with Tendinous Expansions that it becomes inseparable from it This not only involves each Muscle but distinctly incloseth each Fasciculus of its Fleshy Fibres as is evident in the Glutaei Maximi Deltoides c. And these Fasciculi of Fleshy Fibres are in a peculiar manner assisted by These their proper Inclosures as the Muscles of the Cubit are by the Fascia lata Whose Office I have elsewhere endeavoured to Explain In the Interstices of these Fasciculi in Robust Bodies we frequently find Fat which by the assistance of an ordinary Microscope appears composed of certain Transparent Membranous Cells distended with an Oily Matter which plainly discovered it self to the Naked Eye of that Inquisitive Anatomist Dr. Tyson in the Dissection of a Porpess These Adipose Cells are furnished with Bloud Vessels as was sufficiently demonstrated in an Experiment I lately made by Injecting of Mercury into the Artery of the Arm. The Use of the Fat according to the Ingenious Dr. Havers in his Osteologia Nova pag. 209. is to be join'd with the Muscilage separated from the Neighbouring Glandules and help to make up a Composition to preserve the Tendinous and Fleshy Fibres from growing Dry and Rigid and to Lubricate them and render them fit for Action The Tendon of each Muscle is eithe partly united or partly divided or totally divided if united it 's meerly Tendinous if divided it 's esteem'd Fleshy wherefore it 's said to consist of Tendinous and Fleshy Fibres or Fleshy Fibres only Those parts of Them entirely Tendinous are a Compages of Filaments compactly joined without the apparent Interposition of other Parts as Bloud Vessels Nerves c. The Fleshy Fibres are continuous with the Former and are furnished with Bloud Vessels Nerves and Lymphe-ducts These are divided into divers Fasciculi of a Prismatical form Hexagon Square or Triangular each Fasciculus is composed of divers Tendinous Filaments which lie Parallel to each other Though by the disruption of these Prismes divers oblique Interfibrillae appear which not unlikely gave occasion to Steno to imagine them of a Rhomboidal Constructure yet by the assistance of the Microscope They also appear no otherwise than parts of the divided Fasciculus that appearance of Them being partly caused by their agglutination to each other and partly by the distribution of the Bloud Vessels and Nerves passing to each Fibrilla which Intersecting each other I am apt to think might impose on Borellus and make Him conceive these Fibrillae to be Composed of many Links of a Rhomboidal or Lozenge Figure Each of these Fibrillae are much smaller than the finest Hair Their Figure is Cylindrical their Internal substance is porous like a Hair with this difference to wit the Pores of That are more numerous and less and in This the Pores are larger and fewer which we shall have occasion to mention in examining the Distribution of the Bloud Vessels The Nerves accompany the Bloud Vessels at their Ingress into Muscles and are distributed to all their Carnous Fibres some have thought the Head of the Muscle to be the place of their Insertions but that opinion has been long since exploded it being evident that divers Muscles receive two or three Branches of Nerves in differing parts of Them How the Extremities of Nerves Terminate in These and other Parts is still likely to be a secret in Nature since neither the Naked Eye or any Microscopes yet known are capable of rendering it a matter of Autopsie The examination of Nerves by the Microscope doth sufficiently inform us that nothing that has been said of them hitherto is less probable than that They are employed in conveying any Part of the Succus Nutritius to other parts which some have so grosly dream't of 'T is true that an Atrophea of Parts will follow upon the abscission or relaxation of their Nerves but if we consider what alteration must inevitably happen in the Tone of those Parts whose Nerves are divided or relaxed we should not be much at a loss in assigning a Cause for that Phaenomenon That the Trunks of Nerves are composed of divers Fasciculi of Fibrillae lying parallel to each other is what ocular demonstration evinceth but by the help of our Glasses those Fibrillae which before scarcely appeared to Us will discover themselves to be still made up of divers Others and all of Them full of Pores And if by chance you discover a single Fibrilla as I have sometimes done you will find its substance porous but if I may be allowed to calculate its dimensions by the same Microscope it does not seem to exceed the Hundredth part of a Hair Its contents in those curious fine Cells or Pores must necessarily be very subtil nor will I contend with those who will call them Animal Spirits or an Aerial Body such as the Materia Primi or Secundi Elementi of Des Cartes nor shall I concern my self with an account of the Transmission or derivation of this subtile matter from the Great Fountains whether of the Brain or Bloud Vessels passing immediately between the Nervous Fasciculi since I hear my Ingenious Friend Dr. Ridly will Publish his Accurate Anatomical Lectures lately Read in the Amphitheatre of the Colledge of P 〈…〉 ians wherein He has touched on this particular The Bloud Vessels of each Muscle like those of other Parts are Arteries and Veins of which the former import Bloud into it and the latter convey it back again to the Heart How These transmit their contents to each other has been a Controversie among Anatomists till the Industrious Leewenhock by the Assistance of his Microscope discovered those Vessels in the Transparent Fimbriae of the Tail of an Eele or Lacerta aquatica to be continued Channels without the interposition of any Spongious Body which Anatomists had so long imagined which pleasing Phaenomenon is commonly demonstrated by those Improv'd Microscopes made by Mr. * Living in