is still losing part of that motion for the reasons assign'd before more or less in respect of the wideness of the vessels thro which it is propell'd and their distance from the heart therefore 't is evident that that Coldness will not be so sensible in the parts that are nearer the heart or about the heart it self and the Thorax as in the parts that are more remote or the extremities of the body for not only for the reasons we have just nam'd this Coldness is first felt in the parts that are furthest from the heart but the motion of the muscles in the extremities is not so strong and therefore they do not so powerfully press the blood that glides thro those veins and arteries that go to the composing of these muscles as in the other muscles whose contraction is perform'd with greater force and energy And consequently the blood too will be more apt to stagnate in those remote parts than in the other so that this coldness will be more sensible in them as was asserted Moreover the vessels in those remote parts growing always smaller and smaller the further they go this thick blood will be propell'd with the greater difficulty thro these vessels than if they were wider besides that by reason of the Glewiness of this â—ough and thick blood 't is more apt to stick to the coats of the vessels and so more ready to subsist and to produce the abovemention'd coldness but tho this coldness is more apt to begin in the extremities than in any other parts and tho there are a great many small arteries in the Brain as well as in the other parts yet this coldness will not be felt in it so soon as in them because the arteries are but short and soon discharge themselves into the wide Sinus's so that tho the blood is very apt to stagnate and produce that coldness in the extremities yet that happens not so soon in the Brain Now the real continuation of this coldness over the whole body may be very well conceived if we consider that while the blood is thus stopt in the capillary arteries we can assign no time in the whole circulation in which a lesser quantity of blood flows not from the arteries into the veins than would have flown in a natural state and therefore a lesser quantity of blood flowing more slowly in the ordinary time of the circulation than is naturally usual there will a lesser than a natural quantity come into the heart in every contraction and this small quantity will not fill the arteries in that proportion that is necessary to force it forward so as to break and divide it and to display its heat Besides the blood being in this tough and viscid condition there will ev'n be fewer of its fine and subtile parts separated in the Brain and dispos'd of into the muscles of the whole body and the heart in course will have a fainter contraction and a weaker power to propel the blood which consequently will not be so well divlded nor the heat so well diffus'd Now supposing that this Lentor or Toughness could consist with the natural motion of the blood and that the viscidity could not be broken or dissolv'd by the natural motion it cannot be expected it ever should by a degree of motion much below that which is natural and therefore this sense of cold must be felt in the other parts and over the whole body Pain is nothing else but a solution or disjoyning of continuous parts and while the blood stagnates and its quantity is constantly augmented it must needs distend the sides of its channels where it stops and stretch the arteries beyond their ordinary pitch And therefore those vessels that have not a natural or an adventitious resistance to oppose this forcing outward of the blood will have their parts disunited i. e. this sense of pain will be produc'd in them Now the bones in themselves are not affected with pain neither is there any such sensation produc'd in them but by the membrane that surrounds and invests them called the Periostium 't is evident that because this may be affected with any sort of pain the bones are said to be thus affected and in beating there are great contusions i. e. the vessels have their sides so prest by the weight and motion of the instrument by which these contusions are made that the blood either circulates very slowly or not at all in those sections of the vessels so comprest And the Periostium is either so prest by the contus'd muscles that this feeling is produced in it or having its vessels a little comprest the subsisting liquors in the comprest part do stop the succeeding liquors in the same channel that they actually protrude the sides of their vessels and make this sensation of pain And since the blood in this accidental fulness and viscidity may affect the vessels after the same manner 't is but natural to conclude that such a pain as when one is beaten may be produc'd in this state of the mass of the blood The blood in this state of viscidity is less capable of separating its fine and subtile parts as has been said and there being a less quantity of them the contraction of the whole muscles will be so much the weaker and consequently since the heart gives the greatest force to the blood's motion and its contraction being weaker the blood will be squeezed out of the left ventricle into the Aorta and thro the whole series of the Arteries with less velocity and therefore cannot distend the sides of the Arteries with that force that is usual but affects our touch more weakly so that the Pulse is weak in this state of the blood for the same reason those spirits being produced in a less quantity and longer in falling into the muscles and their contraction not being so frequent Now the motion of the heart and arteries being synchronical i. e. the contraction of the first and the filling of the second being perform'd at the same time since the contraction of the Heart is not so frequent the sides of the Arteries are not so frequently forced outward and seldomer affect our touch i. e. the pulse will be that which we call a Rare Pulse The blood too in this its thick and viscid state is less attrited and less fluxil as has been said but its parts being thus penn'd up and compact cannot possess that space it did when its parts roll'd more freely one upon another and were kept at a greater distance by the impulse of its subtile parts and therefore it has not force enough to sustain the weight of the sides of its Channels and they falling closer one upon another diminish as to their bigness sensibly and even to our sight so that they being thus contracted shrunk and as 't were withdrawn from our touch and the pulse being thus removed is said to be depressed sunk
c. While the blood is so viscid and the contraction of the muscles so weak so few animal spirits separated and all the secretions almost stopt the musculous Coat of the Stomach will lose a great deal of its force and the liquor of the Stomach will be separated in a less quantity the contraction of the Ventricle is not only weaker but our victuals that are lodged there are not dissolv'd attrited and turned to Chyle but putrifie and remain undigested and therefore the Stomach being constantly full there can be no sence of hunger as our experience tells us The same Unactivity and want of contraction we find in the muscles of the stomach are felt for the same reasons in the muscles of the intestines so that their vermicular contraction being much abated whatever is contained in their cavity will not be sufficiently comprest that it may be protruded thro the whole process of the guts besides their incapacity in respect of the excrements that are contained in them for these excrements being in a very small quantity both because of the small supply that is sent from the stomach and yet smaller from the blood by the known passages they want of that weight that is necessary to overcome the constriction of the muscles of the Anus and little or no secretion being made into the guts from the blood there 's somewhat wanting of that due fluxility for their