and from thence sent to the kidnyes by the emulgent arteries These are in number 2. one in each side which accompany the veins to the kidny slope wayes Whither when they are come they are divided in two branches whereof the one is implanted in the lower the other in the upper part of the hollow part of the kidny The nerves on each side spring either from ramus stomachicus and that is but one and smal and is spred thorow the proper coat from hence ariseth the consent betweene the kidnyes and the stomack So that vomiting is troublesome in nephriticall diseases One may think that nature hath afforded arteries larger than was requisit to afford life to so small bodies as the kidnies are But it was fit so to bee for the passages were to bee parent which were to discharge the heart and arteries of serosity The artery lyeth between the veine and the vreter partly to hasten the bloud to the kidney partly speedily to discharge the watrishnesse The veins and arteries are not joyned with the water pipes for if you put a catheter into the ureter by blowing the vessel will not swell CAP. XVIII Of the vreters THe ureters in Latine meatus urinarii are called in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 either from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to pisse or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because they keepe the urine There is one in each side They are white vessels like to veines yet they are whiter thicker and more nervous They reach from the kidny to the bladder They have two coats the one common from the peritonaeum the other proper from the externall or common coat it hath capillar veins and arteries It hath few oblique fibres but most straight It springeth from the bladder for it cannot be severed from it easily as from the kidnyes Yet it differeth from the bladder in two things First in that the bladder hath three coats but it only two Secondly the bladder hath all sorts of fibres but the ureter hath most straight few oblique They are inserted in the back and lower part of the bladder not farre from the muscle sphincter between the two proper coats of it about the length of an inch This insertion is oblique to hinder the regurgitation of the urin when the bladder is either compressed or distended with urine Although the ureter doth not ordinarily exceed in compasse a barley corne yet when stones doe passe it becommeth sometimes as large as a gut CAP. XIX Of the bladder THe bladder is seated in the hypogastrium in the place called pelvis Of substance it is membranous becanse it was to admit large stretching The membranes of it are three The first is from the paeritonaeum for it is lapped within the reduplication of it The second is thicker and indued with many straight fibres which Aqua pendens will have to bee a muscle serving for the compression of the bladder as the sphincter serveth for constriction The third and innermost is white bright of exquisit sense as they can witnesse who are troubled with the stone It hath all sorts of fibres Within it is covered with a mucous crust an excrement of the third concoction of the bladder This doth mitigate the acrimony of the Urine It is perforat in three parts to wit in the sides where the ureters are to let in the urine and before to let out the urine The bladder hath two parts to wit the bottom and the neck Both these in figure represent a peare The bottome is upholden by the navell First in the middle by the ligament called vrachus which is the cause sometimes that they who have a great stone in the bladder complaine of great paine about the navell Secondly by the umbilicall arteries dryed laterally If the bladder were not suspended a man going straight up the bottome of the bladder would compresse the neck and cause difficulty in making of water In man it lyeth betweene the os pubis and the intestinum rectum In women between the neck of the matrix and os pubis The bladder of man differeth from the bladder of beasts in two things First the bladder in man is couched within the redoplication of the peritonaeum but in beasts it is loose and onely is tied to the intestinum rectum Secondly the bladder of man hath fat without but the bladder of beasts none In it stones are promptly engendered because the heat of it is compact So red hot iron burneth worse than the flame of fire There is a great consent betweene the bladder and kidnies So that in diseases of the kidnies difficulty in making of water sometimes happeneth The causes of this consent are two First the communion of office for both serve for the excretion of urine Secondly the similitude of substance for both the inside of the kidnies and the bladder are membranous One thing is to be noted that a bladder is bestowed onely upon such creatures as have bloudy lungs and the hotter the lungs are the bigger the bladder is So man according to his stature hath of all living creatures the biggest bladder According to Aristot. lib. 1. Histor. Animal Because the bladder is of a cold temperature therefore in deadly diseases of it sleepinesse oppresseth the patient according to Hippoc. 6. epidem In the neck onely the muscle sphincter doth offer it selfe to be considered whereof read in the doctrine of muscles It hath veins and arteries called Hypogastricae implanted on every side of the neck which are immediatly divided into two branches wherof the one is bestowed upon the bottome but the other upon the neck It hath remarkable nerves partly from those of the sixth conjugation which passe by the roots of the ribs partly from those which spring last from os sacrum The use of the bladder is to containe the urine like a chamber pot untill the time of excretion come when the bladder is full CAP. XX. Of the generation of blood FIrst of all every nourishment receiveth a preparation in the mouth If it be solid it is chewed by the teeth from the mouth by swallowing it is turned to stomack It being embraced by the stomack and kept for a while is turned into chylus partly by the specricall heat of the stomack it selfe partly by the heat of the adjacent parts but chiefly of the liver spleen and caull The chylus being made light by concoction it riseth up and passeth to the pylorus and procureth the opening of it This being opened the stomack by its transverse fibres thrusteth the chylus into duodedum From hence it passeth more and more downwards by degrees The wrinkles of the small guts hinder the suddaine passage of it to procure an equall concoction of all the parts of it In the meane time the venae lacteae draw from the small guts whatsoever
upon the forepart but the hindermost branches are bestowed upon the muscles which are placed upon the back These vessels are placed betweene the duplication of the pleura and the pleuresie it selfe is not seated in this place onely but betweene the pleura also and the intercostall muscles It hath two uses First to wrap in all the vitall parts Secondly to defend them from all externall injuries The second membrane is the mediastinum because it standeth in the middle of the brest and divideth the right side from the left In hath not onely a duplication as the pleura hath but is double also for one is in the right side the other in the left They are united according to the longitude of the vertevrae of the back but severed towards the sternum In the cavity between these parts of the mediastinum one may bee deeply wounded without any great danger of death Such a wound you shall easily discern First if small store of bloud issue out Secondly if no breath come out This cavity is seene when the Cartilago xiphoides is removed In the dropsie of the lungs and when corrupt mattet is gathered the sternum here may be tripaned The substance of it is membranous yet thinner and softer than the pleura The inner side towards the lungs is smooth and hath fat about the vessels but the exterior is rougher by reason of the fibres by the which it is tied to the pleura It reacheth from the throat to the midrife As for its vessels veins and arteries it hath from those called mammariae but small and from vena sine pari It hath one speciall vein called mediastina which springeth from the lower part of ramus subclavius The nerves called stomachici passe by the reduplication of it It hath three uses First it divideth the breast and lungs in two parts that one being wounded the other should be safe Secondly it holdeth up the pericardium firmly wherein the heart is contained that it should not rest upon the back-bone when we ly upon our back or that it should fall upon the brest bone when wee bend our selves towards the ground or touch the ribs when we ly upon our sides Thirdly it giveth a safe passage to the vessels which passe by it The third proper containing part is the pericardium so called because it compasseth the whole heart whose figure it hath for it is pyramidall It is so farre distant from the heart as is sufficient to give way to the motion of the same and the containing of the waterish humour It hath two membranes 1. Outer from the mediastinum it is tied before and behind to the pleura from whence both the mediastinum and pericardium originally spring 2. Inner from proceeding from the externall tunicles of the vessels of the heart for within the pericardium the vessels lack their common tunicle it having beene spent upon the pericardium The externall membrane is fibrous but the internall is slippery but firme and thick The motion of it is secondary from the heart It leaneth more to the left side than to the right and more to the fore than back part It cleaveth so firmly to the nervous circle of the midrife that it cannot be separat from it without renting to direct the motion of the heart It is perforat in five places In two for the entering in and passing out of the vena cava In three for vena arteriosa and arteria venosa and the passing out of the aorta It hath small veins from the phrenicae the axillar No arteries appeare because it is neere enough to the heart It hath two uses First to keepe the heart in its owne place whether we bend our body backwards forwad or to either side Secondly to containe the watrish humour which is sundry waies profitable for first it tempereth the heat of the heart Secondly it moystneth the same Thirdly it maketh it slippery Last of all the pericardia defendeth the heart as an armour from all externall injuries The watrish humour which is contained in the pericardium is like urine yet not sharp or saltish If it be thock and slimy is causeth the heart to be hairy If it be too copious it causeth the painting of the heart which is cured by phlebotomy It is too plentifull in those who have obstructions of the mesaraicall veins liver or spleene for in such the thinnest part of the chylus onely is drawne for nourishment and so the bloud becommeth watrish Some thinke it to proceed from a seminall aquosity even from the first generation as the aire within the eares is from a flatuous Others think that it is engeÌ„dered of vapours raised from the bloud and waterishnesse of the veins and arteries of the heart and condensed by the respective coldnesse of the membrane and by his meane the peritonaeum and the pleura seeme alwaies bedewed with moysture It seemeth that the first beginning of it is a seminall humidity and that is maintained afterward by the vapours Sometimes also there is contained in the capacity of the brest a bloody water to moysten and temper the heat of the lungs It is caused partly of the vapours raised from the vessels partly of that portion of drink which passeth to the lungs and by reason of this water and bloud did flow from the side of our Saviour pierced CAP. IIII. Of the truncke ascending from the Vena cava NOw the parts contained in the brest are either vasa or viscera the vessels or the entrals The vessels are in number foure the vena cava the vena arterialis the arteria venosa and the aorta or arteria magna The first is the vena cava or magna because the hollownesse of it is great It hath its beginning from the liver The orifice of it is three times as large as that of the aorta being received by the right care of the heart it is expanded into the whole right ventricle of the same About the orifice of it are placed three values called trifulcae or triâ—uspides because arising from a large foot they end into a narrow top representing barbed arrowes Their situation is from without inward so that the bloud may be let in but not returne They proceed from a membranous circle annexed to the orifice They cleave to the septum of the heart towards the point of it bee strong fibres ending in round caruncules If you would see these as the rest of the values cut transversly the ventricles of the heart neere to the basis and then they will appeare It hath two trunkes one descending and this is that which is caused of a number of small veins appearing in the hollow part of the liver which meet about the middle of it in one trunck still decreasing in number and increasing in bignesse The other ascending this is procured by a
number of small veins springing from the convex part of the liver which end in like manner into one trunck about the middle of it This is bigger than the descending because all the upper parts are fed by this onely whereas most of the parts contained in the abdomen are nourished by the vena portae Although it bee not divided into branches untill it come to the throat yet it doth send forth sundry sprigs from the sides The first is called phrenica one in each side It is inserted into the diaphragma which is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by a number of twigs and from thence it bestoweth twigs upon the pericardium and mediastinum The second is called Coronaria so called because like a garland it compasseth the basis of the heart It sendeth sundry twigges to the outer parts of the heart but chiefly to the left because it needeth greater store of nourishment by reason of its stronger motion This hath a value which hindereth the returne of the bloud to the vena cava This springeth from the cava before it enter into the heart and the bloud is somewhat thick and not attenuat in the ventricles of the heart for the substance of the heart being hard and firme was to be nourished by bloud somewhat grosse The third is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or sine pari without a mate because it hath not a fellow as other veins have in the left side if you except those beasts which chew the cud This springeth from the cava as soone as it is come out of the pericardium It passeth out of the hinder and right part of the vena cava about the fift vertebra of the brest It doth not descend straight way But comming a little forward it returneth towards the spina When it is come to the eighth or ninth rib above the spina it is divided into two branches to wit the right and the left Then passing by the division of the midrife which is between the two productions of it they are spread thorow the abdomen Of these two the left is inserted into the left emulgent By this way Fallopius will have watrish puâ—ulent and bloudy substances to be discharged which sometimes are contained in the brest while these branches march downeward In each side ten sprigs bud out which march thorow so many distances of so many of the inferior ribs In the lower part of the rib there is a groop to receive the sprig Wherefore when you make incision in an empiena come not neere to this part From this vein other small twigs also proceed which afford nourishment to the spinalus medulla These are called costales inferiures or the lower intercostals The vena sine pari thus being framed the cava ascendeth to the jugulum strengthned by the media stinum and the thymus which is placed in the uppermost part of the brest Here the vena cava is parted into 2. remarkable branches From whence all those veins spring which are sent either to the head or armes One branch marcheth to the right another to the left side while they remaine within the brest they are called subclavii because they march under the cannell bones but when they are come to the arme pit they are called axillares Before they come to the arme pit sundry sprigs spring from them The first is intercostalis superior this ariseth from the root of the divarication and passing by the roots of two ribs bestoweth twigs upon the distances of the two upper ribs as the vena sine part did there is one in each side The second is