of both these Ventricles is to generate and perfect the Arterial Blood to receive the Venal Blood make it more perfect and expel it thro the Arteries into the extreme parts of the Body and that they may thereby be nourish'd Between these two Ventricles there is an Interstitium or Partition called
repugnant to the Opinion of the Ancients they holding that these four first qualities Gassendus as they call them are essential to and deduced from the four Elements but we from the Magnitude Figure and Motion of Atoms as Hot or Colorific Atoms are those that are Exile in Magnitude Sphaericin Figure and Swift in Motion What Heat is and what Cold. Cold or Frigorific Atoms are not so Exile in Magnitude of a Tetrahedic or Pyramidal Figure consisting of four Sides or equilateral Triangles which is a Figure most opposite to a Sphere and they are slow in Motion What we are to understand by Moisture and Driness Moisture is but a Species of Fluidity which consists in the smoothness of the Parts and the interspersion of Inanity for Quick-silver and melted Lead are Fluid Bodies yet not Humid and Siccity or Driness is a meer Privation of Humidity I shall not therefore treat of the Temperaments according to those Qualities but according to the number of the Humours tho there also we cannot in all things agree with the Ancients as I shall hereafter declare The Temperaments rightly distinguisht according to the number of the four Humours The Humours are four Blood Choller Phlegm and Melancholy and in whatsoever Persons any of these Humours are predominant their Temperament hath its denomination thence so that from hence we learn that there are four sorts of Temperaments The Sanguine wherein Blood the Choleric wherein Choler or Bile the Phlegmatic wherein Phlegm the Malancholic wherein Melancholy hath the predominancy I shall now lay down the Characters of every of them whereby any intelligent Person by a diligent perusal of the following Specimen and a due reflection upon himself may easily be informed what Constitution Temperament or Complexion he is of I shall begin with the Sanguine The Sanguine Constitution described The Sanguine hath the preheminence before any of the rest those of this Complexion are hot and moist the habit of their Body is Fleshy and well Compact not Fat neither too Lean for the heat doth not emaciate and make Lean the Body being alone predominant and so consume the Body but it is qualified with a proportionality of Moisture which serves for Fuel for the vivifying Heat neither is the Body made gross and fat by the abundance of Moisture which affords Vapors by which Fat is generated it being well tempered with a sufficient quantity of Heat which dissipates the abounding Humidity the first of which effects always happens in the Choleric Complexion which is hot and dry and the other in Phelgmatic which is quite contrary to that viz. Cold and Moist The streams of fluid Blood that circulate in the Veins and Arteries are briskly agitated by the penetrating particles of Fire and these ignite Particles are kept from causing a Conflagration in the mass of Blood by the Moisture whereby it is duly moderated so that the Heat actuates and enlivens the Moisture and the Moisture supplies the Heat with a sufficient Pabulum hence for the most part the Colour of their Face is fresh and flourishing the delicate Sanguine Liquor flowing thro its proper Vessels causeth the Cheeks to be tinctur'd with a Crimson Red their Hair also which is an Excrement resembles the predominant Humour for it is either of a bright or light Colour which by its glistering Eradiations manifests the Body from which it results to abound with Spirits or else it is Red the very colour of the Humour whereof it is generated They are very Active Brisk Lively Vigorous Spirituous very Cheerful and Merry and of a smiling Countenance by reason of Spirits wherewith they of this Complexion do most of all abound their Imagination is very pregnant and comprehensive because impressions are easily made upon things that are Moist tho not so long retained hence they are very subject to Oblivion and Forgetfulness yet some do frequently commit Actions which manifest Stolidity as immoderate Laughing and Impudence in others too much Bashfulness and others Actions of Folly In Discourse they are commonly very free and liberal they have an extraordinary Propension and Inclination to Love being very much influenc'd by Venus and Cupid and have very impetuous desires after Venereal Pleasures tho not so much as those that are Choleric by reason of the acrimony of the Seed in that Constitution They sleep indifferently well not so much as those that are Phlegmatic they are nimble in Motion and Exercise but soon weary they have a moderate Appetite unless Humours abound whereby it is clog'd and satiated also a moderate Thirst their Pulse is great yet slow they have frequent and copious Evacuations of Blood at Nose in the Haemorrhoids and Women thro those passages which Nature hath destin'd to carry the Superfluity of Humours that abound in that moist Sex in their periodic or monthly Evacuations Their Urine as to its quantity is very copious as to its quality it is of a laudible Colour and good Consistency Their Skin to the touch is hot and soft their Vessels are very large and Veins very conspicuous they are very subject to a Plethora and very obnoxious to Feavers and other Acute Distempers These are the Signs of the Sanguine Complexion the next is the Choleric which is the hot and dry Complexion They of this Constitution are always Lean The Choleric Constitution Pale or Yellow especially under their Eyes their Hair is Yellow imitating the Colour of Bile â—â—metimes blackish where the Choler is more adust they are soon Bald by reason of Siccity which is here the predominant quality they are of a sharp Wit very solert and crafty of an expedite Ingeny they are prone to Anger Fury Rage Audacity Boldness Boasting Bragging and desire of Revenge They sleep very little they dream of Fires Burnings Scoldings Fightings and Tumults they have exquisite Sense and are very quick in Hearing their Pulse is great and quick they have very little Appetite sometimes loath eating especially in the Summer they love those Meats most that are cold but they find great prejudice by fasting they have an insatiable Thirst and drink frequently they grow apace and quickly wax Old because their radical Moisture is soon consumed by the abundance of heat they have a wonderful proclivity to Venery because of the acrimony of their Seed they are very much injur'd by the immoderate use of it because their Spirits 〈◊〉 easily dissipated by reason of their tenuity They are prone to all bilose Distempers as Tertian Agues Phrensies Pleurisies Vomitings Diarrheas Erisipala's Shingles Pushes and Pimples on their Faces The next is the Phlegmatic Constitution they of this Temperament are Cold and Moist Signs of the Phlegmatick Temperament the colour of their Skin is white they are fat and obese yet not fleshy their Hair is brown and streight they are cold to the touch especially their Hands and Feet they have a tollerable Imagination and indifferent good Perception but a very shallow
Memory they are dull and blockish of a very slow and obtuse Ingeny they are very placable and soon reconciled extreamly devoted to sleep they dream of Cold Waters Floods Ponds Seas Rain Snow Drownings and white Things their Pulse is little and slow they have a small Appetite little or no Thirst they grow Old very slowly and have very little Inclination to Venery but in the moderate use find much benefit because by stirring up in them the Natural Heat which is almost Dormant the Phelgm is concocted and the Body made more temperate They are better in fair Weather and always worse in cold and rainy Weather the Distempers â—â—at they are most addicted to are Catarrhs Coughs Dropsies Cachexies Lethargies Palsies Appoplexies c. They excern a crass white and insipid Excrement thro the Mouth and Nostrils their Urine is white and thin and Women of this Complexion are often troubled with that which they call the Whites which is an efflux of a thin white Humour thro the Vterus either continually or at least in no Order or certain Period The last of the Four Complexions which yet remains is the Melancholic How to distinguish when the Melancholic Humour iâ— predominant Those of this Constitution are cold and dry their Colour is brown or somewhat black they are of a lean habit of Body their Veins are very streight and narrow their Hair is black hard rough or crass slowly encreasing and soon hastening to the Canities of Old Age they are very obnoxious to â—ear and sadness and that sometimes without any known or manifest cause yet they are prudent cautious wary constant and ingenous but where this atrabilous Humour is adust they are treacherous and unfaithful they are very difficult to be moved to Anger but when they are they are almost implacable they have a very strong Memory by reason of Siccity they are very wakeful and sleep very interruptedly and disquietly they dream of black Things Murthers dead Bodies Graves and the Devils c. They have a very uncertain Aspect and sad Countenance their Pulse is tardy and hard they have for the most part a good Appetite because of the Acidity of this Humour which is prepared for the concoction of Food in the Ventricles and stirring up of Cold yet sometimes thro the Vitiation of this Humour the Appetite is very much dejected they have but little Thrist because of the Serum and Spittle which abounds in this Constitution they have often sower Belchings which arise from those Crudities wherewith Melancholy Persons do abound they are very tardy in the performance of Venereal Acts and receive very much injury from the frequent use of them yet those are more prone to them that abound with Flatulencies and are hereby often excited to Venereal Actions they are very subject to Tumours and hardnesses of the Spleen and Hypochondriac Affects to Tertian Agues Leprosies Warts and Haemorrhoids c. They often vomit and spit frequently Hence Melancholy Persons are often called Sputatores they are commonly Costive and their Excrements are blackish they also avoid black Blood thro the Haemorrhoids their Urine is thin and white sometimes crass and livid Thus we have given a brief Specimen of the Four Constitutions let me now subjoyn that I would not have the Reader think me so much devoted to the trite old Galenic way as to think that the Blood is a Composition of these Four Humours blended together or that I am so strict a Chymist as to explode and utterly reject the Notion of the Four Humours as a useless and unprofitable Fiction and only adhere to their Doctrine tho very ingenuous of the Five Principles But our Apprehensions are that tho it be utterly untrue that there are in the Vessels Four distinct Humours Dr. Castle 's Chymical Galenist for whatsoever is contained in the Arteries and Veins is either the stale