Abchurch lane Mellang that 't is needless to say more of it in this place Wherefore I shall proceed to relate what offer'd it self in an Experiment I lately made by Injecting Mercury into the great Artery of the Arm which not only prov'd what Borellus had observ'd that even the Fleshy Fibres of Muscles are in themselves white and that their red Tincture is from Bloud but was an Intimation of a peculiar Conformation of the Extremities of the Bloud Vessels which were filled as full with Mercury as they could be before with Bloud and afterwards in examining the Fibrillae I found their Cells before-mention'd fill'd with the Mercury These Cells by what I have as yet observ'd do not communicate with each other but as I have some reasons to conceive there are certain Foramina in the sides of the Arteries that open into Them Each Globule of Mercury in the Fibrillae appear'd to be almost as big as two or three Globules of the Bloud Hence it may be accounted how the Intumescence of these Parts happens by often injecting Water by the
as is Represented ddee Fig. x. They spring with Two distinct Originals from the Lowerside of the Ossa Pubis whence stretching forwards meet each other leaving an Interstice before their Conjunction in which the Urethra F is conveyed where they leave the Ossa Pubis they are each cover'd with a Membrane and are afterwards joined to each other by the intervention of a Septum intermedium The Septum intermedium which the nearer it approaches the Glans is more diminisht a and Fig. xiii before it arrives to the middle of the Penis its Fibres Ascend from the Urethra B to the Dorsum Penis de Fig. xii Fig. x. like the Teeth of a Comb as De Graaf has well observ'd but is not obliterated and the two Cavernous Bodies united near the Glans as he would persuade us but on the contrary rather grows Thicker and Narrower a as Ruysch has well observed Fig. xiii In Inflation the Wind I confess may sometimes pass from these Cavernous Bodies of the Penis to that of the Urethra which yet will not always happen which communication depends on the Mediation of their Bloud Vessels as our last named Author also takes notice Anatomists differ Their Internal substance Lib. v. Cap. xiv concerning the Internal constructure of these Cavernous Bodies Vesalius accuses Galen for his inadvertency herein Columbus first observed their Arteries Lib. vii De Corde Arter which proceeding streight to their Extremities disperse themselves into innumerable Branches which escaped the Observations of Former Anatomists as he writes Dr. Whorton imagines they are partly composed of Glandulous Flesh others conceive They are intertext with divers Nerves from whence the Names of Nervosa was first imposed on them Diemerbroeck supposes they are not a meer Texture of Vessels intricately interwoven in the manner of a Net as Bauhinus Riolan and Veslingius imagine but their substance is Fibrous Fungous and Cavernous like the Lungs receiving into their hollow Interstices Bloud and Spirits from the Vessels that are dispersed through their substance The Enquiries I have made inform me that there is a great Analogy between the Internal structure of This and that of the Spleen which Columbus also remarks in both Lib. xi Cap. xv which the sides of the Veins have large Apertures or Cells which most plainly appear in the Bulbus of a Dogs Penis DE but in a Humane one Fig. xvi they are here much less and larger in the Spleen and do also open into each other wherefore when the Refluent Bloud is stopt the Penis becomes equally Distended thereby and it is driven forwards towards the Glans when its Muscles Contract Under these Cavernous Bodies of the The Corpus Cavernosum Urethrae Penis lies the Urethra B which has Fig. xii also its Corpus Cavernosum differing very much in Figure from that of the Two Former they being less at each End and Largest in the Middle whereas this on the contrary is there Least and Largest at its Two Extreams neither is its Proper Tegument so Dense The superior Part of it lying between the Two Crura of the Former we call from its Figure Bulbus which is covered with the It s Bulbus Musculus Accelerator Urinae CC described Fig. xii Chap. III. It possesles the Lower part E of the Urethra D Fig. xiv extending it self in the Perinaeum and is divided in Cutting for the Stone in which Operation caution ought to be had to its Arteries which enter that part of the Bulb towards the Anus laterally It has also a Septum intermedium It s Septum a though not hitherto taken notice of by Anatomists dividing the Right side of the Bulbus A from the Left which Descending to the end of the Bulbous Part is there obliterated The Office of this Septum we conceive is to direct the Refluent Bloud to the exporting Ducts its Two Veins mentioned before As this Corpus Cavernosum descends on the Inferior Part of the Urethra D it is lessened E but when it approaches Fig. xiv the Extremities of the Two Former it again Dilates it self and covers them Composing that Body which we call Glans or Balanus A which The Glans Fig. xii De Graaf had mistaken for a Fleshy substance distinct from either This Ruysch has well described and Figured in his above-mentioned Century of Observations Its Cells C in the Fig. xiii Glans B are much less than those of the Former but towards its superior Part or Bulbus A they equal Them Fig. xiv Having already described the Muscles of this Part we shall proceed to give an Account how It becomes Erected Galen and the Former Anatomists not knowing the Circulation of the Bloud or that it past from the Arteries into the Veins were extreamly deceived in their Ideas of the Erection Lib. xi Cap. xv of the Penis Columbus who has given an almost compleat Description of that Grand Work still conceiveth the Arteries of this Part pour out Spirits with a great force into It