easier propulsion thro the intestines besides what excrements so fluxil may be suppos'd to do by way of Stimulus so that upon all these accounts especially by the help of our Bisket as has been said there will be a vast disposition to costiveness Lastly if at any time the blood is so viscid that it is even interrupted or has a great deal slower motion in the brain than is usual and keeps the coats of the arteries bent outward then both because of the small secretion of spirits there and the arteries compressing the origin of the nerves there cannot be a sufficient quantity of spirits derived thro these nerves and consequently is produced that Stupor or Sleepiness we sometimes observe Now since the warm parts of the blood are confin'd and penn'd up in its viscid parts and if they be so prest that the force of this pression together with the natural force that the small hot and fiery particles have to extricate themselves be greater than the power that confines them these hot particles will at last break out and running along by the sensible parts excite the sense of heat and seeing this viscid blood stagnates and stops in the small arteries they are so stuff'd up with that constant supply that is made in the parts where it thus stagnates that this compression will be very considerable by the blood that is constantly added and by the power of contraction in the arteries that hinder this stuffing and bending outwards of their sides so that this compression being continually augmented at length its power will become greater than the power of cohesion betwixt the viscid and small parts of the blood and so the heat will be extricated and give its sense to the nerves and after that some part of it is set at liberty and moves to and fro with all freedom it must mightily facilitate the setting at liberty of the other small parts from the viscid parts of the blood by wedging themselves into them and breaking their continuity and making the viscid parts themselves more fluxil Now since the hot and warm parts of the blood are delivered from their confining viscid parts because the power of compression is greater than the power of cohesion which proceeds from that viscidity and since the power of compression is proportionable to the velocity of the blood and its velocity is greatest in these arteries that are next the heart the power then of compression in those arteries that are next the heart will be greater than in these that are more remote i. e. the heat will be felt in the parts that are more remote from the heart or the extremities a great while after 't is felt in the parts that are nearer the heart and they have been warm and the coldness in the remote limbs after the rest of the body has been warm may last even till the power of compression in their arteries be augmented by the continual afflux of blood and is able to subdue the force of the viscid and intangling parts and since these two powers are uncertain and undetermined there can be no time assigned wherein this coldness may last in the remote limbs after the rest of the body has been hot only we may assert that the coldness will last the longer in the extremities the more viscid the blood is and the more firmly and closely it envelopes and confines the heat Thus a great deal of heat being set at liberty it is derived with the other parts that can easily be dissolv'd and are more fluxile into the veins and therefore this heat being more free rarifies and warms the blood it meets with in the veins and excites a great sence and feeling of heat over all the body The heat then proceeding thus the blood is more free moveable warm and rarified and consequently the arteries are fuller and distend their sides further and so seem to rise up out of the flesh and to come nearer the skin and the vessels being fuller the pulse will also feel greater and because the blood is now more than naturally warm more perfectly dissolv'd and carried in a greater quantity to the Brain there is also a more plentiful secretion of animal spirits which coming into the heart in a greater quantity and degree of determination make its contraction the stronger and consequently propel the blood thro the vessels with more force and distend more strongly the sides of the arteries and produce that sort of Pulse we call strong so that tho the Pulse in the cold fit was not to be felt either because the blood was not propell'd thro these parts where we observe the Pulse or propell'd with lesser velocity than was necessary to affect our Touch yet the velocity being recovered the blood circulates thro these parts again affects our Touch and makes the Pulse great and strong as has been said If we consider in the next place the extraordinary warmth of which our Patients complain we shall not need to have recourse to any unnatural contraction of the muscles to account for their Restlessness and continual tossing about the Bed but if we remember either what incites our selves to it or what our Patients tell us induces them we may very fairly account for that symptom and this is nothing but a constant desire to remove into those places we had not lain in before for a relief to our scorching heat and so as we warm in one place we cast about and tumble into another which is truly that Restlessness we may observe
be more exact and the health of the Sailers will be more firm and upon the other side the less their work is the hardness of the food and its saltness will proportionably have their effects and the indigestion that follows upon the one and the fiery heat that attends the other will be the more sensible and considerable and so all this will fall more severely upon the Seamen of the Royal Navy than upon those in the Merchant Service because their labour and work is abundantly greater than that of the Men of War tho there is a sort of remedy against that in their other victualling as we shall see hereafter and in effect none find the smart of this so much as the Boatswains Favourites for the most of them especially of the press'd Land-men are very fit Theaters for this Tragedy which is acted indeed to the life and their case is just the same with that of the Ape 's Puppies in the Fable that which she hates comes to be a lusty strong Monkey while she overlays the other thro her fondness the Seamen whom the Boatswain turns out to their watch and who have the fatigue of the Ship are in perfect health while his Favourites are over-run with the Scurvy which appears first in red spots which afterwards become blue and then black upon the legs and other parts with an extraordinary weakness and besides attended with a redness itching and rottenness of the gums and a looseness of the teeth their pulse all this while being very unequal i. e. sometimes weak and sometimes very great and all these accompanied with a great many more severe symptoms singled out and describ'd by Riverius and our learned Doctor Willis which therefore I shall forbear to enumerate but especially since 't is none of my design to write a Treatise of the Scurvey but only to give such illustrations as may be useful for understanding our Sea Sicknesses and helping us in their Cure 'T is very evident from the heating properties of Salt and especially of its corrosive bittern that 't is that only which can produce such an extraordinary sense of heat as we find after a meal of such victuals and because that heat cannot be produc'd without a greater degree of velocity of the blood and a greater secretion of animal spirits which contract the heart and produce this velocity and they cannot be separated without a greater attrition of the blood therefore since this heat is felt it is this bittern of the Sâ—lt that makes this attrition and produces this heat now in this production both the parts of the bittern that divide and break the particles of the blood and the parts of the blood thus broken and divided possess a greater space than when they were