of the thorax where those enter into the subclavian veins or the branches of the vena cava being disseminated on each side one to each papâ— whereunto so soon as they have insinuated themselves and dispersed several small surcles to lead a long the chyle to the nipples they may be conceived to emit others branches downward along the abdomen that insert themselves into the womb on each side one and perchance some one also into the bladder it having been observed that Chyle hath been avoided by urine But what need we thus anticipate by conjecture when we dayly expect the discovery of the wayes through which they passe by Anatomists who now a dayes exercise themselves in strict enquiry after them OF SANGVIFICATION Exercitation the Fourth Of Sanguification FRom the smaller and lesse conspicuous Rivulets of the Chyle Article we now come to survey the grand and plainly visible Current thereof The most part of the Chyle is converted into blood which being imported as we formerly declared into the subclavian veins from them into the vena cava and thence immediately disembogued into the right ventricle of the heart is therein converted into a liquor of a different colour and nature viz. Bloud for the fewell of the vital Lamp and the continual refection of spirits vital And here we are for method's sake in order to consider 1 The Mutation which the Chyle ariving at the heart doth therein suffer or the Action its self called Sanguification 2 The Agent or principal Efficient of that Mutation 3 The Manner how it is effected 4 The Uses of the Bloud after it is made 5 The Motion of the same in order to those uses Concerning the FIRST viz. the Action of Sanguification Not by an Organicall but a Similary Action we advertise that it is not an Organical action or such as depends upon the peculiar constitution or fabrique of any Organical part of the body but meerly a Similary one For since the bloud when made is a similar body and the Chyle of which it is made is likewise a similar body and that the Chyle doth not become bloud by separation of any one or more parts of it from any other as the Urine and Bile are made but only by a kind of Exaltation of it nature or an advance of those Natural spirits it containeth into vital or more sublimed and active ones while the vital spirits praeexistent in the Ventricles of the heart do enkindle the same heaâ— and cause the same diffusive or expansive motion in the Natural which themselves have formerly acquired we say considering these things it is manifest that the work is done by simple Assimilation and consequently that Sanguification is an Action similar not Organical as hath been long erroneously affirmed Concerning the SECOND viz. the Efficient let us first examine what that cannot be and so we shall the more easily and certainly find what it must be The prime Agent or Author of the work of Sanguification is not either the Liver as Galen and his Sectators conceived and taught or the veins as some Anatomists have dreamed or the substance of the Heart as Aristotle and his Disciples have asserted or any other organ of the body To be more particular we affirm the Liver not to be the Agent in the work of Sanguification Whos 's Primary Efficient is not the Liver and that for sundry reasons 1 No part of the Chyle is brought to the Liver by any one or more of the Venae Lacteae they in the lower belly generally exonerating themselves into the Common Receptacle and those in the Thorax being terminated in the subclavian veins and therefore it is impossible the Liver should transforme chyle into blood when no chyle can arrive thereat 2 There is blood to be seen in an Embryo before even the very â—udiments of the Liver are delineated and what hath beeing before cannot be the effect of what hath no beeing till afterward That the blood hath priority of existence is manifest from the observations of Dr. Harvey de gen Animal exercit 18. who expressly affirms Sanguinem dari antequam quicquam corporis reliqui existat esseque eum prae coeteris omnibus foetûs parâ—ibus primogenitum ab ipso tum materiam ex qua corporatur foetus tum nutrimentum quo augetur procedere esse denique si modo ulla fuerit primam particulam genitalem 3 After the Chick is perfectly formed in the egg and hath its veins and arteries replenished with blood yet doth the Liver still remain pale and whitish not without some small tincture of yellow which observation doth of it self alone demonstratively depose the Liver from the office of Sanguification and conferre that dignity upon some other Agent For how can the Liver supposing the Chyle were brought to it give a deep redness thereunto while it self yet continueth white Can any thing give that to another which it self hath not This also is certified by the experience of Dr. Harvey who thereupon firmly concludes jecur calorem exercit de gen Animal 51 sub finem colorem suum à sanguine mutuatur non autem sanguis à jecore From hence it may be observed that the native colour of the Liver is not red but pale with a faint mixture of yellow and that what redness it doth afterward acquire is communicated to it from the blood continually percolated through the parenchyma of it Both which may more plainly appear by this that in a Chick not yet excluded from the shell that yellow paleness of the Liver is visible even the very last day of the Hens incubation though at that time the same begins to incline toward some degree of redness which is more and more augmented every day after the chick is hatched Again if you fill a bladder with warm water and through a slender pipe inject the same by the trunck either of the vena Cava or vena Portae into the Liver and so rinse out the blood remaining in the vessels and substance thereof you shall sensibly perceive the redness of the Liver to vanish away and a certain duskish or sooty yellownesse succeed in the room Which obscure yellownesse doubtlesse hath its original meerly from the tincture of Choler However most certain it is that the Liver hath natively no redness at all and what it afterward contracteth is adventitious and from the blood To this purpose is that easie experiment of Dr. Harvey 〈◊〉 jam citato imò verò jecur lien renes pulmo cor ipsum si sanguinem inde omnem expresseris cujus praecipuè gratia viscera dicuntur expall scunt illicò partibus frigidis accensenda sunt So that we may with good warrant conclude that the office of Sanguification was by the Galenists assigned to the Liver rather upon inconsiderate partiality than any right at all 2 Of the veins also the same may be said For Nor the veins if that
rule of Galen holds true as certainly it doth Quod mutatur in ejus speciem à quo mutatur facessit the veins can never be thought fit to transform the Chyle into blood For their Colour is white and somewhat translucid their substance viscid membranous and bloodless they have no parenchyma and very little either of heat or spirits of their own whereas on the contrary the Blood is of a deep red not translucid of a substance fluid and interminate and abounds with heat and spirits And therefore it were vain to expect an Assimilation where the supposed Agent and Patient are of natures in all things so incompatible so contrary We deny not that the veins in some respect conduce to the Conservation of the blood but how Only as they are Organs inservient to the defence of it from external injuries and the reduction of it from the parts upon which it was newly affused out of the arteries And as for any similar Action of the veins upon the blood they have none at all yea their office of Conserving it doth consist chiefly in their inactivity i.e. in this that they are not apt to alter or deprave it as Glass-vessells are the best to conserve liquors in because they neither communicate any ill qualities of their own nor permit the like to be communicated from others to them But that which doth principally conserve the blood in the purity of its nature is the very same thing that makes it from the beginning viz. the vital Heat and Spirits derived from the Heart which by their enlivening warmth and continuall motion do not only vindicate the blood from corruption but also all the solid parts of the body and so even the veins themselves also as long as the Lamp of life continueth burning And that being once extinguished how soon alas do all parts of the body yeeld to the quick tyranny of corruption 3 Nor hath the Heart more right to this noble office of Sanguification For Nor the Heart but the vital spirit residing in the blood that borrowes all its vital heat and activity meerly from the vital blood contained in its ventricles and distributed into its substance by the Coronary arteries Of which vital influx were the Heart deprived but for some few moments it would soon become as torpid and motionless as any other part of the whole body so far is it from exalting the Chyle into so noble a Nectar as the blood is by any similar action of its owne To assure this please you take out the yet-panting Heart of any the strongest and soundest Animal and having with warm water rinsed all the blood out of the ventricles fill them again with warm Chyle or Milk and see whether it will be able to convert the same into blood Certainly you shall find none the least change to be wrought upon the liquor infused Yet the Heart is a solid and strong part and one would scarce think it probable that that action which it is supposed to performe by reason of its solid substance should be intercepted in so short a space of time Forasmuch therefore as the Heart doth in a moments time surcease its activity and desist from the work of changing Chyle into blood as soon as the vital blood is effused out of its ventricles it is as manifest as certain that the virtue Generative of blood is not radicated in the solid substance of the Heart primarily but in somthing else viz. in that very thing upon whose absence immediately that virtue is destroyed which is the vital Blood Again the dissection of Living Animals teacheth us that the vital Heat is much greater in the ventricles than in the substance of the Heart and Reason biddeth us thence to inferr that the same Heat is originally in the ventricles and but at second hand or by way of communication in the parenchyma Now if the Activity of even the Heart it self be derived originally from the vital Blood and that the vital Blood be more powerfull than the Heart we can hardly deny the same to be the Primary Cause or Agent of Sanguification unless at least it shall appear that the vital blood is less apt for such a work than the Heart But comparing the agreeableness of the Heart to such an office with that of the vital Blood to the same we shall quickly perceive which of the two hath the greater For the vital Blood is of the same species with the thing to be made or produced but the substance of the Heart is far different from it It being therefore canonical that all Naturall Agents endeavour according to their energy to assimilate to their own nature the thing upon which they act it seems of equal certainty that the activity of the vital Blood is most properly consigned to the work of Sanguification A further evidence of this may be drawn from hence that the Chyle and Blood are most intimately mixed together in the ventricles of the Heart while the Chyle doth only superficially and in transitu touch the side of them To which may be added that the Chyle makes but a very short stay in the Heart but remains constantly commixed with the Blood untill it be thereto perfectly assimilated Lastly the blood flowing in the heart arteries and veins doth exceed the Chyle of one meal in quantity at least ten times and in strength or activity an hundred for what is more potent then that spirit which enliveneth the whole body what softer gentler and more easily superable than Chyle and therefore no doubt but the Bloud doth easily obtain the victory over the Chyle and over-run it with his own nature To secure this Assertion from all doubt whatever let us have recourse to the observations of Dr. HARVEY the true Oedipus in all abstrusities of this kind of the progress of Nature in the generation of the parts of an Animal successively one after another which alone formeth the blood in a chicken out of the Colliqua mentum and we shall soon be satisfied that the First Bloud is made by the vital spirit That great man attesteth that the white of the Egge doth for some dayes after the Hen hath sat a-brood upon it retain its native whitenesse and that out of the Colliquament or White made more thin and fluid the Chick is generated without the addition of any other matter The Question then is only this How that white colour in the Colliquamentum or so much of it as the Plastique faculty converts into blood comes to be changed into red Certain it is this cannot be effected by any thing that was red before because there is no part of the Egge of or inclining to that colour and the yelk remains intire a good while after there is bloud to be seen in the punctum saliens Nor is it the Fleshy parts that communicate this vermillion tincture to the bloud because they remain white after the bloud is made out of the Colliquamentum
and it is much more reasonable that the fleshy parts derive their rednesse wholly from the bloud perpetually irrigating and washing them in its Circulation For their rednesse grows upon them by degrees and that sooner or later according to the degrees of Heat impressed upon the Egge by the Hen and according to the greater or lesse quantity of bloud arriving at them Some parts which are but lightly touched by the bloud never become red in which account are the coats of the Eyes the Ligaments Tendons Membranes Bones c. Others obtain a certain palenesse dashed with a sparing mixture of red as the Glandules which as they are furnished with greater or smaller arteries respective to their magnitude so are they tinged with more or lesse of rednesse The Musculous flesh is more deeply died with scarlet than the Glandules as being irrigated with greater streames of bloud The Kidneys Liver Spleen Lungs and Heart are all washed with full streams of bloud and therefore have a deeper dye of rednesse than any other parts and yet are much lesse red than the bloud it self Now it is more reasonable to conceive that the Greater should communicate its virtue to the Lesser than on the contrary the Lesser to the Greater For how can any Natural Agent operate beyond the sphere of its activity i.e. the measure of its power or communicate that to another which it self wanteth Again nothing can have an activity before it hath a beeing and consequently the solid parts cannot give a rednesse to the bloud because they are not in beeing till after the bloud Nothing therefore remains to be the Efficient of the Bloud but the Vital Spirit kindled originally in the purest part of the seminal matter or Colliquamentum which we may well denominate the Vital Liquor Concerning the THIRD considerable viz. the Manner of this grand operation of the Vital Spirit The Manner how bloud is first generated in an Embryo by that Vital Spirit though it be very obscure yet doe we not think it altogether inexplicable if we deduce the bloud from its first Origine the newly mentioned Vital Liquor This Vital Liquor before it assumes the colour and forme of Bloud doth begin to separate it self from the other parts of the Egge to which it is at first promiscuously admixed and to runne its selfe out into certain slender rivulets or branchings which afterward become Veins These rivolets concurring in a point meet altogether at the centre of the Colliquamentum which centre being the principal seat of the Plastique spirit and acquiring a certain mication or pulsation is then called Punctum Saliens And all this is done before there is any the least appearance of bloud in the Egge So soon therefore as these Rivulets are conjoyned the Flux of the Vital Liquor is for some time so hindred by and repressed in them as that being indeâ—inently agitated by the Spirit of Life it aestuateth and indeavours to expand it self and enlarge its bounds and seeing that it cannot flow back againe toward the circumference by the same passages which brought it toward the centre by reason of fresh supplies of Vital Liquor pressing it forward continually in the course begun it is compelled to force it self again into the seminal matter from whence at first it began its motion through other slender conduits newly for that purpose formed and then it begins to flow in a round For this appears to be the true reason of the Circumgyration of the Vital Liquor from the very beginning Soon after this the Rivulets or pipes first made and leading from the circumference to the Centre become Veins and the others made in the second place and leading from the centre to the cicumference become Arteries which yet others disallow in respect of the fabrick of the valves and then in the poynt of their concourse or confluence the Heart is framed Through which Heart and the conduits annexed or rather continued unto it the one sort tending toward the other from ward the centre the Vital Liquor doth while life lasteth perpetuate its motion and at the same time irrigate and vivifie all parts of the matter which it continually washeth in that its circular course Now this Circulaâ—ion is begun for some time before the Vital Liquor is excocted into bloud as may be conceived from hence that when the motion of the Punctum Saliens is plainly visible there is no bloud but only a clear transparent liquor or as the Learned Harvey call's it the Colliquamentum and also from hence that while the Seminal Matter is yet thin and fluid the Vital Liquor can easily disperse its channels through the same there being then no impediment to that its expansive motion and operation but if it should defer its dispersion and making of rivulets til after the solid parts were made 't is hard to conceive how it could be able to shoot it self forth into branches and make its way through them This Dance of Life being thus begun and in what part of the Conception it is first generated viz in the Châ—rion though no Bloud yet appears yet soon after it doth appear the Vital Liquor while continually though slowly circulated by little and little assuming the form of Bloud And the place in which the bloud first shews it selfe is the Chorion not the Heart For seeing that the Chorion ought to be made solid and firme before any other of the parts of the Conception insomuch as it serveth as well for the safeguard as nourishment of all the other parts and that to this end there is no moysture comming from without that might hinder its being made solid and that the Chorion as involving the whole conception is the first part that receiveth the warmth of the Hen during her incubation we say from hence it comes that the vital Liquor doth first of all obtain the forme of Bloud in the Chorion And this is effected the sooner because the vital Liquor doth more easily emit its exhalations in that place as being in the circumference than in any other more remote from it and unlesse those exhalations were freely emitted the Spirits of the Vitall Liquor would inevitably be soon extinguished It is moreover probable that at this time the Vital Heat is more potent and active in the exteriour parts of the Conception than in the Centre and so that the First Bloud is made in the Chorion where it first discovers it self to the sight of the inspector Hence also we may observe that because there is no bloud to be discerned in the Punctum Saliens for many hours together after bloud is discernable in the Chorion therefore must the Circulation of the bloud be exceeding slow in the begining for as soon as the bloud that is in the Chorion performing its circular motion arriveth at the Heart it cannot but be discerned in the Punctum Saliens Now In the generation of Blood what are the Concurrent Extrinsecal Causes and what the
Accessary Organical these observations being undeniable we may safely assert that the Vital Spirit in the Seminal matter being excited and assisted by the external heat of the Hen sitting upon the Egge and by degrees becoming active and infusing heat into the vital Liquor wherein it doth reside doth thereupon in processe of time induce the colour of bloud and that only by means of its vital Heat and Motion and that no other part is to be reputed for Principal Agent in the work of Sanguification Neverthelesse we do not hereby exclude Concurrent extrinsecal Agents or Causes but into that account readily admit the Hen whose warmth at first both excited and assisted the Vital Spirit in the work of Sanguification and the substance of the Heart it self which afterward conduceth in some sort to the same Nor do we repudiate Accessory Organical Causes as the Fabrick of the Heart the Arteries and Veins all which are inservient to the continual motion of the bloud Only we affirme that the Vital spirit by reason of its Heat and Motion hath a just right to the dignity of Principal Agent in making of Blood We say The Conversion of the Colliquamenâ—um into Bloud by the heat and motion of the Vitall Spirit illustrated by sundry analogous Experiments and Observations By reason of its Heat and motion For that Colours frequently are advanced from a white or pale to several kinds of Red meerly by Heat and Motion is demonstrable by sundry easie and familiar Experiments Our Confectioners well know that long boyling of Quinces and other Fruits doth give them a ruddy colour So likewise Fruits baked in an oven are more inclined to redness than while they were raw The same is true also even of Flesh and Bread which by baking or rosting acquire redness in their superficial parts and some Chymists affirme that a Tincture of Bread will assume a certain degree of redness after long digestion This is not we acknowledge common to all Liquors especially simple ones for simple waters and such as are destilled suffer little or no change of colour upon decoction though long But generally all Compound Liquors especially if they contain any Nutritive juice in competent quantity and have besides any touch of salt or Acid spirits in them are observed to acquire a sanguine tincture by decoction Upon which fertile hint as we conjecture that highly Learned Industrious in Apolog. pro circulatione sanguinis advers Parisan p. 119. and Acute Person Dr. ENT seems to have grounded that ingenious opinion of his that the Redness of the Blood ariseth ex Aciditate spiritus vitalis salinei from the Acidity of the vital spirits having their original from a certain seminal salt However we have good reason to perswade our selves that all vital Liquors i. e such wherein the vital spirits of Animals do reside are apt to acquire more or less of redness provided they obtain sufficient Heat and agitation or strife in their motions This is evident in all Sanguineous Animals in which the Chyle is first white and after changeth into bloud And as for Exsanguious Animals they also give some testimony of this truth as may be instanced in Oysters in which bloud is frequently found and yet without a prodigy in summâ—r time by reason their vital Heat seems then to be augmented and in winter when their Heat is again lessened below what is requisite to induce redness their vital juice is alwayes whitish To return to sanguineous Animals as they are generally hotter of constitution than Exsanguious so are their Sanguine parts alwayes hotter than their pale and white parts In like manner in cold diseases as the Green sickness Cachexy Dropsy and in all Phlegmatique constitutions the bloud is paler than in hot diseases and constitutions Again the venal blood as it loseth the heat which it had acquired in passing through the heart and arteries so doth it proportionately by little and little lose that florid and deep scarlet dye that it had in the heart and arteries For blood let forth of a vein appears blewish and comes short of that lively fresh scarlet that is observed in bloud effluxed from an Artery All which clearly shew by whose efficiency it is that the vital juice in Sanguineous Animals is excocted into Bloud and what conserves the same in its primitive purity and lustre viz. the vital spirit continually renewed in and enlivening the blood for that being once extinguished how soon doth the bloud degenerate into Cruor and lose its fresh scarlet tincture Having thus investigated what that is That the same Agent which maketh the first blood in an Embryo doth make it ever after in an Animal dâ—ring life which makes the First Bloud in an Embryo by converting the vital Liquor from a white into a purple Nectar we cannot be long in exploring what that is which in Animals maketh bloud all the life after by converting the Chyle likewise from a white into a red liquor It is an infallible rule you know that the identity of Effects dependeth upon the identity of Causes because an effect is not supposed to be untill it hath obtained existence from its proper causes and at the same time the causes give that existence they cannot but give also the identity belonging to it All which is imported in that common Axiome Idem quà idem semper facit idem For though Free and Arbitrary Causes may act at liberty and by varying the manner of their operating vary also their effects yet Natural ones are bound up to a determinate mode of energie and must as long as they continue the same act after one and the same way and so produce invariably the same effects Forasmuch therefore as the Efficient of the First Blood is an Agent Natural and not Arbitrary if it continue the same in an Animal while the Animal lives it must of necessity continue the same operation That it doth continue the very same during life is most certain because it is the Principle of life nor can life subsist for so much as one moment without it Nor doth this Efficient of Bloud only persist the same in the body that it was at the first conception but growes every day more vigorous potent and fit for the work untill the Animal hath attained to the flower of his age and to imagine that an Agent Natural such as the Vital Spirit should at any time become idle intermit its operation and not exercise all its forces is grossely absurd Conclude we therefore that the Vital Spirit as it is the Efficient Cause of Sanguification in the Embryo from the first Conception so is it constantly Author of the same work untill the Animal dieth OF THE VSES OF THE BLOOD Exercitation the Fifth IT followeth now Artâ—cle 1. that we enquire To what End Nature hath consigned so continuall a province That the Bloud is not the General Nourishment of the body Because as this of Sanguification to that