by Lib. i. G. xxxii which means its Extended Caspar Bauhin supposes in a Venerial Appetite the Bloud and Spirits flow into this Part in great plenty and being fill'd like a Gut with Wind it begins to swell and grows hard which he imagines is done by a Sphincter Muscle Constringing the Neck of the Bladder and roots of its Cavernous Bodies De Graaf assigns two kinds of Vessels with its Muscles for the performance of this Office The Nerves by which the Animal Spirits flow into its Membranous Parts and render them more Rigid and Tumid and the Arteries carrying Bloud to distend the Corpora Cavernosa for as he Reasons we are firmly perswaded the chief Extension of the Penis is from Bloud first by Injecting Water into its Corpora Cavernosa by its Arteries in a Dead Body we see it Extended to the same dimensions as when the Animal was living Secondly in firmly tying a Dogs Penis in Coitu and afterwards examining it we find nothing but Bloud to Distend it To which may be added that in Criminals which Hang long after Death this Part becomes Erected the Bloud in that Position of the Body falling to the Inferiour Parts And by Inflateing the Bloud Vessels of a Dead Animal It will also Erect which we first practised in a Human Body by inserting a Blow-pipe into the Saphena Vein whereby it was not only Erected but afforded a prospect of the External disposition of its Bloud Vessels particularly its Veins which suggested to us a Contrivance in Nature in this Action which has hitherto escaped the reflection of Anatomists De Graaf not considering the Use of the Adjacent Parts assigns its Erection to its Muscles Imagining that by the Intumescence of their Bellies they not only compress the Corpora Cavernosa and drive the contained Bloud towards the Glans but likewise the Passages through which it ordinarily Flowes back which latter we can by no means admit in the Cavernous Bodies of the Penis it self since the Musculi Erigentes are
so remote from their Great Vein Our Hypothesis founded upon the Observation above-mentioned and compared with the Structure and Situation of its Parts is as follows The Penis is approximated to the Ossa Pubis when those Muscles Act by means of the Ligamentum Suspensorium whereby the Bloud is not only driven Forwards towards the Glans in greater plenty and its Veins distended but their great Trunks running over the Dorsum Penis are Comprest as they march close under the Ligamentum Transversum of the Ossa Pubis The like cannot happen in the Cavernous Body of the Urethra since there is no Bone whose Position can have that effect upon its Veins as the Ossa Pubis hath upon those of the Penis itself wherefore the Musculi Acceler atores Compressing Those of its Bulb do that Office hence it happens in an imperfect Erection the Glans is not equally Extended with the Penis it self and at other times is soonest Relaxt But when those Muscles Act the Bloud contained in the Bulb is driven forwards towards the Glans whereby it becomes more Extended so in a piece of Gut which if fill'd with Wind or Water and either end Comprest the opposite being ty'd we shall see it strut out and be more distended as De Graaf instances after Caspar Bauhin The Bloud thus hinder'd in its return Distends the Cavernous Bodies which are thereby Erected the Arteries which before were flaccid having then their Trunks also extended do more plentifully Import Bloud into this Part. But since it is absolutely necessary some part of the detained Bloud should be still passing off lest it become Grumous and unfit for a Reflux to this end the Venae Praeputii are joined to those of the Penis it self as above noted and are placed under the Skin only and running over the Ossa Pubis carry off part of the Impell'd Bloud to give way to a fresh supply from the Arteries and preserve the Circulation uninterrupted I remember once in an obstinate Priapisma which would not yield to ordinary repeated Phlebotomy I opened the Vein of the Penis it self not without the expected success it immediately loosing its troublesom Rigidity by which I was confirmed in my Conjecture This elegant contrivance in disposing these Exporting Sanguiferous Ducts that some are liable to be Comprest whilst others remain altogether Free is not only observable in the Penis of Men and Clytoris of Women but in that of all Animals which have hitherto fell under our Examination as well as in the Pudenda of all Females and is indeed an Artifice that deserves our Admiration THE EXPLICATION OF THE FIGURES FIG I. REpresenteth the Muscles of the Face the Quadratus Genoe being remov'd AA The Muscnli Frontales BB The Orbiculares Palpebrarum C The Musculus Retractor Alae Nasi conjoined with the Elevator Labii superioris Proprius EE D The Elevator Labiorum Communis EE The Elevator Labii superior is proprius FF The Sphincter Labiorum GG The Musculi Zugomatici H The Depressor Labiorum I The Depressor Labii Inferioris proprius K The Buccinator partly in situ L The Temporalis M The Attollens Auriculam N The Masseter O Part of the Digastricus in situ P Part of the Mastoideus Q A Portion of the Cucullaris R Part of the Elevator Scapulae in situ SS Parts of the Musculi Sternohyoidei TT Parts of the Coracohyoidei a Part of the Os Iugale bb The Cartilage of the Auricula cc Glandula Parotis d. It s Ductus d Excretorius passing over the Musculus Masseter ee A Branch of the Corotid Artery f Part of the Lower Jaw-bone Bared g The Glandula Maxillae Inferioris FIG II. EXhibits the whole Eye together with the Origination Progress and Insertion of its Muscles when taken out of the Orbit AA The Tunica Sclerotis composing the External surface of the posterior part of the Bulb of the Eye aa The Optick Nerve B A Portion of the superior part of the Bone of the Orbit next the Nose to which the little Cartilage call'd the Trochlea b ... is