called mammaria this marcheth forwards towards the upper part of the bone of the brest From thence it goeth downe by the sides of it and when it is come to the cartilago mucronata about the sides of it it passeth out of the brest and marcheth by a straight way under the straight muscles to the navill where it is joyned with the vena epigastrica ascendens by inosculation which is the cause of that great consent which is betweene the paps and the matrix This before it leave the brest it bestoweth one branch upon the cartilaginous distances of seven of the costae verae where the sprigs of the vena sine pari end From these branches proceed some other remarkable twigs which are bestowed upon those muscles which are seated upon the brest and the dugs The third is called Mediastina because it is bestowed upon the mediastinum together with the left nerve of the midrife according to the length of it The fourth is called Cervicalis or vertebralis It is large in each side marching upwards obliquely towards the back part it commeth to the transverse processes of the vertebrae of the neck where passing thorow the holes of them it bestoweth branches upon the muscles which lye above the vertebrae The fifth is called Muscula inferior because it is spent upon the lower muscles of the neck which stretch out the neck and head The sixth is the internall jugular this ariseth where the cannell bone is articulat with the sternum This joyned with the nerve recurrent and the soporall artery marcheth by the side of the wind-pipe to the throat The seventh is the externall jugular this marching up under the skin and the qoadrat muscle which pulleth downe the cheeks commeth to the eare This in beasts is bigger than the internall otherwise than it is in man CAP. V. Of Vena arterialis and arteria venalis THe second vessell in the brest is Vena arterialis It is a vein from its office for it carrieth naturall blood to the lungs by the right side of the wind pipe It is called an artery because the coat of it is double not single as that of veins It doth spring from the upper part of the right ventricle of the heart and is implanted into the substance of the lungs by the right side of the wind-pipe The third vessell is arteria venalis It is called an artery because is carrieth arteriall bloud but a vein because it hath a single coat as a vein It ariseth from the upper part of the left ventricle of the heart and is implanted into the substance of the lungs by the left side of the wind-pipe The Vena arterialis hath three values called Sigmoides from the figure of the great sigma which answereth the Latine S. the figure is this C. They looke from within outwards to let out the bloud but to hinder the returne of the same The Arteria venalis hath two values called mitrales because they are like a Bishops Miter They looke from without inward to let in bloud carried from the vena arterialis They are bigger than those of vena cava and have longer filaments and to strengthen them many fleshy snippets are joyned to them It hath two values only that the fuliginous vapours might the
more readily be discharged It hath also but a single thin coat partly for the same purpose partly because the bloud sent from the vena arteriosa is cooled by the bronchia of the lungs before it entereth into arteria venalis it needeth not so thick a coat as an artery and because veins only carry in bloud and arteries carry out therefore arteria venalis is placed in the left ventricle and vena arterialis in the right Both these vessels not farre from their beginning are divided into two branches whereof the one passeth to the right part of the lungs and the other to the left and each of these is subdivided into other branches untill at the last they end in small threeds The greater branches accompany one another so that the vein still marcheth with the arteriae joyned together by many inosculations or anastomoses Betweene them the branches of aspera arteria march These vessels are great because the lungs by reason of their perpetuall motion require much nourishment First the bloud is carried into the lungs by vena arterialis and from hence to arteria venalis by sundry anastomoses and from hence to the left ventricle of the heart Where being made spirituous it is sent by the aorta to impart life to the whole body One thing is to be noted that no aire in its proper substance is carried to the heart for the bloud contained in these two vessels is sufficiently cooled by the bronchia passing between them The bloud is cooled First by staying in the lungs while it is in passing Secondly by touching the bronchia cooled by the attraction of fresh aire And thirdly by the continuall motion of the lungs One thing is to be noted that in arteria venosa a little below the values there is found a little value ever open It being removed there appeareth a hole by the which the blood passeth freely from the vena cava to it and returneth by reason of this anastomosis that the bloud in the veins may be animat CAP. VI. Of the great artery and first of the trunke ascending of the same THe fourth vessell is the great artery called aorta because it receiveth the aire It springeth from the upper part of the left ventricle of the heart where it is largest and hardest Before it come out of the Pericardium it sendeth two small twigs from each side one which compasse the basis of the heart like a garland and send down according to the length of the heart other twigs These are called Coronariae These twigs are more in number and larger about the left ventricle than the right because it requireth greater plenty of nourishment by reason of its stronger motion which digesteth much bloud It is placed between the wind pipe and the vena cava tied to the mouth of the stomack passing under the trunk of vena arteriosa upward when it hath pierced the Pericardium it is divided into two trunks whereof the one is called truncus ascendens the ascending trunk The other descendens the descending Of these two the descending is largest because it ministreth life to more parts This ascending trunk before it passe to the armes is divided into two branches whereof one passeth to the right the other towards the left arme they are called subclavii rami because they march under the canell bones When they are gone out of the brest they are called Axillares From both the lower and upper part of both these branches sundry sprigs doe spring From the upper part proceedeth intercostalis superior which bestoweth twigs upon the distances of the uppermost foure ribs From whence others are sent to the adjacent muscles and the spinalis medulla From the lower springeth that branch which is called Cervicalis but more fitly Vertebralis for it springeth behind where the vertebrae from thence marching upwards it bestoweth twigs upon the spinalis medulla which enter by the passages by the which the nerves as also upon the muscles which are placed in the hinder part of the neck and at the last entereth into the Cranium by that hole by the which the spinalis medulla descendeth from the braine This with its fellow whē it is come to the sell of the wedge-like bone on each side of it betweene the first and second paire of sinews having beene divided cause Plexus choroides The second the Arteria mammaria which accompanying the Vena mammaria is joyned with the epigastrica arteria ascending by inosculation about the navell The third is that called Muscula and is distributed upon the muscles of the neck The fourth is the Soporall one on each side so called because if they be stopped sleep doth immediatly follow These soporall arteries when they are come to the throat they are divided in two branches to wit the externall which is lesser and the internall which is larger The externall bestowed twigs upon the muscles of the face upon the roots of all the teeth of the lower jaw having entered into the cavity of the mandible and going out upon the chin The internall branch when it hath about the throat it hath bestowed twigs upon the tongue and larynx about the lower part of the skull it is divided into two branches whereof the lesser and hindermost accompanying the branch of the internall jugular marcheth toward the hindermost part of the skull and entering at the second hole of the nowle entereth into the hollownesse of the dura mater The formost and the largest when it hath entered into the cavity of the skull thorow it proper hole in the parietall bone and is come to the sell of the wedge-like bone it maketh rete mirabile which in beasts is large but in man very obscure CAP. VII Of the descending trunke of the aorta THE descending trunke of the aorta about the fifth vertebra of the breast bending towards the left side marcheth downwards towards the last vertebra of the loynes In this march it sendeth forth sundry branches which are these 1. Intercostall inferior arteries in number eight 2. Phraenicae two 3. Caeliaca one 4. Mesenterica superior 5. Emulgentes two 6. Spermaticae two 7. Mesenterica inferior 8. Lumbares The inferior intercostall arteries accōpanying the veins and nerves of the same denomination march according to the length of the lower part of the ribs where there is a hollownesse to receive them and in the true ribs end where the cartilages begin but in the short ribs they goe a little further even to the sides of the lower belly These send sprigs by the holes of the nerves to the marrow of the back and to the muscles which rest upon the vertebrae of the back These not only afford spirits and bloud to the intercostall muscles but carry also quittour and water gathered in the cavity of the brest sent by the trunk of the aorta to the bladder by the emulgent arteries according to
vena arteriosa have three Sigmoides So much then concerning the vessels of the Brest now follow the entrals CAP. VIII Of the Heart OF these there are foure the Heart the Lungs the Wind-pipe and part of the Gullet In the explication of the heart First the Swadler is to bee considered and then the substance of the heart it selfe The Swadler called Pericardium or Capsula cordis is a membrane wrapping in the whole heart having the figure of the same having such distance from the heart and to containe the watrish humour It is perforat in five places for the comming in and going out of the vena cava and for egresse of the other three The substance of it is thicke and firme The outer superficies is fibrous but the inner smooth and slippery It is tyed to the Mediastinum and adjacent parts by sundry fibres It doth cleave firmly to the sinewy circle of the midrife but not so in dogs It hath its beginning from the tunicles which compasse the vessels which proceed from the pleura for between the heart and the pericardium the membrane from the pleura is wanting It containeth a watrish substance not sharpe for the refrigeration and humefaction of the heart As in the cavity of the brest a moysture is found like water and bloud mingled together So from the side of our Saviour pierced water and bloud did flow The Pericardium hath veins from the phrenicae and axillar No arteries appeare because it is neere enough to the heart It hath small nerves from the left recurrent As for the heart the substance of it is compact and firme and full of fibres of all sorts The upper part is called hath a small nerve from the sixt conjugation for feeling but not motion for it moveth of it selfe of all the parts of the body it is the hottest for it is the well spring of life and by arteries communicateth it to the rest of the body The heart hath two motions Diastole and Systole In Diastole or dilatation of the heart the conus is drawne from the basis to draw bloud by the cava to the right ventricle and aire by arteria venosa to the left ventricle In Systole or contraction on the conus is drawne to the basis First that the vitall spirit may be thrust from the left ventricle of the heart into the aorta Secondly that the arteriall bloud may bee thrust into the lungs by arteria venalis Thirdly that the bloud may bee pressed to the lungs in the right ventricle by vena arterialis The parts of the heart are either externall or internall The externall are the eares The eares are annexed to the firme substance of the heart about the basis of it before the mouths of the vessels They are of a nervous substance for strength yet thin and soft for the easier contraction and dilatation the left is thicker than the right When they are distended they are smooth but being contracted they are wrinckled They are storehouses of the heart for they first receive the aire and bloud lest they immediatly rushing into the heart might offend it and they strengthen the vessels These eares are two in number the right which is greatest this is before the vena cava and the left the lesser before the arteria venosa They are called eares not from the office of hearing but from the likenesse they representing the figure of an eare Death approaching when the heart is immoveable they move so we see that a small gale of wind which moveth not the tree moveth the leaves The internall parts of the heart are the ventricles or cavities and the septum The ventricles are in number two the right and the left The right is larger than the left yet the left hath thicker sides and within is more unequall than the right The right ventricle receiveth bloud from the vena cava to be sent by vena arteriosa to the lungs and reacheth not to the conus The left ventricle is not so wide as the right yet the fleshy circumference is thrice as thick as that of the right It doth elaborat the vitall spirit of the blood and aire drawne in by arteria venosa The septum so called because it separateth the right ventricle from the left is that thick and fleshy substance set between the two cavities Riolan will have the matter of the vitall bloud to passe thorow the holes or porosites of it from the right to the left ventricle but that hardly any instrument can shew them First because they goe not straight but wreathed Secondly because they are exceeding narrow in the end He affirmeth that they are more easily discerned in an Oxe heart boiled CAP. IX Of the Lungs Wind-pipe and Gullet AS for the lungs the substance of them in Infants whilest they are in the wombe is red and compact but after birth because they begin to move with the heart by heat and motion this substance beginneth to be more loose and spongious and of a pale yellow colour that they may the more easily rise and fall to receive the aire and expell superfluities The substance of the lungs is covered with a membrane communicated by the pleura for the vessels as soone as they enter into the substance of the lungs they leave the coat which they borrowed of the pleura and leave it for covering of the lungs This membrane is porous to give way to impurities contained in the cavity of the brest to passe thorow the loose substance of the lungs to be discharged by expectoration When the lungs are blowne up they fill the whole cavity of the brest In figure they are like to an Oxes hoofe The outer part is gibbous the inward hollow the lungs are divided into the right and left part each of these hath two lobes seldome three with the which as with fingers they embrace the heart Nature hath ordained this division that if one side of the lungs should be hurt the other might discharge the office The lungs and brest are divided by the benefit of the mediastinum which is a double membrane framed of the pleura for the pleura beginning at the back passeth to the sternum by the sides when it is come to the middle of the sternum it directly from thence passes to the back againe The cavity which the reduplication of the pleura leaveth here is above wider but towards the back narrower and narrower untill the membranes be united Penetrating wounds going no further than this cavity are not deadly The mediastinum is softer than the pleura The lungs are joyned to the sternum by the mediastinum behind the vertebra of the back towards the sides to the pleura by fibres sometimes they are tyed which causeth difficulty of breathing It is joyned to the heart by vena arteriosa and arteria venosa The lungs have three vessels vena arteriosa arteria venosa and trachaea arteria these two marching together have betweene them inserted a branch of the
