to feede and slepe And should not man well foresee In youth to know his old degree THen from .xxxv. or few yeres folowing the lusty brauÌ„ches of youth begin to abate his pleasaunt leues flowers and fruite by litle litle will decaye rawe â—humers crampes dropsies quaterns melaÌ„coly will then drawe nere The riots surfittes sore labours bearing of extreme burdens wrestlings actes venerus with the abuse of youth wil then spring forth to the detriment of age nad sodaine decaye of lyfe in especiall of drunkardes ¶ Iohn VVhat be the places of blend Coller Fleume and Melancoly Naturall or vnnaturall Thou haste not made a particular distinction of their proper places but generally thou hast spoken well in thy songe ¶ Humfrey THere are also other discirptions of the foure humors very necessary to be knoweÌ„ and their places where as they dwel within the body first of bloud as Galen saieth in his first booke of effected places bloude saieth he that is in the pulsis doeth greatly differ from the bloude of the vaynes for the bloude of the pulsis is thinner yeallower and hotter and this bloud maye bee called the gouernour of life The spring fountayne of the bloud generall is in the lyuer whiche serueth euery vayne of bloude this bloud in culler is very read Flewme is whyte and is ingendred in the stomake and at leÌ„gth by the vertue of naturall heate pure fleaine is turned into blod There be also watry slimy glassy grosse salte sower thicke harde binding and extreme cold fleames whiche in dede be vnnaturall that bee engendred thorowe surphets coldnes or idelnes bringing to the bodie many noisome diseases There is also coller whiche is yellowe whose place in the body is y e gall which commeth of the clensing or puryfying of bloud and this coller is cleare hote and drie and the coÌ„forter of decoction Grene coller or coller myngled with fleame be vnnaturall melancoly naturall in the splene is nothing but the sex degrees or heauie residentes of the bloud the naturall melaÌ„coly is knowen by his blacknes the vnnatural cometh of the burning of coller and is lighter hoter browne of couler sower of taste and putteth the bodie in great dauÌ„ger as madnes blacke gaunders continual feuers and sodaine deadly diseases Therefore my frende Iohn remember this short discriptioÌ„ of humors as the wordes of Galen Auicen saye ¶ Iohn Thus I haue heard thy seueral placinge of the foure complexions of bloud Choler Fleume and Melancoly and is there any distincte hootnes coldnes moistnes and drienes in anye other creature besides man tel me ¶ Humfrey NOt onely in manne but in beastes fyshe foule serpeÌ„ts trees herbes mettels And euery thyng sensible and insensible according to their natures be equally myngled or tempered togeter whiche is called meane teÌ„peraunce or els exceadeth in degrees whiche is called intemperaunce hote and moiste may be compounded together so maye colde and drie hote and drie cold and moiste example A cholerick man hote drie a Fleumaticke man cold moist c. Of herbes as hisope and rewe hote and dry purssen and coucumbers cold moist c. But tempramentes or complexioÌ„s of men beastes and trees be some hoter some colder according to their natures As a lion is hooter then a cholericke man pepper is hoter theÌ„ cloues And though there bee degrees in more hotnes or more coldnes yet they are called but hote or colde as men after labour or trauell they will saye they are hoote but the fier which people warme theÌ„ at is hotter Also there be things repugnaunt to tempramentes as moiste and drienes together heate and coldnes together as fier to bee colde or the water of his own nature to be hote which water peraccidence of the fier is made hote and fier quenched by the water And euery thynge exceading greatly with distemperaunce or wanting temperaunce or complexion do eftsones come to an end as men by extreme sickenesses surphets or woundes or finally age lackinge naturall vertue Of heate and moistnes of trees and herbes from whome iuce and sappe is withdrawen these thinges of necessitie muste nedes die and come to corruption as Galen and Aristotel sayeth ¶ Iohn VVhether be men or women of coldex complexion ¶ Humfrey AVicen saieth like as menne be hote drie so be wemen colde and moiste ¶ Iohn YEa but Lucian saieth they be perelous hote of their tonges and ful of venim though I am no phisicion yet can I make a dissciption of that member for I am oftentimes stinged with it I would to God they had been wormed when they were yong but when they are olde they are past all cure but the best medicine y â— I haue is a gentle herbe called rewe whiche I am neuer without great store ¶ Humfrey MAnkinde was borne naked to this ende that he mighte clothe him selfe with other creatures whiche he brought not in to this world with him as cloth lether harnes made of iron for his defence because he is y e chief creature But horses of nature haue harde hoâ—es lyons sharpe teeth purpintyns sharpe prickes whiche is their coÌ„tinual and