〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 OR A DESCRIPTION OF THE Body of Man BEING A Practical Anatomy SHEVVING The Manner of Anatomizing from Part to Part The like hath not been set forth in the English Tongue â—dorned with many demonstrative Figures â—ong since Composed in Latine by that Famous J. Berengarius of Carpus Dr. of A. P. Reader of Chirurgery in the University of BONONIA Done into English by H. Jackson Chirurgeon â—y whom is also added a fit Etymon to the Names of the Parts in their proper place â—ondon Printed for Livewell Chapman at his shop in Exchange-Alley in Coâ—n-hill 1664. TO The VVorshipfull Society of the Mystery and Commonalty of Barber-Chirurgeons of London together with all Students and Practitioners in Anatomy Henry Jackson a Member of the aforesaid Society commendeth these his Labours Most renowned Brethren and Friends I Am provoked in my mind after long deliberation to publish this Work being commanded in my first undertaking thereunto by my aged Father an ancient member of this Society who having met with this Author in his Travels in Italy esteemed it as a great Treasure and too good indeed to be concealed which being in old and curt Latine cost me not a little pains to put it into smooth English and yet I never over-read the Work but I had comfort in it and thought it worth all my pains I have also been much encouraged by the commendations I have heard of the Book by the learned Dr. Guinn and Dr. Andrewes in their publique Anatomy Lectures at our Hall as also by that exact Anatomist Doctor Wharton who hath had the perusing of it and is pleased to prefix his Epistle to it And now considering the great want there is of such a Work that may be as a Directory to young Practizers in Anatomy how to dissect from part to part and how studious most ingenuous men are of this Art as also how mysteriously those that have it doe conceal it I am I say provoked to thrust forth this Work into the world by the help of which for the three Venters and general parts and Muscles of the Body of Man and Woman as also by a little Treatise of Master William Molins of the Anatomical Administration of Muscles which hee calls 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which I also commend to the industrious Practitioner in Anatomy I am not ignorant what a great light of experience may bee gained to the diligent hand of such who doe industriously labour in this Science I have also added a fit Etymon to the names of the parts in their place from diverse Authors besides those inserted by this Author because it is both pleasant and profitable and â—â—stomably observed in Anatomy Lectures By the help of which Book I am of opinion that the ingenuous Chirurgeon may be enabled not only to Dissect from part to part but also where more excellent Physicians are not to bee had to explain and read upon the parts to the satisfaction of a Country Auditory which effects hoping the Lord will crown this work withall I take leave humbly to subscribe my self From my house in Southwark Febru 25. 1659 60. A Lover of this Art and of you all Henry Jackson To the Reader Courteous Reader I Am desired by my learned Friend and Tutor M. Mark Franck somtimes Fellow of Pembrook Hall Cambridge to read this Translation of his old acquaintance Master Jackson Chirurgeon and to write my thoughts as an Epistle before it in obedience whereof I shall briefly address my self I understand the Author to be Jacobus Carpus Bononiensis because of his Figures as also his mentioning his Commentaries upon Mundinus printed in Latine in the year one thousand five hundred and thirty about one hundred and thirty years agoe Hee was in his time much esteemed for a most industrious judicious and expert Anatomist and hath in this Book given good testimony thereof for he hath in this Isagoge exceedingly much improved the administration of Anatomy in many difficult parts of it which is one of the principal qualifications of an Anatomist therefore it s hoped this Book will bee as well worth the reading as any in that particular by whosoever that will favour that ever Noble employment and exercise Moreover this good old Author is concise and short without any tedious repetitions and also writ in an excellent good order and method and will neither spend time in reading nor charge considerable It s hoped the Reader will easily bee perswaded to indulge this Writer with the common abatement necessarily granted to all our ancient Authors First for that he writ so long before our for ever renowned Doctor Harvey and therefore was not acquainted with those curious truths of the circuit of the bloud which evidently demonstrates that the Veins reduce that bloud which was sent by the Arteries from the Heart abroad into the parts of the Body and that the Heart with the Bloud and Spirits is the chief Organ of vitality the habitacle of the spirit of Life common to us with Brutes but the Brain the Primum sensorium the seat of the Intellect the complement of man and the palace of the immortal soul The other excuse to bee entreated for the Author of this Work is also for his age for hee lived before our incomparable Doctor Glisson had demonstrated the true uses of the Liver the exact way of Natures making Bloud the nature and course of the Lympha and the motion of the Chyle and that the Splene poures no juyce either sowre or sweet into the Stomach which being supplied our Author may happily pass compleatly current Formerly Italy bred many such learned Physicians and Philosophers as this Author and then it was worth the while to journey to Padua to hear them as other Nations anciently went into Aegypt But now England by the industry of Harvey and Glisson is the only Scene for both so that the politick Italian if he will attempt the attaining to the knowledge of any thing considerable in either must visit England and ours stay to better purpose at home unless the careful Father shall judge it necessary for the manning 〈◊〉 Son to hazard him such a Pâ—lgrimage as to survey the ruines of old Rome and Campus Martius the stately place of the new Lectures upon barbarous Avicen will never advance the true worth 〈◊〉 knowledge of Physick nor his Auditors ever admit the truth of the Circulation of the Bloud whilst they doat upon his third or middle Sinus in the Septum of the Heart which this good Author did then deny This Anatomist hath pursued the various ducts of the Vessels to wit Arteries Veines and Nerves and also the Muscles with a notable design which hath given our later Authors occasion frequently to mention his Labours with honour This Book as it is ancient and learned so it hath been rare to bee found with us therefore wee owe much to this Translators indus who hath rendred it answerable to the Original and
the lower part of it is in the right side that it may give way to the Colon which is in the left taking up a great room but its lower part in the right side towards the Portanarium or gate is less than in the left side toward the Colon because in the right side the Liver taketh up a greater room than the Colon placed in the left also it s lower part is in the right side lest otherwise the Orifices should bee direct both that the meat might bee the better retained and that the Choler from the gall might the more easily enter into the Duodenum continued to the lower part of it It s substance is nervous by predomination its colour appears its shape is round arched after the manner of a * Or Morescan Mores Goard its quantity is apparent It hath Colligancy with the heart by Arteries with the Liver and Spleen by veins with the Brain by the descendent nerves it is fastned to the Anus by the Intestines and to the mouth by means of the Gula it is fastned to the Zirbus toward the former part it hath two Tunicles the innermost is more sinowy by reason of the appetite and more gross rugged and hard because it meeteth with hard meats it is harder in the upper part and also more sensible it hath an outward Tunicle more subtil enclining a little to the nature of flesh the innermost is some way nourished by the Chilus the outermost is nourished by Venaportae the innermost hath towards its inside long fibers serving for attraction and towards its outside it hath oblique fibers for retention the outermost hath broad fibers for expulsion The bottome of it serveth for the digestive faculty by means of the outermost Pannicle and by means of the heat of those parts which are about it yet it hath a proper hidden vertue of digestion as the Matrix of generating and the Liver of making blood the upper part of it serveth for the appetite by the help of melancholy milking it self into its mouth from the Spleen and for this cause it is often found black The Ventricle hath also a common Tunicle involving it and fastning it to the Back arising from the Peritoneon which is grosser than any other member contained in the lower belly except the Mesentereon in that part wherein it is doubled and it is so in the Ventricle because of the extension that it hath in victuals The body of it is fastned with its upper Orifice to the back to wit between the twelve and thirteenth of the Spondiles of the back which Orifice is properly called the Stomach and there are applied Medicines for the comforting of the appetite and this Orifice is in the very lower part of the Gula or Meri which by penetrating the Diafragma is continued upwards to the extream part of the mouth especially with its innermost pannicle and this Orifice is shuâ— up by the Diafragma lest in the inclination of the body the meat might easily return back it is also fastned to the back by its lower part that is by the Pyluron or otherwise Pyloron or Portanarium in that place where the Duodenum is fastned to the back by the Mesenterion but the rest of it is loose and is easily moved any way this Portanarium is higher than the bottom that contains the food lest the meat might too easily fall downward In number it is one member its complexion by the parts compounding it is cold and dry Its helps are to cause appetite to retain and to concoct the food and to give the gross part to the intestines but the good and digested to other members by means of the Liver It suffereth passions of all sorts and through the great sence of it the heart and brain doe suffer with it Of the Spleen Splen a suppleo dic quia vacuum locum ex contraria parte Jecoris supplet HAving left the Ventricle in its place for the seeing of the Venae portae wee must mind the anatomy of the Spleen or Milt and first you shall see it placed in the left Hypochondrion cleaving to the Ventricle with its little concave part and with its Gibbous part touching the ribs towards the back and sides it is covered with the Peritoneon But you may lift up the Corps as if it sate that you may the better see the situation of it which is under the Diafragma immediately in the Hypochondrion especially in a living body but in a dead body lying along it seemeth to bee under the ribs because its heavinesse doth easily drive the Diafragma to the upper parts for the Lungs are empty and loose easily yeelding you may also break up some of the false ribs that you may the better see the situation of the Spleen you may likewise doe so in the Anatomy of the Liver for the aforesaid cause this manner likewise would bee somewhat convenient in shewing the situation of the Stomach which also in a dead body lying along seemeth through the emptinesse of the Lungs to bee under the bones of the brest with some of its upper part more than it is naturally in a living body It s shape is square somewhat like a half Moon of a loose substance it hath colligancy with the Heart by great arteries which you must mark making thin the gross bloud which being made thin nourisheth the Spleen it is fastned to the Liver by a branch of the Porta to the braine by nerves to the Mesentereon and Omentum by veins and to Siphac by the pannicle covering it to the stomach by many veins some wherof doe nourish the left part of the Ventricle and one doth milk out melancholy unto the mouth thereof its quantity is known its complexion is ordained hot and moyst and is appointed opposite for that which is contained in it in number it is one member it is helpful to the whole body by purging the mass of bloud from the dreggs and for that cause it provoketh laughter sometimes it maketh bloud it stirreth up appetite it helpeth the digestion of the Stomack it suffereth every kind of Disease and there is sometimes in it a special impediment of its course and strong motion and it is held that that part being taken away by a wound Creatures doe sometimes live and there are some that think that through the greatnesse of it laughter hath been quite hindred and that it hath sometimes changed place with the Liver but very strangely Of the Liver HAving seen the aforesaid 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ab 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 id est operari sanguinem parts you must raise up the Corps as it is afore made plain â—hat the Liver may shew its situation which is immediately under the Diafragma in the right Hypochondrion it is great in a man because hee is a hot and moyst Creature it is of a Moon-like shape its concave part is toward the Ventricle but its gibbous part is touching the ribs