subtile Agent the Vital Spirit or more plainly of what Use the Bloud is in Sanguineous Animals Concerning this there are for ought we know but Two opinions extant the One that the Blood is the general Nutriment of the body or Matter by which the substance of the parts is daily instaurated the Other that it serveth both for the maintenance of the vital Flame which cannot subsist without a perpetual supply of convenient fewell and for the refection of vital spirits The Former though very antient and generally embraced yet in our judgment deserveth to give place to the Latter because though the Latter be new and as it were of but yesterdayes standing yet it hath much more of probability as may be evinced by these ensuing Arguments 1 It is well known The contrary opinion is subject to sundry both inexplicable difficulties and irreconcileable incongruities that Aristotle in many places of his works hath earnestly contended Sanguinem esse ultimum totius corporis alimentum that the bloud is the ultimate or most perfect Aliment of the whole body and that the whole School of Physicians hath given its suffrage to verifie that his Tenent And yet many things not easie to be explicated and lesse easie to be reconciled one to another may be observed to attend thereupon For Physicians when in their Physiological discourses they treat of the nature of the Bloud and endeavour to make good that it serveth to no other use but only to afford Nutriment to the body they suppose it to be a substance not simple and homogeneous but mixt and compounded of Four several juices promiscuously flowing together in the same streams deducing their principal argument hereof from the Combinations of the Four First Elementary Qualities as they call them and accordingly teaching that the ingredients of bloud are the two sorts of Bile or Choler viz. the yellow and the blackish Phlegme and Blood properly so called Further of each of these different humours They make some Nutritive as assuming the whole body to be made up of them others Excrementitious and then They decree that the bloud doth consist of those diverse Nutritious humors as of Heterogeneous parts After though they allow the Phlegme to be the colder and cruder part and so capable of conversion into good and laudable blood by more intense heat and longer concoction and likewise allow the Choler to be convertible into Melancholy by adustion and blood to be convertible into both choler and melancholy by the same means yet will they by no means admit of a regression of either Choler or Melancholy into blood Now if these things be true as may well be doubted and that there is no possible regresse of Melancholy into Choler nor of Choler into laudable Blood then will it inevitably follow that all the other three juices are but only in Order to Melancholy and that Melancholy is the principall and most perfectly concocted Aliment Nay more They must grant two sorts of Blood the one the whole masse of blood contained in the veines and composed of those four humours The other the more pure more florid and more spiritual part thereof which in a stricter sense they call blood and which some will have to be contained only in the heart and arteries apart from the venous blood as deputed to peculiar and more noble Uses Now according to this distinction it is manifest that not the pure arteriall bloud is the nourishment of the body but the baser composed of diverse juices or rather chiefly the Melancholy to which as to their ultimate term or perfection the three others tend And how incongruous it is to conceive that the body is nourished either with impure juices or with Melancholy a cold dry and earthly humour as they define it is obvious to men of even the shallowest understandings 2 If the Blood were the Universal Aliment of the body There are sundry parts into whoâ—e substance the blood is not admitted then certainly no part could be nourished at which the blood doth not arrive but we see that many parts are nourished as the Brain Bones Nerves Ligaments Testicles c. to which notwithstanding the blood is not so brought as to be admitted into their substance and therefore the blood is not the Universal Nourishment We â—ay so as to be admitted into their very substance for though blood be found in those parts yet doth it not penetrate deeply into them as the Nutritive juice ought to do lib. de Alimento alimenti enim vis saith Hippocrates ad ossa usque pervenit ossium partes The blood doth indeed touch upon those parts in its running round the body and but only touch them and for this reason that all the parts may be cherished and enlivened by the Vitall Spirits which it carrieth along with it Thus in the Brain veins are no where found but disseminated upon the Membranes that are their support the Plexus Choroides and some other few places excepted Which perhaps is the reason 1 Hist. an c. 16. why Aristotle denyed any blood to be contained in the brain because it is not effused into the substance thereof as it is into the fleshy or musculous parts 3 Men that are fat and plump Fat men generally have the least blood and Lean the most have but little blood and such as are spare and lean have abundance which could not be if blood were matter of nourishment And because Lean persons have much blood therefore are they more lively couragious and active as abounding with Spirits in proportion to their great quantity of blood Hence is it also that Lean persons bear large evacuation of blood without detriment of health because their fleshy and musculous parts as being firme and solid drink up the least quantity of bloud in their pores and so there remains the more for the fewel of the Vitall Lamp Whereas on the contrary grosse and fat persons suffer great dammage by large effusion of bloud because the habit of their bodies being despoyled of Spirits and hotter bloud is filled with serous humours and so easily degenerateth into a Cachexy In like manner in a gross body where are more parts to be nourished there ought to be the more bloud to nourish them but grosse men for the most part eate much lesse than lean because they have lesse veins and being inclined to sedentary and unactive lives they consume but few Spirits For it is but a small portion of the Chyle that is converted into the Succus Nutritius the dissipation of the substance of the parts being neither so suddain nor great as hath been vulgarly conceived as we formerly explicated and the rest after its unprofitable parts are separated being brought to the heart is mostly consumed in Spirits Such things therefore as relieve the Spirits suddainly satisfie our hunger as good wine 2 Sect. Aph. 36. Whence that Aphorism of Hippocrates Famem vini potio solvit because vvine revives the
have undergone severall Circulations and as many fresh Accensions in the Heart For in every Circulation they grow more and more subtile and agile and so must at length be brought to the requisite height of volatility To which having once attained in the very next Circulation though they are restrained and kept in by the sides of the heart and coats of the arteries while they remain therein being diffused upon the outward parts of the body as they warm and vivify those parts so do they soon flye away and disperse themselves into air And while these thus flye away other Spirits lesse volatile are by the colder temperament of the parts by which they pass somewhat repressed so that the force of their expansive motion is much abated the Mication or panting of the bloud interrupted and the bloud wherein they are of Arterial or vital bloud is made venouse or Natural and such it continueth untill the next circulation bring it again to the heart there to be kindled afresh and exalted to the due heat of vitality Which once acquired it recovers its intermitted motion of Mication or rising and falling alternately and yeeldeth a fresh supply of spirits vital which being transmitted to the habit of the body are soon dispersed like the former And thus is the vital Flame kept alive at no lesse expence The Reason of the Mication or panting motion of the Blood in the arteries than a continual dissipation of the most votatile spirits of the blood For that vital Heat ariseth from within and the most subtile spirits are the first Movers to the excitement thereof the motion by which they do it being their indeavour to expand themselves and to dilate their bounds while the other grosser elements or ingredients of the bloud oppose them therein And this strife or Counter-activity of the spirits on one part and of the grosser ingredients of the blood on the other doth exhibite the general Essence of Heat To which may be added this short observation that in this Contention one while the spirits prevailing do lift up or swell the mass of bloud another while the grosser elements the contraction of the Heart and arteries assisting them prevailing countermand and interrupt that expansive motion and that by this alternate conquest of these Antagonists is made the Mication or Rising and Falling of the blood the one in the Dilatation the other in the Contraction of the Heart and arteries Forasmuch therefore as the vital Heat doth consist in the rarefactive motion of the spirits and the renitence of the grosser parts of the bloud and that the spirits for the most part at least alternately obtain the victory and dominion over their opponents it seems most consentaneous to truth that this vital Heat cannot be preserved without a perpetual expence of the most pure i.e. the most volatile spirits of the blood and consequently necessary that during life fresh spirits must be perpetually minted out of the blood to defray that vast and continual expence And this we conceive to be the true progress of Nature from the first reception of the spirits contained in the Aliment to their education into the Chyle their sublimation in the heart their gradual exaltation to the highest degree of volatility and lastly their dissipation through the skin into aer upon which depends the Conservation of the vital Heat and the continual Generation of the vital Spirits OF THE MOTION OF THE BLOOD ITS CONDITIONS AND CAVSES Exercitation the Sixth Of the Motion of the Blood its Conditions and Causes NAture which in all her works hath the End The Method of the Chapter and Means conducing to that End alwayes closely connected in one idea having ordained the perpetual generation of this vital Nectar the Blood in Animals for the Uses in the precedent Chapter recited that she might not be deficient in the means requisite to fulfill those Uses hath also ordained that the blood should be carried from the Fountain to all the parts in living streams by a certain admirable Motion necessary to its distribution through the whole body Now that we may fully understand the nature of this Motion we are to consider 1 the Manner 2 the Conditions 3 the Causes of it Concerning the FIRST we observe That the Motion of the blood is Circular that the blood is continually carried or rather driven from its fountain the Heart in the centre of the body by the Arteries to the circumference and back again from the circumference to the centre by the veins irrigating cherishing and vivifying all the parts as it passeth along and that therefore this Motion was by the glorious Inventer of it Dr. Harvey called the Circulation of the blood quòd Ejus enim semper redeat labor actus in orbem For in the first place From the Vena Cava into the right Ventricle of the heart the blood is effused out of the vena Cava into the right ventricle of the Heart as may be evidently seen in living Animals dissected especially in Coneys For if the trunck of the vena Cava be bound with a ligature both above and below the heart you may perceive all the blood contained in the space betwixt the ligatures to be speedily discharged into the right ventricle of the heart to which the vena Cava is conjoyned From the right ventricle of the heart it is the heart contracting it self expelled into the vena arteriosa From the right Ventricle by the Vena arteriosa into the Lungs and so into the Lungs but not through the septum transversum or middle partition of the heart as some have imagined conceiving the same to have some certain obscure passages from the right into the left ventricle only because they could without much violence thrust a style or probe through it when indeed those passages are not made by Nature but by the point of the probe the flesh of the heart being so tender as that it is easily penetrated by any hard and pointed instrument though but gently intruded Passing through the vena arteriosa into the very substance of the Lungs the bloud is immediately returned into the venosa arteria From the Lungs through the Arteria Venosa into the left Ventricle and through that into the Left ventricle of the Heart This is demonstrable thus Having made a ligature upon the great branch of the Arteria venosa neer the pericardium in the lungs of an Animal yet living you may observe that branch to be soon filled and much distended with bloud in that part which is toward the lungs and that emptied and flaccid that is next the heart and upon remove of the ligature the bloud will flow amain from the lungs to the left ventricle Now there being no other way by which this bloud can flow to the left ventricle but from the lungs it must of necessity descend thence by the Arteria venosa The left ventricle having thus taken in a quantity of bloud
answerable to its capacity From the left ventricle into the great Artery and thence into the smaller Arteries the heart instantly contracting it self expelleth the same at least good part thereof into the Great Artery arising from the left ventricle thence into the lesser arteries and so into the substance of the flesh from whence the bloud is intruded into the capillary veins by them into the greater veins from them into the vena Cava and at length into the right ventricle of the heart there to begin the same circular progress again We say from the capillary arteries into the substance of the Flesh. From the smallest Arteries through the substance of the flesh into the smallest veins For as to those who will have the bloud to pass out of the small arteries into the small veins per Anastomoses by certain inosculations or open passages from those into these we challenge them to demonstrate to the sense any such way of entercourse or communication betwixt arteries and veins in the whole habit of the body and Dr. Harvey did the same before us when He said De Anastomosi venarum arteriarum de mot cord sang cap. 9. ubi sit quomodo sit qua de caussa neminem hactenus rectè quicquam dixisse suspicari licet And why may not the blood be as wel conceived to permeate through the pores of the flesh as water through the pores of the earth the sweat through the skin the serum through the parenchyma of the Kidneys or as the same blood through the thick substance of the Liver Nor is only that bloud brought back to the heart by the vena Cava How the New-made blood is circâ—â—lated with 〈◊〉 old which passed through it before but the stream is augmented by the accesse of fresh Chyle also imported into the subclavian branches of the same vena Cava and thence into the right ventricle of the heart For this is not only easie to be done in respect of the vicinity of the ascendent and descendent trunck of the vena cava to the right ventricle but also necessary there being no other way for the new supply of bloud to passe and that it is done this experiment doth testifie The vena cava being bound both above and below the heart all the bloud contained betwixt the two ligatures will in a very short space be discharged into the right ventricle Again the Heart seems to immit more bloud into the Great Artery That more blood passeth through the heart in an hour than can be supplied from the chyle in severall dayes in the space of one hour than the proportion of Chyle can amount to in several dayes For in most men the Heart makes more than 3000. pulses in an hour and at every systole it expells some bloud out of its left ventricle into the Aorta as may be sensibly demonstrated by this that upon a ligation of the Aorta neer the heart and an incision made betwixt the ligature and the heart you may observe some quantity of blood more or lesse to be squirted forth by the incision at every systole unlesse the heart be grown weak and languid and yet even in that case some quantity of bloud will issue forth at the hole once in 3 or 4 pulses Nay when the cone or point of the heart is cut off and the heart held upright though the ventricles be not then full yet will some bloud be squeezed out of them every time the heart contracts it self 2 cap. de mat cord sanguin and that to the distance of 3 or 4 feet as Dr. Harvey observeth As for the Quantity of bloud admitted into the ventricles of the heart when it is dilated The Necessity of the Circulation inferred from three considerations viz. and expelled into the Great Artery when it is again contracted it cannot be precisely determined For if in the same individual person the motion of the heart being sometimes more strong and swift and sometimes more weak and slow doth make the Circulation of the blood more swift or more slow proportionately certainly in the species it must be impossible to commensurate the quantity of blood passing through the heart at every pulse since there is great variety among men in respect of their different temperaments ages sexes diet exercises passions and the like all which vary the pulse and consequently the motion of the blood However that some satisfaction may be given to enquirers herein we are to consider Three things viz. 1 How much blood may be contained in the heart of a Man in its Diastole 2 How much may be expelled out of it in its Systole 3 and How many Pulses or Diastole's and Systoles the heart doth commonly in healthy and temperate men make in an hour Concerning the First the quantity of blood contained in the heart in its Diastole there are different observations Harvey saith that in a mans heart dilated he found more than two ounces of bloud Plempius affirms that he found almost two ounces Riolan will allow scarce half an ounce in the left ventricle but somewhat more in the right And Hogeland comes much lower admitting only one dragme But all men generally grant that the whole masse of blood contained in the body doth seldome exceed 24 pounds or pints and as seldome come short of 15. Concerning the quantity expelled out of it in its Systole the Second we say that in every systole is expelled either the fourth or fifth or sixth or at least the eighth part of the bloud received into the heart at the precedent Diastole Harvey supposeth at least one dragme and proves that his supposition from the suddain effusion of all the mass of blood if but the least artery be cut and because all the blood may be transmitted through the heart in the space of half an hour He thereupon concludes for certain that much blood is expelled into the great Artery at every systole Conringius also makes the same compute Walaeus and Sleyelius admit half an ounce but compute only from one scruple Hogeland acquiesceth in one dragme And Thom. Bartholinus brings it down to only half a scruple But they all agree that in the contraction of the heart the sides of the ventricles are not drawn so close together as to expell all the bloud contained in them Concerning the Third The Number of Pulses in the space of an hour we remember that Primrose reckons 700. pulses in an hour Riolan 2000 Waleus and Regius 3000. Cardan 4000 Plempius 4450 Sleyelius 4876 Bartholinus 4400 or thereabouts and Harvey about 2000 each one numbering the pulses in his own wrist Now from these three things premised we may collect how much bloud may be expelled out of the left ventricle of the heart into the Aorta in the space of one hour according to the several numerations of pulses viz. From ℈ j 3000 times repeated there arise lb 10 â„¥ 5 Of
blood passing thorough the heart into the arteries in one houre ℈ j 4000 lb 13 ℥ 10 ʒ5 ℈ j ℈ j 4450 lb 15 ʒ3 ℈ j ℈ ss 4400 lb 7 ℥ 7 ʒ5 ℈ j ℈ j 2000 lb 20 ℥ 10 ℈ ij 2000 lb 41 ℥ 8 ℥ ss 2000 lb 83 ℥ 4 ℥ j 2000 lb 166 ℥ 8 Again setting it down for a ground that the quantity of blood contained in the whole body doth amount only to lb 15. for that is according to the most modest accompt and allowing some part thereof to be consumed by the Lamp of life and as much to be supplied out of the Chyle we may inferre these 4 necessary Conclusions 1 That more blood is transmitted through the heart once in every hour than can be supplied out of the Chyle in many hours 2 That all the blood in the body is transmitted through the heart once in a quarter or half or a whole hour or in two hours at most 3 That so much is not required to the conservation of the vital Flame and the confection of vital spirits 4 That since the vessells are not broken that the blood cannot return back out of the heart nor be any wayes dissipated it is absolutely necessary that the blood must return to the heart again by the veins or be Circulated perpetually as the immortall Dr. Harvey hath demonstrated Nor is this Circulation of the blood only Particular to some Arteries and Veins as some have inconsiderately imagined but Universal or common to them all That the Circulation is Vniversal in all the Arteries and veins of the whole body throughout the whole body For though it be indeed more demonstrable to the sense in the Limbs where the vessells being ample and conspicuous admit of ligatures more conveniently than those in the Inwards yet doth observation teach us that the motion of the blood is the very same in the very Entralls also In particular that we may deduce it through the most conspicuous Arteries and veins of other interior parts beside those already mentioned the blood is carried in the Abdomen to the Testicles by the spermatick Arteries from them by the spermatick veins into the left Emulgent and vena Cava Intestines by the Mesenterick Arteries from them by the Mesenterick veins into the Ramus Mesentericus and thence into the vena Portae Spleen by the left Celiacal Artery from it by the Ramus splenicus into the vena Portae and thence directly into the Liver Stomack and Omentum by other branches of the Celiacal Artery from them by the Gastrick and Epiploical veins into the Ramus splenicus thence into the vena Portae and so to the Liver Kidneys by the Emulgent Arteries from them by the Emulgent veins into the vena cava Outside of the Heart by the Coronary Artery back again by the Coronary vein into the vena Cava Thorax to the Pleura by the Intercostal Arteries from it by the veins thereof into the vena Azygos and thence into the vena Cava Head to the Membranes of the Braine by the Carotides and Neck-Arteries which tend to the four Cells of the brain but are not therein terminated as some Anatomists have thought from them by the jugular veins into the ascendent trunck of the VENA CAVA All which is discoverable to the sense by binding those vessels in Animals cut up alive For the swelling caused in either vein or Arterie by the flux of bloud there arrested will alwayes appear on that side the ligature from whence the blood flowes Here we are to advertise that in the Foetus or Infant-unborn the manner of the Circulation of the bloud But after a peculiar manner in an Infant unborn through the vessels of the Heart is different from that we have described For the blood is not carried from the Mothers womb into the Umbilical Arteries but from the Placenta Uterina in which those Arteries are terminated into the Umbilical vein which conducteth it along to the Liver of the Foetus from whence it is transmitted by the Vena Cava into the right Ventricle of the heart Being brought thither it is transferred into the Vena Arteriosa but because the Lungs are not yet moved as after the birth in respiration and so their vessels are not dilated and contracted alternately and consequently they can neither receive the blood out of the Vena Arteriosa not impell it into the Arteria Venosa therefore hath the providence of Nature contrived and framed Two peculiar passages the one a conduit or pipe conveying the blood from the Vena Arteriosa into the Great Arterie the other certain foramen hole or inlett by which the bloud passeth from the Vena Cava into the Arteria Venosa thence into the left Ear of the heart and so down into the left Ventricle From thence as well as that from the Vena Arteriosa it is infused into the Great Arterie So that in an unborn Infant Nature useth the two Ventricles of the heart as if they were but one and this lest the infant should have his Blood too hot and adust while he wants the ventilation of the air and expulsion of fuliginous exhalations through the Lungs From the Great Arterie the bloud is sent into the Umbilical Arteries which return it to the Placenta Uterina where permeating the substance thereof it is again infused into the small branches or rather roots of the Umbilical vein by them into the trunk and at length into the Liver Vena Cava and Heart as before Having thus explained by what wayes the blood is moved in a round This Motion of the blood is it follows that we consider the CONDITIONS of that its motion Concerning which we observe that the Circulation of the blood is 1 Continuall Continual For since the Heart is continually in motion and takes in blood in its Diastole and dischargeth the same again in its Systole never intermitting that its proper action but in great swooning fits or in the very article of death it is necessary that the motion of the bloud be likewise continuall 2 Vehement as may be inferred from the hardness and distention of an arterie vehement or vein bound with a ligature For nothing can be distended to great hardness by a thin and liquid matter especially upward unless that matter be with vehemence impelled into and retained in it But this vehemence of the motion is greatest neer the heart and is afterward diminished by degrees according to the severall degrees of distance from the heart so that the extream arteries have but little pulse unless it happens that the impellent force of the heart be encreased as in Fevers Inflammations Violent exercise some passions c. Which is also the reason why the veins have no pulse the impulse of the blood being less in them than in the smallest arteries 3 Swift swift For an artery or vein being compressed by ligature will swell up and be distended as it were