natural armour as things euer prepared to debate strife by no art can scant be tamed The Rose as pleasauntly as she doeth appeare and as swetely as she doth smel spring not further without a great noÌ„ber of sharpe prickes Therfore it is tollerable for men to beare with them whome nature hath sealed and marked for his owne With that humor most chollerick disgresse from this thy communicacion and let vs talke of thinges more profitable for in deade this is pleasaunt to no maÌ„ ¶ Iohn SEyng thou wilt not discribe me thiâ— particuler members of whiche wâ— haue spokeÌ„ I would be glad to know the partes of mankinde with a shortâ— discription of his members ¶ Humfrey MEmbers be simple and also compounde the simples bee tenne in nomber the cartilages the gristels the bones veynes synewes arteries pannicles lygamentes cordes and the skyn Members compounded be those that be ioyned and builded together of simple members as the handes face fete lyuer harte and so compounded members be made of simple Some of the compounded members be called principalles as the harte from whence the arteries springes the brain froÌ„ wheÌ„ce the sinewes springes the liuer whiche is the well of the bloud from whence y e veynes do spring the stones of generacion from whence the sede of lyfe dooe spring but those compounded members that bee principall Be all the other members except the simple as y e nose the eares the eies the face the necke the armes and legges the braynes and chief substance of our fleshe be compounded meÌ„bers of sinowes couered with panackles whiche be of a synue nature but that sinewes geue felyng to all the whole body euen as the artiers geueth spirituall bloud froÌ„ the heart to euery meÌ„ber
The whole body is couered with filmes and skynnes Out the head springeth harde matter issuing from the places called y e pores to pourge vapors smoke from the braine which asceÌ„deth out of the stomake into the head and is clensed through Pia mater called the tender coueringe of the brayne or spirites animall And therfore as som partes of y e body being deuided in sonder be eche like vnto the other and yet called by the name of the whole as for example When the bones be broken in sonder or the fleshe cut in to diuers peces or y e bloude poured into sondrie vessels A peece of fleshe is styll called fleshe a fragmente of a bone is called a bone and a drop of bloud is called bloud Euen so an haÌ„de arme veyne or suche lyke vnseparate partes being deuided into peces or called by the name of peces not by the name of y e whole parte as is before But my frende Iohn to make a large discriptioÌ„ of Anatomie it were to longe for â—e but shortly I will saye some thing And first of the definition therof is whaÌ„ the body of a dead man or woman is cut opened the meÌ„bers deuided or for theÌ„ waÌ„t of dead bodies to reade good bokes as Galen Auicen c. And it behoueth theÌ„ that cutteth a dead corps to note foure things First the nutramentall members as the liuer with the vaines the seconde is the members spiritual as the harte with y e artiries the thirde is the animall members as the head braines sinewes The fourth last be exeremeÌ„tes of the bodye as armes legges skyn heere c. Of these sayd meÌ„bers with the boones is all the body compounded And like as euery tree and herbe haue their rootes in the earth their brauÌ„ches springeth vpwarde euen so the rootes of mankinde haue the beginning in the brayne and the senewe and braunches groweth downward in the which braine dwelleth the vertues of imagination fantasie memory c. And these animall vertues be placed as it were heauenly aboue al the members communicating their heauenly influences downe vnto the hart as to a prince or chefe reuler within the bodye whiche geueth lyfe to euery part therof Thou shalt coÌ„sider that the hart was the first y t receiued life from the spirites and shalbe the last y t shall die Note also that as there be noble sences geueÌ„ to the body as seyng hearing smellynge tastinge feling eueÌ„ so nature hath foure principall vertues First Attractiue the second ReteÌ„tiue the thirde Disgestiue the fourth Expulsiue Attractiue is that by the whiche euery part of the body draweth the fode of life and serueth the vertue disgestiue and y e Retentiue dooe holde the meate vntill it be ready to be altered chaunged Disgestiue do alter maketh the foode like vnto the thing y e it nourisheth as fleme bloud c. Expulsiue do separate them from the other the good froÌ„ y e bad Thou oughtest also moste chiefly to learne the knowledge of the vaynes and for what sicknesse they muste bee opened and what medicines either in sirops or pilles thou must vse And first marke this figure of the Anatomie here preseÌ„t before thee with the heauenly signes because I haue not painted at large the seuerall partes of the sayde Anatomie Against Leprosy deafnes Let bloud the two vaines behind the eartes and vse the sayde pilles or els pillule Aurea Nicholai or Arabice or confectio Hameth