about the Diafragma but higher and toward the sides and the back It s substance is the flesh of it and the net woven of the Veines dispersed in it and its flesh is coagulated bloud it hath five Loabes sometimes four and three and sometime two In the hollow part of it is one Veine called Porta which entreth into it with five branches which toward its gibbous part are dispersed throughout the whole body even to the least members that the Chylus divided in them to the least members might the better be transformed into bloud Also in the hollow part is a little Cistis or bladder cleansing the bloud from Choler before it pass unto the gibbous part also in the hollow part the Vena Umbelicalis entreth into the Vena Portae to nourish the young one in the Mothers wombe In the gibbous part is one Vein called Chilis dispersed also with five branches through the whole body of it unto the least members the least branches of this Chilis are joyned or united with the branches of Porta and they suck from them bloud purified from Choler and Melancholy but mixed with wateriness which requireth a farther decoction in the gibbous part The Liver hath vent in its gibbous part of the Septum transversum and of the Vena Chilis ascending by it to the heart by which it is fastned unto it it hath also small Arteries in the hollow part of it by which it is vented These Arteries come from Aorta which is neer there and are difficult to bee seen it is fastned to the Metaphraenum by its pannicle suspending and to the Abdomen by the Vena Vmbelicalis to the braine by a Nerve but by the means of a pannicle risen from the Peritoneon of which it is circumvolved it hath also colligancy with every member that hath a vein its complexion is hot and moyst in number it is one its parts are proper flesh the Vena Porta Vena Chilis and Arteries a Nerve with a pannicle and the Cistis of choler its operation is the making of Bloud its proper passion is the Dropsie yet it suffereth every kind of disease Of the Vena Portae WIthout the substance of the Porta quia per totum corpus portat sanguinem Liver is Vena Portae so called of a witty man according to its nature Galen being witnesse and from him hath the name remained untill now which Hippocrates and all the company of Asclepias have commended because its branches doe carry the food before laboured in the belly unto that place of the digestion for the whole Creature which we call the Liver This vein without the Liver hath eight parts two are small six greater one of the lesser hath two branches one nourisheth the Duodenum and the other the Mesenterion close to the Duodenum The other lesser vein nourisheth the Ventricle about the Portanarium The first of the six greater nourisheth the outermost broad part of the Ventricle The second with some branches goeth towards the Spleen from which first branch goeth to nourish the Mesenterion forthwith one other great branch goeth to the Spleen which in the way is divided into more branches of which one great one doth nourish the left lower part of the Ventricle This same branch goeth on entring into the Spleen and â—t sendeth from â—t two branches one of which ascendeth the other descendeth of the ascending there are three parts one part nourisheth the Splâ—eâ— another nouri heth the upper part of the Ventricle the other part passeth to the mouth of the Ventricle milking into it Melancholy for the stirring up of the appetite which for the most part goeth forth with the excrements thorough the â—ntestines The aforesaid descending Vein is divided into two parts one branch nourisheth the Spleen the other goeth to the Omentum in the left side and nourisheth that The third branch of the six aforesaid goeth on the left side for the succouring of the Intestine Rectum Also the fourth branch of the six greater is spread into capillary branches whereof some go to nourish the right side of the Ventricle and some to nourish the right side of the Omentum The fifth goeth to the Mesenterion in that place where it is fastned to the Colon. But the sixth goeth to the Mesenterion in that part where it is fastned with its branches to the Jejunum and Ileon which are called the Meseraick veins and this is very large The substance of these veins is such as of others their quantity and their principal number and situation and shape and Colligancy are manifest their complexion is cold and dry but by reason of that which is contained it is hot and moist their help is to bring the afore-laboured meat to the Liver it also with its branches beginneth the second digestion it also carrieth nutriment to the Ventricle to the Spleen and Omentum and it nourisheth the Intestines it suffereth passions of all sorts and especially opilations and also the opening of his Meseraicks and sometime scissures and it suffereth with the Liver in all the diseases of it Of the Cistis containing Choler which is called Fel the Gall. THe Cistis of Choler called the Fel quod folliculuâ— gestans bilem Gall is a purse or sack in the hollow part of the Liver cleaving to a loab in the middle it is compounded of a pannicular substance which is thin solid and without blood having onely one Tunicle covered with the Pannicle which covereth the Liver in it there are fibers of all sorts in the inside it hath long and oblique fibers on the outside broad It s substance is thin because it digesteth not any thing and it is hard that it may resist the sharpness of the Choler it hath one Pore entring immediately into its purse which is called communis being greater than others which according to the opinions of some is divided into three parts One goeth to the Liver continued with the Vena Portae from which it draweth Choler by narrow passages in that Pore there are onely long fibers One other Pore goeth towards the Intestines which is double at a certain distance whereof one part goeth to the Duodenum towards the Jejunum that it may cleanse the Intestines from flegm and excrements by the sharpness of the Choler sent thorow it and that Pore entreth in the Duodenum * A Diagone is a line in Geometry drawn from one corner to another Diagonally between two Tunicles of it lest that Choler and those things which are contained in the Intestine should go back and stop it Another according to some goeth to the Pyloron of the Ventricle to comfort the digestion with its Choler which if it bee much maketh a man miserable by the continual vomiting of Choler but some do deny this Pore by the common neck is caused its attraction and expulsion It s quantity and shape appear in number it is one member and it is fastned to the heart by a small Artery which it
hath and to the Brain by a small nerve its native complexion is cold and dry Its helps are to purge the blood from Choler and to make hot the digestion of the Liver and to keep it from putrefaction it doth also comfort the Ventricle and cleanseth it from flegm and helpeth the expulsive vertue of the Intestines sometimes a man is without a gall but this man is of a feeble health and of a shorter life It suffereth passions of all sorts its proper passion is opilation by which is caused Morbus regius or * Yellow Jaundice Icteritiae and if there is opilation in the common Pore and the body bee not purged of Choler then are caused cholerical diseases of divers sorts yet the excrements may bee coloured But if there bee an opilation in the neck reaching to the Intestines and unto the Portanarium then the excrements are discoloured and also the Choler is not purged from the Cistis but doth flow back to the Liver and doth cause many cholerical diseases And if there bee opilation in the neck towards the Liver the excrements may bee coloured for some time and it will also cause cholerical diseases of divers sorts but the opilation continuing the excrements will bee discoloured Wee have spoke of other things in the Comments upon Mundinus Of the great Vein Chilis and Aorta descending and emulgent THe aforesaid parts being seen you may put away the Mesenterion the Spleen and the Liver 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 pasco quia partes sanguine ut mater venarum pascit 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quod vas signific ab 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 tollo quâ—a ut vas sanguinem vitalem per totum tollit of whose gibbous part reserve that from which the great chanel of Vena Chilis doth immediately go forth that you may see the beginning of it but leaving the Ventricle in its place unpuffed up that some other parts of it may also bee seen In the first place you shall see a great vein go forth of the gibbous part of the Liver which is called Parigiba and Chilis and Concava and Mater venarum from which the blood is dispensed to all the parts of a living creature by means of its branches which are the receptacles of it this vein is subtile full of pores and gentle not double-coated as the Arteria Aorta lest it should too long time contain the blood which is gross but that it should quickly nourish the members it is also such because it is without motion but an Artery carrieth subtile blood which of some is called the vital spirit this doth continually systolize and diastolize therefore it is hard gross and compact lest it should bee broken and it is such that it may a long time contain the subtile blood contained in it which by reason of its motion is disposed to solution The upper part of this Vein ascendeth to the heart and further perforating the Diafragma which is called Chilis ascendens of which it shall bee spoken in its place This same Vein directly descendeth cleaving to the back and is called Chilis descendens which the great Artery descending doth accompany called Aorta which observe with diligence together with the Vein but the Vein is above the Artery and they are both envolved in the Peritoneon In the descent of both of them their branches are first divided which go to the swadling-bands or pannicles of the Kidneis but when they are in the direct of the Reins the Vein and likewise the Artery send from them one notable branch on the right side another on the left which are continued in the Reins These branches are called Emulgents for the most part the right branch is higher than the left because it must be neer to the Liver that it may quickly cleanse it from the Wateriness contained in the Chilis And the left is lower that its Kidney might give place to the Spleen which is lower than the Liver Those Orifices are not direct that by the first might be drawn from members at hand by the second from members afaâ— off and lest their attraction should bee hindring to one another In like manner from that Vein and from the great Artery under the Kidneis are many other Veins and Arteries separated which nourish the Rectum the Bladder the Matrix and the parts neer unto them In like manner in the direct of every Spondile one branch from each of them enter into it and is dispersed in the muscles neer unto them also of the aforesaid branches between every Spondile do enter very small branches which do feed the Nuca and the Pannicles Ligaments and Spondiles which envolve and fasten the same Nuca as you shall see in the dissection of them of the aforesaid branches some also go to the muscles and to the membrane of the Abdomen This Vein and likewise the Artery about Os sacrum beneath the Spondiles of the Reins is forked into two equal parts to the form of a greek letter which is called Lambda λ Some call those two-forked Arteries Sempiternal in which do enter two Umbelical Arteries one whereof is on the right side the other on the left which descend in them to the sides of the Bladder Those two-forked Veins and Arteries one on the right side the other on the left descending toward the Hippes according to some are in each side divided into ten parts whereof one nourisheth the lower part of the Back being dispersed through the Loins toward the Kidneis within and without And one other part being divided into capillary branches nourisheth the Peritoneon And one nourisheth the profound muscles of the Hippe And one nourisheth the musdes of the Anus and from it spring the Hoemoroidal Veins And one nourisheth the neck and mouth of the Matrix from which also two branches go to the Bladder one to the bottom the other to the neck of it and that which goeth to the neck in women is small but in men great because of the yard And one other of the ten goeth to the parts of the Pecten And one other extendeth to the long muscles of the Abdomen whose branches ascending are continued with the veins of the Breast which descend toward them and they united together extend to the Mamillas and from that branch in a woman there do likewise go notable parts to the Matrix from whence two Veins not accompanied with Arteries ascend by the Abdomen unto the Mamillas by which they are fastned to the Matrix and therefore in women with childe and in the time of praeternatural retention of the Menstrues for the most part the Mamillas swell or Teaâ—s And one other of the ten doth also go to the Matrix in a woman but in a man it goeth to the yard and to the cod But another goeth to the Universal muscles of the Hipp. And another part which is the tenth doth also extend to the Hipp and that is notable and
descendeth by the inside of the Hipp and when it is neer to the Knee under the Ham it is divided into three branches whereof one is made oblique toward the outside of the Shank and reacheth unto the Little foot and this branch is called Sciatica because being incised it helpeth in the pains of it and the beginning of that branch Mundinus knew not One other of the three aforesaid descendeth unto the Foot by the inside and this is called Saphena but the third branch holdeth the middle between the aforesaid branches all which do nourish the Shank and the Foot but of them speech shall bee made in the Anatomy of the Great foot But observe that there are more Veins than Arteries Witness Galen in his sixteenth Book of the Utility of the parts in the thireenth and fourteenth Chapters and witnesse the sense and it is reason because there are many cold members naturally not wanting eventation for which also a little spirit doth suffice therefore they have not many Arteries and in the hands and in the feet and in the brain and in the superficial part of the neck and in the Cutis of the whole body there are some Veins without Arteries but there is no Artery without a Vein joyned to it some whereof that are chiefly notable are fastned together by a Pannicle risen from the Artery and they are united together that the Veins might bee made firm and fortified by the aforesaid Pannicle and that the Artery might give life to the Vein and that the Vein might give bloud to the Artery in necessities whereof is made vital spirit and the Artery it self is nourished but the small Arteries are not fastned with the Veins by the aforesaid Pannicle although they are companions to one another but they are companions that they may give life to and nourish the members witnesse Galen where it is quoted above And the Veins and Arteries doe goe from the nearer places for the nourishing of their members except the Veins and Artries of the Testicles and Mamillaes which goe unto them from afarre off that the bloud might make long delay in them by which it is the better digested and is more easily turned into good Sperm and into Milk and there are many Arteries and Veins not perceiveable by the sence as those which goe to the bones and to the skin and those which extend unto the extream parts of the members The situation of these Veins and Arteries and also the substance and the quantity and the shape doe appear the number of the branches of them is unperceiveable their colligancy appeareth by that which hath been and is to bee said their helps are to nourish and give life to the whole body they endure passions of all sorts But to them doe happen Diseases compounded of the chief of Opilations which are worser than the opilations of the nostrils and Intestines and like places both because their opilation forbiddeth the members to bee nourished not suffering the bloud to flow unto them as also because they cause the bloud to flow back again unto the Liver which causeth in it opilation or putrifieth or induceth some other ill Diseases also their oppilation is ill because it is often unknown and because Medicines cannot bee well applied unto them as well within the body as without their solutions may bee of an inward cause and of an outward of which there are three kinds one is commonly called Diabrosis which is a corrosion