in a moment and the blood may be observed to flow in its course very swiftly so soon as the ligature is removed But how swiftly is not easily determined there being so great variety of Causes Natural Non-naturall and Preternatural that accelerate or retard the flux of the blood only thus may be inferred from the precedent compute of the number of Pulses and the quantity of blood expelled out of the left ventricle of the heart in every systole That the whole mass of blood doth pass through the heart once in an hour or two at most Yet is not the current of blood neer so swift in its channels while they are whole as when one of them vein or artery is cut because in that case the blood streams forth into the free and easily-yielding aer without any resistance but being confined in its vessels it is forced to distend them and drive-on the foregoing current 4 As swift in the Veines as in the Arteries For Of equall velocity in the Arteries and veins though the impulse be more vehement in the atteries as being continued to the heart than in the veins and therefore it might seem reasonable at first consideration that the motion should be proportionately more swift in the arteries yet considering that the Arteries are still smaller and smaller toward their extremities that the flux of the blood must needs be more and more retarded as it approacheth those extremities and on the contrary that the veins grow wider and wider from their extremities to the centre of the body and so the blood hath still larger and larger spaces to run through in its return to the heart we may safely conclude conjecturally that the velocity of the motion is as great in the veins as in the arteries This is also confirmed by sense for the Vena Cava in all that tract from the Liver to the subclavian division may be observed to beat as often as the Great Artery and so must import blood into the right Ventricle as fast as the Aorta doth export it from the left Which doubtless is the reason why the Vena Cava hath fleshy Fibres upon it when it approacheth the heart Nevertheless we conceive the motion to be swifter in the Arteries when the heart contracting it self doth impell the blood into and through them than when dilating it self again it doth intermit that its impulse Which is true likewise of the blood in the veins as may be sometimes observed in Phlebotomy when the ligature is not so streight as to cause much distension of the vein in which the incision is made for in that case the blood wil flow forth more swiftly every time the heart is contracted And these are the Conditions of this admirable motion of the blood Lastly concerning the CAUSE of this motion it is necessary that the blood be moved either by it self or by some other principle and if it be the Author of its own motion then that must be in respect of either an inherent motive-Faculty or of its Ebullition or of its Rarefaction or of its Quantity whereby the Ventricles of the heart are distended and so irritated as to discharge the same by contracting themselves If the motion be derived from an External principle then it must be referred either to Attraction or to Vection or to Pulsion Let us therefore see which of all these may be the most likely cause of the Motion of the blood First That the bloud is not the cause of its own Motion The blood not the cause of its owne motion in respect of any motive Faculty inherent in it ratione insitae sibi Facultatis by reason of any inherent Faculty may be inferred from hence that in bloud effused out of its vessels into the body or any other receiver no motion at all can be observed and it is hard to conceive that it should be so corrupted in a moment as wholly to lose a faculty essential to it Dr. Harvey we confess affirmeth that he observed a certain obscure motion of the blood in the right ear of the Heart where He supposeth the motion of the Heart first to begin and last to end after the Ear had ceased to move but we refer that to the Mication of the blood from the Vital Spirits not yet wholly extinguished Secondly That it is not the Author of its own motion Nor in respect of its Ebullition ratione Ebullitionis which Arist. calls 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is manifest from these subsequent reasons 1 No Ebullition can be constantly equall or of the same tenour but the Pulse of the heart and so the motion of the bloud is in temperate and healthy men for the most part equall 2 As the Ebullition is greater so would the pulse but in burning Fevers the Ebullition is extream great by reason of the great intension of the heat and yet the pulse is frequently small and weak as also in the beginning of putrid Fevers as Galen long since remarked 3 The blood suffers no ebullition as it passeth through the heart For if in the dissection of a living Animal you make an incision either into the left Ventricle of the heart or into the Great Artery neer it you shall perceive the blood flowing out at the hole to be pure and such as before it came into the heart not frothy boyling or rarefied and to continue such as at its first efflux yea more if you receive the blood issuing from an incision of the Vena Cava in one sawcer and that issuing from the left Ventricle in another you shall not be able to discern any difference betwixt the one and the other either soon or a good while after An invincible argument against the Ebullition of the blood first imagined by Aristotle and since defended by many great men his sectators 4 The plunging an arme or legg into cold water would suppress the Ebullition and consequently the motion of the blood For if you apply a close ligature to a mans arme and then immerge the same into cold water or Snow upon solution of the ligature he shall find the blood returning to his heart with so great a sense of cold as very much to offend him Which cold arising to the bloud from its being long detained in the extremities of the arme bound Dr. Harvey will have to be the cause of swooning immediately after blood-letting in many men the heart receiving injury from that acquired cold Thirdly Not ratione Rarefactionis because 1 in living dissections Nor of its Rarefaction where the heart yet continueth its motion no man ever hath or can observe any such thing as rarefied blood to flow from either the left ventricle or the Great Artery if cut but pure and such as is from the Ears let down into the ventrices 2 The Heart it self when cut in pieces or wounded may be observed to beat yet not from any rarefaction of the blood for then it hath no blood in
either of its Ventricles or Ears 3 It hath been observed in Doggs that after the point of the heart hath been cut off and the remainder turn'd upside down though the ventricles could not be halfe full the blood hath yet been squirted forth at the top even to the distance of three or four feet which were impossible in case the rarefaction of the blood were the cause of its motion 4 The musculous flesh of the heart is more firme and strong than to be subject to inflation and detumescence meerly from the rarefaction of the blood It must be a more forceible Agent that moves that great and weighty machine of the heart 5 If the blood were so much rarefied in the Ventricles then certainly ought the orifices of the Vena Arteriosa and Aorta to have been much larger because the blood would have required more room for its egress than for its ingress 6 The motion of the heart and of its valves would be confused for the Diastole of this and opening of them would happen at the same time and consequently the valves would become useless both which are repugnant to experience Besides the opening and shutting of the valves would be co-incident with the Systole of the Great Artery 7 That the blood should be rarefied in the heart and in a moment again refrigerated in the arteries is contrary both to sense and reason and if the rarefaction should so soon cease why is it at all It remains therefore that if the blood be the efficient of its own motion it must be so only ratione Quantitatis But of its Quantity distending the Ventricles of the heart by reason of its quantity filling and distending the Ventricles of the heart and irritating them to discharge it by contracting or shurting themselves For the heart being as it were burdened with the blood distending its cavities doth contract its Fibers and so its Ventricles to vindicate it self from that oppression no otherwise than the stomach guts bladder womb c. which being extended by meat chyle wind urine and the infant drive themselves together by the help of their Fibers and so exclude that was burdensome to them And thus is it probable that the Heart is continually moved by the blood like a Mill perpetually agitated by a stream of water which stream being cut off the motion instantly ceaseth This may be credited upon the force of this one experiment if the Vena Cava be intercepted by a ligature so soon as the heart hath disburdened it self of what blood it hath received from thence it instantly remitteth its motion and upon letting in the stream again by removing the ligature it as suddenly recovers it Than which there cannot be a more convincing argument that the quantity of the blood flowing into the ventricles is a cause of the motion of the heart and so of its own motion We say A Cause not the only cause for we shall soon find another efficient as necessary and immediate Thâ— blood not moved by Attraction to the motion as the blood in the respect mentioned That nothing doth Attract the blood either to or from the heart is evident from hence that in Nature there is no such thing as the motion of a body by attraction as hath been by solid and irrefutable arguments proved by that heroical wit Apolog pro circulat sang advers Parisan â—pag 27. ad 49. and most accomplish't Scholar Dr. Ent and also by our selves in the beginning of our discourse of Occult Qualities whither for expedition sake we referr the unsatisfied Nor is it moved per modum Vectionis by way of Carriage Nor by Vection For nothing can be imagined to carry along the blood in its course but the spirits and those would in respect of their Levity carry it only upward but we see that the blood is moved also downward and ad latera It remains therefore that the blood is moved in round But by Impulsion of the heart endowed with a Pulsifick Faculty per modum Pulsionis by impulsion or protrusion and the Impellent can be no other but the Heart contracting it self and so expelling the blood contained in its ventricles into the Great Artery from whence it is urged or pressed forwards into the smaller arteries by the succeeding current We conceive therefore that the Heart is endowed with a certain Motive-virtue inhaerent and essentiall called the Pulsifick Faculty which is conjoyned as a concomitant cause with the blood it self in giving it a due motion whether it be that this Faculty doth regulate the influx and efflux of the blood which would otherwise be irregular or that of it self it produceth the motion which cannot be afterward continued in case the flux of the blood be once interrupted That this Faculty is necessary may be inferred from these Reasons 1 As the Pulse so the influx of the bloud would be alwayes unequall unless it were regulated by a Faculty 2 When the bloud is moved vehemently in Fevers by the intense heat agitating and urging it and in men at the point of death propter extremos naturae conatus by reason of Natures agony and last efforts yet is the pulse more weak and low than at other times because the Pulsifick Faculty is either much opprest or much weakned On the other side though the Faculty continue strong yet is the influx of the bloud much diminished after large haemorrhages or upon great obstructions of the capillary arteries and veins in the habit of the body Which consideration seems to us sufficient to import the necessity of conjoyning a Pulsifick Faculty with the quantity of the blood distending and so molesting the Heart as a double proxime cause of the bloods motion 3 Though the heart be cut in pieces yet will each piece have a kind of weak pulsation as long as it continues warme which in all probability is to be ascribed to the Faculty implanted in all its Fibres and not yet utterly destroyed 4 It would be derogatory to the majesty of that Prince of all the parts the Heart to be moved by the violent impulse of an external principle and it self conduce nothing thereunto Notwithstanding these reasons alleaged we dare not set up our rest in this doctrine of the Ancients concerning a Pulsifick Faculty implanted in the heart only we have recited it as the most probable Conjecture of all others touching this abstruse Argument the proxime Cause of the Motion of the blood Nor shall we adhere to it longer than untill we shall be so happy as to meet with a more satisfactory solution of that admirable Phaenomenon In the mean time Modesty commands us to declare that we find this Knot to be too hard and intricate for the teeth of our weak understanding And well may we make this acknowledgment when the subtle Frucastorius after a long scrutiny into the same subject was at length forced to desist with Motum cordis soli Deo cognitum
the impulse of the heart indiscriminately and equally to all parts of the body yet each part doth admit and receive only those parts of the blood which in respect of the magnitude and figure of their minute particles are most correspondent or agreeable to the magnitude and figure of its slender passages and pores and exclude the others wherein is no such analogy or suitableness And hence doubtless is it that the serous part of the blood is determinately imported into the Kidneys the Phlegmatique into the stomach and guts the Bilious into the Liver c. rather than into any other parts the capillary branches of the arteries and the insensible pores of the substance of each of those parts being in magnitude figure and situation respectively accommodated or adapted to the receiving and imbibing of the humor brought to it And for the Separation of each of these Humours thus admitted into these or those parts Which is also the Cause of the Separation of particulasâ— Excrements in particular parts we conceive it likewise to belong to the very same Cause as their Reception or Admission doth viz to the determinate magnitude and figure of the insensible passages and pores in the Parenchyma of this or that part Because the separation of each Excrement is effected by a kind of Cribration or Percolation and in all percolations the particles of the matter transmitted ought both in magnitude and figure to hold an analogy with the pores of the body through which they are transmitted Now that the Parenchymata of the separatory organs named are endowed with various secret passages and pores of different magnitudes and figures is manifest from hence that their component particles are variously contexed in one more loosely rarely and thinly in another more closely densly and thickly and the vessells and Fibers running through them as variously formed in magnitude longitude position number c. and where such variety is it doth necessitate an equal diversity of pores which are nothing else but the void spaces betwixt the solid particles And that these Excrements may be to omit that they are easily transmitted through such narrow and slender passages and pores however inconspicuous and undiscernable by the sense cannot appear difficult or incredible to any man who shall but observe how blood will issue forth of the skin if it be pricked with the point of even the smallest needle And thus much of the Former part of this previous Disquisition As for the Other though the Colatures which Nature hath instituted The Differences of Colatures used by Nature in the separation of Humors in the body for the separation of Humors in the body be manifold and various yet may they all be commodiously reduced to Two Kinds all being in order either to Nutrition or to Excretion Of the First Kind we have an example in the Nutrition of the Fibers and Membranous parts of the body For it is most probable that those parts if not all the rest are nourished by the Succus Nutritius brought to them through the Nervs and that Aliment being somewhat glutinous like the white of an Egg cannot easily penetrate into their substance without the help of a certain thin and watery vehicle which having once done that office of introducing the succus nutritius into these parts becometh thenceforth unprofitable to them and so is presently discharged by the Lympheducts into more ample spaces Of the Other Kind there are Three distinct sorts Whereof the First is when the thicker humor is retained and the thinner rejected of which we have an example in the Kidneys where the serum is transmitted into the Ureters and bladder while the pure blood is retained to be returned into the vena Cava by the Emulgent veins The same is also effected in the separation of Sweat Tears and spittle The Second contrary to the first is when the thinner humor is retained and the thicker rejected as in the coats of the stomach and guts where the Mucous Excrement or Phlegme is transmitted into their cavities and the blood retained to be sent by the veins into the vena portae and in the brain in which the like Mucus is separated from the blood and deduced into the palate and nostrills The Third when two humors of equal consistence or thicknesse are separated one from the other this being retained and that rejected And this Colature is performed in the parenchyma of the Liver For the Fellous humor and the blood while warm are very â—eer of equall thickness and yet hath nature found out a certain way of percolation which easily distinguisheth and separateth them each from other A thing far transcending the industry of man who can make no Artificial Colature by which two Liquors of equall conâ—istence may be separated one from another These Considerations premised in the General we now at length come to explicate the Particular Manner how each Excrement is separated in its peculiar place The blood in its Circulation being by the pulse of the heart The Reason and Manner of the separation of the serum from the blood in the Kidneys impelled into the Emulgent Arteries flowes along into the several branches or ramifications of them and at length into the smaller succses or capillary arteries which running out into smaller and smaller threads till they become inconspicuous lose themselves in various parts of the substance of the Kidneys infusing the blood yet commixt with the serum into the same This Parenchyma or substance of the Kidneys consisting of various parts diversly contexed and conformed and having Pores of different magnitudes and figures and positions running through it whereof some pores are more accommodate in magnitude and figure to the minute particles of the blood and others more correspondent to those of the Serum the blood taketh its way through one sort of pores into the capillary branches of the Emulgent veins that lye open and ready to receive it in all parts of the parenchyma and thence to lead it along into the Vena Cava and the Serum taketh its course through the other sort of pores into the Papillary Caruncles which being pervious into the branches of the Ureters in like manner variously dispersed up and down so as to receive it from the Carâ—ncles convey the same into the truncks of the Ureters themselves from whence it spontaneously destilleth into the Bladder which by contracting of its self expelleth it in Urine And this we conceive to be the true manner of the Percolation of the Serum made in the substance of the Kidneys When the Celiacal and Mesenterick Arteries have by those their branches Of the Phlegmatick Excrement in the stomach and guts that tend to those parts brought the blood not yet purified from the Phlegmatique Excrement both Acid and Insipid into the capillary arteries disseminated upon the coats of the Stomach and Intestines in which there is a diversity of Pores or insensible passages some direct some oblique in a word
aer moderately cold is beneficial to the heart when it is excessively heated so is aer moderately hot beneficial when the heart is too much cooled But while the heart is in good temper then the aer most agreeable to it is neither hot nor cold but temperate 2 It is inconsistent with the prudence of Nature to make the natural heat of the heart so intense and excessive as to require perpetual ventilation with cold aer when it had been much easier for Her to have kindled a more gentle fire there in at first than to bring cold aer to the hearth with so much adoe to keep it in moderation ever after And in case that-Fire should chance at any time to grow less or languish as it often doth in extreme cold aer many men being frozen to death in Green-land Russia and other Northern Countries what provision hath Nature made for the reaccension or instauration of it 3 If it be only the Cold of the aer that is beneficial to the heart then certainly the Water which is much colder than the aer would more conveniently satisfie that necessity in Fishes which yet cannot live without aer 4 In persons of cold and Leuco-phlegmatique constitutions there would be no need at all of Respiration especially in frosty weather when the heart hath as much want of warmth as of cold and more too We confess indeed that at such times our Respiration is more slow and rare and in the heat of Summer more quick and frequent as it is also in Fevers but the reason hereof is that in Summer the blood being made hotter is sooner subtiliated into spirits and those spirits faster consumed and dissipated and so requires more aer to promote the subtiliation and inflammability of its spiritual parts So that it should seem the Aer is required rather as an Excitement than as an hindrance to the vital Flame We say for the Excitation or Accension of the Flame of life by subtiliating the blood and making the inflammable parts thereof more convenient Fewell for the same vitall Flame and for the matter of the spirits which being diffused through the whole body serve to conserve and vivifie all the parts no otherwise than Bellowes conduce to the accension of flame in wood For as the Aer blown out of a Bellowes doth promote the accension of fire The same exemplified by the accension of flame in wood by aer blown out of Bellowes in wood or other combustible matter not by reason of any Cold for Contraries never generate each other but by the subtility of its particles and the vehemence of its motion in respect whereof it both dissipates the ashes that hinder the ingress of the fire and impells the particles of the fire into the pores of the wood so as that they penetrating more deeply into the substance thereof invade and kindle all the inflammable particles therein contained so doth the Aer brought into the Lungs and commixing it self with the blood circulating through them insinuate it self by the Arteria Venosa into the left ventricle of the heart and there partly by its subtility partly by its expansive motion so conspire with the pulse of the heart as to conduce to the rarefaction and subtiliation of the more thin and inflammable parts of the blood that so they may be made both commodious fewell for the Fire burning in the heart and also fit matter of the vital spirits All the difference is there are no Ashes made in the heart the Flame thereof being more pure than focal-fire and subsisting in a matter as fine and subtile as spirits of wine Nor are there any sooty exhalations such as arise from oyle burned in a Lamp but such a Flame is perpetually revived out of the blood in the heart as is made by the purest spirits of wine set on fire This Use of the Aer inspired may be in some sort inferred from the very structure of the Lungs And inferred from the structure of the Lungs For to what purpose doth both the Vena arteriosa and Arteria Venosa divide and disperse into so many branches and surcles throughout the lobes of the Lungs unless it be to convey the aer brought into them out of the Bronchia or pipes derived from the Aspera arteria together with the blood into the left ventricle of the heart there to excite the vital flame For certain it is from the structure of these vessells that the Aer doth not arrive at and enter the heart pure and sincere as it ought to do in case it were to refrigerate the heart but mixed with the blood returning out of the Lungs which is the reason why in the dissections of living creatures no aer is to be found in the Arteria venosa being before it comes thither throughly commixed or confused with the blood Nor can we force aer into the heart through the Lungs of a dead body because the motion of the blood is then ceased And this we conceive to be the Principal End or Use of Inspiration As for that of Exspiration it seems to be no other but the explosion of the same aer formerly received The Use of Exspiration together with the Halitus or vapours of the blood that steam from it while it is circulating through the Lungs For as to that Antique opinion of the discharging of Fullginous Exhalations issuing from the heart to the reasons by us formerly alleaged to discredit the Generation of them we shall subjoyn two or three convincing ones to disprove their Exclusion through the Lungs 1 The motion of the blood out of the Lungs by the Arteria Venosa into the left ventricle of the Heart being continual and strong doth manifestly forbid any thing to come from the Heart into the Lungs that way and 2 the situation of the Valves in the same Arteria Venosa doth as much 3 That the Aer passing to the Heart and the supposed Fuliginous exhalations issuing from the Heart should be carried through one and the same vessel by contrary motions is insolent to Nature and incompetent to the oeconomy of the body And here we aske leave to propose a Problem Certain it is A Probleme of the Respiration of the Foetus in the Mother's womb that the Foetus while in the Mother's womb doth receive nourishment not by the Umbilical Vessels for in them nothing is contained but Blood which is not the Aliment of the parts and the Umbilical Vein serveth onely to the Circulation of the blood by bringing back to the heart what the two Umbilical Arteries carried from it into the Placenta Uterina but by the Mouth sucking in that milky liquor wherein he swimmes which Hippocrates long since and Dr. Harvey of late have undeniably proved Now this being so doth it not seem necessary that the Foetus should also have the use of Respiration For since all Suction is by Impulâ—ion as we have elsewhere at large demonstrated being