compact and before there were other bodies added So that in this greater possession of space rarefaction and artificial moles as we may say the thinner and more capillary vessels have not cohesion enough to resist this new bulk but the blood breaks over its banks and in as great a quantity as the force of the motion of the rarify'd blood the greatness of the emissary and the resistance of the place into which it breaks will allow so that if this be superficial if any great quantity is separated and the blood's motion so weak that there is not matter enough perspired which both by its quantity and force may keep it fluxile and carry off some of the smaller parts of the blood thus let out by its owâ— common motion then the blood now fallen out will corrupt after the same manner we see it when out of the body having always respect to the quantity separated and the place where it is lodged i. e. the blood being thus separated is in a state of quiet and corrupts and in the different degrees and transitions in this corruption is blue black c. as we see in this and cases of the like nature only it is longer a corrupting because of its small quantity the fluxility of the perspiring steams and the temper of the place as we might particularly demonstrate if it would not prove too long And these mechaical intimations will take off the necessity of absorbing that is so much talkt of in this case Besides this way of the blood 's possessing greater space may still be augmented if we consider that their victuals we have just now spoke of must needs breed very thick blood which is not so easily broken in pieces but raâ—ifying in bulk is more apt to stop and by its stoppage to make a greater pressure in its channels and to produce the abovemention'd effects And since the extraordinary space is possest by this viscid and rarify'd blood the blood vessels that are so fill'd compress those parts that are contiguous to them and have less power to resist than their sides have to go outward and therefore in this stuffing of the Arteries in the soft brain their sides thus bending outwards will especially press such vessels that are touch'd by 'em whether they are veins arteries or nerves if their resistance be less than the force that thrusts 'em out and so the liquors stagnating in all those must press the neighbouring vessels and hinder the transmission of their liquors in proportion to those powers by which they are prest Thus a smaller quantity will be carry'd along their cavity and by reason of this compression the quantity of animal spirits that glides into the cavity of the nerves with an extraordinary weakness is diminisht because their coats are deprest and their channels straitned so that since by their influx into the nerves and derivation into the muscles their contraction is perform'd and upon this the strength of the whole body depends then in this small distribution of the animal spirits which is less than what is natural the contraction of the muscles is not so powerful as naturally it ought to be and the weakness of the body extraordinary Moreover since the heart hath the same properties and is subject to the same laws with the other muscles and they being more weakly contracted because of a lesser quantity of animal spirits that are deriv'd into them so must the heart be more faintly contracted too and since by the consent of Physitians and the evidence of reason the motion of the blood depends upon the strength of the hearts contraction the contraction of the heart being weaker 't is plain that this confus'd mixture of viscid and rarify'd blood will have but a very weak motion which is continu'd in the blood till its return to the heart bating what it has communicated in its circulation to the arteries and blood to be propelled but since it is still losing part of its motion the further it goes from the heart the blood will be on all occasions apt to stagnate in the smaller and remoter vessels and so produce those red blue c. spots we have spoken of Besides since the Pulse
is only occasion'd by the greater quantity of blood propell'd into the narrower sections of the arteries and this impulsion depends upon the contraction of the heart as we have said therefore because in this heated and rarify'd blood there is sometimes a greater and sometimes a less quantity of animal spirits separated and since the contraction of the heart depends on their separation and influx that will be sometimes greater and sometimes weaker and so the protrusion of the blood being sometimes perform'd in a shorter time and sometimes in a longer and in a greater or smaller quantity consequently the Pulse will be quicker and slower greater and weaker as we find by experience Because the blood is thus viscid and rarify'd and apt to stagnate in the capillary vessels especially in the remotest parts and while 't is thus stopt by a greater power of obstruction than the following blood has power to drive it forwards the succeeding blood coming to the place and not being able to propel the sticking blood nor to recoil because of the Impetus of the blood that succeeds it it stagnates too and encreasing in quantity distends the sides of the vessels in which it stopt to their utmost extent If those vessels are superficial and visible to the eye the blood will shine thro in its owâ— colour and because the Gums are such when they are thus stuff'd they appear swell'd and red And since the liquors that are thus slowly propell'd and subsist and are wholly obstructed in some parts the parts where this total obstruction happens are ulcerated and stink for the stagnating liquors are entirely corrupted and become too sharp and weighty for their channels and so break thro as inulcers But if before this total stoppage and obstruction the parts of the blood now greater than ordinary can be carried thro those parts by way of perspiration yet in their passage they effect the pores rub upon them and produce that sense of itching which sometimes provokes us to scratch those parts and by the bleeding that follows upon that we frequently prevent a more sudden obstruction Yet in all this misfortune the Teeth losing their security must needs become loose and fall out 'T is from this viscid and weaken'd state of the blood that we see such swellings of the legs in chronical diseases especially in the evening after it is somewhat weakned by the little exercise our bodies have in the day while it cannot climb up in its return to the â—eart the steep precipices of our legs out stops and begets that swelling we feel in the evening till by the adventitious warmth of the bed and the direct posture of our legs it goeth off again against morning After the same manner by considering the condition of our other liquors and their motion I could demonstrate their depravation and explain tho at too great a length for this place the other symptoms that appear But seeing they may be brought from these fountains which I have sufficiently dwelt upon I think I have said enough to explain the way how this sickness is produced with us and to show that 't is a necessary consequence of an idle life and of feeding on Salt Beef and Pork and therefore I shall proceed to the next proposition I laid down Only I must put you in mind that I am not for confounding this distemper with the Melancholia Hypochondriaca as Riverius and some other Authors do which makes us call every sickness a Scurvy or Scorbutical because there are some symptoms common to both For if this principle were allowed we could have no distinct notions of diseases but they would all be involv'd in one confus'd and inextricable Chaos Thus for example we frequently see vomiting in Fevers Scurvys the Iliac Passion the Stone in the Kidneys or Vreters a Fall and many more yet would it not be thought ridiculous to say that a Fever is an Iliac Passion the Stone a Fall c. tho they are both attended with vomiting And which is worse this would prove