of the vein of Dia which is de of or composition and Brosis or Rosis which is Comestio an eating another kind is called Rexis which is interpreted incisio incision the third is called Anastomosis which is the same that the opening and dilatation of the Veins is every where Diabrosis corrodeth the veins 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Rexis cutteth them Anastomosis causeth them to open But to the Emulgent Veins among other Diseases may happen a weaknesse of the attraction of the wonted watery bloud as also in the Reins whereupon they doe either not attract or else weakly and thereby happeneth either a difficulty or a total ablation of the Urine yea there being in the Bladder no Urine in which case rude Physicians doe erre attempting to draw Urine from the Bladder with a Siringe or other handy operation and that is a singular hazard for the most part bringing death which I have often seen and amongst the rest I was with many honoured Physicians in the cure of the magnificent and illustrious Lord Lord Galataeus of the noble Family of the Palavicinians which was suflocated by the waterinesse of Urine gathered together in the Veins throughout and this waterinesse induced to him a Squinancy for which wee applied Ventoses without scarification for diversion sake and the Ventoses were filled with pure water through the pores of the skin but these things by chance I have written for the profit and honour of young men Of the Reins WIth the aforesaid Emulgent Renes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a fluendo qnod per eos Sperma urina fluunt branches are continued two fleshy bodies solid covered with the Peritoneon called Renes or Renones they are two and not one as the Cistis of Choler and the Spleen because the waterinesse is more than the dregs and scum of the bloud for which is required one great place of purging or two small ones and it was not one great Ridney lest it should crush together and presse the Intestines and lest they should make the Back unequal and they were two that if the operation of one should bee hurt that of the other might remain firm and they were solid that they might help much in a little room and lest the Bloud should goe forth with the Urine by some of its Pores and that they might not draw any thing by sucking it but that which is thin and that they might resist the sharpnesse of the Urine they were also solid because a thick body is stronger for attraction Their quantity appeareth their Phaeseolus Plin l. 18. ca. 12. shape may bee seen which is like the grain of the Kidney bean they have colligancy with the Brain by Nerves by means of the Pannicles involving them with the Liver by the aforesaid Veins with the Heart by great Arteries Galen hath noted that the great Arteries in the Kidnies are not only for the cause of nutrition and giving life seeing the Kidnies are little members for which a little Artery did suffice but in them there are great Arteries because they doe also cleanse the Heart from waterinesse and Choler and hee saith moreover many times Aorta draweth from the Stomach and from the Intestines bloud not pure yea Chylus which the Emulgent arteries doe purge out to the Kidnies I my self also in the year 1521. in our exercise at Bononia saw in one publiquely Anatomised one of the Emulgent arteries that made one Pore in the right side without the Kidney which in a
notable distance beneath the Kidney did enter into the Uritidia◠pore risen from the aforesaid Kidney and both of them by one chanel did reach unto the Bladder neverthelesse this Emulgent artery did also enter into the Kidney in his wonted place and in that individual the Kidneys were continued as if it were one Kidney and it had two Veins and two Emulgent arteries and two Uritidian pores with one only Pannicle involving which did take up the wonted places of the Kidneys and also the middle part of the Back which is in the place between the Spleen and the Liver a little below them Therefore let alone the left Kidney in its place for the seeing of the Spermatical vessels and divide the right in its concave part through the middle according to the length of it unto its center considering the place of its Vein and great Artery which doe enter into the substance of the Kidney in the hollow part of it from which the Kidney doth draw spirit and nutriment and the watery super fluities of the whole body mixt with Choler all these mixt matters pass thorow the whole substance of the Kidney although it bee solid because they are subtile for bloud could not pass alone to the least parts of the Kidneys because they are solid except it were mixt with water and Choler all which mixed are resembled to the washing of flesh being drawn by the Kidneys thorow the Emulgents from the Liver and from the Heart by means of the vein Chilis and the artery Aorta This bloud mingled with much wateriness is alone retained of the Kidneys for their nutriment and the water together with the choler separated from the bloud passeth to a certain notable hollowness being in the center of the Kidney as it were into a ditch the which the river or chanel called the Uritidian pore bringeth to the Bladder this Pore called of the Greeks * Uretra is a very long pannicular solid 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 hollow body having its beginning from the body of the Bladder because as it is said it resembleth it and ending at the Kidney which consider with warinesse and keep together with the Kidney for the anatomy of the Bladder And in the Kidney there is not a net neither any other pannicular strainer as some suppose but the Kidneys are made hollow Organes attracting by some Orifices but sending forth by others a thin waterish superfluity Therefore Galen said in hls fourth Book De Utilit cap. 12. Finally many Drunkards drinking whole Amphoras and pissing the proportion of the multitude of drink are not troubled about the separation but the bloud which cometh to the Vena cava is readily and by stealth all purged forth by the Reins not touching the Vein the afore-named Ditch hath about it a solid Pannicle perforated with more than ten great holes through which Nature milketh forth the Urine into the aforesaid hollownesse by means of a certain small substance of the Kidney like to the Nipples of the Teates of women The Colligancy of the Reins appeareth by that which hath been said they are also fastned to the Brain by a little Nerve by means of a pannicle covering them Their helps are to purge the whole body from superfluous Water and Choler but especially the Liver and the Heart nevertheless in the rest of the Veins there also remaineth much Waterinesse mixt with the Bloud which is called Vehiculum nutrimenti the Waggon of the nutriment which appeareth in Bloud flebotomised or otherwaies drawn from the body They suffer every kind of Disease all which almost are of a hard curation as is the Diabetes or as it were the continual dropping down of the Urine they also suffer a weaknesse of the attractive quality by means of which the Urine goeth not to the Bladder and by that means a living Creature is sometimes choaked or dyeth some other way also of such a weaknesse is caused the Ascitis they also suffer Stones Gravel and Hairs but the hairs are bred or condensed in the uritidian pores the stones of it are red small oftentimes long being bred in the aforesaid trench when the Kidneys are weakned not able to retain the bloud the Urine goeth forth bloudy it also goeth forth so when the Liver is weak not separating the Waterinesse from the Bloud by that separation and quantit which it ought Of the Seminary Vessels called Spermatica THose things being dispatched 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 idem est quod semen a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 semine in both Sexes first you shall note in the great Vein Chilis and the Artery Aorta sometimes above the Kidneys sometimes below one little Vein and one Artery both which are united at some distance touching one another descending to the Testicles of the right side You shall also note two like Vessels in the like manner descending and united in the left side one from the Emulgent vein of the left Kidney and another from the Artery Aorta all those little Veins and Arteries so descending are called Vasa Spermatica praeparantia that is the Seminary preparing vessels these vessels are covered about with a Pannicle risen from the Peritoneon called of Celsus Aegitroides the Vein lyeth above but the Artery lyeth beneath Those vessels are broader and harder in a Man than in a Woman excepting the time of impregnation and menstrues as it appeareth to the sense by the much bloud then retained in them but at other times they are harder and broader in a man and also they are always longer because they are to carry their matter contained to a longer distance and they are such because the Masculine Seed is more and is grosser than the Feminine by which length also of the vessels of a man his Seed is the more digested and the Seed of the right side engendreth Boyes because its matter is more digested and cleansed from waterinesse but of the left side Girls because it is cold and watery coming from the aforesaid Emulgents filled with watery bloud These vessels in both Sexes agree in the place from whence but disagree to whence their termination in a woman is within the body as it shall be said in the Anatomy of the Matrix which is placed after the Anatomy of the Yard and of the Anus for better orders sake But these vessels in a man descend on both sides unto the Os Pectinis in the end of the Ilia above the Loyns and therefore they are also called Lumbaria which vessels in their descent above the Os Pectinis doe enter on both sides into one pannicular covering risen partly from the extream parts of the Sifac which is commonly called Didymus and Cremasteres and they passe in the Cod near unto the Testicles as it may bee seen in one only side leaving the other side untouched for the seeing of the Anatomy of the Didymus but take heed lest you spoyl the Scrotum in any part but draw that vessel only which you
its motion there are muscles in it Galen said 7 de Utilit If the Breast were made of muscles onely they would fall upon the Heart and Lungs that therefore there might bee some space between and that in like manner the whole Organ might be moved the muscles are placed to the Bones by course This Belly called Pectus is great in quantity because it serves many and great members yet it hath a greater hollowness behinde than before the beginning whereof toward the hinder part is from the first Spondiles under the Neck unto the Septum transversum as much as twelve Ribs contain but before it taketh up onely the part contained between the upper Furcula and the lower inclusively In a man the Breast is broad not carinated as in the greater part of Beasts yet it is broader in a man than in a woman but for the bearing of the young the lower Belly is greater in a woman than in a man and for this reason the Region of the Reins of the bone Sacrum and the Ancharum in a woman is very large The Shape and Number and Situation of the Breast appears but the inward concavity of it is like to the hollowness of half an Egge cut obliquely through the breadth the part whereof is sharper toward the Neck it is also like to the nail of an Oxes hoof as is the figure of the Lungs It hath Colligancy with the whole body its complexion is according to its parts its native complexion actuated through influence is hot the helps of it are principally to keep the Heart and the Lungs it suffers passions of all sorts Mamilla diminut â—x Mamma quae ex voâ—e infant um dicitur ut etiam Papilla ex voâ—e Pappas Of Mamillae or the Teats IN the former part of the Breast toward the sides are two round Members taking their name Mamilla from their * The Author taketh Mamilla from Mamillana a kinde of Figs like Dugs Figure called of the Ancients Rumae In the middle of each of them there is one little Knob which is called Papilla through which the Infant feeds about which there is a Circle which is red or roset and sometimes black called in Greek Fos. The substance of these is of Veins Arteries and Nerves between which there is a hollowness which glandulous flesh doth fill up being white without sense and by reason of its whiteness when blood staieth in them it is made white and is turned into Milk and the Teats turn blood to whiteness and make Milk as the Liver turneth Chilus into redness and maketh it blood for every one of them turneth the humour in them contained to its own likeness in nature and colour of this blood being made white the one part nourisheth the Teats and the other is Milk and this is a profitable superfluity Unto the Teats do come their Veins and Arteries descending from the Region of the Armpits about the Ribs and also from the Region of the Pecten do come Veins through the Abdomen which you have kept above those Veins and Arteries do best appear in a body very lean but in a fat they are hidden but they are very well seen in a Faetus of three or four moneths The number of the Teats and the quantity appear yet they are greater in a woman than in a man for the ingendring of Milk their Situation is in the Breast because it is broad not carinated in which thâ—y may fitly bee placed and also because the superfluity of the Members above passeth not into Hairs neither into the Teeth nor into the Horns as in brute Beasts They have Colligancy with the Brain by Nerves with the Heart by Arteries with the Liver and Matrix by Veins but they receive the greatest part of the blood from the Matrix of which the Milk is made therefore those that give suck have not their Menstrues unless seldome and few and in those that have not their Menstrues in due time their Teats swell also the Teats do swell and are pained a little before the time of the Menstrues because the Matrix and the Veins therewith united are full The helps of them in a man are for comeliness and for the defence of the Members of the Breast and they reverberate heat to the Heart and sometime there is Milk made in a man by reason of the abundance of Nutriment especially in one that hath great and strong Teats in a woman they have also the aforesaid helps but they are principally for the ingendring of Milk that the new-born Childe might bee nourished therewith untill it can swallow solid meat and Milk is a proportioned nutriment for the new-born Childe because it is made of blood by which it was first nourished in the womb they suffer diseases of all sorts Of the Muscles of the Pectus quasi pactus quod ex costis quae veluti firmamentum pectoris sunt compactum aut pactinatum fit Gasp Baubinus Breast THe aforesaid things being seen and noted you may excoriate the Skin of the whole Breast leaving the muscles in their place and incise the Teats that you may see their substance especially their flesh in which are Veins and Arteries dispersed throughout and ye shall observe the * Papilla nipples to have very many small holes from which the Milk goeth out at which holes according to some the extremities of the aforesaid Veins are terminated through which the Milk goeth forth and according to others the Milk goeth forth from the Spongiosities of the flesh of the Teat terminated at the holes of the Nipple and not immediately from the Veins both of them are probable These being seen you shall note in the Breast many muscles which move the Breast voluntarily although the Breast may also bee moved naturally to wit according to the motion of the Heart and Lungs as wee have said in our Commentaries whereof some are without some between the Ribs and some within the Breast Of those without there are two under the upper Furculaes continual with the first Rib which do reach to the head of the Spatula and with them are united one other pair whereof every odd is doubling the first pair and making it into two parts the upper part whereof is continued to the Neck and moveth that but the lower moveth the Breast and this pair is continued with one pair which is continual with the fifth and sixth Rib. After that is another pair in the hollowness of the Spatula continued with one pair coming from the Spondiles even unto the Spatula and all they are as it were one pair which are continued with the hinder Ribs After that is another pair risen from the sixth Spondile of the Neck and from the first and second upper Spondile of the Breast continued with the same Ribs and all those muscles do diâ—â—te the Breast After that there is one other pair extended under the roots of the upper Ribs which descending is united with