by Nature to prevent the reflux of the liquor out of the Axillary vein And from the Thighs many in like manner climb up in the company of the Crural and Iliacal veins which they encircle in some places more closely in others more laxely and in this manner they mount up to the Mesentery where together with the small branches of the Vena Portae they are terminated Again those issuing from the Liver or Bladder of the Gall do also descend in company of the Vena Portae to the middle Glandule of the Mesentery and are therein terminated But if with a more curious eye you trace these proceeding from the Liver up to their very original you may perceive them to enter the Capsula Communis of the Vena Portae and therein so to lose themselves as that you cannot discern their progress from thence yet it is probable that being included in the same Capsula Communis they follow the distribution of the same and never stray from it into the Parenchyma of the Liver because if they did how comes it that they are no where to be found in the parenchyma no not in that part of it where the Capsula Communis is Concerning the Liquor they contain there are two Difficulties viz. 1 Whence they receive it 2 Why they return it into the Receptacle of the Chyle and into the Heart The Former is solved by saying that the liquor is derived partly from the Arteries Liquor deduced partly from the Arteries and partly from the Nerves That the Arteries have some share in bringing that mild and thin Liquor into the Lympheducts may be argued thus The blood being by the Vital Heat and Motion agitated in the Arteries doth necessarily diffuse abundance of Vapours into those parts into which it is immitted and this so much the more because those vapours are repressed and kept in by the thicknesse of the coats of the greater Arteries untill they are driven into the smaller arteries through whose thinner coats they more easily transpire And these vapours thus dispersed â—re for the most part retained and re-collected by the Fibrous and Membranous parts and by that means condensed into a Liquor which makes one part of that Humor which the Lympheducts carry away For we are not to conceive that that Liquor was preexistent in the Arteries under the same form it afterward obtains in the Lympheducts and that being protruded together with the blood out of the Arteries into the substance of the parts it is in those parts separated from the blood by any kind of Percolation as the Urine is in the Kidneys because there are in all parts Veins answering to the Arteries and those ample enough to export whatever liquor is by them imported nor can any reason be given why that watery humor should be at all separated from the blood seeing it is no Excrement of the blood though it may be accounted an Excrement of the parts from which immediately it is immitted into the Lympheducts No Excrement of the blood because it is again brought into the blood and Nature useth not to lose her labour or to separate things each from other on purpose to mixe them again afterward Secondly that the Nerves also contribute some part of this Liquor to the Lympheducts Partly from the Nerves may be inferred from hence 1 that whatsoever Liquor ariseth from vapours condensed is perfectly pure thin and transparent but this liquor is not so and therefore it is necessary some other Humor should be admixt to it which gives it a greater thickness than a simple distâ—lled water usually hath For this whole liquor is more dense and less diaphanous and sometimes white like milk sometimes tincted with yellow and sometimes with blood like water wherein raw Flesh hath been washed 2 It is an opinion highly agreeable vvith Reason that the thicker part of the Liquor found in these Water-conduits is the Vehicle of the Succus Nutritius vvhich being dispensed from the brain and spinal Marrovv to all parts for their nourishment by the Nerves is assimilated into their substance leaving its thinner part vvhich before served to promote and facilitate its distribution through the slender passages of the Nerves to be infused into the Lympheducts vvhich return it into the blood for a double use viz. First to prevent the Coagulation of the blood to vvhich othervvise it vvould be strongly inclined Uses of that Liquor Secondly to promote the Mication of the blood for this thin liquor being formerly advanced to the state of Volatility or exhalation it easily united to the Vital blood and doth as easily advance the mication of it But vvhat vve here say of the derivation of one part of this Liquor from the Nerves vvill be more illustrated by vvhat follovvs concerning the dispensation of the nourishment by the Nerves OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE NOURISHMENT THROUGH THE NERVES Exercitation the Tenth Of the Distribution of the Nourishment through the Nervs IN one of our precedent Discourses as you may please to remember we denied the Blood to be the Adequate Aliment of the Nervous Article Fibrous That the Nervs are the vessells carrying the Nutritive juyce to the parts argued and Membranous parts of the body and transferred that noble office upon a certain milder and sweeter juice congenerous to that spermatical Matter of which those parts are first made up Lest therefore we should defraud your curiosity of such further satisfaction as this new and paradoxicall yet most reasonable opinion requires we must no longer omit to explain at least according to what light the excellent Dr. Glisson hath given in so obscure an Argument From whence and by what vessells the Nutritive juice is distributed to all parts of the body The Thesis is that the proper and adequate Nutriment of the Parts is derived to them from the Brain and Spinal Marrow by the Nervs and the Reasons asserting it are these 1 In the Palsy it is observed from the Atrophy or decay of nutrition in parts affected with the Palsy and whose Nervs have been wounded that the parts resolved do at first appear somewhat tumid or swolne by reason of the laxity of their Fibres and the easie afflux of blood unto them And yet it is manifest that swelling doth not arise from the true and genuine Nourishment of those parts because afterward they by little and little pine away to extream leanness notwithstanding the blood floweth as freely and plentifully to them then as before A pregnant argument that the vessells by which they ought to be supplied with nourishment are obstructed which vessels certainly can be no other but the Nervs because both Arteries and veins are wholly exempt from any impeachment in this Disease and the Nervs alone fail of performing their office as they ought This may be confirmed by an observation of our owne A certain woman having a Nerv pricked by an unskilfull Chirurgeon as he was letting her blood in the right
bend the member by Contracting it self and the other by its contraction doth extend it and both extend each other successively that which is contracted doth alwayes act and that which is extended doth not act but suffer and is transferred with the part moved But here we are to except some Muscles which seem so sufficient to the motion of the part into which they are inserted How Circular Muscles are Contracted as to have no need of Antagonists as all Circular muscles whose motion is easily understood from the mathematical principles premised For since a Circular muscle hath circular Fibres and that all contraction is made secundum continuitatem lineae it followes that such muscles shut the part to which they are affixed by contracting themselves toward their Center as may be observed in the Sphincters of the Bladder and Fundament and in the Round muscle of the Eye-lids Onely it may be enquired Why those Sphincters have no Antagonists Why the Sphincters have no Antagonists as the Clausor Palpebrarum seems to have the Elevator opening the eye-lids as the Clausor shuts them Whereof the Reason certainly is this that both the Bladder and Fundament are not opened by muscles but by the quantity of Excrements contained in them which being pressed or detruded downward by the Diaphragme and muscles of the Abdomen force open the Sphincters by extending their Fibers from the Centre to the Circumference so that to speak strictly the excretion of the Urine and of the Excrements of the belly are not actions immediately voluntary as the opening of the Eye-lids is And this is all we thought necessary to be said concerning the Use of the muscles Conclusion in general and concerning the admirable Geometry observed by Nature in the Fabrique of them Should we extend our discourse to the accommodation of the Figure and motion of each particular muscle in the whole body to the Geometrical and Architectonical principles premised as we should abuse your Patience so should we disparage your Capacity of making use of the same Clue for your guidance through the whole Labyrinth of Voluntary Motion that we have put into your hands for your more easily entering into it We shall conclude therefore with this due acknowledgment that the Omniscient Creator hath made all things as in the Greater World so also in the Lesser Man in Number Weight and Measure THE CONTENTS Exercitation the First Of Nutrition A Art 1. Nutrition and Generation one and the same Act of the Soul or Virtue Formative fol. 1 2. As well in respect of the Matter as of the Efficient 2 3. The Necessity of Nutrition twofold viz. Augmentation and Conservation 3 4. The vital Flame the Efficient Cause of the Consumption of the substance of the parts 4 5. The Matter thereby consumed not the solid substance of the parts but the Fluid and chiefly the Blood and Spirits 5 6. The Manner how they are consumed is by contitinual Dispersion 6 7. And in what Quantity 7 8. The Efficient cause of their Renovation what 8 9. And what the Material 9 10. And the Manner how they are renovated 10 11. A Consectary of the twofold Expence of the Chyle ibid. Exercitation the Second Of Chylification Art 1. The Order of the meat in the stomach 11 2. The posture of the stomach in Concoction ibid. 3. The Dissolution of the meat by an Acid Humor found in the stomach 12 4. Which causeth a certain Fermentation of the Chyle therein 13 5. All parts of the Aliment not chylified at once but successiyely and the first chylified first discharged into the Guts 14 6. The Time required to perfect Chylification various according to divers respects ibid. Exercitation the Third Of the journey of the Chyle Art 1. The traduction of the Chyle from the stomach and guts into the common Receptacle through the venae Lacteae 16 2. Of which there are two Kinds one arising from the Guts the other from the Glandules of the Abdomen into which the former sort exonerate themselves 17 3. But none of either kind tend to the Liver 19 4. That the Milk in the paps is not made of Blood but of mere Chyle brought thither by some peculiar vessells because ibid. 5. There are no convenient conduits by which blood can be brought into the paps in sufficient quantity 20 6. Blood is not a fit nor possible Matter for the Generation of Milk 21 7. Milk and Chyle agree in all their manifest Qualities and are reciprocally convertible 24 8. That Chyle is imported into the womb in women with child 25 9. From the Auctority of Hippocrates and 26 10 Of Dr. Harvey 28 11. And from the Sympathy betwixt the womb and the paps 29 12. A conjectural description of the Chyliferous vessels tending from the paps to the womb 31 Exercitation the Fourth Of Sanguification Art 1. The most part of the Chyle is converted into Blood 32 2. Not by an Organical but Similary action 33 3. Whose primary Efficient is not the Liver 34 4. Nor the veins 36 5. Nor the Heart but the Vital Spirit residing in the blood 37 6. Which alone formeth the blood in a Chicken out of the Colliquamentum 40 7. The Manner how blood is first generated in an Embryo by that vital spirit 42 8. In what part of the Conception it is first generated viz. in the Chorion 44 9. In the generation of blood what are the Concurrent Extrinsecal Causes and what the Accessory Organical 45 10. The conversion of the Colliquamentum into blood by the Heat and Motion of the vital Spirit illustrated by sundry analogous Experiments and Observations 46 11. That the same Agent which maketh the first blood in an Embryo doth make it èver after in an Animal during life 48 Exercitation the Fifth Of the Uses of the Blood Art 1. Blood not the general Nourishment of the body because 50 2. The contrary opinion is subject to sundry both inexplicable difficulties and irreconcileable incongruities ibid. 3. There are sundry parts into whose substance blood is not admâ—tted 52 4. Fat men generally have the least blood and lean the most 53 5. Men perishing by Famine have their arteries and veins full of blood 54 6. The blood continueth red and florid in the habit of the body 55 7. Hippocrates cured a man of extream Leanness only by profuse phlebotomy ibid. 8. The blood is observed to be less unctuous and glutinous in the Arteries that carry it to the parts than in the veins that return it from them 56 9. There is a manifest Dissimilitude betwixt the blood and sundry parts of the body ibid. 10. The progress of Nutrition is from crudity to Fusion and Volatility not retrograde from Volatility to Fixation and so the Aliment ought to be more crude or fixed than the parts to be nourished 57 11. The blood it self is nourished and consumes the substance of the solid parts and therefore cannot be their nourishment 58 12. The First Matter of
which the parts are made is not blood but a certain liquid juice very like the White of an Egg. 60 13. Nevertheless blood may be the nourishment of such parts whose substance is mostly Sanguineous and what those are 61 14. The Manner how the Vital Heat is conserved and the vital spirits continually recruited ex Sanguine 62 15. The Reason of the Mication or panting Motion of the blood in the Arteries 64 Exercitation the Sixth Of the Motion of the Blood its Conditions and Causes Art 1. The Method of the whole Chapter 66 2. That the Motion of the Blood is Circular ibid. 3. From the vena Cava into the right ventricle of the Heart 67 4. From the right ventricle by the vena arteriosa into the Lungs ibid. 5. From the Lungs through the Arteria venosa into the Left ventricle ibid. 6. From the Left ventricle into the Great Artery and thence into the smaller arteries 68 7. From the smallest Arteries through the substance of the Flesh into the smallest veins ibid. 8. How the New-made blood is circulated with the old 69 9. That more blood passeth through the Heart in an hour than can be supplied from the Chyle in several dayes ibid. 10. The Necessity of this Circulation inferred from three Considerations viz. 70 11 The Quantity of blood contained in the Heart in its Diastole 71 12 The Quantity expelled out of it in its Systole ibid. 13 The Number of Pulses in an hour 72 11. That the Circulation is Universal in all the Arteries and veins of the body 73 12. But after a peculiar manner in an Infant unborn 75 13. That this Motion of the blood is Continual 76 14. Vehement 77 15. Swift ibid. 16. Of equal velocity in the Arteries and Veins 78 17. The blood not the Cause of its own Motion in respect of any Motive Faculty inhaerent in it 80 18. Nor in respect of its Ebullition ibid. 19. Nor of its Rarefaction 81 20. But of its Quantity distending the ventricles of the Heart 83 21. The blood not moved by Attraction 84 22. Nor by Vection ibid. 23. But by Impulsion of the Heart endowed with a Pulsifick Faculty if any such may be admitted ibid. 24. The Fabrique of the Heart a remote Cause of the Motion of the blood 87 25. The Motion of the Heart described as consisting of two contrary motions and a Respite betwixt them ibid. 26. And the Figure of it in each 88 Exercitation the Seventh Of the Depuration of the Blood Art 1. The Genealogy of the Excrements in the blood 91 2. Exemplified in the Destillation of Wine 93 3. The several sorts of those Excrements and their Definitions 94 4. The Reason why each particular Excrement is determinately imported into the part particularly comparated for its separation 97 5. Not that it is so directed by any Intelligence or Distinguishing Faculty 99 6. Nor that it is Attracted by the like Excrement contained in that part ibid. 7. But that there is a certain peculiar Conformity of the Magnitude and Figure betwixt the minute particles of this or that Excrement and the pores of this or that part peculiarly constituted for the reception of it 100 8. Which is also the Cause of the Separation of particular Excrements in particular parts 101 9. The Differences of Colatures used by Nature in the separation of Humors in the body 102 10. The Reason and Manner of the separation of the Serum from the blood in the Kidneys 104 11. Of the Phlegmatique Excrement in the stomach and Guts 105 12. Of the Bilious Excrement's accompanying the Phlegmatique so far 106 13. Why the blood is not carried immediately out of the trunk of the Vena portae into that of the Vena Cava but through the various meanders in the Liver 109 14. And why it is transmitted through the Parenchyma of the Liver ibid. 15. That the Parenchyma is the Principal part of the whole Liver 110 16. And a kind of Streyner 111. 17. Whose particles are contexed after a peculiar manner and pores of â—ivers sorts in respect whereof the Bile is therein separated from the blood Mechanically ibid. 18. The same inferred from Four Considerables viz. 112 The equal distribution of the capillary branches of all the vessels of the Liver ibid. The Pulsation of the vena portae within the Liver 113 The assistance of that pulsation by the Hepatique Nerve 114 The Resuscitation of vitality in the blood in the branches of the vena Portae within the Liver and a new Fermentation thereof previous to the separation of the Bile ibid. 19. The various Manner of the Excretion of Excrements after they are separated and collected 116 20. The particular Manner of the Excretion of the Bile and 117 21. The Cause thereof 118 22. Paradox that we have a certain Natural Feeling wholly distinct from the Animal and independent upon the Brain 119 Exercitation the Eighth Of Respiration Art 1. The Connexion of this discourse to the precedent 126 2. The Disparity betwixt Respirà tion and Pulsation both as to their Times or Periods and as to their Uses ibid. 3. Respiration described 130 4. The Efficient Cause of Inspiration is the Dilatation of the Breast impelling the ambient Aer into the Lungs ibid. 5. And the Cause of Exspiration is only the spontaneous Contraction of the breast 132 6. The Disatation of the Chest and Lungs not from any Motive Faculty congenial to the Lungs 133 7. Nor from the impulse of the blood out of the Heart into the Lungs 134 8. Nor from the motion of the Muscles of the Thorax 135 9. But from the Diaphragme moved by a congenite Faculty ibid. 10. Yet the Intercostal and Pectoral Muscles are allowed to conspire with the Diaphragme in respiration violent and arbitrary 137 11. The Final Cause of Respiration not the Refrigeration of the Heart or Vital Flame but the subtiliation of the blood which by the admistion of Aer is made the more convenient fewel of the vital Lamp and matter of the spirits 138 12. The same exemplified in the accension of flame in wood by Aer blown out of Bellows and 139 13. inferred from the structure of the Lungs 140 14. The Use of Expiration 141 15. A Problem of the respiration of the Foetus in the mother's womb 142 16. The motion of the Brain not dependent upon Respiration but upon the Pulsarion of the Arteries 145 17. The Secondary Uses of Respiration 147 Exercitation the Ninth Of the Lympheducts Art 1. The Lympheducts a new and excellent invention 149 2. To whom the honour of their discovery is to be ascribed ibid. 3. Their Description 150 4. Differences 151 5. Origination ibid. 6. Insertion ibid. 7. Situation and Progress 152 8. Liquor deduced partly from the Arteries and 153 9. paâ—tly fâ—â—m the Nerves 154 10. The Uses of that Liquor 155 Exercitation the Tenth Of the Distribution of the Nourishment through the Nerves Art 1. That the Nerves are vessells carrying the Nutritive juice
branches in the Glandules in which themselves were terminated and that many of those small rivulets concurring and uniting make one greater channell before they lose themselves either in the Common ocean or any branch of the vena Cava Now from the foresaid various position of the Glandules it comes to pass that the Distribution of the venae Lacteae into their substance and their new propagation out of them again are so uncertain as that it hath given occasion to some Anatomists to suspect that the venae Lacteae are disseminated into very many parts of the body when indeed they only come neer those parts and then passe by them without effusing any part of the Chyle into them Now from these observations But none of either kind tend to the Liver it is very probable that all the venae Lacteae before the Chyle loseth its milky colour do exonerate themselves either into the vena Cava or some branches of it And as for the Lacteae Thoracicae our sense demonstrates that they empty themselves into the subclavian or Axillary veins branches of the Vena Cava so that none disgorgeing their fraught or chyle into any branch of the vena Portae it is most manifest that no part of the Chyle is imported into the Liver as was long believed and taught there to be converted into blood and consequently that the office of the Liver is not Sanguification Whether any of the venae Lacteae are distributed into the Paps and womb That the Milk in the Papps is not made of Blood but of meer Chyle brought thither by some peculiar vessels because in women though highly probable is yet in dispute no Anatomist having hitherto been so happy in his searches as to discover by what secret wayes or passages they tend to either We say highly probable for according to that judicious saying of Hippocrates Licetvisum oculorum effugiant ea tamen mentis acie comprehendantur though they have thus long concealed themselves from the eye of the body yet are they obvious to the eye of the Mind and the acuteness of our Reason may herein supply the dullness of our sense Now to evince the probability of this Opinion let us consider the sundry and weighty Arguments that seem to assure that the Milk in the paps is not made of blood but mere Chyle brought into them by some peculiar vessells Which though a seeming Parergy is yet fully pertinent in this place First there are no convenient wayes or conduits There are no convenient conduits by which Blood can be brought into the paps in sufficient quantity by which Blood may be in a due quantity imported into the Paps there to be whitened into Milk For 1 the Arteriae Thoracicae can adferre but a small tribute of blood into the treasury of the Paps and what they bring in is soon exhausted and carried off again by the veins according to the apodictical doctrine of the Circulation of the blood But did the blood remain in them yet would it hold no reasonable proportion to the large quantity of milk usually effused in a day which in healthy Nurses commonly amounts to two pints Because the Arteries disseminated into the Paps are exceeding small as our eyes witness and Vesalius Examin observat Fallop pag. 89. long since well observed where He saith Exiguae out ferè nullae arteriae adeunt mammas quod in mammarum cancro affectarum ablatione constat ubi paucae aut ferè nullae arteriae sanguinem fundunt cùm tamen venarum magna copia sit 2 The Arteriae Hypogastricae cannot be thought to convey blood into the Paps because they are terminated in a part far distant from their confines and empty themselves where their streams are soon swallowed up and returned into the vena Cava by the Hypogastrick veins 3 The same may be said of the Epigastrick arteries and veins So that in respect of wayes importing blood into the Paps it appears altogether unlikely that that should be the matter of Milk Secondly Blood is not a fit Blood is nor a fit nor possible Matter for the generation of Milk nay not a possible matter for the generation of Milk For 1 if blood should be imported into the paps in sufficient quantity and there extravasated certainly it would be converted rather into pus than into milk as is frequently observed in Inflammations and Apostems of the Paps 2 To what end should nature convert blood into milk when that milk is to be soon converted again into blood in the infant sucking it 3 How is it possible that the Chyle which loseth its whiteness and other qualities when it is transformed into blood should resume them again as soon as it becomes milk a privatione ad habitum is repugnant to Nature 4 Meat and drink cannot be suddainly changed into blood and that blood changed into milk but experience teacheth that the paps of nurses are filled soon after their repasts and many women feel their milk flow swiftly into their breasts almost as soon as they have drunk 5 Women that are somewhat fat have greater plenty of milk than such as are lean but if blood were the matter of milk the lean would afford more milk than the fat because the lean have larger arteries and veins and so more store of blood 6 If blood were the matter of milk then would the bodies of Nurses fall into dangerous sicknesses from excess of blood soon after they cease to give suck because being long accustomed to the generation of so profuse a quantity of blood for the supply of their milk and that daily evacuation thereof ceasing the whole body must needs be oppressed with that redundancy but they seldome complain of any Plethora therefore c. 7 If blood not chyle were the matter of milk then were it impossible the milk should retain the odour and qualities of the meats eaten since no manifest quality of the meat can be deprehended in the blood much less in what is generated of blood as being one remove further from it but the Milk doth frequently retain the odour and other qualities of the meat and drink Ergo. This is attested by the experience of Physicians who give purging medicaments to Nurses Comment in lib. Hippocr de nat pueri when there is cause to purge their children Prosper Martianus the best Commentator upon Hippocrates hath an observation of a woman who having taken a purge soon after gave her child suck and thereby endangered the childs life a superpurgation ensuing in the child while herselfe felt no effect of the medicament at all No obscure argument that the Milk deriveth its purgative faculty from the Chyle not from the blood for it were to be carried so long a journey as through the heart and arteries and therein undergoe so many and great changes doubtless the virtue of the medicine would be much weakned and dulled nor could it be derived into the paps so soon after