fixt b C A Portion of the inferior and opposite part of the external Edge of the Bone of the Orbit from whence the Oblique inferior Muscle does Arise c The Originations of the Four Right and superior Oblique Muscle of the Eye from the profoundest part of the Orbit D The Musculus Obliquus superior whose Tendon runs through the Trochlea b ... to its Insertion at the posterior part of the Bulb of the Eye A behind the Termination of the following Muscle E Musculus Attollens F Abducens G Deprimens H Adducens I Obliquus Inferior FIG III. SHews the Basis of the Cranium with the Muscles that Arise from the First Vertebra of the Neck and are Inserted to It together with some of Those imploy'd in the Motions of the Upper and Under Lip A Half of the Inferior Jaw-bone on the Left side B The Musculus Pterygoideus Internus in situ C Part of the Os Sphenoides cc The Ala Nasi D Musculus Depressor Labii superioris proprius seu Constrictor Alae Nasi in situ d Part of the Elevator Labii Inferioris proprius remaining at its Origin e The Inferior part of the Brink of the Orbit from whence the Inferior Oblique Musele exprest at I Fig. II. does Arise E The Os Iugale P The Processus Pterygoides or Aliformis ff The Processus Styloides one of which is frequently Broken by the Rope after the common Execution of Malefactors as it happened in this Subject on the Right side GG The Processus Mastoides or Mammiformes H The posterior part of the First Vertebra of the Neck gg it s Two gg Processes that are Articulated with the Second Vertebra h The Extremity of the Transverse Processes of the said First Vertebra i The Musculus Annvans or Rectus minor anticus which I first observed in the year 1685. k The Musculus Abnvans Lateralis or Rectus Lateralis mentioned by Falloppius b The Obliquus superior Capitis m The Rectus minor posticus I The Right Auricle or outward Ear nn its Lobus Cut off nn KK The Os Occipitis L The Os Squammosum or Temporale M The Os Frontis o That part of the Orbit to which the Trochlea adhereth FIG IV. REpresenteth the Lower Jaw-bone with the Proper Muscles of the Under Lip remaining on it AA The Processus Condyloides BB The Two other Processes of the Lower Jaw called Conone CCC Part of the Internal Membrane that Invests the Mouth DDEE The Nerves and Bloud Vessels passing out of the two Perforations in the Lower Jaw-bone to the Glandules and Muscles of the Lips and Cheeks FF The Musculi Elevatores Labii Inferioris proprii not hitherto described by any Author for what I know GG The Internal surface of the Musculus Depressor Labii Inferioris Proprius HH The Glandules of the Cheeks II Part of the Musculus Spincter Labiorum FIG V. SHews the Under side of the Tongue with its Muscles A The Apex or Tip
Arteries in dead Animals That being a Body whose parts are very apt to insinuate themselves qua da tur Porta these Cells become distended by it Hence also an account may be given how Muscles are excited to act by such Injections made soon after the Death of the Animal but of this hereafter These Contemplations compared with some Experiments I afterwards made did almost tempt me to form an Hypothesis of the Contraction of a Muscle but reflecting on the various Conjectures of so many Learned Writers who had already employ'd themselves on this Subject I found it would prove a Work of more time to refute what has already been proposed and corroborate my Conjectures with repeated Experiments than I had allotted my self for that purpose The former Anatomists being unacquainted with the Intimate structure of a Muscle and Use of the Parts which compose it placed the power of Contraction in its Nerves or in its carnous Fibres only The Accurate Steno conceiving the Fleshy Fibres and opposite Tendons of Muscles to bear an Analogy in their Constructure to Parallelograms imagines that an alteration of the Angles of their Areae may be made by extension only of its Fleshy Fibres and this He supposed may be done without the Accession of new Matter Dr. Willis pretends that the Animal Spirits brought by the Nerves are lodged in the Tendons of Muscles which joining with other Particles of an Active Nature supply'd from the Bloud make an effervescence by which the Carnous Fibres are exagitated which being Lax and Porous are stuft and become Corrugated hence he supposes the whole Muscle is also Contracted Dr. Mayow imagines the Contraction of a Muscle may be made by an effervescence arising from the Commixture of Sulphureo-salinë Particles secreated from the Mass of Bloud and Nitro-aerious ones transmitted by the Nerves M. Du Verny Conjectures an Intumescence may be made in the Carnous Fibres of Muscles without a Ferment supposing like Dr. Willis that the Tendons are Store-houses of Spirits which are excited by new ones from the Brain and those together with a Juice supplied by the Arteries Extend the Fleshy Fibres like a Fiddle-string exposed in a Moist Air. Dr. Croon supposes each distinct Carnous Fibres to consist of an Infinite number of small Globules or little Bladders opening into one another and that the Nourishing Juice conveyed at large among the Carnous Fibres through the Artery by the constant pulse of the Heart is driven on and after mixing with another Liquor between those Fibres passes into the Cavity of each Globule or Bladder where it mixes with a second sort of Matter more Active than the Former and by These constant agitations ebullition and effervescence with the Natural Heat He imagines is partly the cause and partly the constant assister of the Motion of a Muscle Vid. Hook's Philosophical Collect. N. 2. p. 22. Ioh. Alphonsus Borellus enlightened with Mechanical Demonstrations after an enquiry into the intimate Structure of a Muscle conceives its Fibres to be composed of a Chain of divers Rhombi or Lozenges whose Areae may be enlarged or diminished