deflragrated Blood or the Alimentary Juice fresh come into the Vessels or else the Serum or Whey returned by the Lymphaducts or else some particles of Nitre and other Bodies received in by the Lungs and Mouths of the Veins from the Ambient and tho the Blood differ in several Bodies only as to the abundance or defect of Natural Heat yet Men are not improperly said to be of a Melancholic Choleric or some other Temperament insomuch as by how much the more vigorous or remiss the Bowels and Entrails are by so much the more weakly or powerfully Concoctions are performed Willis de Fermentatione Febribus and consequently the Blood apt to be overcharged with stale and adust or else crude and phlegmatic Excrements in which the Person either way disposed is not improperly said to be of a Phlegmatic or Choleric Temper and if the adust or raw Excrement be not rightly and duly seperated out of the Mass by the effervescency of the Blood I see no reason why I may not say A Man abounds with a Melancholic Phlegmatic or Choleric Humour and it so than the Notions about Pharmacy aiming at an evacuation or else alteration of the Humours are not framed amiss nor without good reason for I suppose it alters not much the case as to practice whether we suppose there is too great a redundancy of one of the Humours in the Blood or whether which is the right Notion we apprehend the Blood depraved with a phlegmatic or raw Juice or a bilose Excrement consisting of Salt and Sulphur or the Melancholic in which the Caput Mortuum or earthy part is predominant for either of these Notions will direct us when the Blood is unable to fine it self to assist it with those Alteratives which time and experience hath recommended to us as proper in those cases and those Purgers which have been long observed more particularily to make separation either of the Pituitous Choleric or Melancholic Parts of the Blood for tho it be irrational to think that Purgers do with a certain knowledge or choice lay hold of one Humour rather than another yet is that distinction of Purgers into Cholagoga Phlegmagoga Melanagoga and Hydragoga of very good use and founded upon Observation and Experience insomuch as the several Purgers by causing very different Fermentations and variously agitating the particles of the Blood may with good reason cause different Seperations and so one Purger to evacuate that sort of Excrement Barm or Lee which another cannot The Doctrine of the Four Humours reconciled with that of the Five Chymic Principles Thus our Doctrine of the Four Humours doth not destroy that of the Five Principles for altho it is apparent that in the Blood there are five Principles as Spirit which is the Subtile and Volatle part of it whose Particles being always expanded endeavouring to take their flight do agitate the gross Corpuscles of the other Principles wherein they are ininvolved and so keep them in that continual Motion of Fermentation Sulphur which is a Principle of a Consistence somewhat more crass than Spirit
the Nutritive Faculty into its three Branches Chylification Sanguification and Membrification or Assimulation that so we may the better understand the Processes of Nature in these Operations Chylification the first branch of this Function called the first Concoction how it is done First we must enquire into the method of Chylification This which is the first Concoction is thus performed When the Food is sufficiently chewed in the Mouth by the Dentes molares those Grinders appointed by Nature for Mastication it is detruded into the Ventricle or Stomach for Deglution is made by Detrusion wherewith the Stomach being replenisht the Appetite being satiate it doth dilate it self and being also endued with a power of Contracting its Membranous Tunicles according to the proportion of the Food received it doth closely and strictly embrace the same on all sides and then shut both its upper and lower Orifice the upper that Vapours may not ascend to the Brains and that Concoctions might be more perfect the lower lest any of the Meat should descend into the Guts before it be converted into perfect Chyle The Meat thus received into and embraced by the Stomach is by and by moistened and diluted partly by the drink received with it and partly by an Acid Humour the Relicts of the last Concoction which being endued with an Incisive Penetrating and Dissolving Faculty doth as it were cut and dissolve the Solid Meat into very small pieces and like an excellent Menstruum extracts a Tincture from its more Laudible and Alimentary Parts This Mixture being advanced Vsque ad Minima to the least Particles there presently succeeds a Fermentation whereby at last the whole Mixture is brought to a new Consistence and Colour not much unlike the Cream of Barley and is that which Physicians call the Chyle The Chyle being thus perfectly concocted is by the Gradual Contraction of the Stomach detruded into the Guts where the Guts by a Perisâ—altiâ— Motion contracting them downwards and this passing by the Intestines it s more pure and defecate parts are distributed thro the Milky Veins and the excrementitious and unprofitable parts are excluded by Stool These Lactean Veins carry the Chyle into the Common Receptacle called Receptaculum Commune and from hence it is transmitted thro the Ductus Thoracici to the Subilavian Branches of the Vena Cava near the extern Jugular Veins their being mixed with the Blood it is by the Ascendent Ttrunk of the Vena Cava soon imported into the right Ventricle of the Heart Sanguification or the Second Concoction The next Branch of the Nutritive Function is that of Sanguification it is in this Concoction that the Chyle receiving yet farther Exaltations by a greater Solution of the more Noble and active Principles once again deposites its old Color and Consistence and so at length becomes perfectly changed into that true Liquor How Chyle is transmuted into Blood which is called Blood for as soon as the Vena Cava hath committed the Matter of Nourishment into the right Ventricle of the Heart the Ferment therein contained working suddenly and throly upon it sets the Active Principles at a great freedom and so inducing a new motion and effervescence into the Blood doth happily impregnate it with Vitality hereby its Nature is exalted and those Natural Spirits contained in it are advanced into Vital or more Sublime and Active ones while the Vital Spirits pre-existent in the Ventricle of the Heart do enkindle the same Heat and cause the same diffusive or expansive motion in the Natural which they themselves have formerly acquired As for the Primary Agent or Efficient occupied in the Office of Sanguification it is not the Liver as Galen and his Sectators fictitiously conceived nor the Veins as some Anatomists have dream'd nor truly the Heart as Aristotle and his Disciples with several late Judicious Writers have asserted but by the Vital Heat residing in the Blood for the Heart borrows all its Activity meerly from the Vital Blood contained in its Ventricles The true Instrument that Nature makes use of in makeing Blood and distributed into them by the Coronary Arteries of which Vital Influx were the Heart deprived some few moments It would surcease its Activity and desist from its Sanguifying Function yea it would become as Torpid and Motionless as any other part of the whole Body so far is it from exalting the Chyle into so Noble a Nectar as the Blood is by any Simular Action of its own Yet we must acknowledge the Heart to be the Center and Chief Place of Residence for this Vital Flame and may notwithstanding be still properly styled the Fountain of Life As the Chyle in the first Concoction was seperated from its Faeces so in this second Concoction the Crimson Juice is depurated from its unprofitable Excrementitious Parts for the blood being an Heterogeneous Substance consisting of several different Principles when those Parts which are most prone to Volatility are dissipated and consumed and when the Sweet and Inflamable Spirits are exhausted certainly the remaining Mass must needs become useless and incommodious to Nature and so degenerating into Excrements ought as soon as may be to be sequestred from the Pure Mass of Blood â— which wholesome Liquor those Excrementitious Parts are no longer deemed fit to remain Ingredients The Excrements secerned from the Blood The Excrements that are seperated from the Blood are Choler Phlegm and Melancholy to which we may add or under these compehend Urine Sweat Tears and the Lymphatic Liquor Choler is a bitter Excrement generated of the Saline and Sulphureous Parts of the Blood exalted by Adustion and seperated from the Blood thro the Parenchyma of the Liver by a kind of Percolation and thence conveyed by its proper Vessels into the Intestines there rendring the Excrement of the first Concoction fluxile being excluded with them This Bilious Excrement is also in a small quantity effused out of the Capillary Arteries and collected in the Meatus Auditorius or Cavity of the Ears and there appears under the Form of that thick yellow and bitter Excrement we call Ear-wax Phlegm is a Cold and Moist Excrement as for its Sapor it is sometimes Salt somtimes Sweet and sometimes Acid to which we may add its Insipidness as another and as for its Consistence it is sometimes thin and serous sometimes thick viscid and mucilaginous and then it is called Glassy Phlegm and when it putrifies and corrodes it becomes Salt and Eruginous it is seperated from the Blood while it is wrought thro the Branches of the Celiacal Arterie terminated in the Stomach and there by Transudation immitted into the Cavity of it where it is found endowed with some Acidity It is also spewed forth out of the Mesenteric Arteries into the Substance of the Guts and transmitted into their Cavity by insensible passages here it is insipid without any Taste at all It also distils from the Brain being excern'd from the Blood either by the