minor Against replexion or to much bloude or bloude in the eies flowyng in the head open the temple vaines called Artiers for they bee euer beatynge And vse too pourge with pillule Artritice Nicholai or puluis ad epithema Hepatis Against SquinaÌ„ce stopping the throte and stoppynge of the breath Let bloud the vaynes vnder the tounge And for this vse PhiloniuÌ„maiê° Necholai Gargarismes pillule Bechie and oximel Simplex Vaines called Originales open not without great couÌ„saile of a learned Physicion or cunnyng ChirurgioÌ„ They be in the necke and haue a great course of bloud that gouerneth the head the whole body Against short winde and euyl bloud aproching to the hart and spitting bloude Open the vayne called Cordiaca or harte vayne in the arme Vse thinges to extenuate as Aromaticum Chariophillatum Mesue serapium ex Absinâ—hii in colde time serapium Boraginis â—â—hote time and pillule stomochi Against palsy yellow Iaundies burning heats apostimations of y â— liuer OpeÌ„ y e liuer vain vpon the right arme Take Serapium ex endiue Diamargariton frigidâ— Auicenni Against dropsy open the vain betwene the belly the braunch the right side against the sayde dropsy And the left syde against the passions of the milte but bee not rashe onlesse ye haue the couÌ„sayle of one wel seen in the Annothomie Vse pillule Hiere cum Agarico Against the stoppinge the secrete termes or fluxions of wemen or helpinge the Emorodes and purging fores Open the vaine called Sophane vnder the ancle Theriaca Andromachi Pillule Mastichine Petri de Ebano Within .xx houres after one is infected w t the pestilence coÌ„ming sodenly Open the vain betwene the wrest of the foote the great to Vse Serapiâ—â— Cichorii and Pillule pestilentialis Ruffi Against stinking breath OpeÌ„ the vaine betwene the lippe and the chin Vse for this Catharicum imperialie Nicho. Alexandri Against the toothake Open the vaine in the rofe of y e mouth And first purge with pillule Choci Rasis or with pilles of Mastike Against quartens tercions paines of the leftside Open the splene vaine commonly called y e lowe vaine with a wide cutte not depe For ChirurgioÌ„s nisely pricking or opening vayns with litle Scarisfaâ—â—â—ons doth let out good pure bloud and still retain grosse cold and drie earthly matter to the great hurt of their pacientes And albeit many more vaines might heare be spokeÌ„ of and their vtilities yet this shall well suffice by Gods grace to kepe al people in health that vpoÌ„ iuste cause haue these vaines opened Except olde men wemen with childe and children vnder xiiii yeares of age or men after diuers agues For bloud letting will then engendre perillous palsies as very excellent phisicions haue well declared And after one be infected with the pestileÌ„ce xxiiii houres before he haue receiued medicine or blod letting miracle helpeth him but truely no medicine haue vertue to do it ¶ Iohn THis same figure although it apereth in many bokes Yet very fewe do vnderstand it in al pointes such be y â— secret workes of nature And where as thou hast wel spokeÌ„ of some vaines apte medicens for the body I wolde fayne se the trewe forme and shape of the bones ¶ Humfrey OH Iohn it were a long time to declare y e singuler meÌ„bers with the compoundes as Galen do in his boke of the partes and boones It requireth onlye one worke but I haue taken in haÌ„d to teach the
but a Gouerment of helth Not withstandinge at thy request I wyll showe vnto the a proportion of the boones no lesse trewe than newe which is the very timber or postes whervpon oure frayle fleshe is buyldyd beginninge in our mothers wombes and endinge in earth the mother of all thinges And as the noble Prince Auicen affirmith y e nomber of al y â— bones be CC.xliiii beside Sisamina Os Laude ¶ Iohn THou haste spoken of the opening of vaines and medicins conuenient to clense the bloude with the figure of boones but thou hast not spoken of coÌ„uenient tyme when to let bloude nor of the state or adge of theÌ„ whose vaines should be opened Therfore I wold be glad to learne not onely time of bloode lettinge but also of purging the belly vomites bathinges neâ—inges and rubbinge of the bodie c. ¶ Humfrey EVery thinge haithe his tyme conueniente must be donne with sobber discression and not with rashe ignoraÌ„cie which killethe an infinit noÌ„ber Therfore the cause muste be knowen and the time obserued as Gallen writeth in the coÌ„mentary of the Afforismes of Hippocrites many bodies be extinguished by sodeyn death in whome is extreme fulnes or aboundance For aboundance 〈◊〉 bloode or any other humer sayth Aâ—ristotle is the cause of manye sickenessis and those menne that vseth muche glottonie in winter shalbe apte to receaue manye diseases in the spring time Therfore when the body haue extreme heate fulnes of vaines flushing with sodaine redenes in the face grose and rede vryne and suche burninge heat in the nighte that lette the slepe c then it is time to euacuate the bodie with some purgation bloude letting