in the middle Ventricle But the right Sinus hath two Veins one whereof whose Tunicle is simple is bigger than the other Veins coming from the Liver it is called Chilis and Concava and Audax ascendens and this is very great because it giveth blood to all the other Veins within and without the Heart taking nothing from them and therefore it bringeth more blood into the Heart than it can carry back it is also very great that it may contain much blood oftentimes flowing and flowing back and thâ—â— it may bring it to the Heart in a short space that it may the more commodiously be conâ—â—cted by it Thls blood so concocted is divided into three parts one part of the subtile cholerick beingless than the rest goeth to the nourishing of the Lungs The other more and subtiler than the aforesaid reacheth through the perforations of the Diafragma unto the left Sinus where it is made Spirit But the rest of it not so subtile and which is also far more than the rest passeth through the same Chilis to all the parts of a living creature and nourisheth them oftentimes going in and out in the right Sinus that it might be perfectly concocted and might receive life Nevertheless Avicen placeth a fourth part in the middle Ventricle which he saith is temperate but this is unknown to my eies perhaps because in the middle wall of the Heart there pierceth blood nourishing it but it turneth into the substance of the thing nourished because there in my judgement there is not blood without the â—â—ins unless in the right and left Ventricle The upper Orifice of this Vein is terminated at the Heart whilst the Heart is dilated and draweth the blood it is opened and whilst it is restrained it is shut expelling the blood but it is not shut wholâ—y because in part it remaineth open therefore nature alwaies reteineth in it as a treasure and mine of heat some portion of servent blood which at length changeth the Blood that cometh in into its own nature by uniting it self with it And this Orifice is opened and shut of three Sinnowy or Ligamental Pellicles whose colour is white being fastned with their upper extremities to the walls of the aforesaid Sinus by white and solid Ligaments Those Pellicles named Ostiola are wholly opened at the inside of the Sinus giving way to the blood entring in and are shut at the outside but not wholly and those Pellicles are solid and hard and in like manner are the Pellicles of the arterious Vein left in the great and continual motions of the Heart there might happen to them disruption because they are fastned in the top of them to Ligaments continually extending them But the Pellicles of the Artery Aorta and of the Arterial vein are less hard than they because they are not any thing extended by Ligaments and therefore they are without fear of breaking Another Vein goeth to the Lungs the name of this is Vena non pulsans or quieta it is also called Vena Arterialis and it is called a Vein because it carrieth blood for the nourishing of the Lungs and it is called Arterialis because it hath two Coats that it might be strong and compact because of the Cholerick and subtile blood flowing in it and lest it should bee broke by reason of its continual motion in whose Orifâ—ce are three Pellicles or doors shutting themselves wholly within the Sinus and opening themselves without giving way to the blood going out In the Dilatation of the Heart they are altogether shut lest the blood should flow back unto the Lungs but in the constriction they are opened and the Veins cleave to the walls neither are they any where else united by Ligaments as the most are The substance of these is pannicular their shape is like to the vacuity which is within the letter C They are therefore called Ostifola C formia they have also that Circular form which a mans nail hath which Pellicles are with their Circular part fastned to the body of the Vein But the left Sinus more noble than the rest because the middle and the right do service first to it it also excelleth the rest by reason of the Spirit contained in it hath in the top or it two Veins one not much less than the aforesaid great Chilis which is as the stock of a Tree distributed through the whole body and this is pulsant and double-coated whose thickness witness Erosilus is six-fold to a Vein and this is called Arteria Aorta and the great Artery whose inner Coat is harder than the outer because it meeteth with percussion and the substance of the Spirit for the keeping of which it is intended That same carrieth the Vital spirit to the whole body of a living creature and keepeth it in life For by that Artery said Galen all the members except the Lungs do inspire and expire lest their liveliness should bee suffocated but the Veins are as the store-houses of meat needing neither to diastolize nor systolize and therefore the body of them is subtile porous and soft but the Lungs do inspire and expire by reason of the motion of the Heart and Breast This Artery or its branches are seldom without the Chilis accompanying them and Aorta ascending a little above the Heart is divided into two parts one part is made oblique below and descends which in the Breast and in the lowest Belly sendeth forth many Fibraes from it even unto the feet and giveth life unto the members of them under that branch being made oblique below they do ascend by the left Nerves of the voice which are called Reversini and this place is called Flexor and Girgilius of which it shall bee spoken in another place Another part ascending about a part of the Lungs and the glandule Timum giveth life unto and filleth with Spitit the upper part of the Breast the Arms the Neck and Head and the parts of them And alwaies those Arteries which are fastned to the Veins by many pores or little Fibraes are united or joyned together and the Vein receiveth into it the Artery and on the contrary the Artery the Vein and from the Vein doth pass blood into the Artery which is likewise made spiritual in necessity and from the Artery into the Vein doth pass the Vital spirit concocting the blood thereof and conserving it in its virtue also the Tunicles are nourished and receive life from that which is contained in them and this Artery is less above the Heart than below Witness Galen 16 de Utili Cap. 11. and it is made so because there are more parts from the Heart of a living creature below than are above it and this Artery is so much greater descending than that which ascendeth by the Back by how much the multitude of the lower parts exceedeth the upper and in this is known not a little justice of nature the Vein Chilis descending must also be bigger than the ascending for the same
growing alwayes less descendeth to all the parts of it even unto the Pannicle inclusively envolving it from the Faringa or Epiglottis through the foremost part of the Neck united to the Gula this is hard and alwayes open and also bigger than the rest and it is compounded of very many Cartilagea each whereof is united one near to the other by pannicular ligaments and this is called Trachea and Aspera arteria and Laringa and Bronchium its Cartilages in the Lungs are entire and also annilar but in the Neck they are incompleat and in the manner of a C. From their Magnitude and Figure it is judged in the Hawkings of them whether there bee Ulcers in the extream parts of the Lungs or in the middle or in the neck Between these Cartilages and in all the Trachea within and without there is a Pannicle of a mean substance perfectly circular fastned to the jawes and mouth in which are Vills lengthning and â—â—ortning the Trachea in the motions of the Lungs The helps of this Pannicle is also to defend those Cartilages from the going in of extraneal things it is also a pacifier of the voyce in the going out This Pipe doth not carry bloud as others but only Air also by this alone the unnatural things contained in the brest are purged out having entred into it in the time of the dilatation of the Lungs by the thin Pannicle involving it therefore is there caused an expulsion of Sanies and other unnatural things to the mouth and without the Heart not being troubled This Pipe also possesseth a middle situation among the rest on the right side of it is the quiet Vein but on the left side the Pulsant Vein but the Pulsant Vein toward the former parts without the Heart doth immediately enter into the substance of the Lungs lest by reason of the motion of it because it is subtile it should receive solution but the Vein not pulsant because it is double-coated and strong doth not immediately enter the Lungs but first compassing about the Trachea it also entreth the Lungs reaching toward the hinder parts In this Bowel onely the pulsant Vein hath not without cause changed substance with the not pulsant for the Vein not pulsant called Arterial in other members is single in the Lungs double-coated first lest it should bee broken by the continual motion thereof seconâ—ly that it might also contain subtile blood nourishing the flesh of the Lungs and also the Trachea But the pulsant Vein called the venal Artery is of a single coat nimble in motion that it might obey dilatation and constriction in a short space this bringeth Ayr to the Heart and carrieth it out in it also there is spiritual blood nourishing the Lungs as some would have it but it is rather giving it life its branches are united or joyned together with the branches of the Trachea through which the Lungs giveth Ayr to the Heart but the Heart not being unthankfull giveth life and nutrition unto that The branches of this Vein are so narrow that the blood cannot pierce through them to the Trachea and therefore they are passable to the Ayr but impassable to the blood but if they be notably opened the blood floweth from them to the Trachea and perhaps as some would have it from the branche â—f the Vein not pulsant blood also floweth into the Trachea whereby is caused spitting of blood without the solution of the Veins of the Breast nevertheless the pulsant Vein is more apt to this Every one of the aforesaid vessels in their first entrance of the Lungs is divided into five branches always growing less throughout all the parts thereof and multiplying their branches two are in the left side and three on the right whereof one less than the rest goeth to the little Lobe on the right side cleaving more to the Back which as wee said before is a Coverlet to the Chilis ascending The shape of the Lungs is like unto an Oxes hoof in number some think that they are two members united into one in such wise that it appeareth one Lung with five Lobes divided into two like parts that one being hurt the other might remain firm in the hinder part it is longer than before following the situation of the Midriff in number it is one the quantity of it the situation and colligancy appear its complexion is hot from the part of its contents and place but by accident because of the Flegms remaining iâ— it it is cold its helps are to serve the Heart by preparation and carrying it serveth also to the breathing and to the voice and in like manner to speech and its little Lobe serveth to the Chilis ascending it suffereth passions of all sorts Of the Anatomy of some parts of Collum ex 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 membrum â— secundum eminentiam quia capitis basis aut fulcrum alii a colle quia ascendit ab humeris collis more the Neck and of the pulsant and quiet Veins inclusively ascending from the Liver and the Heart even unto the Head and Hands THe aforesaid things being seen in the Section of parts the Trachea should first occurre and the Epiglottis and also the Gula nevertheless these for the present cannot well be seen unless the Anatomy of the Neck and some parts of the Face be set before which being seen wee will speak of the parts aforesaid the Lungs therefore being dispatched reserve some of the upper fleshy part of it for the seeing of the Trunck of the Trachea Arteria laying aside the rest except the fifth Lobe of it which cleaveth to the Back keep also a certain glandule neer unto it which is called morum and timum that the situation of the Chilis and the ascendent Artery upon these may be seen to which these two members are a coverlet you shall also keep the Heart and its Capsula and the Pannicle Mediastinus and the Stomach and also the Midriff for the enquiring of other things of them Those things being kept for better orders sake I come first unto the speech of the Neck and I term the Neck to be an Organical member noble and very necessary to a man for the members contained in it which witness Aristotle 3 de partibus Cap. 3. is made for the Trachea serving to the Lungs and for the Gula But Galen in his eighth book de juvamentis Cap. 1. saith that it is principally for the Lungs because creatures wanting a Neck want Lungs as Fishes but he addeth that the Neck is the way of those members which descend from above downward of â—hem which ascend from below upward those which descend are the Nerves the Gula some muscles and the Nuca but the ascending are the pulsant Veins and the quiet and the Nuca is contained of the Spondiles that it may bee safe from outward hurts and that hollowness which is between the parts of the Veins and Arteries is filled by glandules remaining