Seed being emitted from both and treasured up in the Magazine of the Females Womb that the first Rudiments of a tender Foetus do emerge There being abundance of Natures Curiosity under this Head I shall take occasion a little to amplifie hereupon and shall treat of 1. The Nature and Origin of the Seed 2. The Manner and Signs of Conception 3. The Formation of the Child in the Womb and its Position 4. The Manner of its Exit or Coming forth The Nature and Origin of Seed The Seed is a Humid and Spirituous Substance elaborated in the Testicles from the residue of the third Concoction or from the Arterial Blood having a prolific Vertue and concurring to the procreating of the Foetus not only Virtually but also Materially The Efficient cause of Spermification is the Parenchyma of the Testicles these by their hot and moist Temperature and also an Intrinsic Specific Propriety doth convert the Arterial Blood into Sperm which after it is here prepared is reconded in the Seminary Vessels and if there be a redundancy that which abounds is either carried back thro the Spermatic Veins to the Heart or goes to the Nutrition of the Testicles or else is excern'd thro the Lymphaducts for without the Testicles Seed is not unless extraordinarily generated for it is from them that the Seed receives both its Form and Colour and if a Conception happen from one that is castrated it is by reason of some Seed before the Amputation of them prepared and reconded Women also do emit Seed and have likewise for that purpose Testicles given them by Nature In the Seed there are two parts The Spirituous part and the Colliquament The Spirituous Part is that which causeth in the Seed a Turgency and Frothiness by reason of the extream Mobility and Volability of the Spirits The Crass Colliquament is that moist and watery Substance which manifestly appears when the Spirits vanish and evaporate for it then lays down its Whiteness and Spumosity This fruitful Liquor by its prolific Vertue after the Spermatic Contact in Coition doth so affect the Vterus of the Female as to impregnate it with Fecundity and make it also become Prolific which having received this Plastic Generative Power communicated to it from the Male doth put this Power into exercise and so procreateth its own like and truly the Vertue proceeding from the Male doth so largely fructifie the whole Female that it produceth a thoro Change and Alteration as well in the Frame of their Minds as Constitution of their Bodies 2. The Manner and Signs of Conception Conception the Manner of it The Vterus of the Female by the previous Converse she hath had with the Male and his Incitements which he useth to entice her as also by Natures own Inclination and Tendency is adapted for Conception which preparaion of the Vterus consists in this First The Vterus appears thicker and more fleshy and afterwards in the interior Superfice which is the place where the future Conception is to be received groweth more tender answering in Lubricity and tenderness the intern Ventricles of the Brain in some places it hath little Knobs which do swell inward and become exceeding soft the Vterus thus reduced to a state of Maturity and Coition immediately succeeding the Seeds of both Sexes being effused at the same time the Males into the Neck of the Vterus and thâ— Females into the Cavity of her own Matrix the Womb being endued with the property of attracting and drawing to it self the Virile Seed it greedily sucks it in and there the Seed of both Sexes being exactly mixt together and strictly contained within the Confines of the Vterus the whole Body of the Womb doth contract it self and the intern Orifice of it becomes so closely shut that the Point of the sharpest Needle cannot be admitted the two sorts of Seed there reconded are cherished by the Heat of the Vterus and thereby their Heat and Spirit stirred up and the Plastic Vertue which before lay Dormant there is now reduced into Act and hence immediately Conception ensues The Signs of which are these Seven Manifest Signs of Conception 1. A kind of horror and trembling after Coition which is caused by the Contraction and drawing together the Womb. 2. Retention of the Seed If the Seed fall not out again we may Conjecture there is Conception 3. A close Occlusion of the Orifice of the Vterus 4. A Suppression of the Natural Courses 5. A Swelling Hardness and Pain in the Breast 6. A Languid Appetite and Desire of Venery 7. A Nauseating and Loathing of Meat 3. The Manner of the Formation of the Foetus and its Position in the Womb. The Efformative Vertue being now excited by the Heat of the Womb doth wrap up the whole Seminal Matter into two Membranes or Tunics the one is called Chorion and the other Amnios and in seven days time after the Conception the Lineaments of the Spermatic Parts begin to appear for if a Geniture after the seventh day suffer an untimely Exit and be cast into Water there will appear in it three little Bubbles which are the Rudiments of the three Principal Parts and abundance of little Filaments which are the Threds of the other Spermatic Parts All the Spermatic Parts are perfected in Males in the space of Thirty Days in Females in Forty the fleshy Parts in Males are perfect in Three Months in Females in Four and then the Foetus begins to be quick The Spermatic Parts are generated of the Seed of both Sexes but the Fleshy Parts of Menstruous Blood which hath an Influx thither till the whole Structure of the Foetus is compleated The Position and Situation of the Infant in the Womb. The Situation or Position of the Infant in the Womb is commonly found to be thus His Knees drawn up to his Belly his Thighs bent backward his Feet hanging down his Hands elevated to his Head whereof one is placed about his Temples or Ears the other upon his Cheeks in which Parts there are white spots discovered in his Skin as Signs of Confrication his Spine or Back-bone bent-round and his Neck being inflected his Head hangs near his Knees the Embryo is situated with that Position of Parts wherewith we commonly apply our selves to rest with his Head uppermost and his Face directed towards his Mothers Spine but a little before his Birth his Head being bent downwards he dives towards the Bottom and Orifice of the Matrix as if he were seeking his way out Lastly The Manner of its Birth The Manner of its Exit or Birth After the Foetus hath acquired its due Conformation Nutrition and Augmentation not finding a sufficient Aliment and wanting Air to Ventilate the abounding Heat begins to seek a larger Space and being irritated distends the Membranes of the Vterus and endeavours to extricate himself out of that Prison wherein he is so confined and incarcerated and hence results a double Motion one
with the great World both in his Angellic Heavenly and Sublunary parts The Soul that Queen Regent in the Palace of the Brain is the Anima Munduli and represents the Soul of the World the Spirits represent the Heavens the Subtle and Aetherial parts of the Universe the Four Humours bear a great Analogy with the Four Elements Choler that hot Sulphureous and Raging Humour is like the furious Element of Fire the calmness of the Blood is compared to the Serenity of Air the dulness of Flegm to the Hebetude of Water and the Adust Melancholy is like the Feculent Earth Hairs represent the verdent Vegetables Bones and Stones in the Reins and Bladder represent Rocks Stones and Minerals the Veins and Arteries the Rivers and Caverns of the Earth the Circulation of the Sanguine Liquor is a representative of the Motion of the Marine Waters and of the Waters in the profound Abysses of the Terrestrial Globe Dew is represented by Tears Hail By Concocted Flegm Rain by the Humours that fall into the Throat See Crook's Body of Man Thunder by Fury Heat Rumbling Belching and Winds by exhaled Crudities Hissing Singing and Ringing Noises in the Ears c. Now if the consonant Order harmonious Structure and regular Composure of the greater World be not enough to confute an Atheist here is enough to astonish him if the Contemplation of the Works of Creation in reference to the Macrocosme will not lead him to the acknowledgment of a Deity and first cause here 's that which will make it as Visible and Conspicuous as the Sun in its Meridian glory Having cleared the way by this Brief Introduction I shall without any further Remora come to the intended Scope of this Design Chap. I. Of the Distribution of Man into his Two Essential Constituring Parts ANthropology The Two parts of Man or that Doctrine which Treats concerning Man may rightly be divided into Two parts viz. Pneumatology which gives an account of his Soul and Somatology which is the Anatomy of his Body Man being defined a Substance consiâ—ing of a Spiritual and Rational Soul and of a fitly composed Body in order therefore to the discription of this noble Creature we shall first Treat of his more sublime and ruling part his Soul we shall endeavour to unfold the hidden Treasures and Unlock those choise Curiosities that are cloistered up in the Cabinet of this Pneumatic Science and that this might be done after a Methodic manner I shall first discourse concerning the Nature of the Soul Secondly concerning its Origen Thirdly concerning its Union to the Body Fourthly concerning its Immateriality Fifthly corcerning its Immortality Sixthly concerning its Extension and Lastly concerning its Faculties CHAP. II. Of the Nature and Definition of the Soul An Introduction to this Chapter SEing the Soul is a Being whose Nature is far above the reach of Sense invisible to the most acute Acies of Corporeal Eyes Intrectable by the most sensible Organs of Touching it is most evident that nothing can penetrate into the Bowels of this Golden Mine or explicate the hidden Mysteries therein contained but the Soul it self she who is immaterial her self can best by a reflex-speculation explicate the Nature of a Spirit and truly this Work must be set upon by the Soul not with Rashness or Temerity but with diligent Rumination serious Deliberation profound Contemplation and sedulous Industry For what Pedantic notions of the Soul have been abstracted from the Brains of some tho counted very judicious by reason of their Incogitance others thro Critical Câ—â—iosiry have broached some Notions as ridiculous as the former thro Inadvertency What a silly Fiction is that That the Soul is the Form of Man And how unprofitable are the Distinctions and Disputes of the School-men concerning Forms That the Soul is not the Form of Man in Order to the Abettment of this Hypothesis is evidently manifested by that never enough praised Person the Honourable Robert Boyle For it is most agreeable to the Canons of Reason that Man being an Animal compounded of Two distinct parts a Rotional Active and and Cogitant Soul and a fitly Adapted and Organized Body each of which have their proper and particular Forms hath no other Form quatonus compositum than the Union between the Soul and Body But that Union is the Form of Man Plato was greatly deceived in Imagining the Body to be no part of Man but that Man was nothing but a Soul making use of a Body as its Domicil wherein it is Incarcerated But of all Opinions a more ridiculous could not have been invented than that the Soul is the Form of Man Certainly this crackt the Cranny of him that found it out else he would never have vented such Crack-brained Notions so frequently one after another yet such was his Estime and Credit that many will still altho with as little Reason as the Author himself indeavor to abett this Assertion That the Soul is the Form of Man not the Forma Informans say some of them but Forma Assistens as they call it just as a Marriner in a Ship yet who will be so arrogant to assert that a Marriner is the Forme of a Ship But that I may a little demonstrate this Diametrically opposite Sentiment of mine That the Soul can in no wise be imagined to be the Form of Man Reasons to prove the Soul not to be a Form I shall shew upon what Foundation this Assertion is established and first I say the very Notion and Definition of a Form cannot in the least be appropriated to the Soul and it is agreed upon by all Cui non convenit definitio ei neque definitum beside the Peripatetic and pretended Definition of a Form viz. Forma est per quod res est id quod est is no more a Definition of a Form than Oculus est per quod al quis vidit is a Definition of the Eye But a Form may be thus rightly Defined Forma est ens incompletum materiam informans unum per se cum materiâ constituens distinuens ab omni aâ—os It is an incomplete Being informing Matter and constituting one Essential Being with the Matter and distinguishing it from every thing else Now First the Soul is not an Incomplete Being for an Incomplete Being is some Mode or Accident which cannot subsist unless coexistent wâ—th a complete Substance but the Soul is a complete Being subsisting of it self Secondly the Soul doth not inform Matter if so it would be the Form of the Body for then there would be an Intrinsic Communication of Essence and Essential Properties We will grant there is a Presence a Contact a Diffusion an Union and an Actuation yet none of these come under the Notion or Title of Information and altho the Soul doth Actuate the Body yet it doth not Communicate every Action to the Body but performs many Aâ—tions without any dependance thereupon as Cogitative Intellectual and voluntary Actions