it was first received into the stomack Here may we seasonably recite that saying of Aristotle 7. De hist. Animal cap. 11. Si lactans pilum cum cibo aut potu angerat ad memmas pervenit in earum papillis consistens morbum inducit qui 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 nominatur and that rare observation also cited by Martianm Loco eitat of a piece of a root of Cichory eaten in sallade by a nurse at night and taken out at one of her nipples the next morning But above all this Experiment is most convincing Let a nurse drink a good draught of milk tincted with Saffron and within an hour or two after express the milk out of either of her paps into a glasse or other small vessell and that milk shall have the odour sapour yea and the very colour also of Saffron 8 Nor is the Milk made of the Menstruous blood as some Philosophers have dream't because many bruit Animals have milk that never suffer the monthly flux because most new-born infants have some milk in their paps De gen anim exercit 55. as Dr. Harvey hath well remarked and because even Men themselves have been found with good plenty of milk in theirs also Schenchius affirms that he knew one Laurentius Wolfius who from his youth to the 50 year of his age had aboundance of milk flowing out of his duggs every day The like is asserted of a certain Flemming by Wallaeus and of divers others by Cardan by Benedictus by Aquapendens and other credible Authors Nay Historians report that in America there are whole nations among whom the men generally abound with milk and suckle their children To which we may adde that many nurses have their Termes while they give suck and yet find no diminution of their milk at those times more than at others So that we see how unreasonable it is to conceive that bloud is the matter of Milk Thirdly Milk and Chyle seem to be one and the same thing Milk and Chyle agree in all their manifest Qualities and are reciprocally convetible as may appear both by their mutuall agreement in all their qualities and by their easie reciprocall convertibility As for their resemblance in manifest qualities 1 They both have a fatty substance otherwise neither could be fit either to sustain the Lamp of lise or to instaurate the parts nor can the bloud contain any such fatty substance in it but what is derived from the Chyle 2 As Milk doth consist of two parts the serum and crassamentum so likewise doth Chyle whose serum is dreyned away by the kidneys and crassament by the guts 3 As Milk if kept over-long especially in a warm place or corrupted by any Acid juice doth turn sowr so also doth the Chyle and in the stomach of Calves is found a certain sowr serum which houswives use for the coagulation of their Milk in like manner the same is frequently generated in the stomachs of men which being ejected by vomitting sets the teeth on edge having acquired that sowrnesse either by corruption from excessive heat or by the admistion of a melancholy juyce 4 They are equally sweet in tast which is the reason why many brute Animals lick up the milky liquor flowing from the secundines when they bring forth their young which is indeed the nutriment of their young while remaining in the womb 5 They resemble each other in colour being both white as the sense testifieth 6 They both contain certain small Fibers that seem to be educed from the more viscous and glutinous parts of the aliment And these doubtless are those Fibers which sensibly uniting themselves in the superfice of bloud let forth into a cold vessel appear in form of a whitish film or thin skin long mistaken by Physitians for cold viscid and phlegmatique matter commixt with the bloud and if the red parts of the bloud be gently washed away from them they become distinctly visible And as for their reciprocal Convertibility that is clearly proved by this that Chyle is easily converted into milke in the Nurse and that milk again converted into Chyle in the stomach of the Infant that sucks it Now these many resemblances considered we may safely conclude that they have much more of reason on their side who conceive Milke to be nothing but meer Chyle brought from the stomach to the Paps by peculiar passages and therein promoted to somewhat more of perfection than they who think it to be made of bloud whitened in the glandules of the paps Having with so great verisimilitude That Chyle is imported also into the womb in pregnant women brought Chyle from the stomach to the Paps for the sustenance of the infant after he is born it remains now that we see whether any portion thereof be deduced also to the womb for his nourishment before he is born First therefore let us seriously consider what light hath been anciently given to this obscure disquisition by that Genius of Nature From the Authority of Hippocrates Hippocrates who hath sundry pregnant Texts to this purpose Uterum foetu grandiorem saith He comprimere mulieris ventrem lib. de Natur. pueri quod in cibo potuque est pinguissimum candidum magisque uteri calore dulcoratum in mammas tendere in uteros quoque exiguam portionem per easdem venas deferri In which words the reverend Author toucheth upon two things very considerable and pertinent 1 That the fat white and sweet Chyle is carried up to the paps by compression of the Venae Lacteae and the common Receptacle of the Chyle the swoln womb being incumbent upon them and pressing the Chyle upwards For that Compression cannot be understood of the veines and arteries in the lower belly as if they were thereby urged to disgorge their bloud into the paps for the generation of milk because a compression of those veins and arteries that are neer the Vertebrae Lumborum would necessarily hinder the course and recourse of the bloud requisite to the work supposed But as Perquet will have the weight of the Liver moved up and down in respiration to conduce to the compression of the stomach venae lacteae and receptacle from the upper part of the abdomen So will Hippocrates have it that from the lower part the compression of the womans belly by the greatnesse and weight of the child doth cause the Chylo to alter its course his words in another place being lib. de Mulier convertitur ad maemmâ—s quod est dulcissimum ex humido and flow upward to the paps Thus the Scythians as Herodotus reports had a trick to blow up the wombs of their Mares by certain sufflatoria oâ—sea like pipes to the end that their bellies being compressed by the swelling of their wombs the greater abundance of Chyle might be protruded into their udders and so their milke encreased 2 Since by reason of the same Compression the passage of
Spirits 4 In Animals dying of famine and men dying of Consumptions Men perishing by famine have their arteries and veins full of bloud good store of bloud hath been found in the veines and arteries Which were impossible if bloud were the nourishment of the body for then no Animal could perish by famine while it had any bloud in its vessels nor could the body be so emaciated in consumptions while the veins contain so plentifull a source for the resarcition of the parts Which reason among others induced Dr. Harvey de gener Animal exercit 52. to conclude etsi sanguis sit pars corporis non tamen huic nutriendo solum destinatur Enimvero si huic duntaxat usui inserviret nemo fame periret quamdiu sanguinis quicquam in venis reliquum habetur quemadmodum lucernae flammula non extinguitur quamdiu inflammabilis olei in eâ vel minimum suppetit 5 If the bloud were changed into Ros Cambium as they call them The bloud continueth red and florid in the habit of the body then certainely in the habit of the body and capillary veines it would appear white or inclining to whitenesse but our sense assureth that it is no less red and florid in those places than in the centrall parts of the body 6 Hippocrates hath a singular observation libr. 5. Epidâ—m â— 25. of a certain man a patient of his who being much emaciated and every day more and more consuming Hippocrates cured a man of extream Leannesse only by profuse Phlebotomy notwithstanding the most restorative aliment he could take was at length cured only by a very profuse eduction of bloud out of the veins of each arme after all other means had been in vain attempted Which would not have hapned if the bloud were the nutriment of the parts The reason of this admirable cure seems to be this There is as we have more than once declared a twofold expence of the Chyle one part goes to the instauration of the parts as being or constituting the Succus Nutritius the other supplyes the Vitall Spirits under the form of blood Now when one of these exceeds the other languishes and the too plentifull exhaustion of the Chyle upon the blood being the cause of this mans Leannesse his recovery succeeded upon a turning of the streame of the Chyle upon the parts for their sufficient Nutritive juice 7 If the blood did nourish then would Fat The blood is observed to be less unctuous and glutinous in the Arteries that carry it to the parts than in the veins that return it from them unctuous and glutinous blood be most accommodate to that use for the serum hinders the apposition of the blood and therefore Ichorous and weeping Ulcers are seldome consolidated Now the blood is observed to be more unctuous and glutinous in the veines than in the arteries in which it is commonly more diluted and full of serum but the blood is carried to the habit of the body by the arteries and from thence brought back again by the veines Which certainely is a very weighty argument against the Blood 's being the nourishment 8 Betwixt the thing nourished and its nutriment There is a manifest Dissimilitude betwixt the blood and sundry parts of the body there ought to be a certain Analogy or similitude according to that old saying Partes quaslibet alimento ipsis maximè consimili enutriri but betwixt the blood and severall parts of the body instead of this requisite resemblance or affinity of qualities there is in many things a perfect Dissimilitude or disparity For if we compare the blood with the brain the Horny coat or Humors of the Eyes the Bones tendons and other the like parts we shall find little or no proportion or resemblance betwixt them In an Appolexy where the brain is overflowed with bloud effused into the substance of it all the ideas or marks of things formerly known are quite obliterated nor doth any perception of them remain Likewise when the eye is bloud-shodden the perspicuity of the coats of the eye is changed into opacity and the transmission of the visible species through them hindered The bones also are so many wayes discrepant from the bloud that it seems impossible they should be constituted thereof And of the tendons Nervs membranes c. the same may be said 9 The Manner of Nutrition is a certain promotion of the aliment from the state of crudity The progâ—ess of Nutrition is from crudity to fusion and volatility not retrograde from volatility to fixation and so the Aliment ought to be more crude or fixed than the parts to be nourished to the state of concoction or an Exaltation of its Spirits to a further degree of activity And therefore the aliment must of necessity be more crude than the part therewith nourished For that promotion is not by any degradation or Fixation of the Spirits of the aliment but by an Exaltation or reduction of them neerer to volatility Forasmuch therefore as the Spirits already in the bloud are approached or advanced neerer to the state of volatility than those contained in the parts above mentioned certainly the bloud cannot be thought a convenient nourishment for them The redintegration of those parts ought to be expected from such nutriment as is more fixed than themselves are Otherwise how could it suffice to the solidation or firmation of them But the blood is of a more rough and grating nature and its spirits more advanced toward volatility than those residing in the solid parts and in that respect is wholly unfit to nourish them Moreover it is necessary the Nutritive juice should be sequestred from the blood before it can be opportunely brought and apponed to the parts if so to what end was it admixt to the blood at all shall we believe that Nature rather than seem idle doth make any thing only that she may unmake it again afterward 10 What is it selfe nourished cannot without absurdity be thought to be the nourishment of another The blood is it self nourished and doth consume the substance of the solid parts and so cannot be their nourishment nor can that which is the cause of the exhaustion of the solid parts be the matter of their redintegration That the blood is it self nourished is manifest from the large access of Chyle to it after every meal and that it is the cause of the exhaustion of the solid parts is also manifest from hence that the Vital Heat whose subjectum inhaesionis is the blood is the only consumer or depredator of the solid substance of the body For whatever be the effects of the Vital Heat residing in the blood as its proper and original subject the very same may be justly imputed also to the Blood itself For albeit we sometimes ascribe the actions of things to their Qualities or Faculties thereby indicating the Formal Reason or Manner by which the substance operateth yet we cannot deny
but it is the very substance it self to which those Qualities are inherent that really performeth the action It is the blood it self therefore which by reason of its inherent Heat doth uncessantly prey upon the substance of the solid parts and causeth them to make provision for their reparation even after they have attained to their perfect magnitude Nor doth it only so but it moreover in case of famine converts the solid substance of the parts into its own supplying its defects out of their decayes This is manifest in long abstinence from meat when though the habit of the body be extenuated yet provided the person take water or some other thin liquor that may be a vehicle of the Humours do the arteries and veins continue full of bloud Thus also in Fevers though the stomack be so weake as to abhorr all things but small beer or cooling Juleps yet doth the blood all that while repair it self by colliquating the substance of the solid parts and converting it into its own For how otherwise could the streams of blood be dayly replenished And that they are replenished is evident from hence that though the quantity of blood be diminished proportionately to the strength of the patient by Phlebotomy in the beginning of the Fever yet will it be again in a day or two after so encreased as to require a second and perhaps a third diminution and that notwithstanding the sick person hath received little or no noâ—rishment all that while An undeniable argument that the bloud in that defect of supplies from the Chyle doth repair it self out of the spoils of the solid parts Now since the bloud doth exhaust and depredate the solid parts how can it consist with reason that it should be their nourishment 11 The Aliment of the parts ought to be in all things like that matter of which they were at first composed The First Matter of which the parts are made is not Blood but a certain liquid juice very like the white of an Egge For what is superadded to the parts as they are augmented is of similar substance with that which was praeexistent in them and so of necessity must be constituted ex congenere maâ—eria Now the Materia prima of all the parts is not bloud but a certain liquid juice perfectly resembling the White of an Egg of which the Chicken is formed only with this difference that in viviparous Animals that Liquor is more thin and like the Colliquamentum in Eggs after the Hen hath fitten upon them some days For even Viviparous Animals conceive a kind of Egg in their wombs which is involved in a thin membrane and containeth a certain viscid humour very like the White of Eggs attenuated and melted by the warmth of the Hens incubation And this Liquor is the very matter of which the Embryo is first formed but very unlike the bloud in substance colour and all other qualities As therefore the parts are not made up of bloud at first so are they not augmented or nourished by it afterward We said That the bloud is not the General Nutriment of all the body Nevertheless the blood may be the Nourishment of such parts whose substance is mostly sanguineous and what those are thereby admitting that it may be the Particular nutriment of some parts For as to the Parenchymata Sanguinea the parts whose substance is chiefly Sanguineous forasmuch as they seem to consist mostly of the thicker parts of bloud coagulated in them and affixt to their vessels and fibers and that they have no Nervs derived unto them through which the Succus Nutritius might be imported into them we conceive that the decay of their sanguineous particles is dayly repaired by the fresh opposition and affixation of the like particles of the bloud And in this accompt we reckon the Liver Spleen Kidneys Heart Lungs and red parts of the Muscles Yet in all these whatsoever of Fibers Membranes or Vessels is found commixt with their Parenchyma or Sanguineous substance all that is to be excluded from the capacity of being nourished by the bloud But as for all the Fibrous Membranous and Nervous parts of the body and all the Parenchymata Sanguinea as the Brain Spinal Marrow the Humours of the Eyes Teeth Bones and Glandules it is most probable from the reasons alleadged that they are nourished not by the bloud but by some sweeter softer and milder liquor congenerous to the spermatick matter or Colliquamentum of which they are originally constituted which is dayly brought and effused or instilled into their substance out of the Nervs inserted into them But of this distribution of the Succus Nutritius by the Nervs we shall have opportunity to discourse more particularly hereafter VVell then of what Use is the bloud The manner how the Vital Heat is conserved and the Vital Spirits continually recruited ex sanguine Why truly according to the latter opinion recited we conceive it to serve both as the Pabulum or Fewel of the Vital Flame and as the Matter of which the Spirits Vital are confected Concerning the manner how Flame is maintained by its Fewel we have already plainly though succinctly discoursed And as for the Manner how the Vitall Spirits are continually recruited ex Sanguine we may understand it to be thus The Spirits contained in our solid aliment being at their first admission into the stomach crude or in the state of Fixation are soon after partly by admistion of Liquids and partly by Fermentation promoted from the state of Fixation to that of Fusion In this state the richer or more nutritive parts of the solid aliment being by way of Liquation throughly commixed with the drink there resulteth a certain milky juice called the Chyle which is a Liquor abounding with sweet mild and delicate Spirits Now these Spirits so soon as they are brought to the Heart and there commixt with the Vitall blood are by little and little exalted to a third state viz. that of Volatility and so become fit subjects to entertain the Vitall Heat and want only another recourse to the heart to be therein as it were by accension advanced to the heighth and dignity of perfect vitall Spirits For the Vitall Spiritsâ— differ from the Spirits contained in our aliment no otherwise than in the gradual preparations and exaltations now mentioned We are to advertise moreover that the Heart in its Systole is not contracted so closely or streightly as to expell all the blood contained in its Ventricles at once but leaves a good part thereof remaining in them after the contraction is ended And that this remaining blood doth heat and kindle the portion of blood next effused out of the veins into those ventricles and by that means exalt it to the condition of Vital blood We further observe that in the Spirits of the blood there are sundry degrees of volatility so that some attain to the highest degree of volatility much sooner than others and none untill they
esse opinor and that even Harvey himself professeth that He found it rem arduam difficultatibus plenam We remember the modest sayings of two great Men upon the like difficulties the one of Galen Quo pacto haec fiaut si scrutaberis lib. 15. de usu part cap. 1. exercit 307. num 29. convineeris te non intelligere neque tuam imbecissitatem neque Opificis tui potentiam the other of Scaliger Quandam humanae sapientiae partem esse quaedam aequo animo nescire velle veram sapientiam nolle nimiùm sapere And we think we need say no more in excuse of this our professed ignorance Besides this Two-fold Proxime Cause there is also another Remote one The Fabrique of the heart a remote cause of the motion of the blood viz. the Peculiar Conformation or Fabrique of the Heart and its vessells And among all the parts in this curiously framed Machine of the heart those which are most official or instrumental to the motion are the Fibers and fleshy columnes which serve not so much to the strength of the heart as to the motion of it For in the Systole all the Fibers both small and great as well those in the inside of the ventricles as those in the Septum or partition-wall betwixt them like an artificial network made in the forme of a purse being contracted or drawn together the blood contained in the ventricles must necessarily be expelled or pressed out of them The Motion of the heart which is called the Pulse The Motion of the Heart described as consisting of two◠contrary motions and a Respite betwixt them as being continual and made partly by the influx of the bloud partly by the Pulsifick Faculty residing in the heart it self doth consist of 3 things the Systole the Diastole and the Perisystole all which are to be explained by their proper Causes according as ocular Inspection and Reason doth dictate them to the understanding 1 The Systole being the proper and natural motion of the heart is the Contraction or drawing together of the heart to a narrower compass that so the blood contained in the right ventricle may be expelled through the vena arteriosa into the Lungs and that contained in the left may be expelled into the Great Artery and so into all parts of the body 2 The Diastole being a motion only Accidentary to the heart is a Dilatation or opening of the heart that the blood may flow into the right ventricle out of the vena Cava and into the left out of the Arteria Venosa 3 The Perisystole is a certain quiet or short respite betwixt the Contraction and Dilatation of the heart during the small time that the blood is entering into or issuing out of the ventricles In healthy men this pause is so short as not to be distinguished from either of the two contrary motions but sufficiently manifest in men at the point of death It is also double there being one respite betwixt the Systole and Diastole and another betwixt the Diastole and Systole And this is the natural state of the Heart As to the Figure or Forme of the heart in those contrary motions And the Figure of it in each from the dissection of Animals alive from the commodity of its motion and quiet and from the position of its Fibers and other parts we have learned it to be thus In the Systole it may be observed that 1 the point of the heart is drawn upward toward the Basis of it in order to the expulsion of the blood the length of it being diminished and bredth proportionately encreased because the basis is immoveable in respect of the cone which is fastned neither to nor by any vessells 2 The inner walls or sides toward the ribbs are brought neerer each to other because they are constringed and made narrower as may be perceived by putting a finger into either of the ventricles at the time of their contraction but the outward becoming tumid seem to be enlarged in latitude from the contraction of all parts inflated in the tension or stretching 3 The fore part of the heart is lifted up towards the sternum and chiefly neer the base for where the pulse is felt there doth the heart strike the breast with its base that part being lifted up and brought neer to the sternon and at the same time not in the Diastole is the heart vigorated and the arteries dilated and filled and the pulses are felt both in the breast and wrist the Diastole of the Arteries being coincident with the Systole of the heart But the Pulse is more plainly felt in the left side because there is the origine and orifice of the Aorta 4 The whole heart becomes tense and hard and contracted to a smaller bulk as is manifest both to the sight and to the touch 5 The heart appears white especially in imperfect Animals such as Serpents Frogs Eeles c. by reason of the expulsion of the blood in the Systole In the Perisystole when the heart is soft lux and in its proper state 1 the cone recedeth from the base and in some Animals the base also recedeth from the cone 2 The lateral parts both the interior and exterior are tended toward the ribbs 3 The anterior face of the heart sinks down and the posterior is depressed especially neer the orifice of the great Artery In the Diastole which beginns in the middle of the Dilatation and ends in the middle of the Contraction 1 the upper side is lifted up and distended by the blood falling into the ventricles out of the Vena cava and Arteria venosa the swelling sensibly beginning at the base and progressing to the cone But the base doth not them strike the breast because the Arteries at that instant are contracted and the heart ceaseth from expulsion of the blood 2 The heart is flaccid and soft because it is then only passive in receiving the blood 3 The sides become extense and the cavities enlarged and therefore if you put your finger into the heart during the Diastole you shall perceive no constriction as in the Systole 4 The heart appears red because of the tenuity of its walls and their repletion with blood 5 The Cone receding from the base makes the heart longer that it may be more capable of blood And thus doth the heart vary its Figure in each of these three positions OF THE DEPURATION OF THE BLOOD Exercitation the Seventh Of the Depuration of the BLOOD FRom the Circulation of the blood we as Nature advance to the DEPURATION or Defecation of it from its unprofitable or excrementitious parts And here we are to consider 1 the Generation 2 The severall sorts of Excrements generated in and to be separated from the blood 3 The parts in which and 4 The Manner how they are separated Concerning the FIRST we observe that the blood being a heterogeneous liquor The Genealogy of the Excrements consisting of