shall also note one Nerve on both sides compounded of many Fibers these Nerves are called descending and the reversive Nerves doe spring from these of which a fair enquiry shall be made below Keep those Nerves and 〈◊〉 branches of the aforesaid Arâ—â—â—â— and either Vein to wit the â—â—den and the manifest untill thâ—â— you have seen the Veins and Aâ—teries ascending from the Heart and from the Liver even unto that place for the seeing of which the Work-man may return back again about the region of the gibbous part of the Liver and there hee will note a great trunk of the Vein Chilis ascending which in its ascension first perforateth the Midriff and there sendeth forâ—â— many little Veins on both sidâ—â— whereof two doe feed the Midâ—â— but the rest doe nourish the lower ribs and the members near unto them But a very great branch of it ascending reacheth even unto the Heart being every way loose without an Artery fellow to it and by that branch the gibbous part of the Liver is vented and perhaps vivified This branch is divided into three parts one whereof much less than the rest entreth about the roots of the Heart and is dispersed through the substance thereof and nourisheth it Another bigger than the rest is united to the right mansion of the Heart and bringeth bloud very plentifully to it From that branch according to some that Vein called Arterialis which nourisheth the Lungs taketh its original but of these Veins wee have spoken somewhat in the Section of the Heart The third Branch of the aforesaid which is also notable ascendeth also above from the region of the Heart under which is a certain glandulous flesh called Morum and Timum and this together with the fifth lobe of the Lungs which cleaveth to the back is as wee have said before a Mattresse or Bed to the aforesaid Branch ascending even unto the highest Furcula of the Breast where this Vein is parted into two branches reaching transverse towards the Spatulaes on the right side and on the left in that same manner also doth the great Artery called Aorta Ascendens reach transversly toward the Sâ—â—tulaes and that you may the better see those Veins and Arteries lay aside the upper Furcula yet warily lest you loosen the members near unto them Those things being dispatched you must see the aforesaid Veins and Arteries noting first that every one of them is divided into two Branches one whereof as well of the Vein as Artery ascendeth by the Neck on both sides towards the Head from which doe arise all the Veins of the Neck called Guidez which you shall keep to be better seen afterwards Another Branch also on both sides is divided into five parts one of them nourisheth the upper Ribs and one the place of the Spatulaes and one the deep muscles of the Neck and one penetrateth in the upper Spondiles of the Neck and from thence passeth to the Head and the branches of the pulsant Vein do associate them Another branch greater than all the aforesaid five reacheth to the Axilla or Armpit and this is divided into four parts one of them is spread in the muscles placed above the Breast which move the Spatulaes and one entteth in the loose flesh and in certain Pannicles of the Axillaes and one goeth from the upper part of the Breast about the Teats descending toward the Abdomen and this according to some nourisheth them and in part carrieth the matter of milk to them and this as wee have said elsewhere is coupled in the Abdomen with a Vein ascending from the Inguina and from the Matrix to the Teats and of that branch Galen speaketh in 14 de utilit part cap. 8. saying That from the Thorax do reach Veins to the Hypocondria and to the whole Epigastrion and are coupled with Veins which are carried from the lower parts to the Matrix having Colligancy that when the living creature is increased in the Matrix they might bring in the nourishment for it which being born theâ— puff up the Teats again wherefore it hapneth that the Menstrues and to give suck cannot well be together But another branch greater than the aforesaid is divided on both sides into three branches one reacheth to the muscles which are in the Spatulaes and one to the muscles of the Axillaes but another bigger than the aforesaid reacheth by a neer part toward the Adjutorium and this goeth unto the little hand this branch is called Asellaris and Basillica which being flebotomized helpeth in diseases of the Breast by reason of its neer Colligancy unto the true Ribs and to the whole Breast this Vein is also called of the Vulgar the Liver vein because it is neerer to it than the Cephalica But of the first branches which I spake that you should keep from which are made the Guidez there ascendeth on both sides one and before they do much ascend â—hey are divided into two parts on both sides one of them is called Guidez manifesta the manifest Guidez because it is neer unto the Skin easily apt to bee seen which in one living swelleth in a strong voice but the other because it is below some muscles is called Guidez profunda submersa the deep and overwhelmed Guidez And indeed the manifest Guidez presently when it ascendeth above the Furcula is divided into two parts on both sides whereof one ascendeth but the other is involved about the Furcula from which do arise many branches nourishing the parts neer unto them and some of those branches do again ascend and are united again with the aforesaid first branch of the manifest Guidez but before they are united one notable branch reacheth to the Spatula and by the outside under the Skin of the Adjutory is terminated even unto the little hand and this is called Spatularis Humeralis and Cephalica because it helpeth the Head by reason of the neer Colligancy that it hath with its Guidez that nourisheth the Head but of that Vein Cephalica and also of Basilica and of the Artery fellow to it it shall be spoken more amply in the particular Anatomy of the great and little Hand And the aforesaid manifest Guidez on both sides notable is immediately under the Skin above the muscles of the Neck which with its branches doth nourish the upper and lower Mandible and the Tongue and the Head ascending on the outside about the Ears And some would have that those branches of the manifest Guidez which are about the Ears should be called Venae Spermaticae because they say that the Sperm cometh by them from the Brain and they are moved from the sayings of Hippocrates in his Book de aere aqua which saith that whosoever have the Veins behinde the Ears cut they are altogether deprived of all Generation nevertheless there are some that think that such Veins are from the branches of the profound Guidez which nourish the muscles remaining between the first and second
reason of their artificial composition and operation For the dignity of the Heart is of more value than other parts for of al the members it is the most principal and is called Sol Microcosmi the Sun of the little world for it illuminateth the other members by its Spirit for this hath a special heat it doth certainly pant and hath motion as a living creature therefore it is reported to bee the first thing formed in young ones in the womb after that the Brain and Liver the eies as it pleaseth some but very slowly but that these do dye first but the Heart last this member onely is not putrified by hurts neither is it free from the punishments of life but being notably hurt it presently bringeth death and the life remaineth in that though the other parts be corrupt and for this cause that creature liveth not in whose Heart there may be found a hurt as it is in other parts And creatures which have a little Heart are bold but they are fearful which have a great one as by the proportion to Mice to the Hare to the Asse to the Stagg and to all fearful creatures or through fear hurtfull but a great Heart endued with much Spirit doth make them more bold than others It is reported that some men have been born with a hairy Heart and these are more bold and stronger than others as for Example Aristomenes Messanius which slew three hundred Lacedemonians and hee when he was wounded and taken at length escaped getting away through a Cave of Foxes being taken the second time hee being adventurous escaped the third time being ensnared the Lacedemonians cut open his Breast for the cause of seeing his man-hood and his Heart was found hairy All creatures also have a Heart that have a Midriff and blood Witness Aristotle 2 de Histor cap. 15. but in some it cannot bee discerned by reason of its smalness The Situation of the Heart is in the middle of the Breast within the Lungs in man onely it declineth to the left Papp with its lower part lest it should meet with the bones of the Breast which are not carinated as in Beasts but compressed into breadth It hath the shape of a Pyramidis but the gibbous part is not chiefly such because it is hot following the form of fire but because it is a perfect mixt body having life it possesseth a shape competent to its work It s upper part wherewith it reacheth to the upper members and is fastned to the Back is broad and this part is the more noble of the parts of the Heart because the life of a living creature is conserved by the means of two Orifices of Arteries of the left side coming from that part but the bottom doth gather it self into a sharp figure and goeth out almost into a swords point and in the former part it is eminent Also its gibbous part is toward the upper parts of the Breast and it is of such a shape that its upper and lower building might bee good and that there might not be a superfluity in it apt to hinder its continual motion and that in the end of it it might be gathered into one point that that which is hurt with the touching of the bones might be the least of the parts of it that it might take the less hurt It s substance is of simple flesh every where solid but it hath part of its point and the left side of it of grosser flesh that it might conserve the Spirit placed there and that it might equal the weightiness of the blood contained in the right Ventricle with its weight whose walls are lighter than of the left Ventricle In its hollow places are very many white Ligaments there being many Caruncles and Pellicles or doors of the Vein Chilis and they are fastned to the Vena Arteriosa Also the Heart is involved in a subtile and firm membrane with some fatness which do keep and strengthen the substance and heat of it and being dried they hinder it In the top of it where it cleaveth to the Back are two tugged and hollow Pellicles called Auriculares which are united to the houses or Ventricles of it to wit to the right and left taking and keeping the superfluent Spirit and blood like a good Sâ—eward and restoring it in necessities Nature hath ordained those Auriculae that they filling up places of the Hearts greatness might receive the Blood and Spirit sometimes over-flowing in the Heart by which it might have had filled up the places of other members near unto it Also by its greatness it had been heavy unfit for motion and likewise if it should bee very great it would often be empty by reason of the want of Spirit and Blood and consequently weak as â— fearful creatures having a great Heart to wit wanting Blood and Spirit in the proportion Its roots are fastned to the top of it which are solid and hard and as it were cartilagincous that its continual motion upon these might be nimble In the Heart also are Fibers of many shapes and placed after a diverse manner that it might sustain continual and strong motions which are natural and not voluntary and therefore there is not any lacert in it In the upper part of it about the outside is one Vein proceeding from Chilis obliquely branching it self to the least parts towards the Mucro which nourisheth it There also are two pulsant Veins proceeding from Aortâ— spreading abroad toward the outside one is in the same place wherein is the aforesaid Vein not pulsant which giveth life to iâ— another is spread in the right Ventricle and bringeth the vital virtue to it it also concocteth and giveth life to the blood continually entting in there and by means of that the Liver is vented by the Chilis in its gibbous part and conserveth its own vitality It hath a three-fold Sinus or hollow place or little house or Vâ—â—tricle the right is bigger than 〈◊〉 left and the left cometh unto the extreamity of its point but the right is ended a little below that place Between them is a wall gross and thick called of Galen Diafragma in which are many small holes going from the right Sinus into the left being broader from the right than to the left those holes are dilated whilest that the Heart is abbreviated and opened and they are shut up whilest it is lengthened and shut by this means the blood being rarified and prepared goeth from the right unto the left where it is compleatly turned into the vital Spirit These Orifices are counted of Physicians for the middle Sinus Galen witness Avicen calleth that Sinus a ditch and passage and not a Ventricle that it might be the Receptacle of the nutriment wherewith the Heart is nourished which nutriment is thick and strong like to the substance of it â—â—d it is the mine of the Spirit begotten in it of subtile blood and it prevaileth that the more temperate blood is