good and wise ends unknown to us reserve to himself the continual exercise of his Creative Power in the successive production of new Souls The other is Neither is it propogated Extraduce that the Soul is propogated Extraduce from the Soul of the Parent but the absurdity of this Opinion is evident enough from these following reasons Several Arguments against the Souls Propagt 1977. 1 This Hypothesis supposeth the Soul of the parent to be Discerpible and so to Communicate its own Essence to the Constituting the Soul of the Foet us which can be granted to no Incorporeal Being 2 It supposeth multitudes of Souls daily Created which never come to perfection as in Abortions and Effluxes of Seed and this suppofition cannot but too much derogate from the Wisdom of the Divine Architect 3 Such is the Genesis of any thing as is the Analysis but this is the Analysis of Man that the Body should return to the dust whence it came and the Spirit to God that gave it so that seeing the Spirit had its immediate Origen from God at its Creation doubtless at its Dissolution it doth immediatly retuen to him 4 Were the Soul Generated Extraduce it must either be from the Soul or from the Body of the Parent not from the SOul because nothing can be Generated of a thing Incorporeal Incorpireal Beings do not come under sch alterations not from the Body quia nil dat quod in se non habet Because no Incorporeal Thing can be produce out of a Thing Corporeal Not from both for then the Soul of the Partus would certainly participate of the Nature of them both and so become a Substance partly Corporeal and partly Incorporeal 5 The only Way and Method of its being done were it possible it could be done is enough to Induce us to believe the contrary for then the Soul would be a Substance Compounded of Two pieces of a Spirit the one abstracted from the Spirit of the Male the other from the Soul of the Famale Parent and these Two Pieccs or Paris Blended together into one to Compose a Rational Soul which supposal how Irrational Fictitious and Ridiculous it is any Rational Creature may presently apprehend The true Origen of a Soul viz. That it is immediately Created by God It reamins then that we lay down the true Origen of the Soul which is that it was immediately created by God and infased into the Body This Opinion though it be ancient yet several considerable reasons do incline me to believe it as Orthodox and Genuine and the verity of it may easily be manifested not only by the Confutation of the Two former Opinions but from the Testimony of Sacred Writ viz. he formed the Spirit of Man within him CHAP. IV. Of the Vnion of the Soul to the Body THe Soul being a Substance of an Active and Vigorous Nature God who is its Prime Parent being the Father of Spirits deemed it requisite to bestow upon it a Body dilicately Fabricated not only that this might be its Domicil wherein it should lye Incarcerate That Spirits stand in need of Bodies to Act in as the Platonists would have us believe but he really intended that a part of a Spirits felicity should consist in its Union to some body or other which it might make Use of as a compleatly Organized Machin whereby the better to performe its Actions therefore to Angelic Spirits he gave AEthereal Lucid and Star-like Bodies to the Souls of Men while they continue in these Lower Regions Terrestial Bodies yet curiously Fabricated and fit for their Motions and Operations but when they are devested of these by the assaults of Death then he orders them to enter into Aerial Vehicles that so the easier they may Soar into the invisible Regions of the Coelestial Habitacle and to retain these till the Resurrection when they shall re-assume their former Bodies Transformed and Modified into the Nature of Angelic ones But I shall refer a further Procedure upon this till I come to the Immortality of the Soul and shall here treat a little of the manner of its Union to these our Bodies This is a thing so sublime that it transcends the reach of humane intellect to conceive so capacious that it exceeds the limits of Reason to comprehend so abstruse and difficult that it puzzels the Wits of all Philosophers to demonstrate how Two Substances the one Spiritual the other Corporeal things of a quite contrary Nature should constitute but one Compositum what Medium these can be found for their Union by what means the more principal part doth Vivifiâ— and Actuate the part more inferiour what moving Virtue it doth Exert and Communicate to the Body and by what kind of contact this is done Surely these are things that none but he that is the Sole Author of these Phoenomena can demonstrate how or in what manner they are performed yet that they are performed is very apparent and such is the curiosity of that busie and Pragmatic Creature Man that he cannot contain himself from Prying into the Causes of those things the effects whereof declare them so to be tho they are never so abstruse He thinks there is nothing so locked up in the Cabinet of Nature but by his diligence he may find the Key or that there are no Rareties Treasured up in the Magazine of this Created World that he by a diligent Scrutiny cannot find out Some therefore will tell us That in Man there are Three Essential parts a Body a Soul and a Spirit the Body say they is a Substance made of the Grosser Matter viz. Flesh Blood Bones Nerves Cartilages Veins Arteries c. The Soul is a Substance tho Material yet of an AEtherial and Subtilized Nature Fiery and Flammeous Participating both of the Nature of a Body and of a Spirit and the Spirit which is their Third ingredient in their noble Composition is altogether Incorporeal United to the Body by the mediation of the Corporeal Soul Others will affirm that the Soul being the Ruling part The Cartesians sits like a Queen in the Palace of the Brain upon her Throne the Conarion which is a little Glansâ—lous Body almost in the midst thereof there she Contemplates of the Regions of her Kingdom and the Members of that Common-wealth being always attended with her Viceroy the Animal Spirit whereby she doth at Pleasure send an Embassy into the most Remote Parts of this little World thro the nerves But how well the Authors or Abetters of these Two Opinions have hit the Mark. I leave to the Credulous Reader to determine concerning the First I shall only Query a few things That the Soul is not United by the Mediatioc of the Corporeal Soul evinced by several Queries 1 Whether it be sense to say a Meterial Soul 2 Suppose it be whether there be any such thing as they imagine by it in the Body of Man 3 Whether Body and Spirit be not things of
Dissect the Bodies of other Living Creatures Democritus by his frequent Dissection of divers sorts of Animals is said to have first found out the proper Seat of the Bile Galen also accustom'd himself to the Dissection of Apes and Monkies Severinus Castellus Bronzerus Panarolus and many others were wont to Dissect the Bodies of dead Dogs But Asellius Dr. Harvey Walleus Bartholine Pecquet De Graaf and others did frequently cut open Dogs while they were alive and hereby found out the Lactean Veins the Circulation of the Blood the Thoracic Veins the Lymphaducts the Ductus Pancreaticus with its Acid Juice and many other useful Inventions by their diligent Scrutiny and Autopsy But our Discourse is to be limited to the Humane Body having chosen Man to be the sole Subject of this Treatise The Body of Man therefore as it is a Totum Quantitativum seu Integrale is divided by Galen and Hypocrates into Continentia The Division of the Parts of Mans Body Contenta Impetum Facientia that is into Solid Parts Humours and Spirits The Body of Man may also be divided either Ratione Finis or Ratione Materiae Ratione Finis The Principal Parts They are either Principal Parts or less Principal Parts The Principal Parts are the Liver the Heart and the Brain and the Vulgarly received Opinion is That the Veins have their Origin from the Liver the Arteries from the Heart and the Nerves from the Brain which they say are the Vessels that convey the Natural Vital and Animal Spirits thro the Body The less Principal Parts are either necessary The less Principal parts which are those without which an Animal cannot live as the Lungs the Ventricle the Intestines the Vesicula Bilaria the Porus Bilarius the Vesica Vrinaria c. Or not necessary as Caro Simplex in respect of the other Parts Ratione Materiae the Parts are either Simple Homogeneous and Simular or Compound Heterogeneous and Dissimular The Simular Parts are Ten. The Simular The Bones the Cartilages the Ligaments the Membranes the Fibres the Nerves the Arteries the Veins the Flesh and the Cutis The Dissimular The Dissimular Parts are the Members of the Body consisting of various Simular Parts They are also called Partes Organicae seu Instrumentales But the Modern and most Rational Division of the Body is into its Venters and Artus The Division of the Body into its Three Venters and Four Artus The Venters are Three the Infimus the lower Venter or the Abdomen which contains the Liver and the Natural Parts the Medius Venter or the Thorax which contains the Heart and Vital Parts the Venter Supremus or the Head wherein is contained the Brain and Animal Parts Having given the Division of the whole Body The Lower Venter its parts we shall now begin with the Lower Venter and this is all that Cavity which within is distinguished from the Thorax by the Diaphragm circumscribed by the Cartilago Ensiformis the Os Pubis Coxendicis and the Os Sacrum the Vertebrae of the Loins and on both sides by the