veins and there coagulating about them The substance of the liver is so set about the branches of the vena porta cava that it filleth up all cavities and doth firmly stay them keeping them open from pursing together and in comely order that they be not confounded It is the thickest and heaviest of all other entrals It is bigger in man than any other living creature if you consider the proportion of his body for it was fit so to bee seeing man was to have greatest store of bloud lest spirits should faile in performing the functions of the soule wherewith man is most copiously furnished Besides seeing he hath but one liver the bignesse was to recompence the number we may guesse of the bignesse of it by the bignes of the fingers It is covered with a very thin membrane which springeth from the second ligament of the liver which cleaveth firmly to the substance of the liver If it be separat at any time by a watrish humor issuing out of the vessels froÌ„ the fleshie substance watrish pustulls by the Grecians called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 are ingendered If these doe breake the water falleth into the cavity of the belly and causeth that kind of dropsie called ascites It hath veins as well froÌ„ the cava as the porta The branches of the cava are distributed for the most part thorow the gibbous part but those of the porta into the holow part yet so that the branches of both are joyned by inosculation to deliver the purest bloud to the vena cava for the nourishing of the vitall parts and the grosest by the branches of the porta or the nourishing of the naturall There seemeth to be three times more of the twigs of the porta than of the cava within the liver Amongst the midst of the branches of the porta some little veins march which afterward be comming one twig end in the vesicula fellea that the bilious humour may be sent to it before the bloud enter into the vena cava It hath onely few arteries which springing from the right branch of the coeliaca end in the hollow part of the liver where the vena porta commeth out It hath two nerves but very small because it hath but a dull sense One commeth from the branch which is sent to the upper orifice of the stomack the other from that branch which is dispersed thorow the roots of the ribs of the right side As for the figure of it it is almost round the upper part is arched and smooth and so framed that it might not hurt the diaphragma The lower part is hollow to receive the stomack which is of a sphericall figure In the upper and convex part which is distant but one inch from the diaphragma to give way to it when it is dilated in breathing and to the stretching of the stomacke it is tied first to the diaphragma by a ligament membranous broad and strong which springeth from the peritonaeum where it covereth the midrife in the lower part It passeth transversly by the liver to the hinder parts by this ligament it is staied from faling downe It is called the suspensory Secondly in the fore part it is staied by two ties by the first it is tied to the mucronata cartilago to hinder it from faling to the back parts when wee stretch our back This ligament is broad double and strong and springeth from the peritonaeum and giveth the liver its coat Into this coat the 2. sinews are implanted according to Galen lib. 3. de loc effect cap. 3. and not into the substance of the liver so that according to Galen 4. de us part cap. 13. it hath but a dull feeling such as plants have to embrace that which is profitable and to leave that which is unprofitable By the second it is tied to the navell this is the umbilicall veine which when the infant is borne â—eeseth its hollownesse and becommeth a ligament This staieth it from being pulled upwards Thirdly it is tied to the short ribs by small fibres to keep it steady In the hollow part it is tied by the mesenterium to the ribs by the vena cava It differeth from the liver of beasts in that it hath seldome any lobes yet the hollow part of it hath a fissure or chink wherein the umbilicall veine is implanted and two small bunchings out in the right part where the vena porta marcheth out which Galen calleth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 gates Besides these there is a little lobe of a softer and thinner substance than is the rest of the liver and is covered with a membrane It is tied to the omentum by this lobe by the which Spigel de human corp fabric lib. 8. cap. 12 thinketh that waters may be discharged out of the liver into the caul It is placed in the lower belly in the right side covered with the ribs for safety and in the middle of the trunck of the body to send bloud equally to the upper and lower parts The stomack is cherished by it and the spleen But because it is a more noble part than the spleen it is placed in the right hypochondrium The proper action of it is not only to further sanguification perfected in the veins as all ancient Anatomists aver but to sanguifie the chylus caried to it by vena lacteae as Asellius hath proved One thing is to be noted that the substance of the liver in the convex part where the vena cava is lodged is softer than that which is in the hollow part where the vena partae is for there it may be more easily separate from the vessels than here and not without cause for the roots of vena portae ought to bee staied by a harder substance that they bee kept wider but the roots of the cava with a softer that they might the readier be filled stretched and slacked CAP. XIII Of the vena portae SEeing the roots of the veins which Nature harh appointed to furnish bloud the nutriment of the body have their roots in the liver Having discoursed of it method doth require to set downe the doctrine of them Although there is but one artery to impart life yet there are two veines the vena portae cava Because come require a grosser bloud for nutrition as those parts are which serve the nutritive faculty which are the liver the gall the stomack the spleen the pâ—â—â—â—us the â—â—â—eâ—â—tum the guts and the mesentery For unto the rest as the kidnâ—ies bladder and those which are appointed for procreation the vena cava sendeth branches It is fit to begin with the vena portae because it goeth no further than to the parts contained in the abdomen and not to all those neither It is so called because it seemeth to enter into the liver by the two fleshy bunches called portae gates This doth differ from the
these are empaired Thirdly they receive the superfluous humidity of the seed by reason of their glandulous substance CAP. XXIII Of the vessels that carry the seed and those that keepe it VAsa deferentia the vessels which cary the seed in colour they are white in substance sinewy having an obscure hollownesse from hence they are called meatus seminales They spring from the lower end of the parastatae These mount up by the sides of the Vasa praeparantia When they are come within the cavity of the belly they turne back againe and passe to the backside of the bladder betweene which and the intestinum recta they passe untill about the neck of the bladder being somewhat severed and at last being joyned together but not united are inserted on each side in the glandulous bodies called prostatae Before they come thither they are joyned to the Vesiculae seminales These in figure represent the cels of a pomegranat or hony combe These containe an oyly and yellow substance for they draw unto themselves that which is fatty in the seed They are more in number that the oleous substance should not forcibly and plentifully be powred into the vrethra but should gently and slowly passe from one unto another by windings and at last be powred into the conduit of the yard by a hole which is shut up with a fleshy substance partly to stay the involuntary effusion of it partly to hinder the regurgitation of it It being powred into the urethra chiefly in the time of carnall copulation doth moysten it that it shrink not and suffereth not it to be offended by the acrimony of the seed or urine The Vasa deferentia passing by these go to the glandules called prostatae by the which they are compassed When they are come to the urethra a caruncule as a value is set before the orifice of each of them partly to hinder the comming of the urine into them partly to hinder the involuntary effusion of the seed Under and by this caruncule on each side there are three holes thorow which the seed passeth into the urethra These holes are discerned easily in a gonorrhea inveterat although not so easily in a found person The seed doth passe thorow these inconspicuous passages as quick silver thorow lether by drops The seed having beene made subtill and spirituous by sublimation thorow the vasa deferentia ascending is able to passe thorow in conspicuous passages Prostatae or glandulae seminales are glandulous bodies placed between the necke of the bladder and the intestinum rectum Although there is no conspicuous passage by the which the seed passeth into the urethra yet the thick membrane which wrappeth in the prostat where it leaneth upon the urethra is thinner and hath many pores which are dilated by heat in the act of generation and may bee seene in an inveterate gonorrhea A continuall dilatation of these procure an uncurable gonorrhaae The sphincter of the bladder cōpasseth these glandules In drawing of a stone if these parts bee torne the party becommeth barren The distance between the root of the cod and the podex is called perinaeum because it is still moist with sweat The Pubes scrotum perinaeum in men are furnished with hayre because glandules are placed there which receive plenty of superfluous moysture a part whereof they send to the skin for the generation of hayre If the seed chance to be corrupted in man it causeth not so fearefull symptomes as in a woman because the seminary vessels are without the hypogastrium in man but in woman within CAP. XXIV Of the Yard IT is called in Latine Penis à pendendo because it hangeth without the belly and it is an organicall part long and round yet somwhat flat in the upper part seated about the lower part of os pubis appointed for making of water and conveighing the seed into the matrix It is framed of such a substance as might admit distention and relaxation The parts of it are either common or proper The common are three the scarfe skin the skin and the membrana carnosa It hath no fat for it would have hindered the stifnesse of it The cuticula is of a reasonable thicknesse The skin is somewhat thick flaggy when there is no erection but stiffe when there is The membrana carnosa is somewhat sinewy The proper or internall parts are these The two nervous bodies the septum the vrethra the glans foure muscles and the vessels The two bodies are long hard and nervous These within are spongious and full of black blood The spongious substance seemeth to be a net like texture framed of innumerable twigs of veins and arteries This black bloud contained in these laterall ligaments being full of spirits waxen hot by the sting of Venus doth distend the parts These two laterall ligaments where they are thick and round spring from the lower part of the share bone In their beginnings they are separate one from another and represent the two hornes of Pithagoras his Y that the urethra may passe betweene them But as soone as they come to the joyning of the share bone they are by the Septum lucidum everted It is nervous and white It ariseth from the upper part of the commissure of the os pubis and upholdeth the two laterall ligaments and the urethra as a stay The like is found in women to uphold the cunnus Under these lyeth the urethra It is of a substance nervous thick loose and soft like to that of the laterall ligaments It beginneth at the necke of the bladder yet it doth not spring from it but is joyned to it onely and so passeth to the glans If you boyle the bladder and it it will separate it selfe from the bladder It is framed of two membranes the one is internall with the which the glans is covered it is bred of the thin membrane which covereth the nerves of the prick It is of an exquisit feeling that it might feele the acrimony of the seed and cause pleasure chiefly in that part of it which lyeth betweene the prostates The externall is fleshy and hath many fleshy transverse fibres The middle substance is fungous and full of blacke bloud that it might suffer distension and relaxation with the laterall ligaments At the beginning of it there are three holes one in the middle largest and two lesser in each side one from the passage which is sent from the vesicula seminales to the vrethra The muscles are two in each side and so foure in all Of these collaterall muscles the one is shorter and thicker and springeth from the appendix or knob of the coxendix under the beginning of the laterall ligament and ascending obliquely is inserted into the same a little below the beginning of it this serveth for erection The second is longer and smaller
the matrix is enlarged a woman being with child CAP. XXVI Of the Matrix THe Matrix was appointed by Nature to be the field of nature to receive the seeds of man and woman for the procreation of man and the continuation of mankind It hath two parts os uteri the mouth of the matrix and fundus the bottome The mouth is a hole at the entrance of it which like a mouth may be dilated or pursed in this entrance is but a transverse line which when it is exactly opened becommeth round This orifice although in the act of generation it may be so dilated that it will receive the glans of a mans genitall yet after conception it is so closely shut that it will not admit the point of a bodkin When a woman is delivered it so openeth it selfe that it maketh way for the infant be it never so big In those who have been mothers it is like to the mouth of a whelpe The cancer of the matrix most commonly beginneth here because it is somewhat fleshy within this orifice a long knobby substance is placed to help the shutting of the orifice the more exquisitly About this knobby substance small holes are to be seene which seeme to be the ends of the ejaculatory vessels In figure it is like a peare or a cupping glasse In Virgins even of a big stature it exceedeth not the bignesse of a walnut But in those who are with child it doth dilate it selfe into that capacity as is able to containe the child It was to be small because the seed in quantity is but little which it ought to embrace and cherish It hath no distinct cels as the matrix of a beast hath onely a line as in the tongue and cod doth separate the right side from the left In length from the orfice to the extremity of the bottome it is thought to be three inches The internall superficies is rough the better to keepe the seed The matrix is framed of two membranes the externall springeth from the peritonaeum and is the thickest of all other that spring from it It is smooth and slippery if you except those parts where the spermatick vessell enter into the matrix and where the ligaments goe out The internall membrane is full of small holes where the matrix covereth the intestinum rectum When the courses flow they are easily seene but not when they cease The Ancients did take these to be the mouths of the veins and arteries And because they resemble in figure the measure appointed for the selling of vineger they called them Acetabula or Cotidones By these holes the menstruall bloud issueth Above at the sides of the externall membrane two little bunches such as are seene in stirks or hayfers when the hornes begin to bud are to be marked They are called cornua uteri For nourishment it hath both veins and arteries Of these the veins are bigger than the arteries the veins spring from two branches on each side one branch commeth from the vasa praeparantia this doth descend and is spread thorow the whole matrix but chiefly thorow the bottom and seeing the sprigs are implanted in each side the right are coupled with the left by inosculation The other branch which commeth from ramus hypogastricus doth ascend from the lower parts and is sent partly to the orifice partly to the bottom These are larger than those which spring from the vas praeparans Both these being despersed thorow the substance of the matrix are united by inosculation also Some will have the menstruall bloud to flow from the twigs sent from Ramus hypogastricus when a woman is with child being perswaded by the Aphorisme of Hippocrates lib. 5. Aphor. 