Spondile of the Neck and some which say that Hippocrates did understand by the Veins the very Arteries because they are more fit for good Sperm than the Veins nevertheless Hippocrates saith in the same place that Sperm also cometh from the whole and Avicen 20 tertii cap. 3. saith that Galen knew not whether the incision of these Veins may cause barrenness to incurre or no nevertheless he said but it seemeth to mee that it doth not matter that the Sperm should bee of the Brain onely although the nourishing of it be of the Brain nevertheless it is gathered by the good Anatomy of the Spermatick vessels that the incision of these Veins behinde the Ears maketh not barren by reason of the Sperm descending by them nevertheless those Veins being cut may weaken the Brain so that it may not duly send the Animal spirit for conception and this the profound Guidez may rather do than the manifest and the Arteries may rather do this than the Veins because they are the carriers of the Spirit but either is possible But the profound Guidez on both sides neer to the Meri or Gula ascendeth below the aforesaid muscles which you cut and in its ascent sendeth forth branches nourishing the Gula and the muscles of the Faringa they also nourish the muscles remaining between the first and second Spondile of the Neck from which according to some the Spermatick Veins recited of Hippocrates do arise which are behinde the Ears of which there is yet a controversie They also nourish the Pericranium ascending by it from the bottom even unto the top of the Head and there by perforating the Cranium they descend to the Dura and Pia Mater carrying nourishment to them Also from the aforesaid profound Vein doth arise one branch on both sides piercing the bone Basilare in the direct of the commissure Lambda and being born up of the Dura Mater it ascendeth even unto the top of the Head and from that in the same place do go forth many branches through the pores of the Skull which also do nourish the Pericranium nevertheless the greater part of the aforesaid branches ascending within the Skull with the Dura Mater do pass into the Pia Mater with which also do pass some branches of the aforesaid manifest Guidez piercing the Skull on the top of the Head from the outward to the inward part and from hence they pass to the substance of the Brain and nourish that Also some of the aforesaid Branches in the direct of the Commissure Sagittalis and Lambda doe enter into the Dura mater being doubled in that place and this place is as it were a presse of which the bloud is pressed out from the aforesaid Veins into a certain large place being near there towards the outside which is called Platea Fovea Palmentum and Lacuna about which Platea are certain Veins sucking the bloud pressed out into it which out of the same doe nourish the center of the Brain and all those Veins within the skull together with the Arteries are those of which it is rightly called Secundina and otherwise it is called Pia Mater But the aforesaid Arteries called Carotides being in the Neck near to the Veins Guidez and the descendent Nerves ascending on the sides of the Neck on both sides doe reach with some Branches dispersing here and there before and also behind and to the Tongue and to the upper Mandibles and the lower and in the whole face and in the hinder part of the Head and some notable ones about the Ears in the Temples doe reach with their Branches to the top of the Head and some also reaching to the muscles about the common juncture are spread abroad to the Neck and to the Head where there is a great hole from which the spinal Marrow goeth forth it may bee from those branches Hippocrates said that Sperm descendeth from the Brain because the Ancients did call the Arteries also Veins and therefore Avicen said twenty tertii that these Veins were continued to the Nuke that they might not bee farre off from the Brain in which there is light milkey bloud which goeth first to the Reins forthwith after that to the Veins reaching to the Testicles and one notable Branch of these Arteries on both sides pierceth the bone Bafilare toward the former part and is united to the Pia Mater giving life to the Brain and carrying spirit to the Ventricles thereof From that Branch ascended on both sides immediately above this bone Basilare according to the Hinges of Physick is made the Retentirabile which is according to them of a notable magnitude which is before behind and on the sides And the aforesaid Veins nourishing the Brain in their ascent must bee sustained of some solid body as is the Pericranium and Dura Mater because they cannot ascend by themselves for their single and soft coat and the bloud in them is more apt to descend than to ascend because it is heavie But the Arteries are not joyned to any solid body but standing by themselves do ascend too within the Skull because they are double coated and hard And it was not necessary that they should ascend and afterwards turn their heads downward as the Veins because their bloud is light and more apt for ascending than descending Yet you shall better see the branches of those Veins and also of some Arteries in the Anatomy of the Members following The substance of Veins and Arteries hath been spoken of in another place their complexion is judged from the composition of them their shape is known they have Colligancy with the whole body their bigness is also known they are bigger in one body than in another But the situation of many of them is often varied in number they are unperceiveable because many of them are hidden their helps are to feed all the members they also suffer passions of all sorts but there often hapneth to them a streightned opilation caused from the fulness of bloud which if it bee made in the branches of the Veins Guidez there always followeth profundity of sleep the Apoplexie and extream suffocation That Vein Guidez is sometimes flebotomized yet seldome in our Region and Age its incision helpeth the Leprosie not confirmed and in a strong squinancy in a sharp Astma in straightness of breathing in hoarsness of voice caused by super-abounding of blood in an Apostume of the Lungs for evacuation and diversion sake for the antecedent cause in the beginning and augmentation nevertheless this incision of the Veins Guidez is to bee made by a learned hand with a Flebm or Lancet having some Obstacle neer the point lest all the sides of the Vein be opened for these Veins are slippery in the touching of them because they are not annexed to the flesh as many others as well also because of the soft and slippery glandules being under them as also lest the Flebm should prick a Nerve or other members placed there But the manner
behind according to the breadth dividing the hinder part of the Brain from the former this second Duplication is nâ—â— fastned together as the other 〈◊〉 because the first is joyned together by some Ligaments and by 〈◊〉 Veins so that in it there is a hollowness apt to hold any thing within it self and within that hollowness from before to behind are many Veins ascended from the aforesaid Guidez which are there compressed of the aforesaid Duplication and being compressed they doe press out bloud unto many little Branches of them which are continual with the branches of the Pia Mater nourishing the Brain Toward the hinder part in that doubling is a certain hollowness called Lacuna and Platea and Fovea and Palmentum into which part of this bloud is pressed and there is almost alwaies some bloud there for which Erophilus called that trench the third Vein because this hollowness is very long as a Vein and elsewhere Chords as in Veins and Arteries and in that trench there is not found bloud under the form of bloud and Avicen calleth that doubling Torcâ—lar It s quantity situation Colligancy and complexion doe appear in number it is one â—annicle it helps besides the aforesaid are to cloath the Brain with the Pia Mater according to its length breadth and depth only by compassing and by peircing into it as it appeareth before it also helpeth by mediating between the hard Bone and the Pia Mater which is very soft It also helpeth in supporting the Veins which nourish the Brain and the members neer unto it it suffereth passions of all sorts its notable solution is evil Of the Pia Mater UNder that is another thin Membrane woven throughout Pia vel lenis mater quae media est inter duram matrem cerebrum ut dura inter eam craneum with very subtile Arteries and Veins being immediately fastned â—o the Brain called Pia Mater and Secundina because it nourisheth the Brain as the Secundina doth the young one and in my opinion in those little Branches of Arteries every where dispersed in â—he Pia Mater the bloud or vital spirit is made subtile and prepared that in the substance of the Brain and in the Ventricles it may bee made animal as wee have said in our Commentaries upon Mundinus This Membrane is sinowy and thin and is fastned to the Dura Mater in the top of it from the Prow to the Poop by many little Veins and with some Veins about the sides of the Head and it is fastned through the whole substance of the Brain which it nourisheth and according to the truth the two Worms placed within the Ventricles of the Brain doe draw their beginning from those Veins and Arteries of which the spirit is carried to within the Ventricles and also bloud nourishing the inward parts of the Brain in the walls also of the Ventricles is some portion of the Pia Mater carrying bloud and spirit bloud for the nourishing of the parts neer unto it but spirit for the operations of the Soul as the aforesaid Worms doe From that which hath been said doe appear its substance shape number Colligancy and situation and its quantity appeareth which entreth notably not only into the Brain without but also within the Ventricles and in many foldings or turnings although some may say that the Pia Mater is not in the hinder Ventricle by reason of the hardness of its substance nevertheless this part is nourished and therefore it hath Veins although but little ones its native complexion is cold and dry its helps appear it suffereth passions of all sorts which are worse than in the Dura Mater â—f the Marrow of the Brain AFter the Pia Mater doth occur the substance of the Brain â—â—lled unproperly Medulla or Medulla quia in medio ossis vel quod madefaciat ossa Marrow because it doth not nourish or moysten the bones neer unto it as the Marrow of other â—ones but the bones of the Head are nourished that they may conserve that It s substance is to be seen softer before and above than behind and below in quantity it exceedeth the quantity of the Brain of other living Creatures as well by reason of the multitude of the animal spirits as also that by its cold and moyst complexion it might contemperate them which come very hot from the Heart It s situation appeareth and also its shape which is such above and throughout as is the form of the Skull nevertheless it hath many manifest foldings at the first sight and also many hidden which are seen in the dissection of it within which the Pia Mater annexed to it doth enter th◠〈◊〉 out its Colligancy appeareth and will appear by the knowledge of its Nerves In number it is one member yet it hath two parts which are not altogether separated from one another but notably united One part notably exceeding the other in greatness is from before unto behind filling the whole hollowness of the Skull before and in the middle from the top to the bottom and behind it filleth only the highest part of the Skull being also in the direct of the greatest part of the Bone Lambda and this part is called the former Brain The other part farre less than the first called of Aristotle Cerebellum and more solid than the first filleth up the hinder and lower part of the Head and this hath its place in the hinder part of the Head under the first part aforesaid but in this hinder part of the Brain called Cerebellum there is not any concavity or venâ—â—â—â—e as many note It is well â—â—â—â—red every where of the Dura and Pia Marer and the sense sheweth all these things the first part aforesaid is notably divided of the Dura and Pia Mater into two parts according to the length of the Head that is into the right and left part that its substance and its Ventricles might be distinct and doubled First therefore remove diligently with a Razor in the other of the sides of that Duplication side-ways according to the top and bottom the Pia Mater together with a notable quantity of the Brain going down for the space of three fingers more or less according as you shall finde the Ventricles of it For in every side of that doubling you shall find one notable hollowness called a Ventricle which is extended long-ways somewhat obliqued descending toward the hinder part of the sides One side being seen see likewise the other in which you shall see the very same as in the former and these Ventricles are divided from the substance of the Brain that if hurt should happen to one part it might not happen to the other and the operations of the one part of those Ventricles are like unto the other fellow to it In that Ventricle on both sides is one pellicular red substance called Vermis the Worm compounded of Veins and Arteries which reacheth from one end to the other of each
and it is as it were a certain additament and its shape appeareth strictly compacted but within it is empty and is less in breadth than the least finger of the hand and it is of the length of three inches or thereabouts Of the Intestine Ileon TO this Intestine Saccus going 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in arctum cogo upward is immediately fastned the first of the slender Intestines called Ileon and Longum and Revolutum or Involutum whose substance is slender its shape is very long and round its quantity is longer than all the other Intestines together there are more Miseraicks in that Intestine than in any other because of his length its situation is more about the Ilia yet it is in other places through the belly it is fastned to the Mesentereon from which it must bee separated that you may Hic morbus dic 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ab 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 misericordia quia miserandus dolor well observe the other upper Intestines It s proper passion * is dispositio Iliaca and the passion called Miserere mei in which the ordure passeth to the mouth Of the Intestine Jejunum TO this Ileon is continued the Jâ—junum signifies hungry empty or barten because this gut is alwayes found empty second small Gut called Jejunum Hira Hilla and Sterilae or Vacuum and it is empty because it is near unto the Liver by whom it is emptied by drawing Chilus from it and by expelling that which is contained in it by means of Choler from the Cistis entring into it about the Duodenum it hath more Miseraicks than any other Intestine like unto it in length that they might quickly succour the Liver yet it is empâ—iest in the upper part about the Duodenum and it is not altogether streight but beginneth to bee revolved where it is fastned to the Ileon and therefore it is partly streight and partly involved it is of a Citron colour because it is â—eâ—r the Liver insubstance and shape it is like to Ileon its quantity may bee seen but it is not much and its situation is about the region of the Liver and somewhat below but in the middle of the belly These things being seen you may also excarn this Intestine from the Mesentereon that you may the better see the Duodenum which you shall know in his longitude from the stomach below to bee in quantity as much as are ' twelve fingers in breadth from the stomach downward Of the Intestine Duodenum IN the last place is to bee seen the highest of the small Guts called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a duodecem digitorum longitudine Duodenum and Dodecadactylon whose quantity in length appears above and in breadth is less than every other Intestine and is as much as the lower gate of the Ventricle called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and in Latine Janitor The substance of it is slender it is not revolved but streight fastned to the Ventricle towards its upper part and it is fastned to the Mesentereon also about the Jejunum it is fastned to the Cistis bilis by the Chanel which conveyeth choler for the cleansing of the Intestines from flegm principally and from excrements That Chanel entreth Diagonallically in that Intestine between * Or between the two Tunicles a Tunicle and a Tunicle lest the Choler and perhaps Chilus might again ascend