various Elements or material principles as the Element of which it is generate and so not capable to be wholly changed into either the fewel of the Vital Heat or Vital Spirits when those parts of it which had their Spirits less closely and firmely united to their grosser Elements or which is the same thing which were most prone to volatility are consumed and dispersed it cannot be but that the remains or reliques thereof must thenceforth become not only useless but also incommodious to Nature and therefore as soon as may be to be rejected For the sweet and inflammable Spirits of the blood being exhausted to what use can the remaining mass serve It can be no longer the subject or residence of the Vitall Heat for the conservation whereof the blood is principally made nay if retained in the body it would rather damnifie and destroy the same noble principle the Vital Heat For the Sulphur contained in the blood doth by reason of the continuall mication and indeavour of the Spirits to fly away and disperse themselves and of the decocting activity of the Vitall Heat exercised upon it become adust and contract a manifest bitterness and acrimony and the Caput mortuum or Terrene and grosser part conjoyned with the Fixative Salt is apt to coagulate and to be pâ—trified and the Phlegma or insipid and viscid part is apt to obstruct the capillary arteries and veins and so impede the Circulation and lastly the Aqueous part or potulent matter as being apt to render the bloud too dilute and serous is wholly unprofitable These parts therefore being no longer usefull ingredients of the bloud degenerate into Excrements and ought to be sequestred from it This Generation of the Excrements of the bloud may be appositely adumbrated by the Example of Wine distilled For Exemplified in the destillation of wine as Wine is a Liquor consisting ex Elementis primiceriis of Various choyce ingredients or dissimilar parts so is the blood As the Spirits or more fugitive parts of Wine are easily separable from the more fixed viz. the Phlegme Tartar crass Sulphur c. by heat so are the Spirits of the blood easily separated from the more fixed parts of it viz. the Phlegme Salt Tartar crass Sulphur adust the Aqueous or potulent matter by the activity of the Vital Heat As the Spirits of Wine are by repeated destillations advanced to that height of Volatility or subtility as that some of them flye away and are dispersed into air in every rectification so likewise are the Spirits of the blood by repeated Circulations through the heart brought to that degree of subtility and volatility as that they cannot be longer contained or imprisoned in the body of an Animal but penetrating through the pores are exhaled by way of dry sweat or insensible transpiration And as the residue of the Wine after the Spirits are gone remains a dead mass or vappa consisting only of a Phlegme Tartar and crass Sulphur which by long heat acquireth a bitterness and acrimony so doth the residue of the blood after its Spirits are exhausted and dispersed For as we said afore the caseous and grumous parts of the blood being brought to the state of Fusion by the Vital Heat make that excrement called the Phlegma the Saline and earthly parts consociated make the Tartar which being dissolved and kept fluid by the potulent matter to which it is easily mixed make the Urine and the crass sulphur torrified by the Vital heat and inseparably floating in the serum makes the Bile or Cholerick excrement And this Diversity of parts in the blood is evident even to the sense in blood let forth of either vein or artery into a vessell For there the caseous or grumous parts which being most elaborate and brought to a certain degree of Fusion have thereby acquired a viscidity swim on the top in the forme of a whitish filme or membrane while other parts of the same kind having not attained to the like degree of Fusion and viscidity sinck to the bottome and the serous or watery impregnated with the Salt and somewhat of the crass Sulphur adust flow round about the rest Concerning the SECOND viz. the various sorts The Various sorts of those Excrements and their Definitions or Kinds of Excrements to be separated from the blood in order to its purification though what we have now said concerning their Original may seem to intimate their several Families and specifical Differences yet will it not be superfluous to observe further that all of them being Liquid fall under two General Kinds The First comprehends the More Thin Excrements which are 1 the Urine impregnated with the Tartar 2 the Sweat 3 the Tears and 4 the thin liquor contained in the Lympheducts The Other includes the Lesse Thin which are 1 the Phlegme or ptuituituous Mucus whether it be Acid such as is found in the stomach and guts or Insipid such as the Rheum distilling from the brain by the palate and nose the spittle and salivous moysture excerned from the Glanâ—ulae sublinguales 2 the Bile both that which is collected in the bladder of the Gall and that deposed in the cavities of the Ears called the Ear-wax for these two seem to be cousin germans and differing only in consistence The Urine is a serous excrement impregnated with Tartar and tincted with a small portion of the Bile brought by the Emulgent arteries into the Kidneys together with the blood there separated from the blood by a kind of percolation thence distilling by the Ureters into the bladder and at length avoided by the urinary passage The Sweat is likewise a serious excrement impregnated with a small quantity of Salt expulsed out of the capillary arteries into the habit of the body and thence excerned through the insensible pores of the skin Tears also are a serous and brackish excrement imported by the arteries into the Carunculae Lachrymales or smal Glandules placed in the interior corners of the Eyes there separated by a kind of percolation from the blood and thence expressed for the most part voluntarily in griefe and sometimes in suddain and profuse joy and sometimes involuntarily in pain fevers c. The limpid Liquor found in the Lympheducts at least a good part thereof is a mild and insipid exhalation of the blood in the arteries sweating through the coats of the smaller arteries collected by degrees in the Lympheducts and by them again infused into the blood as well to prevent the coagulation as to promote the mication thereof and after various Circulations avoided by evaporation through the skin Among the Less Thin Excrements The Phlegmatick mucus found in the stomach is a thick viscid excrementitious juice endowed with some Acidity brought into the coats of the stomach by those branches of the Celiacal artery which are therein terminated there secerned from the blood and by transudation immitted into the cavity of the stomach to the end that it may serve to excite the
some in respect of their magnitude figure and position peculiarly accommodated to the admission of blood some to the admission of Acid Phlegme and others to the admission of Insipid it comes to pass that by reason of this Diversity of secret passages the blood is impelled into the pores most analogous to its minute particles and through them into the capillary veins respondent to the capillary arteries and thence into the larger veins which soon discharge it into the Vena portae while the Acid Phlegme is protruded forward into those pores that are most conformable to its minute particles and through them at length into the cavity of the stomach and the Insipid likewise is transmitted through those pores that are most Syâ—â—bolical to the magnitude and figure of its minute particles into the cavity of the Guts there to defend them a while from the injuries of the Chyle and Excrements and upon the accession of a new supply of the like insipid Phlegm to be excluded together with those excrements as we said before And this we conceive to be the way of percolation Nature useth for the separation of the Phlegme from the blood in the stomach and intestines Thus long doth the Bilious Excrement inseparately accompany the Phlegmatique flowing along together with it through the branches of the Celiacal and Mesenterick arteries That the Bilious Excrement doth accompany the Phlegmatique to the stomach and guts and why into the coats of the stomach and guts but when it once comes there it leaves its associate the Phlegme to be after the manner expressed transmitted into their cavities and being throughly commixt with the blood is propelled into the extremities of the capillary veins answering to the extremities of the capillary arteries that brought it thither and from thence is carried along into Vena portae and at length into the substance of the Liver therein to be segregated from the blood Nor indeed ought this Bilious Excrement to be sooner dissociated from the Phlegmatique or conveyed by any neerer way or shorter cut in direct vessels tending from the descendent trunk of the great artery to the trunk of the vena portae and that for Three important Reasons First it seems necessary that the Bilious humor should accompany the Phlegme untill it hath brought the same into the substance of the stomach and guts because the Phlegme being a mucous and visoid humor would be apt to obstruct the capillary vessels and insensible pores of those parts unless it were made more dilute and penetrative by the admixture of the Bile an humor penetrative and detergent and so fit to prevent obstructions This reason may receive verification from hence that Men of a hot and cholerick constitution and such in whom this Bilious Excrement doth abound more than in others are seldom or never troubled with obstructions of the stomach and guts by gross and viscid humors whereas on the contrary those of colder complexions especially Virgins Leuco-Phlegmatique and afflicted with the Green-sickness in whom less of choler is generated are commonly oppressed with oppilations of those parts from abundance of tough and tenacious phlegme Secondly the Bilious humor it self seems to require some certain degree of preparation conductive to its future separation before it can be commodiously imported into the Liver For should it be convey'd into the Liver directly out of the descendent trunk of the great artery it could not be avoided but some part of the Phlegme would also be carried along with it because those humors while they remain in the arteries are never actually separaâ—ed and when they are their separation is made by the recess or going off of the Phlegme into the stomach and guts And if any part of the Phlegme should accompany the blood into the Liver the Liver would alwayes be inevitably obnoxious to great obstructions such as would soon render it unfit for the office by Nature assigned unto it Thirdly the Bile certainly is more firmely united to the blood than the Phlegme as being essentially radicated in the serous part thereof so that without some further preparation it cannot be easily severed from it And therefore it was requisite that the Bile should be carried about by those ambages of the stomach and gutts that by passing through those intricate meanders it might acquire some disposition preparatory to its succeeding separation Now that which gives it this previous disposition is a peculiar Fermentation which it undergoes in the vessels leading it along into the trunck of the Vena portae it being most undeniable that the speediest means in Nature for the separation of impure humors from pure is by Fermentation as may be sensibly exemplified in Wine and Beer which are soon defecated by the help of Fermentation but never without it These Reasons therefore make it evident that Nature was guilty of no oversight or rashness when she ordained that the Bilious Humor should be thus carried about through such indirect and long wayes before it arrive at the Liver seeing that circulation doth make its separation afterward both the more safe and more easie Nor did Nature play the wanton or supererogate when she contrived Why the Blood is not carried immediately out of the trunck of the vena portae into that of the vena cava but through the various meanders in the Liver that the blood should be carried along through all those intricate labyrinths in the Liver forasmuch as if the blood were to be infused into the trunck of the vena cava by some vessell immediately and directly tending from the trunck of the vena portae the Bilious humor being not yet separated from it would necessarily pollute and corrupt the whole mass of blood To avoid that inconvenience therefore was it requisite that the blood should be first diverted into the Liver and therein defecated from its remaining impurities before it be permitted to enter the vena cava When it is brought into the Liver it doth not pass through the capillary branches of the vena portae And why it is transmitted through the Parenchyma of the Liver into the extremities of the capillary branches of the Vena cava immediately or per Anastomoses as was long believed and taught by Anatomists because we have the testimony of our eyes that there are no such Anastomoses or mutual Inosculations betwixt the extremities of those vessells but it is first percolated through the Parenchyma or very substance of the Liver Now to what end is it so percolated That percolation must certainly be in order either to some Alteration or to some Separation It cannot be in order to any Alteration because no such thing can be imagined to be effected in the Liver since the Liquor passing through the Liver as it came-in blood so doth it go out blood It must therefore conduce to the separation of something from the blood And that something can be nothing but the Bilious Excrement because all other Excrements are separated
decayed Vitality thereof in such a proportion as may be sufficient to vivify the Parenchyma of the Liver and conduce to the more easie and speedy separation of the Bilious impurities therein especially considering that the Spirits of the blood brought in are hindered from flying away as they usually do through the thinner coats of the veins by the thickness of the Capsula Communis and so kept together to resuscitate the Mication and renew the Vitality thereof That this is so may be in part inferred from hence that the Vital Spirits can be no otherwise communicated to this Parenchyma the Arteria Hepatica being wholly distributed upon the Capsula Communis and the branches of the Porus Bilarius but never touching the Parenchyma with so much as one small surcle Now there being no vessel that brings blood into the Parenchyma but only the Vena Portae that Parenchyma must of necessity be deprived of all Vitality unless we allow the blood brought by the Porta to recover its vital disposition by the means of the Pulsation caused in the Porta and the excitement of a new Fermentation from the restraint of the Spirits For without the influx of vitall blood no part can be vivified and certain it is the Parenchyma doth receive no blood but only from the Vena Portae This Resuscitation of the Vitall Spirits in the blood brought into the Liver may be adumbrated by the example of the heart of a Viper or other Animal of like vivacity For the Heart being cut out of the Viper yet alive and placed upon a table doth a good while retain its pulsation and as that motion begins to decay by reason of the consumption of the Vitall Heat if you but drop some warm liquor upon the then languishing heart it will instantly revive and beat again untill it grows cold And such doubtless is this small spark of life re-enkindled in the blood contained in the Vena Portae within the Liver which though but small may yet be sufficient both to enliven the Parenchyma and to excite some gentle Fermentation in the blood conducible to its purification in that place Now to bring all this into a narrower circle if we reflect upon the Equall Dissemination of all the foresaid vessels through all parts of the Parenchyma upon the Pulsation of the Vena Portae within the limits of the Liver whereby the motion of the blood is made more strong and quick upon the promotion of that pulsation by the Hepatick Nerv spontaneously contracting it self after every diastole of the Hepatick Artery and lastly upon the resuscitation of Vitality in the blood and its renewed Fermentation which always precedeth the separation of any humor from the blood we say reflecting upon these things we may plainly understand with how little of difficulty the bloud is impelled into all parts of the Parenchyma and therein separated from the Bilious impurities only by reason of the Diversity of Pores in the same Parenchyma according to a MECHANICAL way or method Which was the difficulty that required to be removed When Excrements are separated they must be Excluded The various Manners of the Excretion of Excrements after they are separated and collected and therefore having investigated the manner of their separation from the bloud it is requisite that we say somwhat of the Manner of their Excretion For albeit there be no Excretion but what is effected immediately by Pulsion yet doth that Pulsion arise from various causes In particular One sort of Excretion is made by simple Propulsion as that of the Serum through the substance of the Kidneys that of the Bile into the bladder of Gall and into the Porus Bilarius and of the Phlegma into the Guts Another is from the Rarefaction of the Excrements themselves as when the Serum flowing together with the blood in the arteries is rarefied by heat and breaks forth into the habit of the body whence at length it is excluded in sweat through the pores of the skin and when the watery part of the blood is by way of Exhalation transmitted through the coats of the smaller arteries and collected in the Lympheducts And a third sort of Excretion is made meerly by the Spontaneous Contraction of the Parts Expelling such is that of the Bile out of the bladder of Gall into the ductus communis of vitious humors out of the stomach by vomiting and of the Urine out of the bladder c. So that we see there is as little need of any Attraction toward the Excretion of Excrements as there was toward their separation from the blood To Explicate the Manner of the Excretion of the Bile somewhat more particularly The particular Manner of the Excretion of the Bile we note that the Porus Bilarius is filled with that humor by its capillary branches disseminated into the greatest part of the Parenchyma of the Liver and the Vesicula Fellis by its Fibrous roots that are likewise disseminated into the rest of the parenchyma And when these two Receptacles are thus filled with this humor even to distention then being irritated or molested by that burden they contract themselves and so squeez out so much thereof as exceeded their natural capacity the Vesicula Fellis exonerating it self by the Meatus Cysticus and the Bilarius Porus by the Ductus communis out of which the excrement is convaid by the oblique insertion into the Guts Which Irritation and contraction of these Receptacles is the cause why the Bile doth not continually and by drops destill out of the Ductus communis into the Guts as the serum doth into the Ureters but is as it were â—ructated by intervalls and in good quantity at a time those concave and membranous parts never contracting themselves but only when they are above measure distended by a redundancy of the humor contained in them and the efflux of the humor depending wholly upon that their Contraction That these parts do thus Contract themselves is inferrible from hence And the Cause thereof that all sensitive parts among which the vesicula Fellis may be accounted in respect it enjoyeth a small Nerve derived from the sixth conjugation are capable of Irritation and therefore whenever they are distended beyond their natural rate or otherwayes molested they begin instantly to make some resistance and reduce themselves to their due laxity by ex-pressing what was offensive to them and if the parts thus irritated be concave membranous and fibrous it is necessary that their resistance be made by a Contraction of all their Fibers whereby their cavity is lessened and some part at least of the humor distending them is expelled The Receptacles of the Bile therefore being such parts they must have such a motion of self-Restitution upon the like occasion Digression Here me-thinks I perceive my Reader to put on the cloudy aspect of dissatisfaction PARADOX That we have a certain Natural Feeling wholly distinct from the Animal and independent upon the Brain and to
either to progression or to apprehension because the power and influence of the brain is extinguished by the government and moderation whereof those motions were formerly regulated either to progression or flying so in Convulsions our Muscles are contracted and our members variously agitated with irregular and ineffectuall motions because those motions depend upon a natural sense only without the regulating influence of the Brain which taketh no cognizance of the injuries done to the Muscles nor of the sense which irritateth them These things duly considered Reason adviseth us henceforth to lay aside that opinion of Des Cartes and his disciple Regius both great Philosophers and in many other things worthy to be followed that the influx of Animal spirits by the nerves is necessary to the performance of all Naturall Motions and actions done in the body and to take up this more probable one of Dr. Harvey that each Natural action is effected by the part doing it meerly in respect of a certain sense whereby it feeleth what is troublesome and injurious to it selfe and so is irritated to excite such motions of it self as may conduce to its vindication and this without any influx or regiment of the Brain or Common sense at all We might have added further out of the same Dr. HARVET that all Motions in the body are derivative from the Vitall Influence of the Heart and wholly dependent thereupon because no part is longer capable of this Natural sense than while it is irradiated and enlivened by the Vitall Spirits or blood flowing from the heart for no part once mortified i.e. no longer participant of the Vitall influence can have any sense or be irritated to motion Besides it is not unreasonable to conceive that the strength or Tone of each part doth mostly consist in its enjoying a due proportion of Vitality and if that Tone or firmeness be vitiated or diminished as soon it must if deprived of that requisite influx that part becomes languid dull and hardly capable of irritation But this noble speculation requires to be handled with more exactness than the narrow limits of a short Digression will admit of and we have already said more than enough to assert that all parts of the body have a certain Naturall sense of Feeling distinct from the Animal and wholly independent upon the Brain which was the Probleme proposed ¶ OF RESPIRATION Exercitation the Eighth Of Respiration THE Chain of Nature Article by which she connecteth various Operations conspiring to one and the same End brings us in the next place to discourse of RESPIRATION The Connexion of this Exercitation to the precedent betwixt which and the Pulsation is a manifest affinity For these two Actions or Motions as they are inservient to the conservation of the Lamp of Life and the Generation of Vital Spirits so do they both consist of a Dilatation and Contraction the one of a Diastole and Systole of the Heart and Arteries the other of a Diastole and Systole of the Breast and Lungs Now this Affinity hath given occasion to many Physicians to conceive the Diastole and Systole of the Lungs to be Synchronical or coincident with the Diastole and Systole of the Heart and to refer both their motions to the same cause and Original But They have grossly erred in confounding things so manifestly different For 1 There are many sorts of Animals that have Hearts The Disparity betwixt Respiration and Pulsation both as to their Times or periods and as to their Vses but no Lungs 2 The Dilatations and Contractions of the Heart are clearly distinct from those of the Breast and Lungs as is evident from hence that they are not synchronical i. e. made and terminated in the same periods and times one complete Respiration taking up more time then 4 or 5 Pulses and this in all Animals that have both Heart and Lungs 3 The Motion of the Heart and Arteries is much different from that of the Lungs as to their Uses For First if the Pulse and Respiration have one and the same Final cause and that as these men have assumed the Arteries take in the ambient aer through the skin at every Diastole and exclude it again the same way together with the Fuliginous Exhalations of the blood in every systole and that in the space of time intermediate betwixt each Diastole and Systole they contain both the inspired aer and exhalations then must we renounce both the doctrine of our Master Galen that in the arteries nothing is contained but the blood and our owne experience that confirms it Secondly if the Arteries were as the Lungs are filled with aer drawn in by their extremities and that the quantity of aer attracted were proportionate to the magnitude of each pulse or to the greater or lesser dilatation of the arteries then if while the pulse is great the whole body were immerged into a bath of water or oyle it would necessarily follow that the Pulse would become much smaller or much slower because it is highly difficult if not wholly impossible that the ambient aer should pass through the bath into the pores of the skin and so into the arteries Thirdly since all the Arteries as well those that lye deep in the body as those terminated in the skin are moved with equal velocity and at the same time it is not possible the ambient aer should as freely and swiftly pass through the habit of the body into the profoundest arteries as into those contiguous to the skin Fourthly it is not credible that Whales Dolphins and other Cetaceous Animals that have Respiration can draw aer into their arteries at every diastole through so vasta mass of waters as is from the bottom to the top of the sea Fifthly if in their systole the Arteries expell the fuliginous exhalations of the blood through the pores of the skin why should they not expell also the vital spirits that are far more subtile and fugitive than those supposed Exhalations can be Nature certainly hath made no such Colatory as should retain the thinner spirits and let the grosser fumes pass through Nor is it yet sufficiently proved that there are any such Fuliginous Exhalations generated in the heart and arteries and afterward excluded partly by the Lungs partly by the Arteries in their Contractions as are vulgarly believed For the blood suffereth only a simple agitation or conquassation in the ventricles of the heart and a propulsion in the arteries and that it can produce such an aboundance of sooty fumes from the blood as Physicians have talked of is not easie to conceive Truth is the blood by reason of its heat and swift motion doth emit some Halitus or vapours which streaming through the coats of the smaller arteries are received and condensed into a thin limpid liquor by the Lympheducts but is it therefore necessary that it should emit Fuliginous exhalations We confess also that there is a certain thin Excrement of the blood and