very fatal in the curing of diseases and therefore it were to be wisht that all diseases were exactly described brought under certain Classes and confin'd to their respective Families and Tribes I cannot upon this occasion omit what the most expert Physitian Dr. Sydenham says on that subject in the 307 page of his Practice of Physick printed at London in the year 1685 in the 5th Chapter of that Book of the Rheumatism Hic enim says he obiter sed libere tamen dicam quod licet nullus dubitemquin Scorbutus in his Plagis Borealibus revera inveniatur tamen eum morbum non tam frequentem quam vulgi fert opinio occurrere persuasum mihi habeo multos autem ex iis affectibus ne plurimos dicam quorum nomine Scorbutum incusamus vel morborum fientium nondum vero factorum quique nullum adhuc certum induerunt typum effeâ—tae esse vel etiam infelices reliquias morbi alicujus nondum penitus devicti a quibus sanguis caeterique humores contaminantur v. gr c. By the way I must observe that tho I doubt not but the Scurvy is really to be found in these Northern Countries yet I am perswaded it is not so very frequent as 't is commonly imagined but that many of those distempers if not the most we ascribe to the Scurvy are either the effects of approaching ills not yet form'd into diseases or the unhappy relicts of some unconquered sickness which still pollutes the blood and other humours v. gr c. 'T is true the learned Dr. Willis has spoke a little more distinctly when he calls the one a cold and the other a hot Scurvy but in this he has too much sacrific'd to the humour of the Ancients since the last only deserves that name and the other does not really differ from the Melanoholia Hypochondriaca Of all Men I have the least inclination to dispute about words but if things were better settled by proper definitions and names we should not fall into so many mistakes and there 's nothing more common than to see people catching hold of some words that are apt to mislead them in their practice for instance besides the Banter of Openers Malignant and the like who does not but at the name of Scurvy immediately fly to Scurvy-grass Water-â—resses and Horse-radishes but to what advantage may be easily understood by our foregoing Theory and is fatally felt by such as are truly Scorbutical But I 'm afraid I have wander'd already too far from my subject And I shall proceed to the next thing to be consider'd in order which may be sufficiently and easily understood from what I have said of the preceeding two The next thing I shall consider is their bread of which every man is allow'd one pound a day Moderate eating of bread has in all ages been esteemed to contribute very much to the preservation of our
all the external senses may be faulty when the mind is in a thinking condition supposing that this viscid stuff is huddled up by chance in a greater quantity about any Artery or plexus of Arteries and if these Arteries involve or go round the Nerve that serves for Hearing Seeing Tasting c. These Arteries then being stuff'd up and fill'd by the continual afflux of new blood their sides will be more distended and bent outwards so that the Nerve that touches with them shall be comprest till at length by this continual stuffing the Nerve is so totally comprest that it hinders the motion of the animal spirits or at least interrupts their motion tho the sides of the Nerve are not quite squeez d together and therefore it may very well happen that one may be thick of hearing or perfectly deaf may not see taste c. and yet recover of a sudden the coldness being over and this lentor protruded into the veins And if this stoppage of the blood in the brain be so great and its cohesion so firm â—hat it cannot be dissolv'd by a thousand justlings in the plexus of the Pia Mater so that almost no animal spirits flow thro the Nerves either because there can be no spirits made out of this viscid blood or that those few that are made cannot be deriv'd in the Nerves that are shut up by the force of this stagnating blood then those spirits equally distributed into the muscles keep them equally pois'd and in this equilibration and viscidity there will be a want of motion and sense with an intense coldness and these being the conditions of a dead body or Corpse 't is evident at this time our bodies will be like a Corpse This lentor being so great over all the body 't is so too in the Arteries that furnish matter for the Spittle that is separated in the Glands about the mouth and throat and no Spittle can be separated from the Arteries in these Glands so that in this lesser secretion there can be no afflux of that moisture to these parts and the want of that occasioning a driness and drought therefore this stoppage is attended with a drought Yet tho there is but a small quantity of animal spirits separated in the brain and they deriv'd into the comprest nerves and muscles very sparingly and disorderly so that the actions of the body seem at an end and the muscles in equilibrio the heart which has no antagonistical muscle shall have its contraction continued and if that motion thus continued can dissolve and attrite this blood not quite stagnating the body that seem'd dead and a Corpse shall become warm as before and have its life prolong'd So the blood being once more free and fluxil and the body hot in the way we demonstrated before the attrition and comminution that produce this heat depending very much upon the velocity of the blood so that the greater it is the greater is the solution of heat and the greater the solution of heat is the velocity is the greater too because there 's a greater quantity of animal spirits separated by this solution of heat and so successively tilâ— the viscid blood thus subsisting is so comminuted and attrited and acquires that degree of velocity we determined it to have when fit for perspiring and in that the small parts of the blood will be propell'd thro the neighbouring pores in a great quantity and produce that appearance we call Sweat so that this warmth is continu'd and ends in Sweat as we shall see more clearly in the sequel Yet before this sweating while the blood is thus commiuuted there 's both a greater quantity of animal spirits and this quantity is faster convey'd to the heart and the heart is oftner contracted and that with greater force and therefore the Pulse will be stronger and more frequent than in a natural state And because of the great rarifaction and comminution of the blood and its rapid motion the sides of the Arteries are distended to a greater pitch and very strongly therefore the more superficial Arteries going outward with a great deal of force affect the parts that are touch'd by them and produce that feeling and noise that 's convey'd to us upon the beating of one body upon another While the blood is thus hurry'd about in this rapid and impetuous motion and no great secretions of any sort there is a great driness in our mouth because of the small quantity of Spittle that is separated and that little is so divided into insinite parts by the force and warmth of the circulating blood that these parts are left perfectly dry and they dispoil'd of their moisture produce that insatiable drought And since this lentor is at length entirely carried out of the Arteries they will be of their natural wideness after it is carried out and so the blood may be propell'd thro them without its being more attrited comminuted or dissolved or the heat of the blood will not encrease in its progress thro the vessels and since the blood thus dissolv'd perspires very easily this heat shall not only not encrease but be diminisht the Perspiration lessening its quantity Moreover the heat thus dissolv'd partly perspires as was said and is partly mixt with the rest of the blood and is not comminuted the slowness in which the blood moves thro the veins giving sufficient time for this mixture and the heat may easily insinuate it self into the grosser parts