Bastard Ribs the Fore-part of this is called Epigastrium the Lateral superior Part of which is called Hypocondrium which is next to the Inferior Cartilage of the Costae The Middle is Regio Vmbilicalis the two lateral Parts of which Aristotle calls 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a Laxitate and Galen 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Inania The Lower Part is Hypogastrium which descends from the Regio Vmbilicalis down to the Regio Pubis the Lateral Parts of which are called Ilia and in Flexu Femoris ad Pubem Inguina or the Groin Now this Venter consists of Exterior and Interior Parts The Exterior or Continent Parts are either Common which belong also to other Parts of the Body as the Cuticula the Cutis the Pinguedo with its Membrane the Panniculus Carnosus and the Membrana Musculorum propria or Proper only to this Venter as the Muscles of the Abdomen and the Peritoneum The Interior or Contained are those that serve either for Nutrition or for Procreation Those that serve for Nutrition belong either ad 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to Chylification as the Ventricle the Omentum the Pancreas the Intestines with the Mesentery the Lactean Veins with the Common Receptacle and the Lymphatic Vessels or ad 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to Sanguification as the Meseraic Veins the Vena Porta with its branches and the Vena Cava the Liver the Vesicula Bilaria the Spleen with the Vas Breve and the Hemorrhoids the Arteria Celiaca the Veins the Capsulae Atrabilariae the Ureters and the Bladder Those that serve for Generation are Vasa Spermatica the Corpora Varicosa or Parastatae the Testes the Vasa Deferentia the Prostatae the Vesiculae Seminariae and the Penis in Women the Vasa Ejaculatoria and the Vterus Having thus divided the Lower Venter we come now to speak of each of its parts in particular and the first is the Cuticula 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Cuticula this is a thin and close Skin void of Life and Sense without Blood made of unxious crass and viscid Vapours condensed by the Circumambient Cold to cover the Cutis it is thicker than the Cutis least there should be too great an efflux of Spirits and Heat it is generated of an Excrement that hath its beginning in the Womb and afterwards its perfection and this is the reason why Infants newly born look so red as they commonly do In Moors and Aethiopians it is black Next to this is the Cutis The Cutis which is the Common Covering of the Body generated of Seed and Blood the Instrument of Touching and the Defence of the Parts that are under it it is perforated in various places for the ingress and egress of that which is necessary those Perforations that are conspicuous are the Mouth the Ears c. The Insensible are the Pores in this ther◠are observed several Nervous Filaments which Learned Cartesius calls the Organs of Sense Cartes de Homine which being moved by External Objects do accordingly make an Impression upon the Brain Under the Cutis is subjected the Pinguedo or Fat The Pinguedo or Fat which is a Simular Body without Sense made of unxious Blood concreted by the Cold of the Membranes for the defence of the whole it is not in those parts where it would hinder a convenient complication as in the Brain the Palpebrae the Penis the Scrotum and the Testium Membranae its Vessels are the three Veins of the Abdomen the Mamillary Veins the Venae Epigastricae elumbis emergentes its use is like a Garment to keep the Body warm to fill up the spaces between the Muscles the Vessels and the Skin to make the Body even smooth and round hence Lean Persons Old and Withered are Deformed Next is the Membrana Carnosa which is connexed to the Cutis by many Veins and Arteries The Membrana Musculorum
propria is a thin Skin connexed to the Muscles by small Filaments its use is to cover the Muscles and seperate between them Next appear the Ten Muscles of the Belly The Muscles of the Belly A Muscle is an Organic Part consisting of divers small Fibres an Instrument of Motion the beginning of a Muscle is called a Ligament the middle part is fleshy and the end is called a Tendon every Muscle is furnished with a Nerve Of the Ten Muscles of the Abdomen two of them are obliquely descending two obliquely ascending two right two transverse and two pyramydal thus nominated from the position and situation of their Fibres Under these Muscles is the Peritoneum The Peritoneum which is a Membrane of an Oval Figure investing the Bowels it hath its Origin at the Spine and the first Vertebra of the Loyns its use is to contain the parts and to shut the Orifices of the Veins among the parts contained there is first the Omentum The Omentum placed immediately under the Peritoneum its use is to increase the heat of the Stomach this being taken away the Ventricle and Intestines appear The Ventricle is an Organic Part situated immediately under the Diaphragm in the Epigastrium The Stomach it is the Instrument of Chylification it hath two Orifices the first is in the upper part of it and is called the Stomach this when the Food is taken in remains shut that so Fumes and Vapours may not fly up and so disturb and molest the Head The Lower Orifice is called Pylorus it remains shut till the Food assumed be concocted it is also shut when we vomit The Intestines The Intestines or Guts have many Anfractus or Bendings least the Aliment contained in them should pass away before a perfect Concoction be made they have three Tunics and Fibres of all kinds they are six in number the Duodenum the Jejunum the Coecum the Ileon the Colon and the Rectum The next Part we are to take notice of is the Mesentery in which are the Meseraic Veins and Arteries the Lactean Veins and several Glandules Having taken off these Parts The Pancreas the Pancreas or Sweet-bread becomes apparent and in it is the Pancreatic Duct and Succus Pancreaticus found out by Regnerus De-Graaf a late French Physician who held this to be the Seat of Agues or intermitting Feavers that the Minera of that Distemper which is called The Cause of Agues Opprobrium Medicorum the Disgrace of the Physicians is there to be found viz. When this Acid Liquor is vitiated and the Lateral Ducts of the Pancreas sâ—optâ— Francis De La Boe Sylvius by some pituitous or flegmatic and viscid Matter there adhereing causing hereby a stagnation of that Juice and so a more violent effervence and tendency to a far greater and corroding Acidity Thus much for the Organs of the first Concoction which is Chylification We come now to those of the second viz. Sanguification and among these the Liver was commonly reputed to be chief The Liver its Figure and Connexion this is situated on the right Side of the lower Venter just under the Diaphragm it is connected by three strong Ligaments First to the Abdomen by the Vena Vmbilicalis which in the adult waxes dry and degenerates into a Ligament The Second to the Diaphragm on the right Side by a broad thin Membraneous Ligament from the Peritoneum which is called Ligamentum Suspensorium The Third also to the Diaphragm on the left Side by another round and strong Ligament its substance is red and soft like concreted Blood hence it is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Mans Liver is very like the Liver of an Oxe or Cow and doth differ from it neither in consistence colour nor taste whence our Flesh also is far more similar to the Flesh of those Animals than to the Flesh of Swine It is from hence the Veins are said to derive their Origin because the dispersed Roots of the two greatest Veins viz. Cava and Porta seem to be fastened there tho the Lactean are thought to arise from the Pancreas and the Vena Arteriosa doth really proceed from the Heart The true use of the Liver is not to be the Organ of Sanguification as several Reasons and late Discoveries manifest but as Pecquet saith it doth percolate and secern the Bile from the Blood It s use to Secern the Bile as the Spleen doth an Acid Juice and as the Reins the serose Part thereof The manner how this is done is well explained by Doctor Charleton in his Oeconomia Animalis it also affords heat to the Stomach to concoct the contained Aliment It doth likewise seperate from the Blood and aquose or watry humour by a kind of filtration It helps to concoct the Lympha To concoct the Lympha and impregnate it with a Volatile Salt c. and impregnate it with a Volatile Salt and Acid Spirit drawn forth out of the Nutriment hence when this Part is evilly affected a Dropsie will ensue Dr. Franciscus De La Boe Sylvius will have it not to separate but joyn together Humours not to secern but to mix and unite but this is no better than ficticious On the right and concave part of the Liver there are two Meatus's for the receiving the two sorts of Bile the Vesicula Bilaria and the Porus Bilarius the Vesicula Bilaria Folliculus Fellis Its Ducts and Meatus's or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is an Oblong Vessel in the shape of a Pear it hath two parts Fundus and Cervix it lies under the Vena Porta receives the thinner Bile and exonerates into the Intestines This is the Balsom of the Blood as Helmont calls it and it is this that renders the Feces fluxible The Porus Bilarius is an Oblong Vessel arising from the Liver it is united with the Meatus Systicus into the Ductus Communis this transfers the grosser and thicker part of the Bile In the left Hypochondrium is placed the Spleen The Slpeen Insects want a Spleen and those Creatures that have no Bladder as a Chameleon and many others and it is a false Assertion Habte Musca Splenem It hath often been taken out of Dogs and Cats without any great detriment to them or peril of Life for then the Pancreas supplies its defect It hath many Fibres woven together after a wonderful contexture to confirm and strengthen the lax spongy and paremchymous substance of it least it should be broken by the impulse of the Blood flowing from the Arteries also that hereby it may be able to contract it self and compress the Blood that is in its lax Cavities into the Vena Splenica and so help the Pulse of the Arteries It s use It s use is not to secern the Melancholy Homours from the Blood as the Ancients held neither is the Opinion of Van Helmont probable Helmont's Opinion false who destin'd it to more noble Actions namely to