51. that nothing can flow from the cavity the orifice being so shut that it cannot admit the point of a bodkin but the word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 signifieth only cōnivens or shut together as the eye lids are And although in the first moneths the orifice be exactly closed yet when a woman is great with child the orifice gapeth a little and is shut with a mucous seminall substance which doth repell the aire and lubricate the orifice in the delivery It hath arteries also which spring from the preparing arteries and from the hypogastricae as the veins did these accompany the veins and are distributed as they are The sinews first doe spring from the sixt conjugation they are small and are bestowed upon the bottom then from the pares which spring from the os sacrum These are bestowed partly upon the lower part of it and partly upon the Cunnus These are larger because in the act of generation great delectation is required By these vessels arteries veins and nerves the matrix hath a consent with all the rest of the body And although the veins and arteries seeme to bee small in women which are not with child yet in those who are with child by the affluxion of bloud they will sometimes become as thick as a finger Yea in such the matrix which otherwaies is membranous as hath beene said becommeth in the last moneths thicker and softer so that about the upper part of the bottom unto the which the placenta uteri is tyed it becommeth almost two inches thick The matrix is onely tyed to the adjacent parts laterally for above fore and after it is free that it might admit dilatation and descend or ascend in the act of generation Now the ligament are in number foure The two uppermost broad and membranous are nothing else but production of the peritonaeum which tye the matrix to the ossa ilii They are loose and soft that they might admit dilatation with the matrix when a woman is with child and constriction when she is not These carry the vasa praeparantia and deferentia to the matrix and lap up the stones they represent the wings of a bat or the sayles of a ship spred abroad These keepe the matrix steady in its own place that it neither ascend not descend The two lower ligaments are nervous round and hollow they spring from the sides of the bottom of the matrix neere to the vasa deferentia which they touch they go down to the groynes by the production of the peritonaeum strengthned by glandules And being dilated like a membrane they bestow one part upon the clytoris The residue passeth to the knee in the inside of the thigh by the Membrana adiposa this is the cause why women after conception feele paine in the inside of the thigh These ligaments ferve not onely to stay the matrix but because they are hollow by them noysome humours of the genitals are sent to the glandules of the groines So after impure copulation the seminary vessels being infected the contagious humour by these ligaments is sent to the groynes from whence arise bubones venerei CAP. XXVII Of the
the pericardium Dugs are granted to both the sexes in men they are framed of the cutis the membrana carnosa fat and the nipple and serve onely for beauty and are called mammillae If in man a whitish substance representing milk bee found in the nipples which hath been seene as witnesseth Aristotel 1. Histor. Animal 12. it is unprofitable and unapt to nourish The paps in women besides these parts have remarkable vessels glandules and pipes to containe the milk perfected by the glandules The glandules are many not one that the milk might be the better elabored There is placed above the rest one somewhat bigger under the nipple Betweene these are placed innumerable veins and arteries which receive blood from the matrix the materiall cause of milk When these are full of bloud the milk is made by the property of the substance of the glandulous bodies and their temperament The milk perfected is sent to the tubuli lactiferi or conduicts of milk these end in the nipple The veins are of two sorts for some are externall some internall The externall spring from the axillar branch and are placed under the skin which covereth the dugs to nourish it and are called Thoracicae superiores or the uppermost brest veins The internall or inferior called mammariae spring from the rami subclavii They are in number two whereof one doth match downward straight by the sides of the brest bone When they are come to the macranata cartilago they passe out of the brest and goe downward by the lower part of the musculi recti When they are come to the umbilicall region almost they are joyned with skin by sundry inosculations with the venae epigastricae which meet them there These venae epigastricae spring from the externall ramusiliacus and by a straight way passe upward under these muscles From this same branch spring the vena hypogastricae which are inserted into the neck and bottome of the matrix There are arteriae mammariae in like manner which spring from the rami subclavii and goe downe to the navell Whither when they are come they are united by inosculation with the Arteriae epigastricae ascending They have nerves from the fourth intercostall nerve which about the middle of the rib perforating the intercostall muscle is divided into foure branches which are sent afterward to the pectorall muscle the thicker passing to the nipple Betweene these glandulous bodies and vessels plenty of fat is placed to procure smoothnesse equality to the paps If this be wasted either by sicknesse of old age the dugs become flaggy The paps are of figure round both that they should be more capable of milk and lesse subject to brufings In number they are two that if one should faile the other should supply the defect In Men Women and Apes which carry their young ones in their armes they are seated in the brest 1. That the mother should take pleasure by beholding the child 2. That by the talking of the mother the child should learne to speake and be endued with reason 3. That being neere to the heart they should receive plenty of heat 4. For beauty 5. For convenient giving of suck for the child cannot presently goe when it is borne but must be borne in the armes and applyed to the teat 6. For the commodity of the act of generation 7. For the defence of the vitall parts 8. For the incitation of lust 9. To be a receptacle of excrementitious humours So women are often troubled with cancers The nipple is placed in the middle of the dug where the milky conduits end It is a round body standing out that the infant may take hold of it with the lips It is of a fungous substance that it may admit distention and contraction It hath many holes which appeare when the milk is pressed out It is rougher than the other parts of the dug that the infant may the more firmly hold it It is of an exquisit sense that the nurse should find some pleasure when she giveth suck It is framed of the reduplicatiō of the skin Now the milk which is drawen thorow the holes of it by the Infant is nothing else but a white liquour engendered of the venall and arteriall bloud sent from the matrix and altered by the glandules of the dugs in taste pleasant which is easily cincocted by the stomack and doth speedily and plentifully nourish As for the muscles they are set down in the Treatise of Muscles Cap. 15. The bones which were said to be the third proper externall containing part are set downe in doctrine of bones CAP. III. Of the proper internall containing parts THese are in number three the Pleura the Mediastinum and the Pericardium The Pleura hath its denomination from the ribs under which it is placed and so it may be termed in English the costall membrane It is a membrane white thin hard resembling the Peritonaeum Spigelius de human corp Fabr. lib. 9. cap 3. will have it to be thicker and stronger than the Peritonaeum contrary to the opinion of Riolan who affirmeth the Peritonaeum to be thicker and stronger because it is appointed for the sustaining the weight of the guts It is every where double the inner part is thickest smoothest and as it were bedewed with a watrish humour that it should not hurt the lungs by its roughnesse This watrish humour doth spring from the vapours raised from the blood condensed by respective coldnesse of the membrane The outer part is thinner yet rougher that it should cleave the more firmely to the ribs As for its figure without it is arched within hollow Above it is narrower below broader chiefly towards the sides From it spring some sinewy fibres by the which the lungs are tied to it If these be too strait the motion of the lungs is hindered and so an uncurable difficulty of breathing procured Above it is perforat in five places to give way to the vena cava and the aorta ascending the gula the wind-pipe and the nerves of the sixth paire Below where it covereth the midrife it is perforat in three places to give way to vena cava and the aorta descending as also to the gula It is framed of the membranes covering the spinalis medulla for those joyning with the sinews of the brest growing broader produce it It hath veins and arteries for nourishment and life and nerves for feeling On each side it hath 12. veins whereof the two uppermost spring from the higher intercostall branch and the ten lower from the vena sine pari Some many arteries are in like manner whereof the foure uppermost proceed from the superior intercostall and the inferior eight from the hinder part of the aorta descending It hath twelve nerves in like manner wherof the fore branches which spring from the vertebrae of the brest are bestowed
downe So that as this muscle doth embrace the which is to be swallowed and beareth it downe so the fourth seconding this doth receive it and send it further towards the stomack that it returneth not About the top of the brest there is a glandulous body spongious white and soft called thymus and lactes In a calfe a dainty morsell It holdeth up the branches of the vena cava and aorta ascending Which passe to the armes and saveth them from touching the bones CAP. XII Of the neck THe neck cellum joyneth the brest and head together It is long to helpe the voyce so those living creatures which make no noyse have no neck as fishes but those who have a long necke make a huge noyse as geeses and cranes The inner parts are the vessels which passe to the head the wind-pipe and the gullet with others The outer are the parts common of the body and the muscles of these I will speake in the discourse of muscles The parts remarkable in section are these 1. The soporall arteries 2. Internall jugulars 3. The recurrent nerves betweene these 4. The larynx or wind-pipe-head framed of five cartilages 5. Glottis the chinke of it 6. Epiglottis the cover of the chinke 7. Vvula which is a red fleshy and fungous substance It is covered with the reduplication of the skin of the roofe of the mouth 8. Gula or favus the mouth of the stomack 9. Tonsillae the almonds these moisten the mouth for chewing and tongue for tasting The description of the recurrent nerves you shall find where the sixt conjugation of nerves proceeding from the braine is set downe cap. 3. of the head THE THIRD Book of the uppermost cavity of the body the Head Caput in Latine CAP. I. Of the Braine Fig. III. The Scalp hath foure parts 1. Sinciput the forepart beginning at the forehead and reaching to the coronall suture 2. Occiput the hinder part possessing the diâ—â—â—â—ce betweene the future Lambdoides and the first vertebra of the neck 3. Vertex the crown that which is betweene the former two somewhat arched 4. Tempora the temples which are the laterall parts betweene the eyes and the eares The parts whereof the scalpe is framed are either containing or contained The parts containing are either common or proper The common are the scarfe skin the skin the fat and membrana carnosa The proper are either soft or hard The soft are two the muscles and pericranium Of the muscles we will speake in their proper place Pericranium is a membrane thin and soft proceeding from the dura mater passing thorow the futures of the head covering the scull The hard containing part is the scull Looke for it in the Treatise of Bones The parts under the skull contained are the meninges the membranes which wrap the braine and the braine it selfe The membranes are two The first is called dura meninx or dura mater the hard membrane it doth loosely lap in the whole braine and there is some distance betweene it and the skull to give way to the motion of the braine It hath two membranes That next to the skull is harder rougher and of lesse sense because it was to touch the skull The inner is smooth whiter and bedewed with a waterish humidity It seemeth to spring from the lower part of the skull because it cleaveth fast to it It is tyed to with the pia mater and the braine by the vessels but to the skull by small fibres arising of it selfe passing thorow the sutures and framing the pericranium It is fourefold where it parteth the cerebrum from the cerebellum In the crowne of the head where it parteth the braine into the right and left part it is doubled and because this reduplication in the hinder part is broader and forwards becomming narrower representeth a sicle it is called falx By these foldings the Sinus or ventricles are framed which are receptacles of plentiful bloud and spirits They are in number foure The first and second begin about the bâ—â—sis of the occiput at the sides of lamb doides where the veins and arteries discharge themselves The third is long and passeth to the nose and is framed of the former two joyned together The fourth is short and betweene the cerebrum and cerebellum goeth to the penis This ariseth where the former three meet This beginning is of some called Tâ—râ—ular From hence veins do passe for the nourishing of the braine for from the sinus veins creepe upward to the cranium and by the futures to the pericranium and downeward to the pia mater cerebrum and cerebellum These veins cleave by a thin tunicle to the sides of the sinus seeing these cavities have pulsation these veins supply the office both of veins and arteries These containe great plenty of bloud seeing the braine being large and in continuall lacketh much nourishment The great bleeding at the nose happens by reason of the third sinus opened Pia mater or dura meninx immediatly wrappeth and keepeth in the braine Whereofore it is thin soft and of exquisite sense Cerebrum or the brain is of a substance moyst and soft to receive the impression of similitudes for it is the place of imagination and memory The life is not in the whole body of colour it is white It hath the figure of the skull In the forepart it hath bunchings out called precessus mammillares In the upper part it is full of foldings as the guts have to carry safely the vessels In weight it containeth 4. or 5. lib. and is as big again as an Oxes braine The parts of the brain are these the outer and the inner The outer of a grayish colour or betweene white and yellow is of a softer substance and compasseth the inner The inner is more solide and whiter called Corpus callosum This hath two parts the one is somewhat round which hath the figure of the skull the other is that which proceedeth from it In the large round part the three ventricles are contained The other proceedeth of the round and containeth the fourth ventricle called calamus scriptorius In this ventricle the animall spirit seemeth to be made for it is pure and cleane but the other ventricle full of impurities having under them the glandula pituitaria for evacuation of them The braine is the towre of the sensitive soule In contraction it sendeth the animall spirits into the nerves dispersed thorow the whole body by the which it communicateth the faculty of feeling and moving In dilatation it draweth the vitall spirits from the soporall arteries and the aire by the nostrils so that the matter of the animall spirit is arteriall bloud furnished with the vitall spirit and aire It may â—e thought that the animal spirit for sense is contained in the outer are softest part of the braine but for moving in the inner more solide and white part The braine hath five branches of veins from the internall jugulars whereof some
