neruus est aut partibus uicinus aut iis counitus That there is no mouyng neyther payne felte but where there is a sinewe eyther nighe the partes greued or conioyned with them Of the Chorde or Tendon The .v. Chapi THe fyfthe are the Chordes or Tendons called in Greke Tenonta in Latyne Tendines that beare the name of symple members Official and spermatike but they are compounde of Lygamentes and toughe synewes and therefore are they stronge and towghe colde and drye of complexion meane betwene harde and softe or as Galen sayth so much harder then the synewe as it is softer then the Ligament sensible flexible And ther are certayne causes to be consydered why the chordes were compounde as I sayde of synewes and ligamentes together The fyrst is that the synewes beyng altogether sensitiue suffice not alone to susteyn the great labour and trauayle that the tendon necessarylie doth suffer wherefore beyng compounde with the insensyble ligament there is made a temperature betwene sensible insensible that so the mouing may neither be paiÌ„ful nor vtterly without feling And by reason of the synewie substance of the chordes they haue motyue vertue accordynge to the appetyte or will of the soule or desyre of the mynde Moreouer I fynde that these chordes or tendons growe out of the fleshy muscles and that for good consyderation great skyll for on these muscles haue the chordes a restyng place after their great trauayle And these fleshie muscles are clothed with a thin skyn or panicle whiche panicle serueth as well to kepe the fleshe of the muscle in due forme as also that the sayd muscles should moue alone accordyng to the wyll without the disturbance of the partes adiacent or next them And I vnderstande that this musculous fleshe hathe within it manye smalle fybers or thredes of a synewie substance wherein there is noted to be wyll and those thredes come to the composition of the tendons And three properties is to bee noted in the will of these aforesayde muscles that is to saye length wherein is conteyned the vertue attractiue bredthe wherein is the vertue expulsyue and ouerth wartues in whiche is the vertue retentyue and at the endes of those muscles these fybers or thredes gather themselues together agayne and make an other muscle and so haue they their generalle procedynges thorow oute all the bodie Iohannes de Vigo aleagyng Auicen numbereth the muscles to be 531. but here I omytte to declare the profe of the sayde number by resiting them particulerlie accordynge to their places trustynge that this is sufficieÌ„t in this briefe treatyce The muscle is called in Latine Musculus a mure that is of a mouse and therefore in Greke also 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for as a mouse is biggest in the myddest smallest at bothe endes so is a muscle And it is lykewyse called a lacerte of the lytle beaste named a Lyzarde and in Latyne Lacertus Thus in thys .v. chapiter I haue shewed aswell the nature aud makynge of the muscles as of the choâ—de or tendon The description of the mnscles by order of anatomye do the Grecians calle Miotomen Of the Pannicles The vi Chapiter Of the Arterie or Pulse The .vii Chapiter SEuenthlye the Artery or Pulse called bothe in Greke and Latine Arteria and in olde Englishe the Wosen whose dissection also the grecians call Arteriotomen is a member symple and spermatike sinewye and holow hauinge his beginnyng at the heart and it bryngeth from the same spirite and life vnto all the members of the body and it is of complexioÌ„ cold and dry And euery artery hath two coates excepte onlye Arteria Venosa called in Englyshe the veÌ„nalle artery because he hathe but one coate as hathe the veyn whose office only is being implanted in the lunges to conuey freshe ayer alwayes to the heart That the great heate of the hearte caused by hys continualle motion maye therby be refrigerate cooled mitigated by entring that least ventricle therof euen as the arteriallâ— veyne called Vena arteriosa which comming as some affirme from the bothome of the hearte on the ryghte syde beareth bloude and spirite from the hart to the lunges to quycken and nourish them And hereis to be noted a notable error or ouersyght in 〈◊〉 booke of Anatomye whereas this arterialle veyne is acounted all one wyth Arteria magna â–ª and allo the offyces bothe of the venalle arterye and the arterialle veyne are applied to the venalle arterye only All the other