by the Accession or Retrocession of Bodies insinuating themselves like so many Wedges into it and these He thinks are a Nervous Juice instill'd ad Imperium Animae joining with the Bloud or Lymphe whence an Ebullition or Fermentation does Arise The Experiments I have made compar'd with that above mentioned by Injecting Mercury seem to intimate that the Bloud barely as a Fluid is an Assistant in the Contraction of a Muscle and this did not only appear by making a Ligature on the Descending Trunck of the Aorta of a living Animal whereby all the Inferior Parts become Destitute of Motion which they again recovered by loosing that Ligature and admitting the Bloud to flow again into the Muscles But even after the cessation of motion in the same Animal it was surprising to Observe the Muscles of the Legs renew their Contractions upon the injection of Water only into the Crural Artery which Experiment I have frequently repeated with the like success Hence I began to suspect that the Bloud is the Pondus by which the Action of a Muscle is perform'd and that either by a Turgescence began in the Parietes of the Cells of the Fleshy Fibres caused by the contents of the Nerves Agitated ad Imperium Animae or by Constriction of the Venous Duct may be the immediate cause of Replietion of the Cells whereby the length of their Fibrilla is lessened And this Opinion I could rather entertain because it seems to Quadrate with that of a De Motu Animal Borelle's and the late Ingenious Dr. * M. Hooks Philos. Collect. Numb 2. Croon to whose farther Explications I refer the Inquisitive Reader THE CONTENTS CHap. I. Of the Muscles of the Abdomen 17 Chap. II. Of the Muscles of the Testes 30 Chap. III. Of the Muscles of the Penis 31 Chap. IV. Of the Muscles of the Bladder of Urine 35 Chap. V. Of the Muscles of the Anus 37 Chap. VI. Of the Muscles of the Hairy-scalp and Forehead 40 Chap. VII Of the Muscles of the Eye-lids 43 Chap. VIII Of the Muscles of the Eye 47 Chap. IX Of the Muscles of the Nose 54 Chap. X. Of the Muscles of the Cheeks and Lips 57 Chap. XI Of the Muscles of Auricula or Outward Ear. Page 63 Chap. XII Of the Muscles of the Internal Ear. 65 Chap. XIII Of the Muscles of the Os Hyoides or Bone of the Tongue 73 Chap. XIV Of the Muscles of the Tongue 78 Chap. XV. Of the Muscles of the Larynx 80 Chap. XVI Of the Muscles of the Fauces 86 Chap. XVII Of the Muscles of the Gargareon 90 Chap. XVIII Of the Muscles of the Lower Iaw 93 Chap. XIX Of the Muscles of the Thorax that Appear the Body lying Supine 98 Chap. XX. Of the Muscles of the Scapula or Shoulder-Blade 109 Chap. XXI Of the Muscles of the Thorax which Appear the Body lying Prone 113 Chap. XXII Of the Muscles of the Head 116 Chap. XXIII Of the Muscles of the Neck 127 Chap. XXIV Of the Muscles of the Back and Loins 131 Chap. XXV Of the Muscles of the Arm. Page 138 Chap. XXVI Of the Muscle of the Cubit 145 Chap. XXVII Of the Muscles of the Palm of the Hand 152 Chap. XXVIII Of the Muscles of the Four Fingers 155 Chap. XXIX Of the Muscles of the Thumb 166 Chap. XXX Of the Muscles of the Wrist or Carpus 171 Chap. XXXI Of the Muscles of the Radius 174 Chap. XXXII Of the Muscles of the Thigh 178 Chap. XXXIII Of the Muscles of the Leg. 192 Chap. XXXIV Of the Muscles of the Foot or Tarsus 206 Chap XXXV Of the Muscles of the Great Toe 214 Chap. XXXVI Of the Muscles of the Four Lesser Toes 218 Books Printed for Samuel Smith and Benjamin Walford at the Prince's Arms in St. Paul's-Church-Yard MArtini Lister M. D. S. R. S. Exercitatio Anatomica de Cochleis maximè Terrestribus
Cremaster on either side The Peritonaeum with its Contents present themselves next to our Examination but they not being Subjects of our present Enquiry they must be all immediately removed for Reasons already mentioned We proceed next to the Muscles of those parts which for conveniency in Dissection offer themselves next namely the Testes Penis Bladder of Urine and Anus The Body being laid with the Buttocks near the brink of the Table and the Legs forcibly devarricated for the more commodious prosecution of the work let the Operator place himself between them and continue the Division of the Skin Fat and Membranes by a Semicircular Section on each side of the Pubes meeting in the Perinaeum near the Anus and begin to raise the Skin of the upper part of the Penis freeing it from the Spermatick Vessels next raising that part which lies in the Perinaeum This done and the Fat removed the following Muscles offer themselves to view CHAP. II. Of the Muscles of the Testes EAch Testicle is attended with one proper Muscle called Cremaster to which Riolan adds another and Anthropog lib. 5. C. xxxvi thinks it common to both comprehending them in the manner of a Bag and serving for their Succussation but other Anatomists esteem it a Membrane only calling it Dartos Cremaster Or Suspensor Testiculi It Arises De Graaf de Virorum Organis T. 2. F. 1. CD Fleshy from the Lowest and Forepart of the Spine of the Os Ilium 37 and Fig. xvâ— Upper part of the Ligamentum Pubis its Fibres running parallel with those of the Obliquus Ascendens not with the Transversalis as Bartholin objects Lib. 1. cap. xxii against Riolan and almost encompassing the Process of the Peritonaeum descends on it to its Inferior part which entertains the Testicle It s name declares its Office CHAP. III. Of the Muscles of the Penis ANatomists generally describe two Pair of Muscles belonging to the Penis viz. Acceleratores and Erectores To these Fabritius ab Aquapendente adds a Third Pair which are also mentioned by Bidloo and exprest in his 47 Table Acceleratores Urinae So called from their Use in expediting the Ejection of Urine and Seed Authors have been mistaken in the assigning the Originations of these Muscles either to the Sphincter Ani or Tubercles of the Ossa Ischij They Arising