soeliacus mesenteruus It hath small sinews from the costale branch of the sixt paire It hath much fat if it be plentifull and the caule reach to the os pubis in women it causeth sterility by compressing the mouth of the matrix in men it causeth a rupture by relaxing the peritonaeum This rupture is called epiploenterocele In figure it representeth a Faulkners pouch according to Galen The mouth is round and the bottom is made by the two membranes joyned together This will appeare if you fill it with water by Galens advice It is then of substance membranous that it might admit dilatation and extension It is thin that it should not burden the subjacent parts it is compact to hinder the dissipation of the internall heat and to repell the externall cold The fat is about the veines and arteries to strengthen them from being compressed by the repletion of the belly and other motions When the stomack is full and the guts empty the upper membrane is raised the lower remaining in its owne place but if the guts bee full and the stomack empty then the lower membrane riseth up the upper remaining in is town place It is tyed to the stomack being a middle part betweene the colon and the spleen and that it should not totter from side to side It is tyed in the right side to the colon and liver but in the left side to the spleene It hath its beginning from those parts unto which it is tyed that it might receive veines and arteries from thence for bloud and life The lower part is free and untyed that sometimes the upper sometimes the lower membrane might rise up The uses of it are three First it cherisheth the internall heat of the stomack and intestins Secondly it ministreth nourishment to the parts in time of famine Galen de us part li. 4. c. II. The third is to containe the humours flowing from the intestins which the glandules cannot receive wholly at one time Hippoc. lib. de glandalis Creatures which have no caule help the concoction by doubling their hinder legs and resting their belly upon them as Hares and Connies They who have had a portion of it cut off because it was corrupted having fallen out by reason of a wound received in the abdomen have afterward a weake concoction and are enforced to cover the belly well See Galen lib. 4. de usis part 9. where he proveth this by example CAP. VI. Of the Guia. THe Gullet or weazand is an organicall part which beginneth about the root of the tongue and passeth from thence directly betweene the wind-pipe the vertebrae of the neck and the foure first vertebrae of the brest upon the which it resteth but when it is come to the fift vertebra of the brest it giveth way to the trunke of the great artery descending by turning a little to the right side afterward accompanying the arterie to the ninth vertebra there it is raised up by means of the membranes from the vertebra and marching above the arterie it passeth through the nervous body of the midrife and is inserted into the left orifice of the ventriculus about the eleventh vertebra of the brest It is called properly 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quia angustus longus See Aristor I. histor animal 16. It is also called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quod cibum ad ventriculum vehat It is framed of three membranes The first is the uttermost and common compassing the two proper which it hath either from the peritonaeum according to some or from the ligaments of the vertebrae of the necke and brest upon which it resteth The second is the middlemost and it is fleshie and thicke and hath only transverse fibres The third is the innermost and it is membranous and hath only small and straight fibres It is joyned to that membrane which covereth the throat palat mouth and lips so that before vomiting signes in the lips will appeare It hath veins both from the vena cava and the porta for it hath sprigs from vena sine pari while it is yet in the brest but where it is joyned to the ventricle it hath some twigs from ramus coronarius which proceedeth from the porta It hath Arteries from the intercostal arteries and ramus caeliacus coronarius Nerves it hath from the sixth paire which are carried obliquely for fafetie as Galen noteth 6. de usu part 6. and are very many which is the cause that the parts about the upper orifice of the ventricle are so sensible It hath foure Glandules two in the throat which are called Tonsillae or almonds common to the Weazand and the larynx which prepare the pituitous humour to moysten them other two it hath about the middle of it towards the backe about that place where the aspera arteria is divided into two branches under which it lieth The weazand serveth as a funnell to carry meat and drinke to the maw for it receiveth them by dilating its proper internall coat and turneth them downe by the constriction of the middlemost coat and the muscules of the Pharynx CAP. VII Of the Ventriculus or stomacke THat part which we terme the stomack in English in Latine is called Ventriculus to distinguish it from the great ventricles In Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from its cavitie It is placed immediatly under the midrife which it toucheth wherfore if it bee too full it causeth a difficulty of breathing by hindering the motion of it In the forepart and in the right side it is covered with the hollow part of the liver in the left side by the spleen towards the back by the aorta the vena cava and the pancreas which further its heat The bignesse of it is commonly such as is capable to receive so much food at one time as is sufficient for nutrition It is lesse in women than in men to give way to the distention of the matrix They who have large mouths have large stomacks It is joined with the gula on the left side where its upper orifice is it is tyed to the duodenum where the lower orifice is on the right side The bottome is joyned to the upper part of the caule The substance of it is membranous that it might admit distention and constriction It hath three membranes The first is common w ch it hath from the peritonaeum about the upper orifice it is the thickest of all those which spring from the peritonaeum the fibres of it are strait The second is fleshy and the fibres of it are transverse under which a few oblique and fleshy lye The third is membranous endued with all kinds of fibres the straight are most conspicuous and plentifull to embrace the food firmly untill chylification be perfected as the second membrane hath oblique to
expell the chylus It hath also two orifices The one is in the left side called sinistrum wider than that in the right that meat not well chewed might the better passe It is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Cor from whence the paines which happen in it are called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because there is a great consent betweene it and the heart by reason of the twigs of nerves which proceed from the same branch which doe spring from the sixth paire communicat to both so that one being affected primarily the other must suffer by consent This hath orbicular fibres that the meat and drink being once received within the capacity of the stomack it might bee exactly shut lest fumes and the heat should break out which might hinder concoction The other by the Grecians is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 janitor or doore-keeper because it as a Porter doth make way for the Chylus to descend to the duodenum It is not wide as the other orifice because it was onely to transmisse the elaborate Chylus wherefore besides its transverse fibres it hath a thicke compact circle representing the sphinter muscule that it might the more easily open and shut It hath veines first from the trunck of vena porta and this is pytoricus ramus or from the branches of the same wherefore from ramus splenicus it hath gastrica from whence Coronaria springeth Gastroepiplois sinistra vas breve from the ramus mesentericus before it bee divided it hath Gastroepiplois dextra It hath Arteries from ramus coeliacus which doe accompany every veine It hath many Nerves from the sixt pair which with the gula passing through the midrife crosse one another for the right sinew doth compasse the left and fore part but the left the right and hinder part of the stomacke So that the upper part of the stomacke is of an exquisite sense These three vessels passe betweene the common and proper coats and end in their orifices in the internall membrane It is the seat of hunger and soonest doth feele the defect of aliment for blood being spent in the veins upon the nourishment of the body the fibres of the internall membrane of the stomacke are contracted and so this paine which is called hunger is caused The action of the stomacke is Chylification now Chylus is a white juyce reasonable thicke like Barley creame wrought by the faculty of the stomacke out of the aliments This is chiefly elaborate by the heat of the stomacke yet the adjacent parts putting to their helping hands as in the right side the liver in the left the spleene above the midrife below the guts before the caule behinde the trunckes of vena cava and the aorta This heat of the stomacke is temperate and somewhat moist that this concoction might resemble boyling Of figure it is round moderately partly that it should not take too much room partly that it might receive much It is somewhat long and hath two orifices higher than the bottome lest fone should have been in the bottome the alimeÌ„t unconcocted should have issued out of it CAP VIII Of the Intestines or Guts THe guts are called in Latine Intestina in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 They begin at the Pylorus and end in the fundament They have a round figure that they might containe sufficient nourishment They are of a membranous substance that they might readily constriction and dilation In length they are six times as long as the whole body They have three coats one common from the Peritonaeum but mediatly for in the duodenum and that part of the colon which cleaveth to the stomack it proceedeth immediatly from the lower membrane of the caul but in the jejunum â—leum the rest of the colon and the thick guts it proceedeth from the membranes of the mesenterium They have two proper to retaine and expell readily The outermost is membranous the innermost nervous although it seeme to bee fleshy by reason of the crusty substance with the which it is lyned which is framed of the excrements of the third concoction of the guts themselves It is also glased with a mucous substance which is nothing else but an excrementiticus fleamy substance bred in the first concoction This furthereth the expulsion of the faeces and hindereth excoriatioÌ„ which might be caused when sharp humors passe thorow them This internall membrane in the small guts hath oblique fibres but the externall transverse because these are appointed for the retention and expulsion of the chylus But in the thick guts the inner membrane hath transverse but the outer hath oblique and straight because they are appointed for the expulsion of the excrements The inner membrane of the small guts is full of wrinkles to stay the chylus from passing too soone Between the common coat and those which are proper the vena arteris Mesaraicae march The veins flow from the porca although not from the same branch For the duodenus surculus is sent into the duodenum and the Haemorrhoidalis to the left part of the colon and the whole rectum as the dexter mesentericus is sent to the jejunum caecum ileum and the right part of the colon Epiplois postica is inserted into the middle part of the colon which marcheth transversly under the stomacke besides these a sprig from the ramus epigastricus of the vena cava is sent to the intestinum rectum which maketh the externall haemorrhoidal The Arteries spring partly from ramus Caeliacus partly from both the mesentericae to the duodenum and the beginning of Iejunum a sprig is sent from the right ramus Caeliacus but to the rest of the Iejunum to ileum caecum and the right part of Colon mesentericus superior to the left part of Colon and to the intestinum rectum mesentericus inferior is sent At the last epiplois postica which riseth from the lower part of Arteria spleaica which is the left branch of arteria caeliaca is sent to the middle part of Colon which lieth under the stomacke Nerves they have from the sixth paire the duodenum hath small twigs from the stomack which goe to the Pylorus The other guts have very many which spring from the branch which is bestowed upon the roots of the ribs but the intestinum rectum about the podex hath four twigs from the fifth conjugation of those which spring from the os sacrum This is the cause why so great paine is felt in the Colon rectum when they are ill affected The guts have fat without and not within The guts are of two sorts for they are either thin or thicke The thin which have thinner membranes are in number three The first is duodenum because it is thought to have twelve inches in length It doth passe
fat doth sufficiently guard the distribution of the vessels and preserveth the heat of the vessels The arteries bring spirit but the veins doe bring both the chylus to the liver and nourishment to the inner parts but not at the same time As wee take breath by and let it out by the same instruments but not at the same time see Galen 3. facult nat 13. 4. de us part 14. So at one time the liver draweth from the belly and at another time the belly from the liver When the guts are full the chylus is sent to the liver but when they are empty they draw nourishment It hath two parts Mesaraeum 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quas 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The first tyeth the small guts together the second the thick The Mesaraeum is in the circumference 3. yards but a span in bredth It springeth from the ligaments of the vertebrae of the loynes by two roots the largest about the first vertebra the other lesser about the third It was fit that it should be tyed strongly to these ligaments lest it might have beene torne by violent motions or bee pulled from thence by the weight of the guts being full And as plants draw their nourishment by their roots from the earth so living creatures which have bloud draw their nutriment from the guts by the mesaraick veins Wherefore lest they should suffer ruption Nature would have them to passe safely betweene membranes The use of it then is to cary safely the vessels which passe to the guts It is tyed before to the small guts but behind to the first and third vertebra of the loynes from whence it springeth It is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quasi 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is that by the which the thick guts are tyed together Hippoc. 