unto the Cistis Consider that Chanel warily and keep it for the Anatomy of the aforesaid Cistis the helps of this Intestine are to take from the Ventricle things digested and to send them to the other Intestines it suffereth every kinde of disease Of the Mesentereon THese things being seen divide the Duodenum below the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quia medium inter intestina fitum obtinet pore coming to it from the Cistis bilis binding it first lest that which is contained in the Ventricle go forth and you may put away the other Intestines when you have first warily excarned them as it is said before from the Mesentereon or Eucarus which of some is also called Lactes this member is placed among the very Intestines fastning them in their Center to the back and it is compounded of doubled Pellicles of fat and of Glandules in the which there are many veins proceeding from the Liver which are commonly called Miseraicks and of Galen are called the hands of the Liver because they snatch from the Intestines the matter of blood and give it to the Liver those veines are of the branches of Vena portae in this member there are also some Arteries This member is divided into two parts the first is fastned in the upper part to the Jejunum and Duodenum which is very glandulous and its Pellicles are single the Venaeportae do pass thorow that part to the Ventricle to the Spleen and to the Omentum this part in a Hog is of a savoury taste and is commonly called the Sweet-bit and also Brisaro and Bocea saporita In those great Glandules is sometimes contained a matter causing a sickness which is called Melancholia Mirachia Another part of this member is fastned to the other Intestines whose Pellicles are doubled because they fasten great members to the back and this second part is esteemed of all men for the true Mesentereon those two members are nourished from the veins of the Porta Their quantity and shape appear the first is lesser than the second their complexion is cold they have colligancy with the back by means of Siphac their helps are to fasten the Intestines to the back and to sustain the Miscraick veins and other veins of the Porta and to moisten the dregs of the Intestines In number they are two members even among the vulgar they may suffer diseases of every sort this member or members is to bee let alone in its place untill the Anatomy of the veins of Porta bee seen Of the Ventricle which is commonly called the Stomach THe Mesentereon being dispatched Ventriculus vertus dic 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 enim idem est quod Gula. blow up the Ventricle through the Duodenum left afore as much as you can that the chiefest greatness of it may bee seen then you may reduce it to a mean inflation that other things requisite in it may the better bee seen And first you shall observe its place which is in the middle of the whole body the extream parts excepted and it is immediately under the Septum transversum on the right side it hath the Liver and on the left the Spleen under it the Intestine Colon and other Intestines before the Omentum and Abdomen behindethe back and the parts contained therein its situation is oblique fastned to the back under the Diafragma its upper part is in the left side that it might give way to the Liver which is in the right and placed on high and that melancholy might the more easily go from the Spleen to the mouth of it
cause In the Orifice of this pulsant Vein which is called Auritium are also the three gates C formia opening and shutting themselves at the same time and in the same manner in which the Arterial vein is opened and shut There is in that Ventricle another Vein not pulsant but quiet called Arteria Venalis and it is called an Artery because it carrieth and recarrieth the Spirit or Ayr to the Heart and from the Heart to the Lungs from whence it is sent without the Breast and it is called a Vein because it hath a single Coat In the Orifice of this are onely two Pellicles or doors fastned after the same manner and incompleat and they are opening and shutting themselves in the dilatation and constriction of the Heart with which they make the doors being in the Orifice of the Vein Chilis also this Arterial vein carrieth more Ayr to the Heart than it can bring out because by the blood and Ayr brought in by it is the vital spirit engendred which by the Artery Aorta passeth to all the parts of a living creature By the aforesaid things the Colligancy of the Heart and the complexion and helps of it appear its quantity may be seen in number it is one although it is reported that the Heart of an Ape had two heads but prodigiously it is also reported that the Partridges in Paphlagonia have two Hearts Every kinde of disease may happen to it but it endureth them not if they continue long Of the Lungs THe Heart being seen cometh the Lungs called in Latine * Flabellum dicitur a flando Sic Ventilabrum a ventilando Flabellum and Ventilabrum and in Greek * Grece etiam 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 suffior sufflatur enim ut follis spiritum trahens emittens Pneumon for this is the Artificer of breathing and the work-shop of Ayr this is nourished by Ayr as the body is with Meat this filleth the hollowness of the Breast round about the Heart with its five Coats or Lobes whereof two are on the left side and three more on the right of them three one is less than the rest cleaving to the Back as it were in the middle which hath little pipes but almost no motion and this is the Mat or Pallet to the Chilis ascending and about that Lobe toward the top of it there is also certain glandulous flesh which also with the aforesaid Lobe is a Pallet or Coverlet of the aforesaid Vein and this flesh is of a notable bigness and is called of Authours Morum and Timum and of the Vulgar it is called Animella and Laticinium and it is in usual meats of a rank taste especially that which is found in Claves and in milk Kids The substance of the Lungs is mixed of thin light soft and red flesh inclining to whiteness like to the coagulated froth of blood and it consists of three vessels or pipes entangled as in a net through all the parts thereof in the same manner that the branches of the Vein Chilis are in the Liver and this composition may be like to a hony comb and also to a Sponge therefore it is capable of blood and Ayr for the Lungs is as it were a certain stoâ—e-house of Ayr to the Heart fit to serve to both motions to wit dilatation and constriction Certainly its flesh is rare that there might be much blood and Ayr continually in it Two vessels in it which contain it do shew the multitude of the blood which are bigger in the Lungs than in any other member like unto it the Heart and Liver excepted in which the vessels containing blood are greater surely not for themselves but because they give Spirit and blood to all the members This blood in the Lungs is much because the abounding plenty of it is dissolved by reason of the continual motion which a great quantity doth continually oppose and it is subtile that it might pass suddenly to all the parts of the Lungs to nourish it and it is also subtile that it might be light lest by its heaviness it should hinder the motion of the Lungs Also the long submersion of a living creature in the water without choaking sheweth that there is alwaies a great quantity of Ayr in it and the sending forth of a long and continual voice and blast hindring from the receiving of new Ayr or when one abhorreth it by reason of stink or other causes yet this Ayr in the aforesaid drownings and stinks is kept in the mouth and in the jaws the Tonsils helping with their Pellicles The help of this Ayr continually drawn is that by that being first altered the Heart might bee cooled and contemperated in necessities and also that the Heart might have vent left it should be choaked The utility of it also is that not out of a little part thereof might be engendred Spirits necessary for the being and wel-being and it is a help of the expulsion of the abounding hot and smoaky matter which is drawn it is for the entring in of the Ayr that is less hot â—eing altered first in the Lungs and then in the members through which it passeth This smoalâ—y air as it were an adusted superfluity of spirit is driven by the pulsant Vein into the branches of the Trachea in the constriction of the Heâ—â—â— and afterwards goeth forth â—â—nce from aliving Creature by the Trachea and by the nostrils and mouth the systolative motion of the Lungs helping it But the air going into the Heart hath the beginning of alteration in the Nostrils in the mouth in the jawes in the Trachea and in the branches of it dispersed in the Lungs in like order which one feeding on meat and drink hath in the mouth in the Gula and in the Ventricle and Liver For the alteration of the Lungs in the air is compared to the alteration of the Liver in Chiâ—us for by the Liver is the Bloud made of Chilus which receiveth a perfect concoction in the Heart but the spirit is prepared by the Lungs of air which is made truly vital in the Heart this going to the upper parts in the Rete mirabili or in the least branches of Arteries about the Brain is again altered from whence entring the Ventricles of the Brain the Animal spirit is maâ—â— perfectly true which is a brigâ—â— light and pure spirit Also the flesh of the Lungs is light lest it should hinder the motion of it it is also soft that it might defend the vessels thereof from breaking and it is reddish clear declining to whiteness because of the dominion of the Air over it with which it is nourished and also because of the coldness thereof A thin Pannicle doth cover this substance of the Lungs being bred of many Membranes proceeding from the Pipes thereof and from the Pannicles of the Brest by means whereof it is sensible The Pipes of the Lungs are three one whereof as also the rest
of flebotomizing these Veins is thus first let the lower Belly of the Patient be bound between the Ilia and Hypochondria with a girdle decently binding let him also hold his mouth shut in expelling the air from the Breast then let the Patient decline his head to the contrary side that is to bee let bloud because by doing so the Vein swelleth as a Chord extended and with a fit instrument holding the Vein firm with the hand or other device the Vein must be peirced in the more eminent place Authors commend such a Section to bee made according to the breadth nevertheless I would doe it obliquely and let not the quantity of bloud bee superfluous neither let it bee done the second time and let the Work-man have with him powders constringent for stopping of Bloud as Bole-Armonick Sanguis Draconis the hairs of a Hare Mummy the barks of Frankinsence Aloes and the like and among all let him have Vitriol or Colcotar also Soot is praised and burnt Beans and Paper burnt Skins and the likc to these the white of an Egge well beaten being always laid over and with decent Ligature and the Patient lying with his head lifted up for eight days with light sleep and decent diet as farre as it shall seem good to the lawful Physician Of the Anatomy of the descending and the Reversive Nerves THe Anatomy of the Veins ascending Nervus ex 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quod ex 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 nuto flecto quia Nervi instrumenta voluntarii motus Gal from the Liver upward being dispatched in which also many things have been spoken of the Arteries ascending I return to the descendent Nerves from which the Reversives doe arise and I say that in the lateral parts of the Neck a little under the Ears between or under some Muscles are notable Veins and Arteries as it was manifested before to which on both sides there doth adhere one notable Nerve called Descendent these Nerves the Ancients did call Apoplecticos and not well because they did not know the operations of them witness Galen in his Book De Voce anhelitu And these Nerves doe arise principally from the sixth pair of the Nerves of the Brain and they rise also from the third and descend perpendicularly because in such sort they must move the members These Nerves are compounded of many branches whereof some by descending witness Galen are spread abroad to the Heart and to its Capsula to the Mediastinus and likewise to the Breast in the roots of the Ribs and some notable enough to the mouth of the Stomach and to the Diafragma and some lesser to the Liver to the Spleen to the Kidnies and to other sensible members of the lower Bellies to which also doe goe certain Nerves obliquely descending from the Nuke and from those Nerves descending some notable branches are again turned back upward which are called Reversivi and Retro Redeuntes which are commonly called the Nerves of the Voyce and they reach toward the Epiglottis binding themselves with certain of its muscles whose heads are placed at the lower parts of its body Some branches also of the aforesaid descendent Nerves besides those Reversives doe goe likewise by descending to some of the Muscles of the Epiglottis the heads whereof are turned upward and they are Reversives as it pleaseth some with their muscles they shut the cartilage Cymbalaris and Glotida but the muscles of the descending Nerves doe move other Cartilages and also they open the Cymbalaris From the seventh pair also and from the Nuca doe come Nerves to the muscles of the Epiglottis which doe move it obliquely witnesse Galen Those Nerves are two one right the other left nevertheless they are divided into very many Fibers or branches as it appears because of the many members to which they goe Their quantity and colour is apparent their complexion and substance is such as of other Nerves yet the Reversives are drier and harder because they are to bear notable and as it were continual motions especially when they shut the Epiglottis to which shutting there is required a stronger motion than to the opening of it because there are more muscles opening than shutting it also the motion of the Heart of the Lungs and of the Breast doth open it and therefore that such Nerves should bee strong Nature hath set them afarre off from the moyst Brain from which by how much the more they are distant by so much the more drier are they and they pass near unto the Heart about the Artery where perhaps by reason of its heat they doe obtain driness and hardness and they are turned back upward that by drawing downward they might shut the Epiglottis which when they are relaxed many other muscles helping the Epiglottis is opened Their situation is on the sides of the Neck descending to the aforesaid members but the Nerves which are called Reversivi in the left side begin to bee turned back to the upper parts when they meet with the great Artery Aorta in the place a little above the Heart where that Artery is first forked and beginneth to bee turned back through the Breast to the lower members about which great branch descending is made the motion of the attraction and relaxation of those Nerves and that bifurcation of the Artery is to those Nerves as a wheel upon which water is drawn from a Well with a cord and this place as well on the left as on the right about which these reversive Nerves are moved or to which they are joyned in their motion is called of Galen Diablum and Flexor it is also called of some Girgilus and Bachan and Galen in his eighth Book De juvamentis cap. 2. doth resemble that reversion of the Nerves to those that with Horses in a Camp are turned back to the way from which they first came and saith that it is as it were a turning back of a thing upon a small wheel and in the seventh De Utilitate cap. 14. hee saith that he first of all found out those Nerves placed in that manner and their Muscles having the heads of them downward He saith also that that reversion of those Nerves sheweth that the Nerves have their original from the Brain and not from the Heart as Aristotle did think for if the Nerves should have their beginning from the Heart those Reversives should come from it and not from the Brain as it appeareth to sence And to those Reversive Nerves of the right side Nature hath also made the Girgilus or that wheel which shee made in the left side of one sufficiently noted branch of the Artery ascending being obliqued toward the right Arm-pit about the upper Furcula of the Breast of the right side which Artery goeth to the right Arm to which branch it hath joyned other Pellicles remaining there that it might bee strong because this branch is not so great as is that about which the reversive Nerves of the