Fleshy from the superior part of the Urethra as it passes under the Ossa Pubis and encompassing the External part of the Bulb of its Cavernous Body CC mentioned in our Fig. xii Appendix Both Muscles meet on the Inferior part bb and march according to the length of the seam of the skin in the Perinaeum parting from each other cc They Ascend to their Fig. xii Insertions on each side the Corpora Cavernosa Penis GG Besides the Use commonly ascribed to these Muscles in compressing the Urethra in driving out the Remains of Urine and promoting the Ejaculation of the Semen in Coitu which Action is chiefly done by the last described Part of them embracing the Urethra as they pass to their Insertions on each side the Cavernous Bodies of the Penis They also assist the following Muscles in Its Erection by driving the Blood contained in the Bulb of the Cavernous Body of the Urethra A towards the Glans in greater Fig. xiv quantities whereby it becomes distended the Veins which carry off the Refluent Blood from the Corpus Cavernosum Urethrae at that time being also comprest by the Tumefaction of these Muscles Erectores Penis seu Erigentes By some called Directores and by Spigelius Collaterales Penis They Arise Lib. 4. cap. xii Fleshy from the External Knob of the Os Ischium 39 below the beginnings Fig. xvii of the Cavernous Bodies of the Penis in whose thick Membrane they are Inserted DD Fig. x. Fig. xii F F. When these Muscles Act they pull the Penis towards the Ossa Pubis whereby its great Vein is comprest and the Refluent Blood denied its passage under those Bones by which means the Penis is Erected of which hereafter we shall give a more full Account Transversalis Penis So called from their situation These are mentioned by Lindanus after Aquapendens as * Thom. Bartholin takes Lib. 1. cap. xxiv notice They Arise near the Former from whence they pass Transversly to their Insertions at the upper part of the Bull of the Cavernous body of the Urethra EE Fig. x and xii To these may be added the Muscles of the Clitoris and that of the Pudendum in Women Anatomists differ concerning the number of these Muscles belonging to the Clitoris some with Falloppius Observat. Anatom who first Observed them reckon One Pair only Others Two but De De Mulierum Organis c Graaf inclines to the First Opinion which we also think most agreeable to Truth Authors have not bestowed any Proper Names on them but since they agree so exactly with the Erectores Penis above Treated of except in point of Magnitude The same Apellations may also serve here Erector Clitoridis This Arises Fleshy from the External De Gaaf de Mulierum Org. T. xl ii T. iii. F. l. GG Margin of the Os Ischium 39 and Fig. xvâ— is Implanted into the Beginning of the Cavernous Body of the Clitoris The Action and Use of This and its Partner is the same with the Erectores Penis The other Pair of Muscles ascribed to this Part by Vulgar Anatomists and Figured by De Graaf are a Portion of the Following adhering to it Sphincter Vaginae This lies immediately under the Ibid. e e. and T. iii. F. 28. EE Clitoris incompassing the Vagina with Circular Fibres Three Fingers in Breadth in some Subjects it scarcely appeareth Fleshy This Acting not only streightens the Vagina but thereby also it hinders the Blood in its return from the Plexus Retiformis of the Pudendum by compressing some of its subjacent Veins which pass underneath by which means the Labia become Distended and Vagina Contracted CHAP. IV. Of the Muscles of the Bladder of Urine GAlen and the Ancient Anatomists Lib. de Musculis C. xxviii take notice but of One Muscle belonging to this Part viz. the Sphincter but Aquapendens mentions an other which Spigelius calls Detrusor Urinae from its Use which we shall first Describe Detrusor Urinae This by some is reckoned the First Spigel Lib. viii T. 13. MM. Proper Membrane of the Bladder lying under that which is derived from the Peritonaeum its Carnous Fibres embracing the whole Bladder like a Hand as Spigelius represents it Lib. iv cap. 12. compresses it in the Evacuation of the Urine Sphincter Vesiicae Fallopius observes that the Anatomists Observat. Anatom of his Age had not well Described this Muscle in placing it below the Prostatoe in which case as he alledges the Semen in the Venereal Act could not be emitted without the Urine which Observation latter Authors have
common passages of the Lympha and a very good Reason offer'd for the Practice of opening those Tumors before the usual time of Supuration In that part where the Praeputium is The Glandulae Odoriferae contiguous to the Balanus my very good Friend that Judicious Anatomist Dr. Tyson has Discovered certain small Glands a a which he calls from the Fig. x. great scent their separated Liquor emits Glandulae Odoriferae their Number is uncertain in those that have the Praeputium longer than ordinary they are not only more but also larger and separate a greater quantity of their Juice which being lodged there often grows Acrid and corrodes the Glans They are very conspicuous in most Quadrupeds particularly in Dogs and Boars in the latter of which their separated Liquor is contained in a proper Cist at the Verge of the Praeputium out of which there is a large Aperture whereby it 's remitted again to lubricate the Penis of that Animal The Third Common Tegument is The Membrana Carnosa the Membrana Carnosa This Part commonly wanting Fat for divers Reasons First lest its Erection into that necessary Stiffness should be thereby hindered Secondly lest it should be too Bulky and lastly it would have dull'd the Pleasure the Male is affected with in Venery But whether these considerations induced the Author of Nature to Frame this Part without a Membrana Adiposa does not appear since its want of Fat may not unlikely depend on its great Alteration from that Flaccidity