6. Epid. Galen 4. Aphor 6. make mention of this It is tyed in the right side to the right part of the Ileum but in the left side to the left part of Ileum and the muscle Psoas before it is tyed to the colon rectum intestinum CAP. X. Of the venae lacteae THis is the opinion of all the ancient and moderne Writers concerning the mesenterie and the mesaraicall if you except Caspar Asellius who by his diligence found these veins which hee calleth lacteas because they contain a white juice which is nothing else but the chylus elaborate which they carry from the smal guts to the liver Their beginning seemeth to bee in the Pancreas for there they all meet and are strangely implicate and twisted together from thence they passe upward to the liver and downeward to the small guts so that the Pancreas is a more excellent part than it hath beene hitherto taken by other Anatomists and as the mothers blood before it be sent by the vasa umbilicalia to nourish the Infant is first committed to the placenta uteri to draw from it all impuritie so then these venae lacteae discharge their impurities before they carry the chylus to the liver in the Pancreas They are inserted into the small guts and have nothing to doe with the stomack They passe into the capacity of the guts and end in the wrinkled crust with the which the internall membrane of the guts is lined with their spongious heads like to Leeches by the which they draw to themselves the chylus From the small guts they march between the two membranes of the mesenterium sometimes severed from the other vessels sometimes joyned with them sometimes directly sometimes over-riding them making a Saint Andrewes crosse thorow the glandules untill they come to the Pancreas where they are inexplicably twisted one with another from thence having greater branches they passe by the sides of vena porta to the cavitie of the liver where they are spent by ending there by small twists and so it is most likely that sanguification is performed by the substance of the liver and not by the veins the grosser part of it being sent to the branches of vena porta and the subtillest to the branches of vena cava They differ from the ordinary masaraicall veins First in bignesse for these are bigger but those are more in number for they are twice as many for more chylus must bee sent to the liver to make blood of for the nourishment of the whole body than blood for the nourishing of the inward parts onely Secondly the values which are seene about the endings of these are placed from without inwards but of those from within outwards The reason of this diversitie is this the venae lacteae suck the chylus from the guts which ought not to returne but the ordinary mesaraicall send blood and sometimes excrementitious humours which ought not to come back againe If you would finde out these veins you must feed a dogge with milke and five or six houres afterward dissect his belly then by stretching the mesenterie you shall perceive them That the ancients did not find out these veins the cause is either because they dissected beasts after they were dead or after that the chylus was distributed or they did presently take a view of the mesentery but made some stay about the inspection of some other part They have no trunck because they were to end in the liver and to go no further From this part many diseases spring first because it is composed of two membranes having innumerable veins and arteries and so it may containe many impurities secondly because it hath many glandules which as a sponge imbibe superfluities CAP. XI Of the Pancreas IT is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 It is the biggest glandule of the whole body and very red like unto soft flesh from whence it hath its name In figure it is ovall three or foure inches in length It is placed in the left side towards the spleen above the stomack resteth upon it below the membranes of the peritonaeum lie unto which it is firmly tied It doth keep within it selfe ramus splenicus the left branch of arteria coeliaca the nerves which passe from the sixt paire to the stomack and the duodenum It hath a membrane from the peritonaeum by the which it is covered and holden up It hath three uses First it staieth the liver lest it being distended by too much meat and drink should be hurt by the hardnesse of the vertebrae of the back Secondy to keep the vessels passing through it from ruption Thirdly to keepe these same from compression when the stomack is to much stretched by meat and drink CAP. XII Of the Liver Now follow the parts appointed for sanguification whereof the Liver is the chiefest THe substance of the liver seemeth to be a red fleshy masse In the first formation of the birth it is framed of bloud wizing out of the
vena cava First in substance for the substance of this is thicker and blacker because it is nourished with thick and black bloud but that of the vena cava is whiter and thinner because it is nourished with a thinner and redder bloud Secondly the substance of the vena portae is harder than that of the cava which ought to be softer because it ought to be more apt for dilatation and constriction first because it containeth a more movable bloud partly because its thinner having much serosity mingled with it partly because for the most part the branches of it are accompanied with the branches of the great artery whereas the branches of the porta are farre enough off if you except ramus splenicus Thirdly the truncke of vena cava is larger than that of porta because it nourisheth more parts as hath been said Fourthly the porta hath more roots within the substance of the liver than the cava The roots of the vena portae and cava are joyned by the unition called Anastomasis or inosculation This is performed by two waies First when the ending of one doth meet with the end of the other as the epigastricae venae meet with the mammariae in the lower side of the muscal recti Secondly when one branch resting upon an other doe cleave together having a hole in the middle This inosculation is seene in the roots of the vena portae and the cava One thing is to be noted that there are many of the twigs of the vena portae which touch not those of the cava Because the purest part of the bloud was onely to be caried to the vena cava and the thickest to remaine in the vena portae By reason of these Anastomases in famine nourishment is sent from the habit of the body by the vena cava to nourish the internall parts Bauhin affirmeth that there is a common conduit to the roots of vena portae cava which in it cavity will receive a smal probe In these veins besides bloud excrementitious humors are also coÌ„tained in diseased persons which sometimes are sent from the whole body by the vena cava into the guts sometimes communicate to the vena cava by vena portae To find out the radication and inosculation of these veins you must boyle the liver untill it become soft so with a woodden or bone knife separate the substance from the vessels for a sharp knife is not fit Now to come to distribution of vena portae i hath parts 1 Radices the roots 2. Truncus the trunck 3. Rami the branches 4. Surculi twigs As for the roots first from the circumference of the liver small capillar veins march towards the inner part of it and by combination becomming greater they make up five branches These about the middle of the hollow part yet towards the back joyning together make up one root which at the last comming out of the liver about the eminences called portae fame that trunck which is called Vena portae This trunck parting a little from the liver before it bee severed into braÌ„ches it putteth forth two twigs the one being small and springing from the upper and fore part of the trunck as soone as it parteth from the liver is inserted into cystis fellis about the neck of it and sprâ—ed by innumerable twigs thorow the externall coat of it Vesalius affirmeth that there bee two of these twigs from whence some call them cysticae gemellae But this is a matter of no great moment This twig may be called surculus cysticus or Vesicalis The second twig is bigger but lower This springeth from this same forepart yet towards the right side and is inserted into the bottome of the stomacke from hence it sendeth many sprigs toward the hinder part of it towards the backe It may be called pistaricus more properly than gastricus seeing there are other branches which are called gastrici Having sent forth these 2 twigs the trunke passeth down and bending still a little towards the left side it is parted into two remarkable branches whereof the one is called sinister or the left seated above the right but lesser the other is dexter or the right lower than the left yet larger the left is bestowed upon the stomacke the omentum a part of colon and the splene the right is spred through the guts and the mesenterium the left is called vena splenica but the right vena mesenterica The vena splenica hath two branches before it come to the splene the superiour and the inferiour The superiour is called gastricus or ventricularis This is bestowed upon the stomacke the middle twig conspassing the left part of the orifice of the stomacke like a garland is called coronaria from the lower branch two twigs doe spring the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 this doth send other twigs to the right side of the lower membrane of the omentum and to the colon annexed to it This is called epiplois or omentalus dextra the other is spent upon the lower membrane of the omentum which tieth the colon to the backe and upon that part of the colon it is called epiplois or omentalis postica when the ramus splenicus hath approched to the splene it doth send our two other twigs the uppermost and the lowermost from the uppermost vas breve springeth which is implanted in the left part of the bottome of the stomacke commonly from the lowermost two twigs issue The first is called gastrve piplois sinistra this comming from the lower part of the splene towards the right side is bestowed upon the left part of the bottome of the stomacke and the upper and left part of the omentum The second springeth most commonly from ramus splenicus but seldome from the splene and passing along according to the length of the intestinum rectum it is inserted into the anus by many twigs This is called Haemorrhoidalis interna as that which springeth from the vena cava is called baemorrhodalis externa Now followeth vena Mesenterica or the right branch of vena fortae before it bee divided into branches it sendeth forth two twigs The first is called Gastroepiplois sinistra this is bestowed upon the right part of the bottom of the stomacke and the upper membrane of the caule The second is called Intestinalis or duodena It is inserted into the middle of the duodenum and the beginning of the jejunum and passeth accordin gtohe length of theÌ„ This branch as soon as it passeth from the backe it entereth into the mesenterium and passing betweene the membranes of it sendeth forth those mesaraicall veins which send nourishment to the inward parts It is divided into two branches to wit Mesenterica dextra sinistra Mesenterica dextra placed in the right side sendeth a number of branches to feed the jejunumcaecuÌ„ and the right part of the colon which is next to the
which is inserted into the beginning of the jejunum obliquely betweene the two membbranes of the intestine about the distance of two inches before it perforat the second membrane The vesica fellea hath for nourishment called cysticae gemellae For life it hath sprigs of arteries proceeding from the Caeliaca To afford sense it hath a smal threed like a sprig of a sinew from the sixth paire Many times stones are found in it but they being lighter than those of the bladder swimme above the water The use of these two passages is to draw all superfluous choler from the chylus and to turne it into the guts where it affordeth benefits to nature For first by its sharpnesse it moveth the intestines to turne out the terrestriall excrements in due season Secondly by reason of its thinnesse it doth cut and cleanse the small guts of fleame which there is plentifully bred Thirdly by reason of its drinesse it hindreth the increase of putrifaction Fourthly it furthereth concoction in the intestines by increasing their heat neverthelesse naturally there can bee no passage to carry choler to the bottome of the stomacke For first by reason of its acrimonie it would corrode it Secondly it would cause the crude nourishment to passe into the duodenum Thirdly it would procure perpetuall vomiting If it fall out that choler be carried to the bottome of the stomack by any passage than this the party vomiteth choler and is termed 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 but if it be inserted into the end of the jejunum then bilious dejections follow and such a one is termed 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 One thing I would have you observe that the porus biliarius passeth by a straight course to the ductus communis and not to the vesicula fellea which thus you may shew put a cathaeter into the necke of this passage neere the liver the guts will be blowne up and not the vesicula Againe put the cashaeter into the common passage and both the cystu fellis and the meatus chelidochus will be blowne up If you would finde out the three values of the vesicula fellea presse the choller with your fingers from the bottome towards the neck whre you find the choler to stay there the values are CAP XVI Of the Spleene THe Spleene or Milt in English in Greek is called Splen and Lien in Latine The substance of it is flaggie loose and spungious net-like which is the cause that it may imbibe much superfluitie and so become exceedingly swelled This substance is covered with a membrane borrowed from the peritoneum which is inserted first into the straight line of the milt and then covereth the whole Spleene It is thicker than that of the liver First because it hath a looser substance Secondly because it hath more arteries which require a strong membrance to defend them The staight line is in the hollow part where the vessels of the Spleen doe enter into it In Infants new borne it is of a red colour because they have been fed with elaborate blood but in those of a ripe age it is somewhat blackish being boyled it representeth clareth wine In man it is bigger thicker and heavier than in beasts for it is six inches in length three in breadth and one in thicknesse yet according to Aristotle 3. histor animal 16. a convenient little one is better than a big one In figure it is somewhat long like an Oxestongue It is seated in the left hypochondrium So Hippocrat 6. Epidem calleth it the left liver and Aristot 3. part animal 7. the bastard liver but is seated somewhat lower because it was to draw the terrestriall part of the Chylus before it come to the liver by ramus splenicus that the blood may be made thinner and purer for such blood causeth men to be wiser 2. de part anim 2. It is all couched within and under the short ribs so that in healthful persons it cannot be felt onely if it be inflamed a pulsation may be felt It is tied to five parts to the midrife and left kidney by small membranes by it hollow part which giveth way to the stomacke being distended to the upper membrane of the omentum and to the stomacke by vas breve In its arched part it is tied to the back so that dints remain in it by the impression of the ribs It hath veins for nourishment from ramus splenicus for life it hath arteries from ramus caeliacus sinister but five times more than veins for great heat is required for the elaboration of thicke blood These vessels enter into the spleen where the straight line is in the hollow side They joyne often by anastomoses The arteries besides life afford unto the spleen two benefits First they increase the naturall heat of it that it may the better concoct the grosser part of the Chylus which is sent unto it by the ramus splenicus Secondly they further the expulsive facultie of it Now the spleene sendeth its superfluities to the kidneys by two wayes First by returning of them by ramus splenicus to the vena portae and from thence to vena cava from whence they are sent to the emulgent veins Secondly by a shorter passage they are sent from arteria caeliaca to the aorta and from thence to the kidnyes by the emulgēt arteries Last of all it hath small twigges of nerves from the sixt pair which are bestowed upon the investing membrane but are not communicate to the substance wherefore it must bee but of a small and dull feeling so that the pains which sundry ascribe to the spleene are to bee referred to the adjacent parts The use of the spleen as also of the liver is to further the elaboration and concoction of the Chylus for it is a bastard liver according to Arist. 3. de Hijtor animal 7. The sanguification of the spleen differeth in two points from that of the liver First in the materiall cause for the spleen maketh grosse bloud of the more carthy part of the Chylus but the liver far purer of the thinner and more benigne part of the Chylus Secondly it differeth in the finall cause for the liver sanguifieth to afford nourishment both to the vitall and animall parts but the spleene only to maintaine the naturall parts and not all of them neither Nature would have the naturall parts to bee furnished with grosse bloud by the branches of vena portae partly to increase their heat for heat in a thick body is stronger partly to afford them nourishment answerable to their substance for it is thick CAP. XVII Of the kidnies THe kidny is called in Latine Ren from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to flow because the serofity of the bloud doth flow thorow the kidnies to the ureters and from thence to the bladder They are in number