and they may somewhat confine this heat and restrain its force by opposing this Penetration Besides since there 's an abundance of time betwixt both Excursus the blood must frequently flow thro the Lungs and so be frequently dissolv'd and have its hot parts conveniently mixt with the other parts and for this reason will be more natural from which every thing that 's natural will come and therefore the body will be in perfect health at least for some time Tho then the paroxism is thus judg'd by the assigned perspiration yet if that viscidity that produc'd the first is not consum'd but returns in a certain time or if that is consum'd and purg'd off by some of the known ways of Excretion or so comminuted that it is chang'd into the nature of sincere blood yet the cause that produc'd the first viscidity produces its like that can last out the same time affect with the like symptoms and be reduc'd to sincere blood like it and so there are two ways of making these returns as we see Let us suppose then that there are two returns every day and at the same hour there may be assigned the same reason for the rest that recurr in the same difference of time and the first is produced by a lentor that lasts for one day and threafter is either purg'd out of the body or chang'd into sincere blood and the second by a piece of viscidity of the same quantity and
quality with that which occasioned the first then I say that either of these lentors or any other that can invade aâ— the same hour and takes up a whole day before it is consumed may successively and by degrees be stored up in the blood vessels so that it eitheâ— flows thither insensibly or constantly in the smallest particles or be breâ— within the same till it can produce â— sense of cold and the other symptom that attend that And because before that this cold and its attendanâ— can seize us 't is necessary that thiâ— lentor subsist in the capillary Arteries which cannot be unless its quantity iâ— so great that it cannot be mixed with the blood so that it may flow freely thro the Arteries Therefore eitheâ— this great quantity of lentor is bred aâ— once in the blood vessels which iâ— possible or is at once derived into them from somewhere else which iâ— not unconceiveable but even this iâ— evident that this very quantity maâ— flow into the vessels by degrees or bâ—breâ— by degrees in the same and therefore 't is possible that in the space of one day either some lentor or something that may breed this lentor may get into the vessels yet in so small a quantity that only after one day there be such a quantity collected that is able to produce that coldness with its attendants And therefore in the end of the day this coldness will begin again and will make a new return by this lentor that was stored up in the space of a whole day which lentor if consumed in the space of the next day and in the mean while an equal quantity of another lentor be stored up in the blood 't will make a third return and so it may be said of the rest not made by the same lentor returning oftner tho slowly but made by a new one the former being quite consumed but this consumption may be sooner or later in the same day according to the different nature of that lentor the bodies that are mixt with it and their dissolution in the encrease and height of the disease It can be no objection that this lentor or viscidity of the blood is collected gradually and therefore may be exterminated or comminuted as sooâ— as it can be collected since it circulates thro the lungs and other partâ— some thousands of times in one day but this will seem not so difficult oâ— hard to be granted if we consideâ— some examples of as great difficulty and yet most certain for there 's nonâ— that can be ignorant how Nurseâ— Milk and our Urine retain morâ— than one day the â— colour anâ— smell of Asparagus Onions Caâ—sia Rhubarb Turpentine c. â— certain argument that there are some what of these bodies carried into thâ— breasts and kidneys without ever losing of its nature tho it has beeâ— carried often and even some thousands of times thro the lungs so that iâ— may be highly probable that this visciâ— stuff may be very often carry'd rounâ— the body without any considerable alteration What is better known than that the poyson of a mad doâ— shews not itself before the thirtieth oâ— fortieth day and sometimes longer so that before its appearing in these forty days it has circulated some thousands of times thro the lungs without suffering any diminution of its â—trength and therefore if some such â—hing be suppos'd of this viscidity â—hat is mixt with the blood there will be no place left for our further doubting Now this lentor may be â—upplied by every thing that gives us â—ourishment passions c. which are â—oo remote to be of any great use to us in knowing them and therefore I â—hall confine my self to consider this â—entor either coming from the primae viae in our Chyle or otherwise or else being supplied by such viscera that are said to contain liquors and first if the Chyle or any other humor to be mixed with the blood should be generated according to nature in the unnatural state of the blood which is hard to be suppos'd yet this natural humour mixing with the blood would be chang'd into its nature and consequently become viscid that is a liquor fit to produce that lentor which if mixt with the blood confusedly and without order the returns too can have no order but if it be carried into the blood in an exact order the returns will be very exact and orderly for if the blood have still that unnatural power and the humour brought into it still retain its naturaâ— power there will be always the samâ— time required to change that naturaâ— humour into that which is not natural and this time may be one two or three days but if any one or all oâ— them are of a different nature thâ— proportion of time will be chang'â— and the Returns disorderly but â—â— this natural humor is deriv'd at different times from the same or differenâ— parts and immediately or in thâ— same distance and interval of time acquires an unnatural power from thâ— unnatural blood there may be abundauce of Returns orderly and disorâ—ly as the Derivations are orderly oâ— confus'd and if those humors are oâ— different natures consisting of parâ—â— of different sorts every one of theâ— requiring a different interval of time before they can degenerate into thâ— kind of lentor the variety of Return will be altogether uncertain and keeâ— no order Next let us suppose that iâ— the Viscera that are said to have considerable secretions made in them thâ— liquors being viscid are return'd bâ— their veins into the Cava and in thâ— order of the former viscid parts circulate with the blood thro the whole â—ody till they acquire such a thickâ—ess or quantity of viscidity that may make them fit to stagnate in the small â—apillary Arteries and to produce â—hat Coldness and other Symptoms â—s before 't is evident not to resume our former reasoning that their Returns will happen in certain intervals of time orderly and disorderly accordâ—ng as the supply is made from all â—hose Viscera or from any one of them and as that is mixt in a greater or less quantity orderly or confus'dly But if there is so great a quantity of this lentor mix'd with the blood that it cannot be propell'd from the small Arteries into the Veins or tho the quantity be less yet if its adhesion to the vessels be stronger than can be broken off so that it cannot be carried thro them then the blood cannot be propell'd and in a short time the body will be cold there will be no blood deriv'd into the Muscles it either comes not to or totally stagnates in the Brain so that there can be no animal spirits separated in the nerves and consequently there will be an irrecoverable deprivation of sense and motion or which is the same thing there can nothing happen but Death since that lentor is suppos'd to be so great that it cannot be protruded and carried thro the Arteries