arteries haue eche of them two coates that the spirit of life in them conteyned maye the better and more certainlye be preserued from hurte outewardlye and also that the sayd liuelye spiryte maye be the better reteyned wythin that it passe not oute before hys tyme tyll all the extreme partes haue it minystred vnto them Where as if it were preuented before it came at them there woulde folowe mortyfication of the members for the arteriall spiryte is more subtyll and pearceth soner vnto the quickenynge of the members then doothe the venalle or nutrimentalle bloude Therefore one coate would not suffyce to carye it to those extreme partes but that it woulde be preuented and wasted by the way before it come to theÌ„ Wherof woulde folowe the incommodities before resited Of the Veyne The .viii. Chapiter EIghtlye the veine named in Latin Vena 〈◊〉 as some wyll because bloude commeth therby to all partes of the body in Greeke Phlebion and the dyssectyon of them Phlebotome is a symple member as is the artery colde and drye of complexion and Spermatyke but as the arterye hathe hys beginnynge from the hearte so hathe the veyne his beginnynge from the lyuer and it bryngeth from thence nutrityue bloude vnto all the members of the bodye to nourishe them wyth And I vnderstande as well by experyence as by that whiche I reade that there is no more difference betwene the veyne and the arterye but that one hauynge two coates and commynge from the hearte is the vessell of vitall and spirituall bloude and the other hauynge but one coate commynge from the lyuer is the vessell of nutritiue bloud And thys is generally in all veines except only the arteriall veynâ— whych as in the seuenth Chapiter I sayd procedeth immediatlye from the hearte And amonge all the veines there are two moste pryncipalle from whyche the braunches of all the reast procede that is to saye Vena porta and Vena Coele whiche some calle Vena Caua â—r Magna and these two haue their beginnings in the lyuer I fynde â—n Regiâ—ine sanitatis salerni the number of veines in mannes bodye to be three hundreth thre score and fyue wyth these woordes Ex tricentenis decies 〈…〉 But I thyncke thys number to be mente of â—â—tayâ—e notable veynes whyche by order of Anatomye maye be made open to the senses and not
is necessarye to breake the aer and to make diuers voyces And sometime it happeneth that it excedeth his due forme by diuers affectes by the whyche also it varyeth by names as when it excedeth in lengthe it is of that forme called Columella and when in roundnesse like a grape it is called Vuea or Vuula Upon these pipes are ordeined diuers synewes greate small open and priuye whiche come from the syxte and seuenth payre of synewes of the braine and they are medled with the muscles of the necke and throte with the thyrde and fourthe paire of synewes of Nucha Upon the righte side and vpon the lefte side of the pype of the longes called Arteria aspera are certeine greate and manifest black veines called Guidegi Iugulares and vnder them are ii arteryes of whose cuttinge and persynge the bloude runneth from the hearte and lunges from whence they come Wherby the lunges are diseased and hurte and theyr naturall poure hindered and let and also it bryngeth diseases to the hearte whervpon often times sodaine death foloweth And therefore all the incisions that be made in the throte oughte to be done after the lengthe wherefore it is necessarye that we eschue the veines of the throte and especiallye those that be greate and those that â—e called Iugulares or Guidegi For vnder euerye veine of the throte is hid an arterye in the which there procedeth spirite of life and natural heat immediatlye from the heart and the lunges And therefore it openly apeareth that all cuttings of thys place are dreadfull and perillous Understande that the throte is fastened to the furcle of the brest in the place called Iugulum or Pixis Gulae â–ª whyche is the boxe or holownesse of the throte and the necke is fastened wyth the hynder parte of the seuenthe spondill whych is the fyrste spondill of the brest and also it is fastened with the spade bone of the shoulder that it maye moue the better and the more mightilye when nede requireth That the shape and forme thereof maye also be sene the fayrer and the better And betwene the shoulders behynde at the nether ende of the necke are ventoses vsed for diuers diseases of the heade and