is alimentary of the chylus While the chylus thus passeth to the liver and is come to the diverication of the vena portae the spleen by a naturall faculty by the ramus splenicus draweth to it selfe the thickest and most terrestriall part yet the purest onely may come to the liver When the chylus is come to the liver the choler is sent either by meatus cysticus to the gall or to the jejunum by meatus hepaticus The bloud being perfected the grosser part is carried by the branches of the vena portae and the splenicall to the nourishment of the parts appointed for nutrition but the purest part is carried to all other parts for their nutrition and because much watrishnesse is mingled with the bloud that it may passe without difficulty by the narrow passages of inosculations to the vena cava seeing the serosity is unapt to nourish it is sent by the emulgent veins and arteries to the kidnies and from thence by the ureters to the bladder CAP. XXI Of vasa praeparantia in Man HItherto wee have handled the parts appointed for nutrition Now it followeth to run thorow the parts ordained for generation to continue man kind The genitals are of two sorts of the male and female and so it was requisit for procreation for this action requireth an agent and patient seed and menstruall bloud The first is the palace of the plasmatick spirit The second asfordeth supply of matter to the spirit to draw out the admirable frame of the regions and parts of the little world In man some of these parts afford matter for the seed to wit the foure vasa praeparantia some elaborate this matter the corpus voeri coesum some make the seed fruitfull as the stones some carry the seed back againe and make it pure as those which are called vasa deferentia some containe the seed and an oleaginous matter as the vesiculae seminalis and the prostates some discharge the seed into the matrix This is done by the penis Vasa praeparantia which prepare matter for the seed are of two sorts veins and arteries The veins are two The right springeth from the trunck of the vena cava a little under the emulgent The left proceedeth from the emulgent The arteries spring from the trunck of the aorta these vessels being a little distant one from another are tied together by a thin membrane which springeth from the peritonaeum and meet often by the way by inosculation These vessels are greater in men than in women and the arteries are bigger than the veins because much heat and plenty of spirits are required for the seed They enter into the groyne obliquely carried together with the muscle cremaster betweene the two coats of the peritonaeum In curing of a rupture by incision if the muscle cremaster doe fall out to be bound by the ligature spasmus cynicus ensueth These vessels do end about the beggining of the testicles and from hence are called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and make up that part which is called corpus varicosum paraslaca plexus pampiniformis From the stones to it many small fibres passe The corpus varicosum is framed of the twisting of the vasa praeparantia which maketh a long thick glandulus but hard welt without any remarkable cavity which passeth to the bottome of the stone and from thence to the vas deferens where it endeth Here the venall and arteriall bloud being elaborat in these admirable windings is further prepared a quality being imparted from the seminificall faculty of the stones CAP XXII Of the stones THe stones in Latine are called Testes because they testifie one to be a man They are glandulous bodies flaggy soft and white without any cavity full of small veins and arteries such as are not in any part of the body They are in number two and therefore in Greeke are called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Their figure is ovall the right is hotter and better concocteth the seed Wherefore by Hippocrat it is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a begetter of the male The left stone is more full and hath a bigger veine yet the seed which is there eleborat is more watrish and colder because it proceedeth from the emulgent and is called of Hippoc. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because it begetteth the female In the stones there are to bee considered their coats substance and use Their coats are foure First bursa seroti and it is nothing else but the skin covered with the cuticula And because it cleaveth firmly to the Membrana carnosa under it so that they seeme to make but one coat it commeth to passe that in cold it doth contract it selfe and becommeth wrinckled In the lower part it hath a line according to the length whereby it is divided into the right and left side this line is called sutura or a seame The second is called by Rufus dartos because it may easily bee flead from the tunica vaginalis by the ancients it was called erithroides because it appeareth to be red be reason of the fleshy fibres wherewith it is enterlaced This ariseth from the membrana carnosa which here is more thin and subtile than else where and stored with veins and arteries The third is elythroides or vaginalis because it containeth the stone as a sheath It is a thick and strong membrane having many veins In the outside it is uneven by reason of the fibres by the which it is tyed to the dartos but in the inner side it is smooth This is nothing else but the production of the peritonaeum The fourth is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the nervous mēorane called albuginea form its colour It is white thick and strong framed of the externall tunicle of the vasa praeparantia It is immediatly wrapped in the stone between these two the water is contained in Hernia aquosa The substance is described in the beginning of the chapter Each stone hath one muscle called cremaster from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which is to hold up because it pulleth up the stone in the act of generation that the vesses being slacked may the more readily voyd the seed This muscle is nothing else but the lower part of the oblique muscle ascending neere to os pubis which outwardly wrapping the production of the peritonaeum is caried to the stone These muscles in sicknesse and old age become flaggy and so the scrotum relaxeth it selfe and the stones hang low The uses of the stones are three The first is to elaborate the seed by reason of the seminificall faculty resident in the parenchyma of the stones for they turne the bloud which is brought by the vasa praeparantia into seed for the most part the rest they reserve for their owne nutrition The second is they adde heat strength and courage to the body as gelding doth manifest by the which all
proceeding from the sphincter of the anus fleshy This passeth straight under the urethra and is inserted about the middle of it in the side of the prick These two muscles dilate the lower part of the urethra for miction and ejaculation of the seed As the first muscle is termed erector so this is called accelerator or hastener This hath a substance agreeable with that of the penis for this in erection is drawne towards its beginning and the erection ceasing it becommeth lanke Glans is the extreme part it is somewhat round compassed with a circle as with a garland It is soft and of an exquisit feeling by reason or the thin skin with the which it is covered About the root of it where it is joyned with the nervous bodies there is a little pit In the which if any sharp humour be lodged as in gonorrhaea virulenta great paine is caused The Glans is covered with praeputium the fore skin it is framed of the reduplication of the skin The ligament by the which it is tyed to the glans in the lower part of it is called fraenum the bridle Of the vessels some are cutaneous some passe to the inner parts of penis The Cutaneus veins and arteries spring from the pudendae these entering at the root of the prick they passe by the sides towards the back of it and are conspicuous enough The vessels which bestowed upon the inner parts of Penis come from the Venae and arteriae hypogastricae about the roots of the laterall ligaments Here the arteries are remarkable which are wonderfully despersed thorow the body of the penis for the right artery is bestowed upon the left side and the left upon the right side It hath two sinewes from the os sacrum The lesser is bestowed upon the skin The largest mounting up under the share bones to the root of the yard betweene the laterall ligaments it is bestowed upon the muscles the rest of the body of the Penis and the glans Of the Genitals in Woman CAP. XXV Of the Cunnus THe Genitals in a Woman have foure distinct parts to wit the Cunnus the matrix the stones and the spermatick vessels Cunnus is that part which offereth it selfe to the sight before section In it eleven particles are remarkable 1. Pubes that particle where the haire doth first bud out which ordinarily falleth out the fourteenth yeare of a womans age the upper part of this which buncheth out and is most hairy is called Veneris mons 2. Is Rima magna the great chink it beginneth at the os pubes and is but an inch distant from the anus Wherefore it is larger than the cavity of the neck 3. The Labia or lips by these the internall parts are covered as the tongue and teeth by the lips These are framed of the common integuments of the body these have prety store of spongious fat 4. Are the Alae or Nymphae the wings these appeare when the lips are severed These are two productions framed of a soft and spongious flesh and the reduplication of the Cutis placed at the sides of the neck Being joyned above they compasse the Clitoris In figure and colour they resemble the comb of a Cock. 5. Is Clytoris this is a nervous and hard body within full of a black and spongious matter as the laterall ligaments of the yard It is framed of three bodies The two laterall are ligaments and spring from the internall knob of the Ischium The third is betweene these this ariseth from the joyning of os pubis at the end of it is the glans which hath a superficiall hollownesse and is covered with a very thin skin as a Praeputium which springeth from the joyning of the Nymphae And as it doth represent the prick of a man so it suffereth erection and falling It may be called a womans prick In some women it hath beene as big as a mans 6. Under the Clytoris above the neck a hole is to be seene by the which a woman maketh water 7. After the Nymphae foure caruncules resembling the leafe of the mirtle shrub are to bee seene Whereof that which is uppermost is largest and forked that it might receive the end of the neck of the bladder the other is below The other are on the sides All foure keep back the ayre and all other things from entring into the cavity of the neck and by tickling the genital of man cause the greater delight In women which have not borne children they are most conspicuous These caruncules are framed of the reduplication of the fleshy necke of the genitall 8. Behind the caruncules appeareth a cavity in the lower part of the neck of a reasonable largenesse framed by nature to stay the seede powred into the necke from too quick slipping out 9. In Virgins these caruncules are joyned together by a thin and sinewy membrane interlaced with small veins cleaving orbicularly to the sides of the neck having a small hollownesse in the middle which will receive a pease by the which the menstruall bloud passeth Sometimes it is hollow like a sive it is called hymen 10. Behind these caruncules and the hymen appeareth a chink under the orifice of the bladder betweene the two wings which is the entrance into the neck 11. Now the neck is nothing else but that distance which is between the Cunnus and the mouth of the matrix In women of an ordinary stature it is eight inches in length The substance of this part is hard without fleshy within membranous and wrinckled like to the inner skin of the upper jaw of a cowes mouth First to cause greater pleasure in the act of generation Secondly the better to retaine the seed Thirdly to admit the greater dilatation in travell The neck is seated in that cavity of hypogastrium which is called pelvis betweene the bladder and intestinum rectum It hath two membranes if you cut them transversly you shall perceive between them a spongious flesh such as is found in the laterall ligaments of the Penis This causeth it to swell in the act of generation innumerable sprigs of veins and arteries affording plenty of spirits The hypogastricall veins are inserted into the neck of the matrix from thence passing to the mouth of the matrix As soone as they come to be implanted into the substance of the uterus they lose their owne coats which are bestowed upon the first membrane of it From thence by small pipes such as are found in sponges but wreathed blood is caried to the matrix by these veins the termes issue into the neck of the genitall A large branch passeth from arteria hypogastrica to the neck A sprig of it but wreathed is communicate to the resticle passing thither between the two membranes of the body of the matrix This sprig is winded to hinder it from ruption when
stones and the seminary vessels WOMEN have stones as Men have but they differ in eleven things 1. In situation for they are placed not without the hypogastrium as in men but within it that they might be the hotter and more fruitfull 2. In quantity for they are lesser 3. In their frame for they are composed of five or six bladders which make them uneven whereas the stones of men are smooth these bladders containe an humidity like to whey but it is thicker 4. The stones of women have no cremasters but are stayed by the broad laterall ligaments called the bats wings 5. They have no prostates 6. They differ in figure for in man they are ovall but in woman flattish 7. They have but one membrane whereas mans hath foure 8. In substance for they are more soft and flaggy than in man 9. In temperature for they are more cold than mans stones and containe a thin and watrish seed 10. In women they are tyed to the sides of the uterus by the two upper ligaments which are loose and membranous 11. In women which are not with child they are placed above the matrix two inches distant from it The seminary vessels preparing are foure two veines and so many arteries The vein of the right side springeth as in man from the trunck of the vena cava under the emulgent but that of the left side springeth from the middle of the emulgent of the same side Both the arteries spring from the descending trunck of the great artery These veins are not united as in man before they come to the stones but are divided into two branches Whereof the greater being stayed by the membranous ligament is caried to the stone but the lesser endeth in the bottome of the matrix in the upper part for the nutrition of the matrix and the embryo These vasa preparantia differ from those in men in these things First they are shorter than in man by reason of the shortnesse of the passage but they have more wreathings where they make corpus varicosum about the stone that the seed may be the better prepared Secondly they passe not whole to the stones as in man but are divided in the mid way as hath been said One thing is to be noted that the spermatick veins receive the arteries as they passe by the sides of the uterus that the bloud might be the better elaborat for if you blow up the vena spermatica both the right and left vessels of the matrix are blowne up From hence you may perceive the communion of all the vessels of the matrix The Vesa deferentia spring from the lower part of the stones They are firme white and nervous They passe by the membranous ligament to the matrix not straight but wreathed that the shortnesse of the way might be recompensed with the multitude of windings Neere the stones they are somewhat broad When they have marched a little they become narrow and about the matrix they become broad againe and end in the cornua capacity of it Amongst these vessels the last to be considered is Tuba Fallopiana Spigeltus calleth it Vas coecum lib. 8. cap. 20. because it hath but one orifice as the intestinum coecum annexed to colon this springeth from the cornua or bunches and resembleth the end of a trumpet and passeth obliqaely over against the stone caried by the membranous ligament and compasseth the stones but it neither proceedeth from the stones neither is inserted into them And as in its beginning it is open so in its ending it is shut Riolan will have it to be the end of the ejaculatory vessell ending within the matrix He observeth that within it is to be seene a long white and sinewy body which he will have to be the continuation of the ejaculatory vessell He noteth also that a small sprig doth passe but wreathed from the ejaculatory by the sides of the uterus to the orifice by the which women with child spend their seed in the act of generation which Spigelius denieth in the cited place and checketh