Moreover in this extraordinary heat there is a less secretion of spittle and that which is separated is immediately exhal'd by this unnatural heat and therefore the tongue and all that neighbourhood being very dry the sense of thirst is felt but because of this dryness and the particular contexture of the tongue which has its fibres running across in its composition These fibres rise stare are stiff and rough and appear to our touch as if we run our fingers over a grater so soon as it is depriv'd of its humidity and while the fibres and blood vessels stare thus they cannot be easily contracted and so the parts of the blood that are drier cannot move but stagnate under the surface of the tongue while its more fluid parts are press'd forward and the parts of the blood that are thus stopp'd being of a high red colour appear very easily to be black and a little inflam'd And if this heat increases naturally or by Art 't is evident that the blood will be mightily rarify'd and flowing thro the lungs in this great and rarify'd quantity 't will press them violently on all sides so that they will not be so easily expanded and therefore the Respiration will be also difficult and the small quantity of Air that is received into the unexpanded lungs being warmed with the hot blood which then circulates thro that part affects us so when expir'd as the Air of a Chamber that is agitated by the small parts of our fires that move among it and this affects us with heat so the breath of those sick strikes those that stand near like fire Seeing he blood is driven about in such a huâ—â—y the animal spirits separated iâ— so great abundance the blood so very fluxile and these spirits running thro a great many different Tracts in the Brain present to us so many different Ideas according to which we express our selves and they being different and of several sorts our thoughts are found very incoherent and unconnected which is to Rave or to be Delirious That watchfulness too we daily observe proceeds from these live representations and velocity of the blood and spirits And since in all the stages of this Illness there either may be too great a distension of the blood-vessels in the Brain and so no spirits deriv'd into the Nerves which will entirely destroy the contraction of the Heart and bring Death or the blood may be in such a condition that it can give no supply of such spirits and upon this account too there can be no contraction of the heart no motion of the blood which is the want of life it self and in both these respects 't is evident how Death may be the fatal consequence of this sickness for in the first the blood being either very viscid in the cold fit or extremely rarify'd in the hot by the patients own constitution the heat of the place where he liveth or warming Medicins is so interrupted in the Arteries of the Brain and being augmented by the succeeding blood it may distend the sides of the Arteries and produce the named effect or if the blood in the cold fit is so viscid and confines the spirits that they cannot be separated or there be a real want of spirits in the blood which turn to the same account there can be no secretion of spirits where there are none and therefore there will none be derived into the Nerves for the motion of the muscles and contraction of the heart By the by 't is no less evident that when the blood is thus infinitely comminuted and still broken down into parts lesser and lesser by an indiscreet management and want of drinking of something that may be a body to the spirits the blood is not only depriv'd of that Serum that should have preserv'd its fluxility and been that Body but of its spirits too and so must needs produce the fore-going effect and make this melancholy tragedy end at last in Death Lastly since the sick must continue in this condition so long as the state of the blood is in this way and seeing those parts which are thus broken in this motion may be carried off by the Glandules of the Skin breaking open of the pipes by the Intestins c. and by these means the blood may be rendered more compact and equal in its motion therefore 't is plain that this Sickness may be judged by Sweating Hemorrhages Looseness c. Thus having demonstrated the necessity of these Symptoms from the supposition of an Interruption of Perspiration I would proceed to considerations of the like nature if I were not first oblig'd to vindicate this Hypothesis from one that is merely such as I but lately promised If therefore any one will take one more or all of these Symptoms and let him have no respect to any hypothesis but read them backward according to the known and familiar rules of Nature he shall find them necessarily proceeding from a real or factitious Fulness which are the same as to their effects and since we come by this fulness in our ordinary way of living 't is plain that 't is not that that is its cause but there 's no way else we can acquire it except by retaining somewhat for some time we usually lose and since 't is not the first the last is either by the suppression of the secretions made by Stool by Urine in the Respiration or by the Skin or Perspiration now we see the foregoing symptoms rendezvous'd into a great number while neither the Evacuations by Stool Urine or Respiration the others I name not they being very inconsiderable seem to be much altered from what we see them in a natural state and therefore 't is Perspiration only that is able to produce these effects and this Fulness as I justly supposed Moreover Sanctorius has taught us by making out the proportions of secretions in the 5 6 21 59 60th Aphorisms of the first sect of his Statical Medicin that secretion by Perspiration is at least double of all the other secretions and therefore when that is interrupted it can produce that fulness in as short a time as all the secretions together could and since they or the most of them are good while the named symptoms have grown into a great number therefore this fulness has its rise from an Interrupted Perspiration and so the supposition was just and a great deal more than a mere Hypothesis as I was oblig'd to prove The Perspiration thus interrupted in hotter constitutious hot Countries or a warmer season these Fevers do not begin with so long a continued coldness but the heat succeeds a great deal sooner as may be collected from what I 'm to say hereafter when I give some intimations of the sickness of hotter Countries Yet the blood having sometimes that velocity we assign'd it to have in another place when it is most apt to make secretions by
the next but was troubled with a looseness and the third day he was taken ill again and suffered over all the former symptoms 'T is very plain from what I said in the first part of this Book that that viscid and slimy Lentor which first stagnates in the capillary Arteries and then in these larger Vessels must be broken and divided that it may be made a substance capable of being carried round the body without stopping or stagnating And because this Lentor has its supply from the primae viae the Liver or other viscera that are said to separate liquors by some or all of these liquors being viscid we must endeavour to cut off and intercept that supply and to break and render fluxil the liquors that are thus tough and viscid Now from which of all these this lentor proceeds and is supply'd is not always very evident tho sometimes it may happen to be so Let us first suppose then that this supply comes wholly from the primae viae and upon this supposition we may conclude that those things which empty the stomach and intestines of those impurities will do the business effectually And because a Vomit performs that work with the greatest certainty then a Vomit would be all that 's requisit to compleat that Cure and the more gentle it is 't would be more for the ease of the Patient and satisfaction of the Physician But I have