be the â—eat of his Archeus and the immediate Organ of the Sensitive Soul and to determinate the Actions of the Vital Soul resident in the Stomach and so the Seat of the Intellect in which Conceptions are formed of Sleep and Dreams of Venery and of divers Diseases which to others are evident to be the effect of the Brain and the Thorax as an Astma a Plurisie an Apoplexy an Epilepsie a Vertigo and an Incubus But the true Opinion of its use is that of Waleus Waleus the the Inventer of its true Function grounded on Autopsy and certain Reasons which is that it doth receive the more Acid part of the Blood no otherwise than we see an Acid Spirit seperated from Things by a Chymic Distillation This Acid Liquor which you may if you please call Melancholy is mingled with the Blood in its Vessels and with the Chyle to attenuate and make them more dilute whence the Spleen being once obstructed there doth presently ensue a coacervation of gross Humours in the Body not because these Crass Humours are not drawn from the Blood by the Spleen but because the Spleen cannot communicate that attenuating Acid Liquor to the Blood and Chyle what of this Acid Liquor is unprofitable for Nutrition is excerned by Urine We come now to the Reins or Kidneys The Reins They have their Situation under the Liver and Spleen near the Spine upon the Muscles of the Loins they have two Caruncles like Glandules thro which the Serum of the Blood is cribrated and two Venters one at the end of the Emulgent Veins and another at the Origin of the Ureters its use is to seperate the serosâ— part of the Blood and evacuate it thro the Ureters into the Bladder and thence thro the Meatus Vrinarius To the exterior Membranes of the Reins do adhere two small Vessels called Capsulae Atrabilariae The use of the Capsulae Atrabilariae these receive a crass excrementitious and bilose Humour seperated from the Blood either by the Liver Heart or Spleen but more especially that which is elaborated in the Spleen and is here reconded being not able to penetrate the angust Passages of the Reins Hence Urines do look black when these Vessels are too replete where often is the Seat of some Morbific Cause especially in Melancholy Effects The Ureters The Ureters are long Vessels or Channels arising from the Reins implanted into the Bladder they are commonly two in number Riolan relates he saw two on each side of a Woman that had the Venereal Distemper Solomon Albertus takes notice of one that had three on one side and but one on the other I my self saw a Woman opened at St. Thomas's Hospital who had two Ureters on one Side having two distinct Originations in the Kidneys and were also in two distinct places inserted into the Bladder one in the Neck of it and the other in the Fundus these are often obstructed by Stones and Gravel and very acute Pains are hereby created The Bladder The Bladder or Vesica Vrinaria is situated in the Hypogastrium between the two Tunics of the Peritoneum in that Cavity that is made by the Os Sacrum Coxendicis and Pubis as in a proper Venter and seperate Abdomen it hath a Constrictive orbicular Muscle in the Neck of it called Sphincter An experiment touching the Coction of a Humane Bladder with some Liquors which hinders the involuntary emission of Urine Borrichius observed of the Bladder this curiosity That if it be boiled in Acid Things it presently turns to a Mucilage or Jelly if in Salt Things it is incrassated in Oleaginous Things as also in Liquors that have an Alkali in them aâ— Salt of Tartar or incinerated Herbs it is neither incrassated nor turned to a Mucilage but is burnt up as if it were laid upon live Coals and quikly is worn to Power from which it is apparent with how much peril to the Bladder either Acid Salt or Oleaginous Things are injected to dissolve or break the Stone The Vessels and Organs of Generation why we omit insisting on them We should now come to the Spermatic Vessels and the Organs of Generation but modesty will not permit me to expose them to the captious and ignorant Vulgar in their Native Language thinking it no way convenient that those empty Heads that have not arrived to that small degree of Literature as to read a Latine or Greek Author should in their Mother Tongue have a prospect of those Things which both Nature and Reason endeavour to conceal from such shallow brain'd Medicastors I mean those Pretenders who stile themselves the Sons of Art and make their brags that they have ascended to the very top and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of this Noble Faculty when alas no Name becomes them so well as Quacks and Emperics who have pickt a few blind Recipe's out of some silly pedantic Translation such forsooth as Culpepper that Stargazing Astrologic Coxe-comb who laughs at Learning derides the Works of all the Grave and Learned Men and Nick-names our ablest Physicians or * The Author of Little Venus Unmasked or the Pocky Doctor See his Reflections on several of the worthy Members of the Colledge of Physicians in the Lord Moons Case Gideon Harvey that conceited Emperic or that illiterate Pseudochymist the Author of Medela Medicina But I shall refer the intelligent Reader to the Learned Treatise of De Graaf de Organis Virorum Mulierum We come then now to the Middle Region of this Microcosm the middle Venter or Cavity which is called the Thorax or Breast The middle Venter or the Thorax this is all that Cavity that is circumscrib'd above by the Clavicles below by the Diaphragm before by the Sternum and on both Sides by the Ribs as the lower Venter contains the Natural Parts so this contains the Vital The Parts of this are either the Containing or the Contained and these are either Common or Proper the Common are the same with those of the Lower Venter the Proper Parts are the Mammae Papps or Breasts the Diaphragm the Pleura and the Mediastinum The Contained are the Viscera and Vasa the Viscera are the Heart with the Pericardium the Lungs and part of the Aspera Arteria This Venter hath 44 Muscles to guard and defend it and to dilate and contract the Breast 22 on each side of which 11 are external 11 internal The Mammae or Breasts The Breasts and their Parts are placed in the middle of the Thorax under the Pectoral Muscle both for their vicinity and nearness to the Heart that Fountain of Heat for the convenience of giving Suck and for the adding to the Beauty and Pulchritude of the Body I speak of the Mammae of the Female Sex they are scarce perceptible in those that are young but when the Natural Heat of the Body hath obtained a due augmentation and begins to invigorate the Parts of the Body then these begin to
tumify at the same time when the Menstruums begin to flow In Old Women they grow flaccid and nothing apparent but the very Nipple the Fat and Glandules being all consumed The parts of this are the Papilla and the Mamilla the Papilla is an extuberance in the Center of it called the Nipple the ends of the Nerves and Arteries do concenter in it which is apparent from its exquisite Sense and Red Colour Hence it is compared to the Glans of the Penis for it may be erected by Contact and Suction and doth afterwards become flaccid Cancers and other Tumors about this part by Chyrurgeons are determined to be pernicious Hyppocrates tells us That if in a Woman with-child her Nipples turn upwards it is a Male if downwards a Female that she bears but the confession of Women hath not yet confirmed it It hath a Circle round about it called Areola which in Virgins is of a pale Colour in those that are big and give Suck brown in Old Women black It hath many little perforatons in the middle for the Milk to come forth its use is to enter the Mouth of the Infant that it might suck There is also a titillation in it whereby Mothers and Nurses by a pleasing kind of tickling and some sense of pleasure are inticed to exhibit their Breasts to the Infant The Mamilla is all that part beside the Nipple that swelleth and riseth above the circumjacent it hath many Glandules which in Virgins are more hard in those that are big and give Suck they are more swelled their use is for the preparation of Milk there is a great consent between these and the Womb hence as soon as ever the Infant is Born the Blood is no longer carried to the Womb but to the Breasts and thence Milk is generated hence those that give Suck have very seldom their Monthly Terms and sometimes the Children draw forth Blood instead of Milk yea which is matter of greatter admiration the Menstruous Blood sometimes hath been observed to come from the Breasts and Milk carried thro the Womb and thence evacuated How Milk is generated it is not easy to determine and I will not stay here to debate the Controversy whether it is carried with the Blood by the Thoracic Arteries Some Conjectures how Milk is generated and secern'd there-from by the Glandules of the Mammae or whether the Chyle ascends to the Breast thro the Milky Veins from the Mesentery or whether as the Learned Dr. Wharton thought a peculiar Juice drawn from the Nerves and added to the Chyle doth make Milk The use of the Mammae first is to be a defence to the Heart hence Men of a Colder and more Effeminate Constitution have great Breasts and Women that are almost deâ—â—itute of them have Manlike Voices Secondly They serve for the Generation Segregation or Depuration of the Milk for the Nutrition of the Infant Thirdly For the Adorning and Beautifying the Body The Diaphragm is the partition between the Lower and Middle Venters The Diaphragm it is a singular Muscle of a different Figure and Action from all the rest its Situation is transverse and something oblique declining downwards its Figure is circular its Substance fleshy but in the middle nervous and membranous for the Center appears to be a thin Skin and a nervous Circle instead of a Tendon if this be wounded Death ensues The use of this is to cause a free respiration to help the Muscles of the Abdomen in the expulsion of Excrements and the Foetus to promote the distribution of the Chyle to distinguish the Vital Parts from the Natural to which some add that this is the Seat of Laughter because the Nerves of the Diaphragm have several ramifications in the Muscles of the Lips and the Cheeks hence in the percussion of that part the Muscles of the Face being contracted and Lips with the Cheeks moved Laughter ariseth The Cause of Sardonian Laughter but this is not true Laughter but only that which is called Risus Sardonius for the Spleen is the proper Seat of Laughter according to that Distich Cor ardet Pulmo loquitur Fel commovet Iras Splen ridere facit cogit amare Jecur The Heart doth burn the Lungs do speak the Gall doth Anger move The Spleen doth laugh the Liver stirs up Love Hence Melancholy and Splenetic Persons are more prone to laugh than others In the fore-part of the Chest is the Sternum at the end of which is the sharp pointed Cartilage called Cartilago Ensiformis and on both sides are placed the Ribs The Ribs which are commonly twelve on each side Melancton saith that Adam had thirteen but it is greatly to be question'd Fallopius saith he saw two several times thirteen and Riolan once The upper seven are called Verae true Ribs because they reach the Sternum the five lower ones are called Nothae or Bastard Ribs because of their shortness The Pleura is a thin Skin investing the inward parts of the Middle Region The Pleura the Seat of the Pleurisie as the Peritoneum doth the Lower this is that part that is affected in the Pleurisie tho Late Writers demonstrate that the effect of this part doth only secondarily happen in that Peracute Distemper The Mediastinum is a Skin of the same kind The Mediastinum dividing the Cavity of the Thorax and the Lungs into two distinct parts To this is joyned the Thymus in the Throat or upper part of the Thorax between the division of the Subclavian Veins and the Arteries this is of a glandulous spongy soft and white Substance in Children newly born it is distinguisht by a three-fold and large Glandule but in the adult it is extenuated by heat for want of moisture Its use is to be a prop to the Vessels that ascend by it viz. the Vena Cava the great Artery and their branches spreading into the Arms and Scapulae and to defend them lest they should be hurt by attaching the Bone The Pericardium The Pericardium otherwise the Chamber Chest or Pannicle of the Heart is a Membrane incompassing the whole Heart so far distant from it as may suffice for its motion and the containing that Liquor which is found within its cavity It s use is to be the Domicil of the Heart and to contain in it a Whey and Watery Liquor not unlike Urine to moisten and refrigerate the Heart and so render its motion more facil Whence proceeded that Water that issued out of our Saviours side This is that Liquor that came forth out of the Side of out Blessed Savior when pierced mixed with Blood for it is said Out of his Side came forth Water and Blood The Heart is one of the principal Parts of an Animal The Heart It is not situated in the left side as soine imagine the Fountain of Life it is situated in the middle of the Body that so the Blood and Spirits might fitly be distributed thro the