arme was at first surprised with Convulsions of that Arme and those ceasing there ensued so great an Atrophy of that member as nothing now for the woman is yet living remains of it but skin and bones which extream extenuation doubtless is to be referred to the want of passage for the Succus Nutritius through the principal Nerv in the Arme from the beneficial use of Cephalique Emplastres in Consumptions from ulcerated Lungs no such accident but an Aneurisme usually following upon the incision of an Artery 2 In a Phthisis or Consumption from ulcerated Lungs Cephalique Emplastres though composed of hearing and drying ingredients and in that respect seeming very incompetent for such a Disease are found by experience to be very beneficial to the sick and that not only because they stop the defluxion of humors from the head upon the Lungs but also and chiefly because they warme and corroborate the Brain and Nervs and so promote the Nutrition of the Parts Which effect cannot be expected from their Heat and Driness but from some comfortable influence transmitted to the Nervs by which they are strengthned and made fit for the performance of their office viz. the conveying the nourishment from the brain to the parts 3 As those persons are inclined to Leanness who abound with blood From the Fatness of men endowed with large open spongy and moist nerves so are those inclined to grow Fat who have large moist open and spongy Nervs for such Nervs afford much Aliment and distribute it easily 4 It is commonly observed that from wounds of the joynts and Nervs From the roscid humor exstilling from wounds of the joynts and sinewes there distills a certain roscid Humor not much unlike the white of an Egg which being not likely to come from either the Arteries or veins in respect they carry nothing but blood why may we not believe it to drop out of the Nervs Also in such wounds in issues in hollow Teeth c. there grow up frequently certain fleshy Excrescences or Proud Flesh which being exceeding sensible and subject to acute pain upon the least touch cannot but have a very neer relation to the Nervs and blood certainly is very unapt to produce such Excrescences to the Generation of which some matter analogous to the sperme is necessarily required 5 The same may be said also of Wens and Scrophulous Tumors which seem to derive their Seminal Matter from the dew or Gâ—eet of the Nerves From the Material Principle of Wens and Scrophulous Tumors and not from any humor effused out of the Arteries or veins blood being a liquor partaking of too much Asperity and Acrimony to be the material Principle of such Tumors besides we have the testimony of our sense that the rudiments of such Tumors are like Eggs included in a membranous filme which contains a humor resembling the white of an Egg but nothing like blood Moreover these Tumors frequently tend to some kind of Formation though but an imperfect one producing sometimes a mass or lump of Flesh sometimes a Worme or other such Monster which is a strong Argument that their primitive Matter is not blood but a certain juyce much milder and sweeter and brought to the parts in which they are generated by the Nervs 6 This Opinion is further confirmed by the Matter of the Seed and the Manner of its preparation in the Testicles From the Matter of the seed and the Manner of its praeparation in the Testicles For the Seed seems to be generated not of the blood as hath been vulgarly believed but of a matter much sweeter and more generous brought into the Seminary vessells from the brain by the Nervs forasmuch as the Nervs are both more copiously and more deeply disseminated into the parenchyma of the Testicles than either the Arteries or the veins which is the reason why their inward substance is white not red Again their proper Coat appears to be nothing else but a certain expansion of the Nervs inserted into them from which Coat many small Nervs are on all parts derived to the middle of the Testicles where meeting together they make the long Nervous vessell that manifestly exonerateth it self into the Chanel of the Epididymis as may be plainly seen in the stones of a Horse Bull Boar or other large Animal As for the veins of the Testicles they serve only to export the blood imported by the Arteries and the Arteries themselves though they variously diffuse themselves round about the Testicles and accompanying the Nervs tend in divers places from the inward coat to the Ductus Seminalis situate in the very middle of the Testicle and are connected thereunto yet they rarely disperse any branches untill reflecting from that chanel they have begun their progresse back again toward the Circumference of the Testicle But there they send out some surcles to the outside of the Testicle to the end that those capillary veins opening themselves into the substance of the Testicle may the more easily receive the blood effused out of the Arteries and so carry it off again Because that blood if left there would soon obstruct the parenchyma of the Testicles and disturb the praeparation of the seed Yet these Arteries no where insinuate themselves into the Nervous or Seminal Chanel or infuse the least drop of blood into them So that it is more then probable they serve rather for the vivification of the Testicles by bringing the vital blood and spirits into them than for the importation of the Seminal Matter Now the Nervs implanted in the Testicles cannot be in order to their Motion because they have none that is voluntary nor is there any need of them as to sensation and therefore it is more credible that their Use is only to bring in some certain Liquor for the making of seed Furthermore the Testicles are furnished with many Lympheducts which could be of little Use unto them unless there were some other vessells present also by which that generous Liquor is brought in whose thinner and superfluous part those Lympheducts are framed to export Add to this that the seed is a liquor much more noble and Ambrosiack than the blood as is evident even from hence that a small expence of seed doth more exhaust the spirits than the losse of twenty times so much blood Which doubtless is the reason why Heaviness and dejection of spirit do alwayes ensue after the delights of Venus and it hath been observed that in men excessively addicted to women the Brain it self is not only much debilitated but made also lax thin and watery The Gout-likewise is generally an Attendant of immoderate venery because the joynts and nervous parts being much debilitated and the roscid and Unctuous Liquor of the Nervs deprived of its milder and sweeter part the Succus Nutritius becomes too thin and sharp and so is more expeditely discharged upon the joynts 7 From the Extremities of broken Bones from the Glutinous maâ—ter
issuing from the ends of broken bones and cementing them together again there sweats forth a certain Glutinous substance very beneficial toward the uniting and cementing them together again which liquor cannot proceed from the Arteries whose office is only to convey the blood a liquor vastly different from this Glew and since besides them and the Nervs there is no vessell yet found out that carries any humor from the Center to the circumference of the body it is very reasonable to conceive that this Glew is derived from the Nervs 8 The White of Eggs is brought into the womb of the Hen by the Nervs For it hath no resemblance at all to blood nor can it be generated of blood unless by way of separation but there can be no separation made in that part in respect it is wholly destitute of any Parenchyma which is absolutely necessary to the separation of any two Humors one from the other Whereas the secretion of the Succus Nutritius brought by the Nervs seems to want no parenchyma and may be effected in parts the most bloodless And that such a Secretion of the Succus Nutritius is made in the womb is manifest from the great number of Lympheducts returning from thence which Nature had nener ordained in that place unless it were to export the thinner and superfluous part of the Succus Nutritius brought to the womb by the Nerves So that the very Lympheducts seem to teach us that the Succus Nutritius is derived into the womb by the Nerves and that the watery part thereof being protruded into the Lympheducts the more unctuous and profitable is transmitted into the cavity of the womb there to make the White of the Egg. 1 In the Rickets there is generally observed an Inequality of Nutrition From the Vnequal nourishment of some part in that Rickets which according to the most of probability proceeds from the less aptitude of some Nerves to carry the nourishment than of others For that Disease seems to be seated originally and principally in the Spinal Marrow without the skull and in the Nerves thence propagated and therefore those Nerves must be more weak languid and unfit to transmit the Succus Nutritius than such as arise from the Brain or Marrow within the skull And hence is it doubtless that the Head Face and Viscera of the Abdomen all which derive their Nerves from the Marrow within the skull grow excessively great while the Armes and Leggs become lean flaccid and enervate as being supplyed with nourishment by Nerves issuing from the Spinal Marrow without the skull Moreover because it sometimes happens that some one particular branch of this or that Nerve is more debilitated than the rest thence it comes that one part of a Limb is better supplyed with nourishment than the other and so by that unequal Nutrition of its parts the whole member growes crooked And these are among many others the chief Arguments that have perswaded us that the Nourishment of the parts is brought to them by the Nerves Among the Difficulties encumbering this opinion Three grand Difficulties troubling this opinion there are 3 that especially deserve consideration viz. 1 That in the Nerves no passages or cavities can be discerned through which the Succus Nutritius may be convey'd 2 That in the dissection of Animals alive and the application of a ligature to any Nerve no swelling can be observed to arise on either side the Ligature and upon cutting off a Nerve very little or none at all of this supposed Liquor can be discerned to distill from either end contrary to what happeneth in the binding and cutting off any other vessell 3 No such Liquor hath yet been found in the Nerves of bodies dissected And yet these Difficulties are not weighty enough to counterbalance the Reason formerly alleadged forasmuch as they may be easily solved by Answering to the First Solution of the First asserting the possibility of the flux of the Nutritive juice through the Nervs notwithstanding no manifest Hollowness can be discerned in them that though no manifest hollowness be discernable in the Nerves such as is in Arteries and Veins yet is it not impossible but the supposed Succus Nutritius may distill gently through them For it is well known by the experiment of lowing the Spinal Marrow or any Nerve in water that the Nerves are made up of many small Fibrous Filaments or threads cohâ—ering together with a soft medullary substance betwixt them much like the Indian Canes which though in the cortex so hard and compact as to yield fire upon percussion with a Tobacco-pipe and as solid within as many sorts of wood being yet composed of many small and long Filaments with small perforations betwixt them are pervious from one end to the other so as a man may without much difficulty blow his spittle quite through them Likewise in the leaves of plants there shoots up a certain small Nervous rib arising from the Foot-stalke by which they are fastned to the branch and without which nothing of nourishment can be brought to them This little rib running up in the middle sends forth various lesser surcles or threads equally to all parts of the leaf so as the whole is thereby equally nourished And yet if you cut off this rib or any one branch of it you shall discover none the smallest cavity or hollowness therein nor any drop of juice issuing out of it unless in the Sowthistle Esula Celendine and some few other plants which emit either a milky or a yellowish juice which certainly is their nourishment And though other plants yield not upon cutting of their leaves the like juice yet most certain it is they are nourished with some kind of juice or other derived to them by their Foot-stalks So that we can perceive no such absolute necessity of any manifest cavity in their small ribbs for the dispensation of their nourishing juice as this Objection seems to import especially when we consider that the Motion of the Succus Nutritius in those slender Filaments or threads is very gentle slow and insensible not rapid or Violent as the motion of the blood in the Arteries and Veins of Animals Now since our sense is witnesse that liquor may be transmitted through a Fire-cane though sufficiently solid and compact and our Reason assureth that the Nutritive juice of Plants is distributed to all parts of the leaves through the Foot-stalk and little Rib running up in the middle of each leafe though we can discern no manifest passages or channels through which it flowes Why may not the nourishment of Animals be in like manner dispensed to the parts through the Nerves notwithstanding they appear destitute of any conspicuous hollowness But yet some Nerves there are not so impervious but they admit a small style or probe into them in which number are the Optique and Odoratory Nerves and though the rest have not the like visible hollowness yet reflecting upon this that all the
Appetite and in place of a Ferment promote the dissolution and concoction of the meat The Pituitous Mucus found in the Guts is an insipid excrement spewed out of the Mesenterick arteries into the substance of the guts transmitted by insensible passages into the hollow of them serving to defend them from the injuries of the Chyle and excrements of the belly passing through them and at length to be excluded together with those excrements by stool That distilling from the Brain is a pituitous excrement severed from the blood brought thither by the Arteries and excerned either by the Palate or nostrills Such also are the sputum which falls down from the pituitary Glandules situate about the basis of the brain and the saliva which is generated of humours imported into the Almonds of the Ears the Glandulae sublinguales and other spongy parts in the jawes and mouth and therein separated for the moystning of the mouth and softning of the solid meat in mastication The Bile or yellow Choler found in the bladder of the Gall is a bitter excrement generated in the blood of the crass sulphur thereof dissolved by the serum made adust by the vital heat separated in the Liver and thence conveyd by convenient vessells which we shall particularly mention anon into the Intestines to be excluded with the excrements of the belly Lastly the Ear-wax is a bilious excrement thick yellow and bitter in small quantity effused out of the capillary arteries neer the Ears and collected in the meatus auditorius The Material principles Generation Differences and particular Essences of these Excrements The Reason why each particular Excrement is determinately imported into the part particularly comparated for its separation is being thus explained it followes that we now discuss the Manner of their separation from the blood in the parts specified framed by Nature to that end Which that we may do with the more satisfaction and perspicuity it is requisite that we premise some short disquisition as well concerning the Reason why such or such Excrements all being promiscuously blended together or flowing confusedly together in the arteries with the blood are yet carried into such or such parts rather than into any others as concerning the various wayes Nature hath contrived for the separation of Humours each from other in the body For these Generals being explicated anticipate the remove of many of those difficulties and obscurities that we shall encounter in our scrutiny into Particulars Concerning the Former therefore we advertise that the Reason why the Acid Phlegme contained in the blood is imported rather into the Stomach than into the guts the Insipid Phlegme rather into the Guts than into the stomach the serum into the Kidneys rather then into the Liver and the Bile into the Liver rather than into either the Stomach Guts or Kidneys we say the reason of this is not that each particular Excrement is so directed by any Intelligent Faculty whose office is to distinguish not only the excrementitious parts of the blood from the benigne and profitable but also the excrementitious one from another and to dispense each to the part ordained for its separation nor that each excrement is attracted by and to its like as if the Phlegme preexistent in the stomach and guts did by reason of similitude of substance draw to it self those Phlegmatique particles of the blood that hold the neerest analogy to its own nature and so of the serum in the Kidneys the Bile in the Liver Porus bilarius and bladder of the Gall c. Not by any Intelligence Not that it is so directed by any Intelligence or distinguishing faculty or distinguishing Faculty because the soul or Mind whose Function is only to rationate or think is conscious to her self of all her actions but no mans soul is conscious of any such act as the distinction of Excrements And to assigne a distinct Faculty to every distinct operation in the body is as that wonder for Wit and Learning Dr. Ent acutely said Deos advocare in theatrum ut solvant nodum fabulae A course frâ—quently taken and eagerly pursued by many Philosophers even of the highest forme but in truth so manifestly erroneous as to refute it self For those fruitfull imaginations that first hatched and introduced the Faculties Attractive Retentive Concoctive and Expulsive might if they pleased have invented and added as many more to preside over each particular humor and Excrement in the body and multiplied them even to infinity the difference of those Actions and indeed of all others done in Animals arising really from the different constitutions and structures of the organs wherein they are performed Nor by Spontaneous Coition or Aâ—traction Similary Nor that it is Attracted by the like Excrement contained in that part because in Nature there is no Motion by Attraction but all from Impulsion and if there were yet could not one excrement draw another of the same kind because Simile non potest agere in simile quà simile non magis certè quà m in seipsum To which we may adde that though many great men have laboured much to assert this opinion of Attraction propte◠〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by reason of similitude or familiarity of substance yet could none of them make it so much as intelligible and therefore Regius did well to say Excrementorum attractio spontanea coitio sunt rejiciendae quia non sunt manifestae vel intelligibiles nec probatae To what then shall we ascribe this so admirable effect But that there is a certain peculiar Conformity of magnitude and figure betwixt the minute particles of this or that Excrement and the pores of this or that part constituted for the reception of it Why truly according to the most of probability to nothing else but the Correspondence of Magnitude and Figure betwixt the minute particles of this or that peculiar excrementitious humor to be separated from the blood on one side and the small passages leading into and insensible pores in this or that part peculiarly constituted for the separation thereof on the other together with the help of that particular Fermentation which each humor doth suffer either neer unto or in the place of its separation to Nature nothing being more frequent than to make use of a certain Fermentation greater or lesser where she intends a separation of various humors one from another For since each particular Exâ—rement doth consist of particles of a determinate Magnitude and determinate Figure and that each separatory organ in the body hath likewise not only a distinct manner of Conformation of its conspicuous vessells parenchyma and other sensible parts but also its insensible particles passages and pores of a particular magnitude and figure different from those of all other organs and accommodated only to that Action or Office for which the same was made it is highly reasonable to conceive by way of inference that the blood being diffused through the arteries by
before the blood arrive at the confines of the Liver and because no other Excrement can be found therein Which consideration is alone sufficient to evince that the Office of the whole Liver is to receive the blood out of the vena portae to purge it from the Bilious Excrement and to discharge it so purified into the vena cava thence to be conveyed into the Heart As for the Manner how this excellent work of Purification is performed in the Liver for the better understanding the same we are to observe 1 That the Parenchyma is the Principal part among all those many that make up that ample and curiously contrived organ of the Liver That the Parenchyma is the Principal part of all the Liver In particular the Ligaments of the Liver serve only to establish or hold it firme in its natural position the Coat investeth it the vena Portae brings the blood into it the Capsula Communis is inservient to the distribution of the same blood through the branches of the vena Portae the Hepatick Artery and Nerve serve partly to the better promotion of the blood into all parts of the parenchyma and partly to the more quick and easie influx of the Bilis into the Porus Bilarius the branches of the Vena Cava export the blood after its purification and those of the Porus Bilarius export the Bile after its separation so that it is manifest that all these several parts are in some sort or other mechanically inservient to the Parenchyma and that the Parenchyma is the sole part wherein the separation of the Bile from the blood is made by an admirable artifice of percolation 2 That this Parenchyma is a kind of Streiner after a peculiar manner framed by Nature And a kind of Streiner for that separation which can be no otherwayes effected but by Percolation For whensoever a mixt Liquor is brought into a part and in passing through that part severed into two distinct kinds and so by distinct wayes effused out of it again we may be certain that those Liquors were severed each from other by percolation made in that part and as certain that that part is a Percolatory Instrument And since the very same is effected in the Parenchyma of the Liver while the Bile is severed from the blood we may well conclude that that separation is made by percolation and that the Parenchyma is a kind of Streiner 3 That this Parenchyma being a lax and spongy substance after a peculiar manner contexed Whose particles are contexed after a peculiar manner and pores of divers sorts in respect whereof the Bile is therein separated from the blood mechanically and having various sorts of pores whereof some are in magnitude figure and situation particularly comparated for the reception of the impure blood effused out of the extremities of the capillary branches of the vena portae and others in like manner particularly comparated for the reception of the minute particles of the Bilious Excrement and the transmission of them into the extremities of the capillary branches of the Porus Bilarius and others again particularly comparated for the reception of the minute particles of the pure blood and the transmission of them into the extremities of the capillary branches of the vena cava we say these things being so it is reasonable to conceive that after the impure blood is brought into the pores of the First sort the particles of the Bile are impelled into those of the Second and through them into the extremities of the capillary branches of the Porus Bilarius and the particles of the pure blood into those of the Third and through them into the extremities of the capillary branches of the vena Cava so as the separation of the Bile from the blood is made in the parenchyma of the Liver The same inferred from 4 considerables viz. only by reason of this diversity of its pores To encrease the verisimilitude of this Opinion there occur 4. things not unworthy a serious remark in this place viz. 1 That the Capillary branches of each sort of the vessells mentioned The equall distribution of the capillary branches of all the vessells in the Liver are distributed equally into all parts of the Parenchyma so that the Port-vein doth dispense the blood equally into all parts thereof and the capillary branches of the Porus Bilarius being likewise disseminated through all parts of the same lye ready to admit the Biliousâ—humor as fast as it is separated from the blood and the capillary branches of the vena cava being also dispersed into all parts of the same are ready to receive the pure blood as fast as it is defecated from the Bile Which is some document that this whole work of purifying the blood from the Bilious humor is performed in the Liver only Mechanically and that with the greatest facility imaginable nor is it possible for the greatest wit of man to imagine any fabrique more commodious for the effecting thereof than this of the Liver is 2 That the Vena portae The Pulsation of the Vena Portae within the Liver being entred into the body of the Liver doth acquire a certain Pulsation though weak and less perfect than that of an Artery by the benefit partly of the Capsula communis that includeth it and partly of the Arteria Hepatica that accompanieth it For being included in the same common case with the Arteria Hepatica it must necessarily be compressed in some measure by the systole thereof and again be relaxed in the diastole and by that means suffer a certain Dilatation and Compression alternately And being so compressed it must impell the blood into the parenchyma and that blood must be driven on by the next succeeding blood so as that the motion and distribution thereof is necessarily continued by that impulse without the necessity of any either Similary Attraction or Distinguishing Faculty 3 That the Hepatick Nerve may be conceived also to conduce somewhat to that Pulsation of the Vena Portae The assistance of that Pulsation by the Hepatick Nerve For that Nerve also is included in the Capsella Communis and no less distributed upon the same than upon the branches of the Porus Bilarius And therefore when the Arteria Hepatica is dilated this Nerve as being contiguous to it must be somewhat compressed and so irritated to make some small Contraction of it self which being impossible to be effected without a proportionate constriction of the Capsula Communis it comes to pass that the Vena Portae included in the same Capsula suffereth a constriction at the same time 4 It is probable that this Pulsatile motion of the Vena Portae within the Liver The Resuscitation of Vitality in the blood in the branches of the Vena Porlae within the Liver and a new Fermentation thereof praevious to the separation of the Bile doth cause some new Fermentation of the blood and redintegrate the