or abstinence as the strengthe adge of the paciente will serue For many diseases he helped by discrete bloude lettinge as Pluriceâ— hoote feuers Frenyces repletion or surphytes taken w t ouermuche eatynge or drinkinge as Gallen sayth The letting of blode dryethe vppe the superfluous moister of the belly helpeth memorye purgeth the blader quieteth the braine warmeth the marie openeth the orgaÌ„s of hering helpeth disgestioÌ„ inducith slepe c. Vnto this agreeth Rasis saing it helpeth greatly against leprosies squinancis Appoplexis pestilencis c. But old men children or women with childe ought not to be lette bloode nor also those people that dwell in colde regions maye not be lette bloude because the bloode is the chiefe warmer of nature y e people that dwel in hoote regions if they be letten bloude it wyll drye there bodies for bloode is the cheife moister of nature Therfore is y e heate of somer and the coldnes of winter forbiddeÌ„ to opeÌ„ vains or let bloud exept for a stripe or sodain chaunce as Rasis sayth thâ— spring of y e yere is y e chief tyme tâ— let bloud in y e right arme or right fote in the vayne called Medianâ— Which vayne must be opened asâ— well at other times in the beginniÌ„g of sicknesses as hote feuers pleurices c. As basilica shold be opened in y e midle or towarde thende of a sicknes Purgations ought to be ministred with great discrecion and not rashely to be taken for euerye trifle as thou haste hard me speake of blood lettinge So obserue the selfe same rules in purgation as time person qualitie or quaÌ„titie For Hippocrates sayth withoute doubte it is nedefull to purge the superfluitie of y e bodie As if bloud do abouÌ„de to take thinges to purge bloud If steame be superfluous then take thinges to clense hys superfluitie If coller be to ardeÌ„t hote vse thinges to extinguishe If melaÌ„coly be to extreme then taste thinges to bringe him into a meane And not to purge one humer with the medicins of an other but to take them in dewe â—rder and aptenes For the sayde humers as Valarius cordus Mesue and Nicholas teacheth the maner of making of the moste excellent purgations with ther quaÌ„tities And as in bloode lettinge slepe muste be auoyded for viii or xii â—oures after them so when your â—urgations be taken ayre is to â—e auoyded and to be kepte close â—or ii or iii. dayes or more as the â—alice of the disease or power of he purgations be and the counâ—yll of Rasis muste be followed Whiche sayth oftentimes to take â—urgations or laxâ—tiue mediceÌ„s doth make the bodie weake and apt to the feuer ethicke and specialye in verye leane or weake persons they y t be very fat haue smal gutes and vaynes purgatioÌ„s be verye noysome vnto theÌ„ But strong bodies hauing large vesselles maye susteine purgatioÌ„s without any hurt but stroÌ„g purgations either in pilles or potioÌ„s if thei any thing do excede be very hurtful therfore y â— doces or quantities may not exceade And also they must bee made as pleasaunt as arte can dooe them onles they offende the stomake Hippocrates geueth counsaile that men should not mingle medicins with meate but to take them thre or foure houres before meate or els so long after Onles they be pilles called Antecibum whichâ— may be taken at the beginning oâ— supper or els Pilli chochi a litle before slepe two houres after supper The best tyme of purgacioÌ„s is in the spring tyme as the docters doth affirme the apt daies signes are commonly knowen in the Englishe Almanackes calculated into english As in the writinges of maister Leonarde Digges of William KeÌ„nyngham a learned student bothe in Astronomy and Phisicke with many moÌ„ good men that taketh paines to profite y e coÌ„mon welth There is another maner of purging of the body by vomet for it clenseth from y e midrife vpward if they haue large brestes and be collericke persones It is good against dropsies and leprosies better in sommer theÌ„ in winter as Hippocrates saith and holsomer one houre before supper then at any other time and not to be vsed as a custome for the custome of of vomittes hurteth greately the head and eies and make the stomacke so feble that it wil scant bere any meates or drinkes but estsones caste them vp agayne They which haue narrow throtes and brestes and loÌ„g neckes vomites be neither apt nor good for theim And Auicen sayeth that vomites ought to be twyse in the moneth for the conseruacion of health but that whiche is more doth hurte the bodye There is an other kinde of the clensing of the body by sweeting as with hoote drinkes warme clothes perfumes made of OlibaluÌ„ brimstone niter c. There is also bathes and sweetinge in hoote houses for the pockes scurffe scabbes hemerodes piles which hoote houses hathe the vertue of helping the sayd diseases But if any that be of an whole temperat complexion do sweete in drie hoote houses it doth them muche harme as hyndrynge their eie â—ightes decaying their tethe hurâ—ing memory The best bathing â—s in a great vessel or a litle close