Palate or Nostrils likwise it falls from the Pituitary Glandules situate about the Basis of the Brain and is also seperated by the Glandulae Sublinguales and other Spongy Parts of the Jaws and Mouth and so becomes Spittle Melancholy is a Cold and Dry Sediment of the Blood in colour Black in Taste sowre and sharâ— seperated by the Parenchyma of the Spleen for the Blood brought hither by the Celiacal Arterie and passing thro many turnings and windings and as it were percolating thro the Parenchyma doth leave behind some salt and earthy parts which after they have undergone some alteration by their mutual Action one upon another by their attrition and justling in their passages thro the several Cells Cavities and Pores of the Parenchyma are by the fresh Blood which continually flows thither by perpetual Circulation carried back thro the Veins into the Mass of Blood in which they serve for a most useful and effectual Ferment and whatsoever of this Acid Humour is unfit to ferment the Mass of Blood it is sent out and discharged with the Serum by Urine and tho this Hypothesis of the Spleen being the Receptacle of Melancholy be by many Anatomists exploded yet Bartholine Waleus and Highmore do still assert it viz. That as the Liver doth secern the Bile so likewise the Spleen doth seperate a certain Acid Liquor from the Blood which may be called Melancholy When this Ferment once grows too Sharp and Acid The true Rice and Origin of Splenetic and Hypochondriac Affects and acquires parts apt to provoke irritate and prick the sensible parts of the Body and the Fixed Salt becomes Fluid it presently infects the whole stream of Blood puts it into violent and disorderly Motions vellicates the Nervous Parts fixes the Spirits puts all the Humours into strange confusion and makes them apt to congeal and stagnate and hence those Hypochondraic Affects which usually molest Melancholy Persons have their Rice and Origin for in those that labour under these Distempers all the Fixed Salts of the Blood which circulate thro the Spleen are there made Fluid and at length come to prevail over the other Principles of the Blood and turn the whole stock of it into a Liquor as sharp as Vinegar or Spirit of Vitriol by which means all the Spirits are depressed and kept under Sowre Belchings and Vomitings ensue violent and irregular Motions and boyling Ebullitions of the Blood which direful Maladies are soonest cured by those Medicines which abounding with Fixed Salts do precipitate the Blood as those extracted from Steel Tartar Vitriol and all Testacious Bodies as likewise Diuretic Remedies for we find by experience that these Medicines do sweeten all sharp Liquors and abate their pungency for the Acrimony of Salt is not blunted by Sulphureous but Saline Bodies by reason that Fixed Salts by an intimate and close Union to the Fluid do obtund their points and edges thus the corroding sharpness of the Spirit of Vitriol is taken away by Salt of Tartar or Wormood and saith Fonseca Salt of Tartar hath a great power in allaying the turbulent Acrimony of Melancholic Humours for by an intrinsic property in attracts all their sharpness Thus if we distil an Ounce of Tartar with two quarts of the strongest Vinegar a Water will arise without any Acidity And truly it is very probable that the reason why Melancholy Persons find so much benefit from Medicines of Tartar is that by sweetning the Blood and Juice in the same manner as that dulcifies Vineger the Tartar frees the Body from those inconveniences which are caused by their pungency and acrimony The way and manner how the Blood doth degenerate from a sweet and balsamic Constitution into a Liquor altogether sharp harsh and unpleasant and how this alteration is effected ought a little to be enquired into As long as the small passages in the Spleen remain free and open and the Substance or Parenchyma of it is not grown so hard and earthy as to alter the Natural Position and Shape of the Pores the supply of a well prepared Ferment is duly and regularly performed but if either from a Natural or Melancholic Constitution or Errors in Diet the Substance of the Spleen be render'd too compact and solid and the Pores and Spaces are altered from their Natural Figure and Magnitude the Saline Particles in their percolation thro the Spleen are so worn and grinded that they are not only seperated from the Sulphur and Phlegm which is necessary for the making of a Ferment but likewise forcibly disjoyned from the Earthy Principle without which they cannot remain fixt but presently become fluid and then instead of a Ferment which should maintain in the Blood an orderly and moderate Ebullition a sharp eager and pungent Liquor is sent into the Blood which puts in into irregular and tumultuous Fermentations and renders the whole Frame and Crasis of the Body disorderly If we consult the Symptoms of Hypochondriac Persons first their Appetite to Meat by reason of the sharpness of the Ferment in the Stomach is often too extravagant yet the Meat is ill digested and much of it turned into sowre Water and hence the Stomach being provoked and convelled by the gnawing Acidity of its Menstruum these persons are troubled with continual Spitting sometimes loathing and vomiting they are usually Costive and their Faeces very black by reason of the Vitriolic Acidity which produces that Colour their Urine is generally high-colour'd like a strong Lie because the Salt not being sufficiently volatilized and breathed out thro the Pores is sent down in the Serum thro the Urinary Passages they find also about their Breast a great Oppression Straitness and Difficulty of Breathing and sometimes fall into Astmatic Paroxisms Moreover They complain of a great trembling and palpitation of the Heart of a great weight and oppression of it which Symptoms proceed partly from the sharpness of the Nervous Juice which grateâ— and vellicates the Nerves and is apt to stagnate in them and partly from the Blood which is not well and regularly fixed in the Heart hence proceed acute and wandring Pains about the Mediastinum and Shoulders and sometimes such as imitate the Cholic and Nephritic Passions Thus tho this Acid Juice according to Helmont and Sylvius may be very useful in some parts of the Body and tho it may serve for a useful Ferment yet too great a quantity of it in the Blood may cause a Disease and indicate an Evacuation but it is now high time for me to return from this Digression Assimulation Membrification or the third Concoction We come now to the third Concoction which is the third Office in the Nutritive Function and that is Membrification or Assimulation this is performed when the Nutritive Juice is sufficiently prepared and by the Impulse of the conveying Vessels is brought near to the parts that are to be nourished and there by an Appositionâ— Agglutination and Transmutation all which must in order succeed each
of the Foetus striving to get out and another of the Vterus it self endeavouring to exclude the Foetus All things being thus arrived to a Mature State and the Matrix being near Delivery doth bear down groweth soft and openeth its Orifice the Waters also as they commonly call them are gathered that is a certain part of the Chorion in which the aforesaid Humour is contained doth usher in the Foetus and slide down from the Matrix into the Vagina or Sheath of the Womb and the Neighbouring Parts also are loosened and ready to distend and the Articulation of the Os Sacrum and the Share-bone to the Hanch-bone which Articulation is by Synchondrosis or a grisly Ligament is so softened and loosened that the aforesaid Bones do easily give way to the parting Infant and by gaping open do amplifie the whole Region of the Hypogastrium or lower Belly and when these things are in this condition it is certain the time of Birth is at hand As for the time when the Birth happens In what Month the Birth commonly happens altho it be regular in almost all other Animals yet in Women it is very enormous for sometimes it happens in the Seventh Month sometimes in the Ninth sometimes in the Tenth or Eleventh seldom in the Eighth if it does the Infant seldom lives the Cause of which Astrologers attribute to the unhappy Influx of Saturn which they say rules on the Eighth Month. The ordinary Computation of going with-Child observeth that time which our Blessed Saviour the Perfectest of all Men did fulfil in the Virgins Womb namely from the Day of Annunciation which is in March to the Blessed day of His Nativity which is celebrated in December and according to this Rule the Sager Matrons keeping their Account while they cast in the wonted day in every Month wherein they were accustomed to have their Purgations they are seldom out of their Reckoning but Ten Revolutions of the Moon being expired they are delivered and reap the fruit of their Womb upon that very day whereon were it not for their Pregnation their Purgations would ensue CHAP. XII Of the Sexes NAture or rather the God of Nature after the large and stately Theatre of this World was erected and perfectly finished began to contemplate what kind of Creatures might be best adapted to Act upon this lower stage and therefore Man being a Creature endued with Reason was chosen to be the Chiefest Actor and that the Comedy might be carried on with more Variety Nature the Disposer of it thought it requisite that the Persons whom she would cause to Act their