universum eorpus excurrerent per nervos Nor must we here omit to touch upon the Secundary Uses of Respiration The Secondary Uses of Respiration which are Manifold For it serveth 1 to the creation of the Voice whether Articulate as in Man or Inarticulate as in Bruits the Lungs exploding the inspired aer through the Aspera Arteria with such impetuosity and swiftness as that its frequent and strong Elisions in the head of the Larynx the throat and other parts of the mouth cause it to yeeld a found 2 to the Distribution of the Chyle both out of the stomach and guts through the venae Lacteae into the grand Receptacle and out of that Receptacle into the ductus Chyliferi the middle part of the Diaphragme in Inspiration depressing the stomach and guts and its two long carneous productions lying so immediately under the Receptacle as that they cannot be distended but they must at the same time also distend it and so express the Chyle out of it 3 to the Exclusion of the Excrements both of the Guts and Bladder the depression of the Diaphragme together with the compression of the Abdomen streightning and urging those parts 4 to Smelling the odours being brought into the Nostrills together with the inspired Aer 5 to Coughing Sternutation Exscreation and Emunction of the Nose while the breath is driven forth with violence and suddainly And 6 to assist the whole body in any strong and vehement motion while either the Inspiration being made gentle and small and the breath kept in the Muscles of the Abdomen and other parts are consequently stretched and so we are the better enabled to lift up things of great weight or to repell things making resistence by force of impulsion or otherwise or after a great inspiration a vehement and suddain exâ—piration succeeds and then the Muscles are extended together with the like force so as the Armes and Legs are strengthned either in giving a blow or leaping or other the like efforts to which main force is required And thus much of Respiration OF THE LYMPHEDUCTS Exercitation the Ninth Of the Lympheducts AMong the new Discoveries made in the Microcosme Article by the Anatomists of this our age wherein Nature seems to have rewarded the sweat and industry of her ingenious Votaries The Lympheducts a new and excellent Invention with the knowledge of sundry Secrets which she wholly concealed from our Predecessors These vessels are not the least nor can you have a compleat History of the Oeconomy of Nature in an Animal without assuming both them and the Liquor they contain into particular consideration To whom the Honour of their Invention doth belong To whom the honour of their Discovery is to be ascribed is yet in dispute For though that most diligent and perspicacious Anatomist Thom Bartholinus be the man who first wrote of them and He challengeth the glory of their discovery wholly to Himself yet is it well known that our Country man Dr. Iolive a person of singular dexterity and admirable felicity in dissection of all sorts of Animals as well living as dead had discovered and mentioned them to many Physicians of best note and among the rest particularly to that eminent Master in Anatomy Dr. Glisson who makes gratefull acknowledgment thereof in his most elaborate and judicious Book de Anatom Hepatis more than a whole year before Bartholine wrote his Treatise particularly concerning them So that it being improbable Dr. Iolive should borrow the notice of these Water-vessels from Bartholine and as improbable on the otherside that Bartholine should receive the first Hint of them from Dr. Iolive it seems equitable the Honour of this invention should be divided betwixt Them as Men whom good Fortune conspiring with their industry might haply bring to the investigation of the same thing neer about the same time notwithstanding they were divided by so large a distance as is betwixt England and Denmark and held no commerce each vvith other by Letters or othervvise But vvhoever vvas the Inventor certain it is the Invention it self is of admirable advantage to the Republique of Physick and therefore vve shall briefly recite the summe of vvhat hath been vvritten concerning their Description their Origination their Insertion and their Uses The Lympheducts are certain Whitish Vessels Their Description in many places of the body running along close upon the veins and sometimes embracing them in various circles as the surcles of the Vine tvvine about the branches of an Elm consisting of a very thin and transparent membranous substance not much unlike a spiders vveb in Figure for the most part roundish in magnitude seldome exceeding a Ravens quillâ— furnished vvith sundry tender valves and containing a Liquor thin insipid and for the most part vvhitish but sometimes tinged either vvith blood or vvith a yellovvish colour Of these are two sorts Differences some accompanying the larger veins in the Limbs or exterior parts and others associating themselves vvith the veins in the Abdomen especially vvith the Vena Fortae the Iliacal veins those diffeminated upon the Testicles in both sexes and upon the bottome of the womb in Females Accordingly Origination their Origine is tvvofold for those in the Abdomen arise either from the Liver or from the Bladder of the Gall or Capsula communis and those in the Limbs have their original from those parts but vvhether from the capillary veins or from the capillary Arteries or from the extremities of the Nerves is not yet determined Onely vve have the late observations of Olaus Raâ—beak Physician to Queen Christina of Sueden to attest that they arise almost from all parts he having found them also in the Lungs Mediastinum Heart suspensory ligament of the Liver stomach spleen loyns and sundry other parts Their Insertion likevvise is tvvofold Insertion For those in the Abdomen are all terminated in the grand Receptacle of the Chyle into which as into a cistern they infuse that thin liquor which they carry in their pipes that so the same being there commixed with the Chyle may be conveyed along with it through the Lacteae Thoracicae into the subclavian vein And those above the Diaphragme or such as arise from the Limbs are inserted into the External jugular Veins into which they disembogue their several rivulets Wherefore they have no common Trunck but like several Springs of water rising up here and there from divers parts they all tend into two large channels viz. the Receptacle of the Chyle and the Vena Axillaris that their streams may all meet in the common Ocean of the Heart As for their Situation and Progress it is thus In the Armes Situation and Progress they creep up by the side of the Vena Brachialis to which they are firmely connected and so ascend together with it to the Vena Axillaris into which they open themselves with a small inlet or Orifice that is guarded with a valve set there
blood and in respect of its thinness is commodious for the more easie transportation of the blood through the narrow meanders of the veins therefore is it not excluded out of the body as an absolute Excrement but imbibed by the Glandules adjacent to the veins and by them imported into the veins Which seems to be the most satisfactory reason that hath hitherto been given why such Glandules are placed for the most part neer to the greater Divisions of the Nervs and veins viz. that they may the more conveniently receive the humor effused out of the Nervs and deliver it again into the veins And to the Last inservient to the Praeparation of the true Succus Nutritius belong the Glandules of the Mesentery the 3 Glandules of the 〈◊〉 and the Thymus or single Glandule in the Chest neer the Ductus Lactcus Thoracicus and in Brutes called the Sweet-bread For 1 as to the Glandules of the Mesentery Anatome assureth us that a great multitude of the Venae Lacteae tend unto them and are in them distributed into surcles extreamly small and that other small branches or rather roots of milky veins take their beginning in the same Glandules and progressing from thence make a second sort or race of venae lacteae as we have more particularly declared before in the 2d Art of the 3d Exercit. Now to what end hath Nature made these two kinds of Venae Lacteae one sort to import the Chyle into these Glands and the other to export it unless it be that the Chyle should either suffer some Alteration or be separated from some Humor in these Glandules Alteration it suffers none because it is carried off again in the same forme as it was brought in And therefore it remains probable that it is brought into the Glandules only that it might be separated from some parts less agreeable with the nature of pure nourishment Now what should the Humor be that is thus to be separated An absolute Excrement it cannot be because these Glandules have no peculiar Excretory vessells as all parts inservient to any Excretion have Nor is it like that matter which is reduced into the veins by the Reductory Glandules for if it were such it would need no such separation at all the rest of the Chyle soon after flowing into the subclavian vein and it being easie for Nature to have contrived that the chyle brought into these Glandules might have accompanied the rest in that journey without any intermediate Secretion This considered it is reasonable to conceive that the Liquor separated from the Chyle in these Glandules doth not belong either to the First or Second sort of Matter viz. the absolute Excrement and the Excrement Relative formerly mentioned but is the true Succus Nutritius Which being granted it is not difficult to explore by what vessells this Succus Nutritius is from thence carried away For since it cannot be thence exported by any peculiar vessells nor by veins it must be by the Nervs 2 As for the Three Glandulae Lumbares it is probable They also are official to the Nervs in the same way and that for two important Reasons First because they are furnished with Venae Lacteae of both sorts some tending to them and others propagated from them and exonerating themselves into the Common Receptacle in all points like the Glandules of the Mesentery Secondly because in such Animals as have the Glandules of the Mesentery very large these Glandulae Lumbares are either very small or wholly deficient and in men in whom the Glandules of the Mesentery are but small the Lumbares are great an undeniable argument that the same office is common to both sorts and that the exility of those is supplied by the amplitude of these And 3 the Thymus also seems to be a Nutritious Glandule For in Infants and other Animals new born at which time they grow much and so require the more abundant nourishment the magnitude of this Glandule doth exceed that of any other in the whole body but in old men who daily go down the hill of life and so have less need of nourishment in such abundance it dwindle's away to a smallness many times scarce discernable Again this Glandule hath no Excretory vessell nor like other greater Reducing Glandules any hollowness within and therefore we may well list it in the number of Nutritious Glandules Add also that it is white soft and very sweet and in substance resembling the Glandules of the Paps so that in probability as the paps serve to prepare nourishment for the infant ab extrà the Thymus supplieth him with nourishment ab intrà receiving the same perhaps our of the Ductus Lacteus in the Thorax which in its approach to the Thymus is usually divided into two streams or rivulets And these are the reasons upon which we conclude that the Nerves take in some of the Succus Nutritius out of each of these Glandules mentioned whose use seems to be to separate the same from the less Alimentary parts of the Chyle Concerning the Second thing enquired What is the Principium Dispensationis of the same viz. the Brain and Spinal Morrow viz. what is the Prineipium Dispensationis whence the Succus Nutritius is immediately immitted into the Nervs which convey it to the parts requiring nourishment We say that the Brain and Spinal Marrow seem to have the best title to that office of all other parts in respect that all the Nervs desuming their original from and having their extremities or roots immediately fastned unto either the Brain or Spinal Marrow the Nutritive juice may commodiously and easily from thence dissill down upon all parts of the body according to their particular conditions and necessities Concerning the Third What are the Vessells importing the Nutritive juice into the Brain and Spinal Marrow viz. the Nerves and particularly those of the sixth Conjugation of the brain viz. By what vessels the same Nutritive Liquor is brought into the brain and Spinal Marrow We say By the Nerves and particularly those of the sixth Conjugation For this pair of Nerves though they appear less than all others at their first rising from the Brain do yet hold a commerce with all other nerves of the whole body and are immediately derived to more parts than any other pair or Conjugation which is the reason why Anatomists called them the Wandring or Dispersed pair And the Commerce they maintain with so vast a multitude of other nerves is founded on a threefold relation or intercourse viz. Complication Consociation and Inoculation all which are largely described by Fallopius and after him by our excellent Dr. Glisson in observat Anatomic de Anatom Hepatis p. 436. Now if we seriously consider the scope or design of Nature in all those laborious and curious Connexions of Nerves we shall find none wherein our reason may with so much satisfaction acquiesce as in this that they conduce to the commodious reception of the Nutritive juice
and transportation of it to the principle of its Dispensation For it seems the Nutritive juice is first imbibed by the small branches of the Nerves of the sixth Conjugation and those though very many being yet too few for the transportation of so large a quantity of that rich Nectar as is required to the nourishment of the whole body Nature hath conjoyned with them a vast number of other Nerves as Auxiliaries in that great work So that it is not dissentaneous to reason to conceive that by these Nerves and their Coadjutors the Succus Nutritius is carried to the brain and Spinal Marrow thence to be afterward derived to all parts for their sustenance Concerning the Fourth What is the Motion of the same in the Nervs viz. not continual nor vehement but by intervalls and slow and gentle to the brain in sleep and from it to the members after sleep viz. the Motion of the Succus Nutritius in the Nerves though it be a problem of great obscurity yet doth the light let in at the postern gate of Conjecture discover thus much that it is not continual as that of the blood in the Arteries and veins but by intervals nor violent but slow and gentle as the defect of any swelling on either side of a Nerve bound about in a living creature doth sufficiently manifest Nor is it unreasonable to conceive that in a short time after each meal immediately upon the distribution of the Chyle through the Venae Lacteae the Succus Nutritius is imbibed by the Nerves of the sixth Conjugation and by them carried to the brain and Spinal Marrow Which perhaps is the reason why alwayes within an hour or two after meat we perceive a certain dulness in our heads together with an indisposition to motion and a propensity to sleep according to that proverb When the belly is full the bones would be at rest and soon after all those vanish again and we perceive our selves more light strong and active than before our refection because then the nourishment begins to be diffused from the principle of Dispensation of outwards into the limbs and other parts of the body And with this opinion agrees that observation of Bartholinus that the Lympheducts are more plainly discernable about five or six hours after meat than at other times as being at that time more filled with the superfluities of the Succus Nutritius Nor is it improbable that the Brain and Spinal Marrow are chiefly nourished in sleep and that then the Nutritive Liquor is usually carried to them relaxing them with its sweet and mild vapours and so both inducing and prolonging sleep From whence perhaps it comes that after long sleeps we perceive our brains to be oppressed and beclouded with vapours our senses dull and the motive-faculty enervated Besides in sleep all motions of humors flowing to the patts by the Nerves seem to be suspended and yet the Circulation of the blood is certainly at that time more free and quick than while we wake So that It cannot be thought the cause of that cessation but the Nerves onely which intermit their office of distributing the Succus Nutritius during sleep And all this will appear more reasonable if we reflect upon the flux of humors in the Nerves immediately after sleep For then the Brain and Spinal Marrow re-contract themselves and become more tense so that the Nutritive liquor is from thence transmitted partly to the members to be nourished and partly to the Glandules as well such as serve for the excretion of its absolute Excrement as those that serve for the reduction of its relative viz. it s acrimonious parts that are returned into the blood for the reason formerly mentioned And concerning the Last And what the Causes of that Motion viz. the motions of the Diaphragme of the Brain and of the Nerves themselves viz. the Causes of this Motion of the Succus Nutritius we may be allowed to conceive at least untill Time shall have dispelled that Obscurity which yet surrounds this abstruse Theoreme and the industry of some more dextrous Anatomist pierced deeper into the mystery of the Nerves a subject not much lesse inscrutable than the Nature of the Soul it self which useth them as her principal instruments we hope we may have the liberty to conceive that the Succus Nutritius is not imported to the brain and Spinal Marrow nor exported from thence to the members by any Attraction similary or Elective against which we have formerly alleadged convincing arguments unnecessary to be here repeated but as the blood and indeed all other humors of the body are moved by meer Impulsion or Protrusion the immediate Cause of all motions in Nature And the Agents in this case impelling we conceive to be the motions of the Diaphragme of the Brain and of the Nerves themselves For since the Depression of the Diaphragme is generally admitted to conduce to the distribution of the Chyle out of the stomach guts Venae Lacteae common Receptacle and Ductus Chyliferi successively into the subclavian Vein by alternately compressing all those parts and so compelling the Liquor contained in them to flow upward and indeed to all other Natural motions why may not the same be thought sufficient also to the Expulsion of the Nutritive juice both out of the Praeparing Glandules into the Nerves of the Sixth conjugation and their Auxiliaries and out of them into the brain and Spinal Marrow their position being such as renders them no lesse subject to compression by the descending Diaphragme than the Venae Lacteae common Receptacle and other Chyliferous parts are If this seem difficult we may have recourse to the reason of the ascention of a liquor from the bottome through all parts of a sponge cloath or other filamentous substance as is experimented in the percolation of Aqua Calcis made by a long piece of woollen cloath whose one end is dipt in the water and the other hung over the brim of the vessel containing it which we have professedly explained in the 356 page of our Physiology and seems to be the same with the reason of the ascention of the nutritive juice of all plants from the roots to the top of the branches And as for the Motion of the Brain though it may seem to be no other but what is impressed upon the brain by the Pulsation of the Arteries ascending from the Plexus Arteriosus mirabilis chiefly to the Dura Mater and copiously disseminating themselves upon it yet since it is credible that the Pulsation of the arteries doth promote the flux of the liquor in the Nerves in other parts especially such where Nerves are either contiguous or neer enough to Arteries to participate of their impulse why may not the motion of the Brain also to which the Nerves are continued serve to ex-press the liquor out of them toward the parts wherein they are terminated Besides it is most certain that immediately after sleep the whole Brain together with the
which they are apt to do both in respect of their subtility and of the force of their impulse 6 And lastly and of Arteries and veines since this organ of voluntary Motion is to be continually supplied with life as being pars corporis vivens therefore is it provided of Arteries and veins those to bring in the vital blood by whose irradiation all parts of the muscle are made participant of life and these to return the blood to the Heart therein to receive a new impression of life Now That a Muscle is the Immediate Organ of Motion Voluntary seeing that in the whole body of an Animal there is no other part that hath any the least title to this Description it is undeniable that a Muscle is the adaequate or proper and immediate instrument of Motion voluntary and may conveniently be defined to be A part of an Animal endowed with life composed of a Nerve and Flesh and frequently also of a Ligament and Tendon convered with a membrane and so framed to be the proxime organ of voluntary Motion And thus much of the Structure of the Muscles As for the next Considerable the Differences of the Muscles they are many as being desumed from their substance quantity figure situation original insertion Fibres parts Use and Action In respect of their Substance some Muscles are mostly composed of Flesh Differences of Muscles in respect of their substance as the Sphincters and the Muscles of the Tongue others are mostly Nervous and Membranous as the Fascia laâ—a abducing the leg c. In respect of Quantity Quantity which comprehends the 3 dimensions of Longitude Latitude and Profundity Some are Long as the Musculus rectus of the Abdomen the Thylers Muscle in the thigh and others short as the Musculi Pyramidales in the bottom of the Abdomen Some are Broad as the Oblique and Transverse Muscles of the Abdomen the Latissimus dorsi brachium deprimens c others Narrow as the Muscles of the Fingers and Toes c. Some Thick as the two Vasti or Huge Muscles in the thigh others Thin and slender as the Musculus Gracilis bending the leg c. In respect of Figure Figure some are Triangular some Square some Pentagonal some Pyramidal some Round some Oblong and others of other shapes as the Muscles Deltoides Rhomboides Scalenus Trapezius c. In relation to their Situation Situation some are Right some Oblique some Transverse understand it in respect of their Fibres some Above some Below some on the right side some on the left some before and some behind Where we may note in the general that oblique muscles serve to oblique motions Right to exact Flexion or Extension and such as are seated within conduce to Flexion and such as are posited without to Extention In respect of their Original Origination some arise from Bones and that either from the Heads of them as most of the greater Muscles or a little below or from the Glene some sinus or small hollowness in the bone some only from one single bone some from two or three some from Cartilages or Gristles as the Muscles proper to the Larynx some from the Membrane enshrouding the Tendons as the Musculi vermiculares and others from other parts as the Sphincters of the Bladder and Fundament Their Insertion considered Insertion some are inserted into Bones some into Cartilages as the Muscles of the Eye-lids and of the Larynx others into a Membrane as the Muscles moving the Eyes others into the skin as those of the Lips some arising from divers parts are inserted only into one and on the contrary some arising only from one part are terminated in many In respect of their Parts Parts by which we must now understand not only such whereunto as chief ones every Muscle is divided but those also upon which it is seated there are various differences The parts into which each Muscle is commonly divided are the Head or Beginning the Belly or Middle and the Tail or Tendon Most Muscles have but one Head yet some have two others three whence they are called Bicipites and Tricipites Most have but one Belly yet some are double-bellied as the Muscle shutting the lower jaw of the Bone Hyoïs whence they are named Digastrici The Tendons of some are broad and membranous of others round of others short of others long of some perforated of others intire of some single of others multiplied Sometimes you shall find many Muscles ending in one and the same Tendon as in the Leg the Gemelli or Twin-Muscles and the Solaris are united into one Chord Lastly from the parts upon which they are seated they sometimes borrow their names as the Crotaphitae or Temple-Muscles the Rachitae or Spinati of the back the Iliaci c. According to the variety of their particular Actions and Actions the Muscles admit of a triple Difference Whereof the First is that some are Congeneres or Confederates which both conspire to one and the same motion as when two are Flexors two Extensors one possessing the right the other the left side of the member and others Antagonists which have motions contrary to those of others there being scarce any one Muscle which hath not its Contrary or Opponent as to every Flexor is opposed a Tensor to every Elevator a Depressor to every Adductor an Abductor excepting only the two Sphincters and the Cremasters The Confederates are generally equal in magnitude number and strength the Antagonists not but different according to the weight of the part to be moved and the vehemence of the motion Thus the Muscles bowing the Head are only Two while there are Twelve to lift it up and those that shut the lower jaw-bone with the upper are many but those that open it are only two for the weight of heavy bodies doth facilitate their falling downe The Second is that some Muscles move only Themselves as the two Sphincters others somewhat else besides themselves And the Last respecteth the peculiar motions of particular Muscles whence some are called Benders some Extensors some Elevators others Dâ—pressors some Adductors others Abductors some Rotators some Circumactors some Masseters or Eaters some Cremasters or Hangers some Sphincters or Constrictors c. And thus much concerning the several Differences of the Muscles As to the Reason and Manner of their Motion an Argument as singularly delightfull That the Reason of the motion of the Muscles cannot be explained without having recourse to Mathematical principles so singularly difficult forasmuch as the Locomotion of the whole body or any one member of it being considered per se meerly as Motion without reflecting upon the end of it seems to be an effect purely Mathematicall as well because it is a Commensuration of the length of the space betwixt the Terminus à quo ad quem as because it is a resistence and over-powering of Gravity therefore shall we lay down some few Mathematical principles