when it is not Erected to that Extension of it when it is In the Former though we can conceive no great obstacle why its Adipose Cells should not be supplied with their Oyl except it s too great laxity should retard the Influent Bloud in its passage through its Capillary Arteries yet in the Latter its great Extension may not unlikely Compress them to void their contain'd Oyl which may be the cause why the Interstices of the Muscles and other Parts most quiescent are subject to be fill'd with Fat. And in the Penis it self in Children before Erection has been frequent I have observed its Membrana Adiposa to be extended with fat but afterwards though the Membrane remains yet the Increase of Fat is hindered and therefore we find it commonly without yet in some Subjects and those Adult too I have found it almost cover'd with Fat But what inconvenience the Party suffer'd when Living was not my Fortune to be acquainted with I come next to take notice of its The Ligaments first Fraenum Ligaments first of that called the Fraenum a which ties the Prepuce to the Fig. xii lower part of the Glans A This in some we have found so short that we have been obliged to divide it to procure a compleat Erection in others I have been obliged to do the like where a Cicatrix has been made after large Ulcers on it which frequently happens in Venerial Infections The next Ligament which I shall The Ligamentum suspensorium Penis speak of I call Suspensorium although it has escaped the Observation of Anatomists yet it 's very conspicuous and of remarkable Use of which hereafter when we come to give an Account how this Part becomes Erected It Ariseth from the Anterior Part of the Ossa Pubis and is fixt to the Upper part of the Dorsum Penis c c on each side its great Vein I Fig. x. The rest of the Ligaments are such as compose its Capsulae or divide them as their Septums These we shall mention in Treating of its Internal or Contained Parts which are the Two Corpora Cavernosa Penis the Corpus Cavernosum Vrethrae Their Septums Muscles and Vessels of which as they appear in Dissection First of the Vessels that carry The Arteries Bloud to it viz. the Arteries GG These Arise sometimes from the Rami Iliaci interni at other times from the Inferior parts of the Umbilical Arteries whence an Account may be given why this Part is less than usual by tying the Umbilical Rope too close to the Belly and that not only from the retraction of the Uracus but by the constricture attending these Arteries by the great Extension of the Umbilical ones from whom They have their Rise whereby may be denied that plenty of Influent Bloud but this we leave to future Observation As these Arteries pass towards the Penis they send forth Two or Three Branches on each side the Two Inferior of which gg run to the Fig. x. Musculi Directores Penis The Two Superior hh administer Bloud to the Adjacent Parts particularly to the Musculi Elevatores Ani between which and the Marsupiales Femorum these great Trunks pass but marching over the Cavernous Bodies of the Penis They are both subdivided into Two large Branches the Two Inferior of which ii pass to the Bulb of the Cavernous Bodies of the Urethra but the Two Superior kk are both subdivided again the External dd running on the superior surface of the Cavernous Bodies of the Penis the Internal ll entering the Capsulae pass through the middle of each Cavernous Body DD wherein they divide Fig. xi themselves into innumerable Branches CC from whose Capillary extremities Fig. xv are continued so many Veins in the The Veins Cannals of which are divers Apertures into as many Cells D which Fig. xvi communicate with each other and empty themselves into the larger Venous Ducts E running on the superior surface of the Penis some of which joins with those of the Prepuce others make one large Trunk which we call Vena ipsius Penis I Fig. x. marching on the Dorsum Penis immediately under the Ligament that ties the Ossa Pubis together internally whereby it s Comprest in Erection as shall be hereafter Demonstrated but proceeding further on the Prostatae it is there Bifurcated and enters the Rami Illiaci interni on each side The Veins which arise in like manner from the Corpus Cavernosum Urethrae pass from its Bulb through the Musculi Acceleratores CC whereby they are Fig. xii comprest when those Muscles are in Action The Nerves HH that belong to The Nerves Fig. x. this Part are derived from the Trunk composed by the coallescion of the Third of the Os Sacrum and a Branch remitted from the Great Crural Nerve which after their union provide Nerves for the Testes Perinaeum and Muscles of this Part ascending on the Cavernous Bodies of the Penis and expanding themselves on its superior surface Fig. x. cc are distributed to all its Parts It s Lymphe-Ducts we mentioned in describing its External Integuments wherefore we proceed next to its Cavernous Bodies The Corpora Cavernosa Penis BB The Corpora Cavernosa Fig. x. id Fig. xii GG by De Graaf called Nervosa by others Nervea spongiosa are Two Capsuloe or oblong Folliculi every where outwardly fenc'd with a Thick Membrane by Lib. v. Cap. xiv Vesalius and Lib. xi Cap. xv Columbus supposed to be like Ligaments whose External surface is cover'd with Nerves and Bloud-Vessels