helpeth in the retaining the Vocal air and therefore the Palate is rugged for this that the air may goe forth full oâ— surges the Palate also by its hollowness helpeth the revolution of meat in the mouth in the time of chawing by means of its hollownesse also the Tongue is moved more nimbly for its operations it also helpeth digestion with its pellicle the pellicle of the whole mouth helping it and iâ— may be the Spitle mixed with meats in chawing It suffereth Passions of all sorts and among other Diseases it suffereth in Feavers the Colam or Alcolam Of the Vvnla or Uvea IN the ending of the Palate about the Fauces towards the Ex Uvae similitudine head right against the root of the Tongue is one member fleshy of a rare substance covered with the membrane whose quantity and shape is equalled to the grane of a Grape and therefore it is called Vva Uvigena and Uvigera it is also called Columella and also â—â—â—â—mna and of some Gargareâ—â— Gargar and Gurgulio it is also called Fundibulum neverthelesse this member encreaseth more than naturally in length and breadth by humidity filling it and sometimes it is like unto a Mouse tayl as I have often seen and sometimes it is indurated and sometimes stranguleth witnesse Aristotle Man only hath this member its substance is spoken of in which there are some Veins and Arteries and therefore if it receive solution it notably induceth bloud its complexion is warm and moyst its number situation and Colligancy appear this member giveth way to things that are swallowed neither hath it voluntary motion therefore it is without muscles it helpeth in the breaking and altering the air and according to some in the tuning the Voyce it also hindreth thirstinesse by hindring air from entring the Fances violently It suffereth Passions of all sorts and especially corrosion and moâ—lification in which there is often required Cautery Of the Tongue THe Tongue is sometimes taken Lingua ex lingo qua parte lingimus for the variety of Languages as the Greeks the Arabians the Latines and of that kind it also signifieth many other things but for the present it is taken for a member contained in the mouth and it is called Lingua à ligando of binding because it is bound from one end to another within the lower Mandibles The substance of this member is naturally rare fungous and soft it is also soft by accident because of the Humidities descending from the Head and from the Stomach to it also the glandulous flesh in the root of it in which there are fountains of Spitle doth moysten it by means of the Spitle it hath also a multitude of Nerves as well for the Sense of touching and taste as for the motion those that give the â—aste come from the third pair of the Nerves of the Brain but those that give the motion come from the seventh and these Nerves are notable because the Tongue hath need of an excellent sence and also motion it also needeth very much heat and nourishment therefore it and in like manner the Yard hath more and greater pulsant and quiet Veins than any other member like to it in bigness and the Nerves that give it motion are distinct from them that give it sense but those which give the sense of Feeling doe also give Tasting and the tasting is more easily corrupted than the feeling because the tasting is a more subtile vertue than the feeling and the situation of the Nerves of sense is superficial but the situation of the Nerves of motion is nearer the Center more or lesse according to the place of the muscles which are commonly appointed nine to wit four pair and one single with which it is moved to every difference of position and the Tongue in its rooâ— is large gross and strong but in the former part it is subtile and sharp that it might be more fit for motion Of the aforesaid muscles two are on the sides of the Tongue of both sides one which are called Latitudinal proceeding from the sharp bones of the Head placed behind the Ears from which place also in part doe come the Fibers of one muscle which is common for the motion of the Lips and for the motions of the Apples of the Face and these bones are called Sagittalia and Acularia there are also two called Longitudinals beginning from the upper part of the bone Lambda which are continued with the middle of the Tongue and there are two other muscles which move the Tongue overthwart proceeding from that side which is the lower of the two sides of the bone Lambda and those doe penetrate between the aforesaid Longitudinals and Latitudinals There are also two others converting it and turning it upward and the Fibers of them are spread abroad in breadth under the aforesaid and these are continued with the â—one of the lower Mandible neverthelesse Avicen 12. animalium saith that those last are above the others after that there is one muscle called single which continueth the Tongue to the bone Lambda and draweth the one to the other and this muscle driveth the Tongue to the outward parts by lengthening it it also draweth back and shortneth iâ— Yet there are many that say that the Tongue is not moved to the outward parts voluntarily but meerly naturally from the imagination as the Yard and some say that it and also the Yard are moved of muscles and of the imagination together and some of the imagination only which by means of the spirit causeth a windinesse dilating and erecting the Yard and in like manner the Tongue with bringing it oâ—â— of the mouth but these thingâ— are handled of Galen Prâ—â— de motibus liquidis and of â—â—vicen Prima primi in the Chapter of the muscles of the Tongue and there the Expositors doe resolve the doubts which see Of the Bone of the Tongue THe Tongue in the root of it hath a bone to which it is knit and fastned and standeth firm as upon his Basis in his many motions and this bone is quadrilateral or four-sided not very hard but it is as it were Cartilagineous and it is called Os * Hyoides Latini cum Graecis appellant idque voce contractiore siquidem 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 dicendum esset quod 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 literae formam ex primat vocatur 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 sed quia ubi confunctum est sinum facit non iâ—a acuto angulo terminatur rectius illud ν figurae quam λ simile dicemus Columbus De ossib 1. 1. Hyoideum and Lambda or Lambe because it is like to that Greek letter two of the sides of it are towards the Tongue which are in the form of the aforesaid Letter two forked and two also so formed bigger than the first are toward the Cartilage Deltalis or Target Cartilage of the Epiglottis which they embrace and are fastned to it lest it slide here and there that this
in medio ossium because it is in the middle of the bones For Marrow witness Aristotle secundo de partibus animalium is a nourishment of Bloud and it is a concocted and contained excrement and Avicen prima primi saith that the bones are nourished of it and hence is Nature known artificial which since Shee hath not alwayes Veins fit for the Bones putteth their nourishment in their Pores and Concavities and also if it be a superfluity Shee likewise putteth the excrement in them since She hath not another place fit for the aforesaid things The lower extremity of the Adjutory Bone hath two eminences with which it is joyned with the two Fociles of the Arm making with strong Ligaments the juncture of the Cubite and in the hollowness which is between the aforesaid eminences doth enter the extremity of the lower Focile which is greater than the upper which is crooked that the Juncture might be the more firm for the continual as it were and strong motions of this Juncture which for this cause also is seldom dislocated and if it bee dislocated it is with difficulty reduced into its former degree the Fociles of the Arm are also hollow because all Bones are either hollow within or porous that they might bee light lest they should burthen the body And the extremities of those Fociles and of all Bones and of the Junctures of the Hand and Foot are grosser than in the middle because in the extremities there must be great Ligaments for the strength of the junctures and in the middle they are small that they might give place to the Bodies of the Muscles which must necessarily be many and great for their many shaped motion After the Bones of the Arm are the Bones Rasettae or Carpi which are eight for the multitude of motions also for other cause Afterward is the little Hand whose inner part without the Fingers is called Vota and Palma but its outward part is without a name witness Aristotle primo de Histor Its Bones are four correspondent to the other Fingers the Thumb excepted from which is compounded the Pecten of the hand and the Procarpum or Procarpium and Antecarpum and Metacarpum yet there are some that would that the first Bone of the Thumb should bee in the Raseta and as so the Thumb hath not but two bones some say that the first Bone of the Thumb is in the Pecten of the hand After the Pecten are the Fingers First is Pollex the Thumb which hath two bones out of the Vola after that is Index or the pointing Finger next unto it next to which is Medius the middle Finger longer than the rest afterward is the Finger called Medicus and Anularis the Physicians and Ring-finger after that is the least named Auricularis these four have three junctures and three Bones and also the Thumb in my opinion hath three junctures and three bones because I doe not place the first bone serving it neither in the Raseta nor in the Pecten In the inner part of the Fingers there is notable flesh which is a coverlet to the Bones lest they should bee hurt in their continual meetings of hard things which they necessarily touch in the operations of the hands but in the sides of them is less flesh and less in the outward part because in those parts they doe not meet with things hurting them in their operations as within the hand The Chords of those Fingers especially the outermost doe enter into their juncture above and every Finger hath a Chord of which speech is not made for the present because their Muscles cannot bee seen whereof some are deep placed in the arm and some Chords come to the Fingers from the Neck as wee have more largely spoke of the Ring-finger in our Commentaries upon Mundinus Therefore in the great Hand there are thirty one Bones the Bones Sisamiis excepted which fill up some junctures and first is the Bone Spatula afterwards the Bone Adjutorium after the two fociles of the arm and eight of the Raseta and four of the Pecten and fifteen of the Fingers In the end of the bones of the Fingers are the Nayls whose helps are for the comliness of the hand and for the defence of the end of the fingers and to take up small things and the Nayls are engendred of superfluities as also the Hairs therefore they doe continually encrease yea in a dead man From the aforesaid things â—â—th appear the substance of the â—â—â—ds their situation number â—â—â—pe and Colligancy and their quantity lye open their complexion is such as are their parts their helps cannot bee described for they are the Organes of Organes they suffer passions of all sorts Of the Anatomy of the Feet THe Hands being seen see Pes Lati. a Grae. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Quasi in ipso à toto corpore cessatum fit Aristotele likewise the Feet at least one which is enough in that diffection as also one hand the Foot therefore is divided into great and small as also the Hand witness Haly and Galen and the Foot witness Haly hath four parts the first part is called Ancha the Hip the second Coxa the Thigh the third Crus the Shank the fourth Pes parvus the little Foot And first the skin of it is to bee excoriated every where from the top to the bottom in the inward part of which under the skin is one notable branch of the Vein Chilis descending from the Inguen by the Thigh which 〈◊〉 it is under the Hamme as 〈◊〉 have said above is divided inâ—â— three parts one doth descend directly by the inside unto the innermost hollowness of the Foot and this is called Saphena which is cut in divers diseases One other is obliquated toward the outside by the calf of the Leg and descendeth to the forein or outermost hollowness and this is called Sciatica or Scia which being cut availeth for the pain of the Hip and the bifurcation of this Mundinus knew not neither his followers and it may be that this branch doth avail for the pain of the Sciatica because some of its branches are united with the branches of the Veins nourishing the Muscles and the outward part of the Hip toward the juncture of the Sciâ— Place this Figure betweene 304 and 305 pages Between the aforesaid Saphena and also the Sciatica under the Hamme even unto the little Foot there doth descend one notable branch which keepeth the middle between these which may be cut in place of the deficiency of the other aforesaid in the Figures under written you shall see the aforesaid Veins at least the Saphena and the Sciatica Here followeth the Figures of the Veins of the Feet IN these three Figures you have all the Veins used to bee flebotomised in the Feet and in that Figure which is in the middle you see how one Vein bigge enough coming from the inner part of the Hippe goeth overthwart descending and under