Laurentius for affirming such a passage THE SECOND Book of the Brest CAP. I. Of the common containing parts of it HItherto then of the lower belly the seat of the naturall spirit and of the parts appointed for nutrition and procreation Now it followeth that we handle the middle cavity the seat of the vitall spirit which containeth those parts appointed for the cherishing of the naturall heat the distribution of the same to all other parts of the body and the cooling of it if it exceed the naturall degree This ventricle is seated in the middle betweene the uppermost which is the head and lowermost which is the belly for it was fit that it should be so that the heat passing thorow all and bestowing life should equally bee bestowed upon all the parts of the body It is severed from the head by the neck from the belly by the midrife It is bounded in the forepart by the brest-bone and cartilages In the sides by the ribs Behind by the vertebrae of the back The figure of it is ovall somewhat flat before and behind whereas in beasts it is somewhat sharp So that onely man lieth on his back It is partly bony partly fleshy that it might admit motion and yet not styfle the heart the fleshy parts being suspended by the bony The fore part of it is called sternum the sides costae and the hinder parts dorsum The parts whereof it is composed are either containing or contained The parts containing are either common or proper The parts containing common are in number foure Cuticula Cutis Pinguedo and Membrana carnosa The scarfe skin and skin of it do differ from those in the belly for it is hairy under the arme pits and above the pit of the heart the skin of the back is both harder and thicker and so is lesse hairy Secondly the skin of the back part is of an exquisit feeling first because many twigs of sinews are bestowed upon it from the Nervis proceeding from the spinalis medulla secondly by reason of the muscles of the brest placed there which have many tendons and so are very sensible As for the fat it is not plentifull here as in the belly first because the naturall heat here is sufficiently preserved without it secondly because it would have hindered the motion of the brest Onely here it is somewhat yellowish The Membrana carnosa here in the forepart of the neck is more fleshy than in other parts chiefly where the musculus quadratus is framed which pulleth downe the cheekes and lips CAP. II. Of the Dugs THe proper containing parts are either externall or internall The externall are in number three the dugs the muscles the bones The internall proper containing parts are three in like manner the pleura the mediastinum and
trachaea arteria carying aire to coole them On this is to be noted that the vessels of the lungs differ from those in other parts of the body for the veins have the coats of arteries that no alimentary moysture should breathe out and the arteries have the coats of veins that the vitall bloud might the more speedily passe with the fuliginous excrements and the pure aire come in more plentifully The lungs have no faculty of themselves to move but follow the motion of the brest to shunne vacuity for when the brest doth dilate it selfe the lungs are filled with aire and raised up and when the brest contracteth it selfe they fall That the lungs follow the motion of the brest this experience sheweth Let one receive a penetrating wound in the brest if the aire enter in the lungs cannot move because the vacuity of the brest being filled with aire the motion of the brest ceasing the motion of the lungs ceaseth also A few twigs of sinews come to the membrane but none to the substance for they might have caused paine in the motion of the lungs CAP. X. Of the Wind-pipe THe third entrall contained in the brest is trachaea or aspera arteria fistula and canna pulmonis the wind-pipe It is a pipe by the which the lungs as bellowes draw the aire for the refreshing of the heart and send out fuliginous vapours turned out from the heart by arteria venosa The substance of it is cartilaginous because by it living creatures cause their noises and soundings and so it must have beene hard yet not so hard as a bone because the motion had beene painfull It is not framed of one whole piece for then it would have remained still in one positure and could not have suffered contraction and dilatation Wherefore it is made up of sundry round cartilages which are tyed together by ligaments which in men are more fleshy is beasts more membranous The fourth part of these cartilaginous ringes towards the gullet is wanting and is supplied by a membranous substance that swallowing of solid things might not be hindered It consisteth of two parts the upper is called larynx the lower bronchus because it is bedewed with some part of the drinke for if you give to a dogge saffron disolved in milk if you presently kill him and open the lungs you shall find some part of this mixture The branches of the wind-pipe disseminat thorow the lungs as placed middle between vena arteriosa which is in the hinder part and arteria venosa which is in the forepart which are joyned by anastomosis or inosculation It is girt with two membranes The externallis thin and cleaveth fast to the ligaments of the rings and guideth the recurrent nerves thither The internall is thicker and preceedeth from the membrane which covereth the roofe of the mouth This being strong is not so easily offended by salt rheumes and shin liquours It is very sensible that it might be the more easily moved to send forth things offensive It is also bedewed with an unctuous humour to withstand the injury of sharp things and to cause the voyce to be more pleasant So if salt rheumes bedew this membrane the voyce becomes hoarse if this humour be dryed in fevers squeeking Larynx is the upper part of the wind-pipe When the gullet bendeth downward in swallowing this starteth upwards to give way to swallowing it hath five cartilages 1. Scutiformis or buckler-like for within it is hollow but without embossed That part which sticketh out is called Pomum Adami Adams apple 2. Annularis because it is like a Turkish ring and compasseth the whole larynx In the hinder part it is broad and thick 3. And 4. Guttalis because it resembleth that part of the pot which is called gutturnium These two being joyned together make the chinke which fashioneth the voyce This chinke is called glottis or lingula the little tongue 5. Is Epiglottis being set above the glottis it shutteth it It is of a soft substance resembling a tongue or the leafe of the wood-bind and on every side bound with a membrane proceeding from the mouth The Larynx hath veins from the externall jugular arteries from the Soporall and nerves from the recurrent branches of the sixt paire The glandules of the larynx are either superior or inferior The superior are two one on each side of the uvula or gargareon which are called vulgarly amigdalae or the almonds these receive humidity from the braine which they turn in flegme to moisten the larynx throat tongue and gullet and to be a meane for tasting for tasting cannot be performed without moysture They are seated about the root of the tongue covered with the skin of the mouth and receive veins from the jugulars The inferior are in number two one on each side of the lower part of the larynx they are fungous and larger in women than men The larynx is framed for the voyce the remote instruments of the voice are the brest and lungs the neerer either prepare as the wind-pipe or helpe as the sinews and muscles or keepe it as the throat and mouth or immediatly forme the voyce and that is glottis for the aire being blowne out forcibly by the lungs it beating upon the chinke shut reasonably procureth the voyce CAP. XI Of the gullet OEsophagus or gula the gullet is that part by the which as a funnell meat and drink are turned down into the stomack It is framed of three tunicles The first is very thin and appeareth destitute of fibres this it hath from the peritonaeum common also to the stomack the other two are proper whereof the middlemost is more fleshy thick and soft it hath straight and long fibres The innermost is more sinewy and harder the fibres of it are transverse and circular Veins some it hath from ramus coron rius or round branch of the porta and some from cava Arteries it hath from the caeliaca and the truck descending of the Aorta Nerves it hath two sprigs of the sixt paire It is joyned with the throat and larynx by the skin of the mouth which is communicate to it and the stomack to the spondils of the back the wind-pipe and the parts adjacent by membranes which arise of the ligaments of the back To the hinder part a glandule groweth to cause more easie swallowing by moystning the part It hath foure muscles The first is the circular called by Galen Sphincter whereof we have spoken The second and third are but small ones seated in the throat and proceeding from the palat of the mouth are implanted into the beginning of the gullet The fourth proceedeth from the inner part of the chin is inserted into the gullet In swallowing then first of all the circular muscle purseth it self from whence it commeth to passe that the oblique fibres of it which passe from the gullet to the wind-pipe are made transverse and so the larynx is lifted up and the gula goeth
legs 9. The bones of the feet The explication of the fift Figure 1. The shoulder-bone 2. The elbow bones 3. The bones of the hand 4. The bones of the back 5. The heele-bone These two Figures are to bee placed in their order immediatly before the first Chapter of the book of bones The description of Anatomy The regions of the whole What the whole and a part signifie Things required in a part being strictly taken 1 2 3 4 5 6 The differences of parts What a similary part is The number of simple parts Of a tendon The differences of simple parts What a dissimilary part is Things to be observed in an organicall part 1 2 3 4 The degrees of an organicall part 1 2 3 4 The differences of parts taken from their function 3 The lower region Ilia Inguina The hindermost parts 1 Culitula 2 3. Of fat Its kinds 4 Membrana carnosa Its uses Of the parts contained in the lower belly It s substance It s connexion Its veines Its arteries Its sinews It s figure 6. De Anat. administ The reason of the frame of it The fat It s beginning An observation Another The marching of it The names of it It s structure It s connexion The vessels Its Glandules The use of it It s denomination It s situation It s bignesse It s connexion It s substance Its orifices 1 Its Veines Its arteries The cause of hunger It s action Chylus It s figure The etymon The figure Their substance Their length Their coats The fibres Their veins The Arteries The Nerves The fat The differences of the guts The thin 1 2 3 The thick guts 1 2 Glandules The biggest The bignesse of the mesaraeum It s beginning Mesocolon Why so called Their beginning Their insertion Their progress The difference between them and the ordinary mesaraicall veins Their values How to find them out Why the Ancients did not find these out Why they have no trunck It s bignesse Its veins Its arteries Its nerves It s figure Its ties Its differences from the liver of beasts A little lobe It s situation It s action A note The veins of it Vena portae Why so called How it differeth from vena cava How inosculation is performed A note How the inosculation of these veins is found out The distribution of vena portae Its roots Its branches Branches of Vena splenica Vena mesenterica The uses of it 1 2 The branches of vena sine pari The branches of ramus subclavius 1 2 Sprigges springing from the lower part of ramus subclavius The description of it It s bignesse It s connexion Its membranes The fibres of the proper membrane The parts of it How the choler is caried to the gall Its values Meatus hepaticus What beasts have this passage only Its vessels Of the stones in it The use of the passages The uses of the choler 2 3 4 Why choler is not carried to the stomacke 1 2 3 A note How the values are found out It s substance It s membrane Why it is red in Infants It s figure It s seat It s connexion Its vessels The uses of the arteries of the spleene 1 By what waies the spleen sendeth it superfluities to the kidnyes 1 2 The use of the spleene How the sanguification of the spleene differeth from that of the liver 1 2 Why the naturall parts are nourished with grosse bloud Their denomination Their number Their places Their figure Their connexion Their bignesse Their parts Their membranes The uses of the fat of the kidnies Renes succenturiati Their figure Their connexion Their nerves The proper membrane of the kidnyes The internall parts The colour of them Their substance The emulgent vessels How these parts are to be found out Their vessels How matters gathered in the cavity of the brest are discharged into the ureters The arteries The nerves The place of the arterie Their number Their substance Their coats Its fibres How the ureter differeth from the bladder Why the insertion is oblique It s place It s substance Its membranes Its fibres It s crust It s perforation Its parts It s figure How it is upholden Why mans bladder is snspended It s heat in man and woman How the bladdes of man differeth from the bladder of beasts Why stones are ingendered in it Why there is a consent between the bladder and kidnies An observation Why the bladder in man is big The muscle sphincter Its vessels Its nerves How the Chylus is made The differences of the genitals The parts of the genitals in man Vasa praeparantia The arteries The ending of the vessels Corpus varicosum Their substance Their number Their figure Their coats The line Vesiculae seminales Their substance The use of the caruncule in the urethra The holes by the which the seed passeth to the urethra Prostatae Perinaeum Why these parts in man are hairy Why corrupt seed is worse in a woman than in a man The description of it Its parts Why it hath no fat The cuticula culis The membrana carnosa The internall parts The two bodies Their beginning Septum lucidum The urethra It s frame Its muscles Glans Praeputium Fraenum The vessels Its sinewes The particles of the Cunnus 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 The neck It s length It s substance It s seat Its vessels The parts of it The month of it It s figure It s bignesse Why it is small No distinctcelles in it It s frame Acetabula Cornua uteri Its vessels The veins Arteries The sinewes Iti connexion Its ligaments The differences betweene the stones of a woman and of a man Its veins Its arteries The difference betweene these and those in men An observation Vasa deferentia Tuba Fallopiana The situation of it The limitation of it The figure of it The substance of it The parts of it The common containing parts 1.2 Cuticula 3. Pinguedo 4. The Membrana carnosa The parts of the brest The paps of men The parts of the paps in woman The glandulous bodies The veins The arteries Nerves The fat The figure of the dugs Their number Their situation Of the nipple What milk is It s substance Its parts It s figure Its holes It s beginning The vessels Veins Arteries Nerves The seat of the vessels and the pleuresie Its uses Of the Mediastinum Observation It s substance It s largenesse Its veins Its arteries Its nerves Of the pericardium Its membranes It s connexion It s beginning It s situation Its holes Its vessels Its uses The watrish humour in the pericardium It s generation The bloudy water in the capacity of the brest The Vena cava Its values The trunk ascending The laterall sprigs of the trunk ascending 1. Phrenica 3. Vena sine pari By which way matters in the brest are discharged The divarication of the vena cava Sprigs proceeding from the cava within the brest 1. Intercostalis superior 2. Mammaria 3. Mediastina 4. Cervicalis 5. Muscula inferior 6. The internall jugular Vena arterialis Arteria venalis The values of these two vessels How the bloud is carried to the left ventricle of the heart How the bloud is cooled Coronaria arteria The situation of the aorta Its trunkes The branches of the trunk ascending From the upper part 1 From the lower part 2 3 4 The branches of the trunke descending 1. The Inferior intercostals By what way quittour and water is sent from the br 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the 〈◊〉 2. Phrenicae 3. Caeliaca 5 6 7 8 9 10 A note The values How bones feele 3 The description The description