of the Tongue B Its Basis or Root freed from the Os Hyoides CC The Musculi Ceratoglossi DD Genioglossi EE Styloglossi a A Branch of the Gustatory Nerve FIG VI. DEmonstrates the Back part of the Muscles of the Fauces AA The Musculi Stylopharyngei BB The Pterygopharyngei a a The Glandulae Tonsillae CC The Musculus Oesophageus b b The superior part of the Oesophageus raised to discover the progress of the Stylopharyngeus underneath it c A Piece of the Long Process of the Thyroidal Cartilage that is joined to the Os Hyoides D The superior part of the Oesophagus or Musculus Vaginalis Gulae FIG VII SHews the superior part of the Oesophagus or part of the Musculus Vaginalis Gulae AA The Internal or Transverse Fibres being continued from the Oesophageus Muscle BB The External or Longitudeinal Fibres of the Vaginalis Gulae FIG VIII REpresents divers Muscles of the Head and Neck A The Hairy-scalp B The Os Occipitis C Part of the Musculus Splenius DDD The Complexus Raised from its Insertion EE The Recti Majores on the Right side in situ on the Left depending FF The Obliqui superiores GG The Obliqui inferiores HH The Recti Minores ae The Os Iugale b The Processus Mastoides c The Back-part of the First Vertebra of the Neck d Part of the Musculus Complexus remaining in situ which Falloppius makes a Distinct Muscle and reckons it with its Partner to be Third Pair of the Head III The Musculi Spinales Colli K The Transversales Colli LLL The Interspinales Colli e e e e The Apices of the Double Spines of the Vertebrae of the Neck f The Extremity of the Spine of the First Vertebra of the Thorax FIG IX SHews part of the Organ of Hearing of a Calf AA Part of the Os Petrosum divided B The Foramen Rotundnm C The Stapes in its proper site on the Foramen Ovale E The Musculus Stapidis F A small Bone in the Tendon of the last named Muscle as it passes over a Projection of the Os Petrosum which composeth the Foramen Rotundum B. G Part of the Cochlea broken up FIG X. REpresents the Fore-part of the Human Penis Prepared with Mercury AA The Skin together with the rest of the Common Integuments of the Penis freed from it aa That part of Them which composeth the Praeputium B The Beginnings of the Corpora Cavernosa separated from the Ossa Pubis bb The Veins cc The Nerves cc dd The Arteries as they appear on dd the Back-part or Dorsum Penis C The Glans or Balanus DD The Musculi Erectores EE The Transversales F Part of the Sphincter Ani. f A Blow-Pipe Inserted in the Urethra GG The Trunks of the two Arteries of the Penis Cut from the Internal Branches of the Iliac Arteries gg Their two Inferior Branches which gg run to the Musculi Erectores hh Their hh superior Branches which administer Bloud to the adjacent Parts ii Those ii Arteries which pass to the Bulb of the Cavernous Body of the Urethra k k Their large Trunks which are subdivided again the External of which d d dd pass on the superior surface of the Penis the Internal ll enter the Corpora ll Cavernosa HH The Nerves of the Penis I The Vena ipsius Penis KK The Venae Praeputii which are joined with the Former LL The Lymphe-Ducts FIG XI SHews the Two Corpora Cavernosa Penis and that of the Urethra after a Transverse Section when Inflated and Dry'd AA The Corpora Cavernosa Penis B The Corpus Cavernosum Urethrae C The Trunk of the Vena ipsius Penis DD The Trunks of the two Arteries passing through the Corpora Cavernosa of the Penis FIG XII REpresents the Back-part of the Human Penis A The Balanus a The Frenum B The External surface of the Corpus Cavernosum Urethrae CC It s Bulb cover'd with the Musculus Accelerator b The conjunction b of its Right side with the Left corresponding to the seam of the Skin in the Perinaeum c c Its two extremities cc embracing the Corpus Cavernosum Urethrae which terminate on the sides of the Cavernous Bodies of the Penis it self D Part of the Sphincter Ani. EE The Musculi Transversales Penis FF The Directores or Erectores GGGG The Corpora Cavernosa Penis HH The Arteries d d d Those ddd Branches administring Bloud to the Muscles e e Two large Trunks of ee Them which are subdivided into Two more f g. fg I I The Nerves of the Penis FIG XIII SHews the Internal parts of the Extremities of the two Cavernous Bodies and that of the Glans Penis A The Dorsum Penis covered with its Capsula B The External part of the Glans a Part of the Septum of the Corpora Cavernosa b b The Internal Membrane of the Corpora Cavernosa Penis cover'd by the Glans C The Corpus Cavernosum Glandis Penis on the Extremities of the Corpora Cavernosa Penis FIG XIV EXhibits the Bulb of the Cavernous Body of the Urethra being Dried after Inflation A The external part of the Bulb devested of the Musculus Accelerator Urinae B Part of the Bulb raised after Section to shew its internal Cavernous Constructure a The Septum Bulbi CC The Musculi Transversales FIG XV. SHews part of one of the Cavernous Bodies of the Penis being likewise dried after Inflation A That part of the Capsula of the Cavernous Body next the Os Pubis which is here comprest by the Ligature made to retain the Wind. B The Musculus Erector Penis CC The Artery as it is distributed within the Cavernous Body of the Penis on either side FIG XVI REpresents the Bulb of a Dogs Penis after Inflation A The external surface of the Bulb B A Ligature made on a Vein that Arises from the superior part of It into which the Veins of the Prepuâ—e enter and may therefore be called Vena Praeputii CC The large Trunk of one of the Veins of the Penis it self which in this Animal is double Arising from each side the Bulb D The internal appearance of the Corpus Cavernosum of the Bulb EE The Cavity of the Vein which communicates with the Cavernulae of the Bulb FF The Corpus Cavernosum Penis FIG XVII REpresents the Fore-part of the Human SCELETON 1 The Os Sincipitis or Bregmatis 2 The Os Frontis 3 The Os Temporum or Squammosum 4 The Two Bones of the Nose either of which is reckoned the Fifth Bone of the Upper Jaw 5 The Fourth Bone of the Upper Jaw 6 The First Bone of the Upper Jaw 7 The Septum Narium 8 The Processus Mastoides or Mammiformis 9 ... The Os Iugale 10 11 12 The Lower Jaw-bone 10 that part of it called the Chin 11 its Posterior Process that is Articulated to the Os Temporum called Condyloides 12 The Anterior Process called Corone 13 The Bodies of the Two Inferior Vertebrae of the Neck f g h Their Transverse Processes 14 The