proved before that the other viscera may discharge some of their vitiated liquors into the blood which not being chang'd into the perfect nature of the blood they stagnate in the Capillary Arteries in that quantity and way that are fit to produce the foregoing Phaenomena And they being in such circumstances as make them fit to affect the blood 't is evident that those faulty and vitious humours must be broken and divided that they may be fitted to circulate with the blood without stagnating and that the blood which is thus affected must be reduced to a state of greater fluxility If they had their viscidity from the primae viae that work could be done very easily but 't is certain that the blood may be infinitly chang'd without any fault in these first passages and the viscera that are now affected must have their juices altered or else they will still be in a condition to give a continual supply supposing the blood to be otherwise in a good condition Now the only way that liquors which stagnate in their channels can be propell'd and made fluxil is by some power that may compress break and divide the liquors thus stagnating and because this breaking and dividing must be perform'd by somewhat that contracts or violently compresses the obstructed parts and breaks the stagnating juices and this can only be perform'd by the contraction of the muscles and their compressing the viscera that are near them therefore the moderate exercise of those Muscles will be very agreeable but in our natural or voluntary contractions they have not that violence that is necessary to make a sufficient compression fit to break and divide this lentor And since there are a great many Muscles that are obstructed and could have sufficiently broken the stagnating liquors in the neighbouring viscera that cannot be moved and contracted by the power of our Will some way must be contriv'd to make such a violent contraction of those Muscles especially that are able to compress the neighbouring viscera and if we examine all the consequences that attend the giving of any Medicin we shall find none that exercises more Muscles and that with greater violence than vomiting for not only the Muscles of the Thorax and Abdomen are contracted with a prodigious force and are able by their contraction to compress the Lungs Stomach Liver Spleen or any thing that may be contained in them and in all their capacity but even the whole Muscles of the Body are affected and therefore 't is vomiting only that can produce the required effect Thus we have demonstrated the way of cutting off the supply of this lentor that is made by the primae viae and the viscera that are said to contain liquors so that if there were not such a season of the year in which the viscidity of the blood is much promoted and augmented the blood extreamly weakned and dispirited with repeated paroxysms or otherwise this disease might be conquer'd by these very means But when the Air is foggy moist and cold and the blood weak we must have respect to that if we will cure our Patient and such things must be given that may make the blood richer and maintain its fluxility We have an infinit number of Medicines that are said to produce such effects but the long tedious and unsuccessful practice of former ages convinces us of the contrary We heard indeed a great deal of specifick Medicins of opposit powers but never saw any thing that deserv'd that name before the Indian Bâ—rk We had diaphoâ—etical and warming Medicins that broke and divided the blood and made it more fluxil for some time but were so far from being able to keep it so that on the contrary having destroyed the native spirits and serum of the blood they rendred it more apt to stagnate and to be obstructed The Indian Bark then or Jesuits Powder being by daily experience that Specifick we desir'd we ought not to neglect it tho it was not found in a Matras But not to insist upon experience in a thing where we have so many reasonable proofs tho that of its self is a sufficient proof for we see how the sinking and languishing Pulse is rais'd by the taking of it and that without any burning and extraordinary warmth i. e. we find it has such a power as is able to introduce a freer motion which cannot be done but by freeing the confin'd spirits that they may be separated in due time and proper place And since this â—â—â—â—ing the spirits at liberty can only be â—â—rformed by breaking the viscid blood and this attrition is the thing required therefore the Jesuits Powder Quinquina c. answers our desire and gives us what we require Now tho 't is plain that the Jesuits Powder produces this effect it is not the Jesuits Powder as such or its name alone that is able to charm and lull asleep this intermitting Fever but since we see plainly that it can do so we should give it in a sufficient quantity to produce that effect and when we give it to be sure it may be carried into the blood For if this be not done 't is quite as good if not better to keep it in the Paper and look upon it and from that to expect your Cure than to take it into a foul stomach full of thick impurities there to be clogg'd up in impure matter and perhaps to be carried out of the body with the excrements or else to be carried in this condition into the mass of blood to the
conserv flor cynosbat an â„¥ ij radic helen condit cortic aurant condit an â„¥ ss Theriac Andromach Ê’ ij nitr corollat Ê’ j. syr alth q. s ut f. Electuar mollior consistent Capiat quantitatem nuc avellan bis in die superbibendo vini Canarini cochlearia dâ—o 'T was surprizing to see the change was made on him in a â—â—rtnight or three weeks he recovered his flesh strength and colour till in the latter end of the year he got the Kentish Disease in the Downs and was put sick ashore at Deal Then I ordered him first to be vomited next to take the Jesuits Powder as I have prescribed it in the 9th Observation and then to begin the use of his former Medicins so soon as his Ague was removed but to take the following Infusion after his Electuary in place of the Canary â„ž Radic Gentian â„¥ ss fl Chamomil summitat menth an M. ij cortic aurant peruvian an â„¥ ss pptis s a. affund Vini rubelli lb ij Stent per biduum in infusione dein capiat cochl 3 vel 4 tempore dicto He miss'd of his Ague by these Medicins but I can say no further about his Recovery the Ship I was on board of being ordered to the Buoy of the Nore Observation XVIII K B of the was troubled with a pain in his Yard after an impure copulation which very soon appear'd in a running and that but very small at first but encreas'd daily and was of a green colour he had an Chaude Pisse une chorde and the erection was very painful He complain'd of it to me when at Sea and I cured him of the Gonorrhaea and its Appendices in a fortnight without taking one grain of Mercury Mercurial Preparations Turpentine Decoctions of Woods Injections and other Medicins that are generally prescribed with all the uncertainty imaginable I could very willingly communicate this way of curing for publick use if I might in honour being no longer at my own liberty to dispose of it since I have communicated this method to a learned Member of our College in lieu of a practice he values very much Yet without any breach of Faith I assert that the tedious uncertain and dangerous practices in this disease have proceeded from the misunderstanding Physicians are in about it whereas if its place force and way of communication were more sensible and obvious we might soon discover more certain genuine and more natural ways of curing and those be even improved beyond what any Man has hitherto thought of But it not being convenient upon this occasion to evince those mistakes too particularly for this place I will content my self to prove that the cause of this Disease is not entertained in the Prostatae vesiculae seminales or any ways further than the Yard it self without going too deep into the argument or