several distinct and different Parts in various Scenes and several Circumstances might be discriminated one from another not only by the difference of their magnitudes complexions ages or physiognomies but also of their sexes and that they might not only be invested with different Apparel but that their Souls might be Cloathed with Bodies of different composures Thus She hath contrived that the Spectators might be pleased with the Varieties of Men and Women and that the Rules of Oeconomics in visible practice and the Actions of Lovers might be the better represented in their proper Scenes Here may be seen how the Diligent House-wife is busie in her Domestic Affairs while her Careful Husband is sedullous abroad in getting a supply Here also in another Scene we may behold how the Amorous Glances of an Atracting Beauty do Captivate the Affections of the Nobler Sex how a doteing Lover Courts his Mitriss while She at first requites him with nothing but Coyness and Aversness but at last being overcome with the restless and unwearied Expressions of his Love she breaks forth into a career of Love and professeth he hath won her Affections and elevated her Mind into such a passion that it is now impossible for her to restrain from breaking forth into the most ardent Raptures and pathetic Expressions of an undoubted Love now her former pretended Coyness is turned into amorous Embraces and her wonted seeming Aversness to the Caresses of entire Amity and modest Kisses become Badges to discover those flames of pure Love which she couched under the surface of an incensed Breast Strangeness is now turned into Familiarity small Acquaintance into Conjugal Society and former Separation into a close Union of two Minds and a mutual Enioyment one of another The Distinction of Man into two Sexes It being our business to consider Man in all manner of such like circumstances we shall here take occasion to exantlate something concerning the Sexes appropriated to Mankind and they are generally known under the Names of Male and Female The Male his Nature and Difference from the Female The Male on whose Masculine Soul Nature hath conferred a Body in Strength and Vigor almost adequate to it is of a hotter and drier Temperature than the Female for if we can give credence to our common Anatomists Whena Male and when a Female is generated the Seed whereof the Male is generated is of a hotter Nature than that whereof the Female because say they it descends out of the right Side from the Trunc of the Vena Cava while that which affords Matter for Generation of the Female proceeds out of the left Side from a branch of the Emulgent Their Native Heat invigorating their Bodies makes them robust and more fit for Labour and gives them a vehement Pulse and Respiration and causes in them a strong and Man like Voice exhales and dries up the relicts of Humidity which Nature cannot dispose of for Nutrition and leaves nothing at all superfluous and hence the abundance of Vapours which this insulting Heat causeth to be emitted thro the Pores of the Body some of them there at their very Exit thence are condensed by the Extern Ambient Cold and there remain in the Form of Hairs for which is very observable Nature hath given a Hair to every Pore unless those which are constituted in those places where by Attrition Mhey are continually worn off â—or their Generation impeded hence it is that Men are more Hairy than Women even in the whole Superfice of their Bodies these innate colorific Particles do by their agitating Virtue cause the Blood more briskly to ferment and circulate with more velocity they amplifie the Veins and other Vessels and make the whole Structure of the Muscles more compact and solid as for the influence this hath on the Soul or what different Operations it causeth in the Mental Faculties we may only take notice that they of this Sex have a more profound judgment than those of the other tho not so acute a Phansie their Wills are more stable and resolute tho they are so full of Affection The Female The Female the Character of whose generous Sex I know not how to delineate least by attempting it I should too much derogate from their Worth and Excellency is of a colder and moister Constitution yet of a more delicate and finer Contexture
Septum it hath several Meanders Caverns Windings and Perforations in it to admit the thinner part of the Blood from the right into the left Ventricle of the Heart The Heart hath many Vessels The Vessels belonging to the Heart the chief are the Vena Cava and the Vena Arteriosa inserted in the right Ventricle and the Arteria Venosa and Arteria Magna in the left Ventricle opposite to which within the Ventricles there are eleven Valves or little Doors which when they are open receive the Blood when shut stop it from coming back again The Vena Cava hath a membraneous Circle at its Orifice to strengthen the Heart which is divided into three membraneous Valves called Tricuspides The Vena Arteriosa also hath three Valves which united give the similitude of a Bishops Mitre The Arteria Magna likewise hath three Valves like those in the Vena Arteriosa exactly shut called also Sigmoides The Lungs The Lungs are divided into the right and left part by the Mediastinum that so when one part is shut the other might perform its Office both these parts are subdivided into two Lobes about the fourth Vertebra of the Thorax the upper of which is shorter than the lower their substance is lax spongy and soft that they may easily be extended and receive the Air. Their use Their use is to ventulate and refrigerate the Heart and free it from that fuliginous excrement which it carries off with the Blood thro the Vena Arteriosa it exhibits Breath to Men to make an articulate Voice and to Brutes to make an inarticulate one Sylvius addeth that it condenseth the Air taken in and so represseth the rarified Blood in the right Ventricle of the Heart and so hereby doth allay the aestuation that is excited in it but this is as much as to say the Air taken in doth temperate the heat of the Heart Dr. Henshaw's Aero-Chalinos which is no more than hath been acknowledged by Sylvius's Predecessors Pecquet will have its use to be to distribute the Chyle and detrude it into the Intestines and Lactean Veins but Dr. Henshaw no contemptible Author a Member of the Royal Society saith That the principle use of respiration is to be instead of a tonic Motion to free the Lungs from Blood whereby they would be overflown did they not drive it back again to the Heart as the tonic Motion doth in all the muscular parts of the Body The Fistula Pulmonum The Aspera Arteria Aspera Arteria Trachaea or Wind-pipe is carried streight from the Mouth to the Lungs thro the Neck and at the fourth Vertebra of the Thorax is divided into two parts both of which enter into the Lungs those are also subdivided into two more and these again into two others till at last at the superfice of the Lungs they end in very small ramifications The lower part of the Aspera Arteria is called Bronchus the upper Larynx it is invested with a two-fold Membrane the one External the other Internal it serves both for Inspiration and Expiration to receive and let out the Air as thro a Pipe The Larynx its Muscles The Larynx or the Head of this is the proper instrument of Voice its Figure is almost circular it hath thirteen Muscles four common and nine proper The first pair of the common is called Sternothyroides from the Sternum the second pair Hyothyroides which hath its Origination from the Os Hyoidis the first pair of the proper is called Crycothyroides or rather Thyrocricoides The second pair Crycoaritenoides posticum The third pair Ctycoaritenoides laterale the fourth pair Thyroarytenoides and the ninth Muscle Arytenoides the Cartilages of the Larynx are five the first is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or Scutiformis the second 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or Annularis because it is round like a Ring the third and fourth which some make but one is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or Guttalis it hath two processes in its superior part which joyned together make a little Rimula to modulate the Voice which by some is called the little Tongue or Glottis the fifth is called Epiglottis which shuts the Larynx that so the Meat and Drink may descend the right way In the upper part of the Larynx there are two Glandules called the Tonsils The Tonsils which are of a spongy substance to receive the moisture of the Brain and convert it into Spittle whereby the Fauces the Larynx the Tongue and the Oesophagus are humected Dr. Wharton assigns more noble uses to them viz. To be the Organs of Taste and to promote the Concoction of the Ventricle by a kind of fermentative Vertue because they contract Acidity but the Tip of the Tongue tastes before gustible Objects reach the Tonsils and when these are evilly affected the Taste remains also when these are inflamed the Stomach nevertheless doth concoct At the lower end of the Larynx there are other Glandules called by Dr. Wharton Thyroides on both sides one thro which the Veins are disseminated from the extern jugular their use is to irrigate the Larynx with a fat and viscous not fluid Humidity that the Cartilages might â—o more apt to move and the Voice become sweeter Hence Women have a clearer Voice than Men Why Women have clearer Voices than Men. because in them those Glandules are larger and so afford more of this oleaginous and smooth moisture As the Aspera Arteria â—s the Pipe of the Lungs so the Oesâ—phagus is the Pipe of the Ventricle or Stomach its beginning is at the Mouth where it is called Pharynx and hence it descends streight to the Ventricle under the Wind-pipe it consists of three Tunics it hath four Muscles the first is called Oesaphagus the second Sphenosparyngeus the third Stylopharyngeus the fourth Cephalopharyngeus by these Muscles is perform'd Deglution or Swallowing which is the proper Act of the Oesophaâ—s An appendix to the middle Venter is the Neck The Neck which is a medium between the Thorax and the Head its use is to serve the Oesophagus the Wind-pipe and the Lungs Hence those Animals which want Lungs as Fish also want a Neck it also affords Nerves to the fore-parts as the Shoulders the Cubits the Hands and the Diaphragm for those Creatures that want these Parts have no Neck Thus we have briefly delineated the parts of the two lower Regions of the Body namely the Abdomen and the Thorax we come now to view the upper which is the Head The upper Venter or the Head its Division It is divided into two parts Capillata and Facies Capillata is that part upon which Hairs do grow the fore part of which is called Synciput from the Frons to the Coronal Suture the hinder Part is called Occiput from the beginning of the Sutura Lambdoides to the first Vertebra of the Neck the middle Part between these which is Gibbose is called Vertex the lateral Parts between the Eyes and the