answering the Objections may be reasonably made against its being there thinking it the first part of knowledge not to be imposed upon and the second the putting things to rights and tho we are not able to do this and are sure of the first yet ought we fairly to confess our ignorance that very substantial piece of Humanity rather than to speak things of which we have no thought and a great deal less to build our other reasonings and practice upon so sandy foundations Now that we may do the first and discharge our thoughts of such a cheat let us call into our memory the Hypersarcoses we daily see and let us but compare this spungy flesh that thus fills up the passage of the Urine with any thing else we find upon other occasions and I 'm sure a Man that sees like another and has the sense to compare can find it not much different but especially in its growing from the like Excrescencies that happen in curing wounds ulcers c. a certain Argument that there is a solution of unity in the part where those Mushrooms sprout which cannot be kept down and checkt like other fungous flesh and is seldom to be prevented in the healthiest people by a disorderly practice I know it may be said that there may be little ulcers bred in the Urethra by the sharpness of the matter that flows that way from the affected parts and they may make this false flesh tho these ulcers can never supply this running but to drive this argument no great length and not to outshut a common sight I shall demonstrate very plainly that these ulcers are begun only in the Yard and afford this running from it and at some other time make it plain that this running comes not from above three inches within the Yard and how that is done For the present purpose let us remember that our Anatomy teaches us that there is a valve placed at that end of the Penis that 's next the belly that hinders the Regurgitation of the the Urine and in the second place that Runnings can be stopt by Injections tho very often to the misfortune of the Patient Now these Injections at best are as solid if I may so say as our Vrine and this valve hindering the repassing of the Urine we may conclude that it hinders the passage of a body not more fluxil than the Urine but since these Injections stop a plentiful running and yet not going out of the Yard we may conclude that it is in the Penis they have their effects and if so then it 's from the Penis this supply is made which was to be demonstrated against the common Hypothesis and therefore it is no wonder that Men are not able to better the Practice from so unthinking Theories I foresee distinctly the inconveniences can be alledged against what I hint at yet I should think it an unpardonable digression to obviate them in this place and do promise to demonstrate even to a certainty the seat and nature of this Disease about which Physicians are as much in the dark if not more as about the time it was first known in the world Observation XIX Captain Poulten then commanding the Charles Galley was taken with a violent Quinsey on our Voyage to St. Malo for which his Surgeon gave him some things but that day being in very hot service and being oblig'd to speak very much in giving his necessary orders the pain and inflammation were very great and he could not sleep all that night next day being Saturday he sent for me in the morning and finding that he was sick three days before my business was to discover the state of the Disease and to what height it was come that accordingly as the symptoms of suppuration appeared oâ— not I might proceed in the Cure Finding then no intimations of the suppuration and a sufficient revulsion being made by the blood his Surgeon let him but two days before considering too the violence of the other symptoms I ordered him to be let ten ounces of blood out of the Jugular Vein of the most inflam'd side which being
done I troubled him not with Gargarisms which are not always so safe ev'n when they can reach the part affected but ordered him to keep the part warm to eat only Water-gruel and to use the following decoction for his ordinary Drink â„ž Rad. Bardan â„¥ iij. acetos â„¥ j hord mundat M. j. Coq s a. in aq font q. s ad crepituram hordeâ— Colatur per subsidentiam depurat lb ij add mel opt q. s ad gratiam And next day he took this purging Potion â„ž Fol. Sen. sine stipitib â„¥ ss Rad. Rhabarb el. incis Ê’ ss cinnamom acerrim ℈ i. Infund per noctem in decocti passularum majorum â„¥ vi Colaturae per expressionem factae add Syr. de Spin. Cerv. Ê’ iij. M. ac bibat hâ—ra septima cum regimine It purg'd him ten times very easily and he was mightily relieved he could swallow any thing down and talk'd with any body if convenient The Inflammation being thus vanquished I begun the use of such Powders that promote the fluxility of the blood but wrapt them up in a convenient Syrup left they should offend the parts in the passing by their roughness â„ž Ocul cancr ppt coral rub ppti an Ê’ ss antimon Diaphoretic gr xv syr alth â„¥ ij M. ac Capiat tribus vicibus superbibendo cochlear julapij sequentis quod â„ž Aq. Spermat ranar. fl chamomil seu eorundem decoct an â„¥ ij aq cinnamom hordeat â„¥ ss sal prunell Ê’ ss syr capil vener â„¥ i. M. f. julap. He continu'd the use of the Ptisan prescrib'd for his ordinary drink and on the Tuesday took his purging potion as before and was perfectly well thereafter There are two things I would have observed in this disease first that the Medicins upon the past design be never given till we be convinc'd that the obstruction in the capillary arteries of the part thus affected is not so powerful for when they are given before that time as a great many Authors perswade us they only squeeze out the thinner part of the blood and leave the rest despoiled of a vehicle fit to maintain its fluxility and so very convenient to heighten the obstruction which causes this inflammation and its consequences and therefore he must be sure to blood plentifully and the right way before we think of giving internal Medicines The other is that we busie not nor amuse our selves with the idle and not only idle but useless and impracticable distinction the Authors make in this disease when they tell us that since 't is an inflammation about the Throat if that be of the internal muscles of the Larynx it must be call'd a Cynanche but if of the external muscles a Paracynanche and if on the internal muscles of the Pharynx a Cynanche if on the external muscles of that part a Paracynanche And that this distinction is impracticable is evident to any one that knows the Anatomy of these parts how small the proper muscles of the Larynx are and how near the internal and external muscles are one to another and they only divided and parted by a thin membrane which cannot only not hinder the inflam'd muscles of the one sort to press hard upon the other but is even itself affected with this Inflammation But they should have told us too the symptoms of This part 's being affected and such signs whereby we may distinguish the Inflammation of the one sort of these muscles from That of the other but of this too much Thus I have run over with an indifferent exactness my Disquisition into the marine diseases and the History of those in the Fleet last Summer which I presume may correct a great many errors and mistakes in that affair and highly contribute to an amendment of others of the same nature and cannot doubt but that the Candor of the ingenious will very easily cover any pieces of Frailty I may have committed in this first Essay and for that favour I shall endeavour to better it if I find encouragement suitable to the Undertaking Yet all these things will better appear in the Histories of the next years service that are to be continued with this FINIS Books lately Printed for Hugh Newman at the Grashopper in the Poultry OEconomia Corporis Animalis Autore Gulielmo Cockburn Collegii Medic. 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