the partes therof both wyth scarification and wythoute scarification as in good authors ye shal rede as the experte Chirurgien knoweth by experience THE SECONDE PARTE OF the Anatomy treatinge of the forme and shape of the shoulder and the adiutory of the arme the hande and the fyngers The .i. Chapiter ☞ Of the shoulder and the chanâ—ll bone AFter the neck and the throte as wel on the righte side as on the lefte is ordeined a shoulder called Humerus in greke Omos and of some BrachioÌ„ Wherin there are .iii. bones knyt that by the meanes of that forme and shape the makinge therof may be the more noble and fayre and also the more profytable to mouynge and workynge The firste of these bones is the broade bone of the shoulder whyche manye learned men calle Scoptulum opertum and the Grecians Oâ—oplatan i. humerum latuni and we vulgarlye Spatulam whose forme and fashion in the hynder ende or parte towarde the necke is broade lyke a bakers pele And in hys lengthe he hathe an edge that stretcheth to the heade of thys bone towarde the shoulder passynge endlynge to the broade ende whiche is towarde the necke In whiche brode ende is knit a gristle whiche spreadeth a longe besyde the spondilles of the brest vnto the seuenth spondill of the necke And on the other ende towarde the shoulder this bone waxeth greate in the ende whereof is a holownesse whiche is called the boxe of the shoulder bone Wherein the rounde heade of the adiutorye turneth as it accordeth to necessitye in the workinge of thys member Thys bone was made in this manner that the bones of the brest and of the necke shoulde be the stronger and surer in the shoulder and that the adiutorye shoulde not be dislocate or put oute of ioynte for euerye lyghte cause And by this it manifestlye appeareth that the bone of the adiutory can not be dislocated backwarde In the former parte of the shoulder is ordained a bone called Clauis or Iugulum in greke Cleis and in English the furcule or canel bone which is tyed with the broade bone beinge the seconde of the .iii. bones of the shoulder and it is there sette that this member maye abide the better in hys strengthe and to beare vp that place that it goe not oute forwarde by anye small or lyghte occasion And thys bone is lesse then the broad bone of the shoulder in his knitting that the shape of that place maye be the fairer and the more formable and also that it shoulde not let the mouynge of the adiutorye And so it plainlye appeareth by reason of the beinge lesse of thys bone in that parte that the roundnesse of the adiutorye maye be dislocate forwarde And after these bones there are insensible ligamentes whyche binde and knit those bones together And there is a certeine lygature in the middle of the aforesayde boxe or holownesse entering the round end of the adiutory whych knytteth the said round end with the aforesayde boxe Of the breakinge and ouer stretchinge of whyche succedeth a continuall departinge so that therby the restoringe of the dislocation is letted or hindered In so much that other whyle when the bone is reduced and broughte agayne to hys situation and being after the restoringe therof it will leape or springe oute agayne And vnder the shoulder betwene the arme and the bodye is the place emunctory wheras the hearte dothe sende forthe in the time of Pestilence or other venemous feuers suche thynges as are vnto hym noious and contrarye as experience proueth of the filthye Apostemes that there come forthe at suche tymes in that place The .ii. Chapiter Of the bone adiutorium then of the elbow the arme the hand wyth the number figure and offyces of the bones and other partes in these conteyned THe thirde bone of the shoulder is the adiutory which is rounde wythout and holow within called Brachion .i. humerus â–ª and commonlye Aditorium os Thys bone is greate thyn and in hys holownesse full of marowe of whiche marowe he receiueth necessary moystnesse And his vpper ende is rounde goinge into the bore of the shoulder bone where it is knytte and turneth aboute holdeÌ„ betwene his ligatuues wyth the other two bones in that place as it is a boue sayde The other ende of the adiutorye is fastened wyth the ii cubite bones or fociles whereas he hathe .ii. knottes in forme like pullyes whiche enter into the holowe cuppes and cauities of the two Focilles per Enarthrosin whose names are beneth wrytten wherof the vpper focil or cubite bone is the lesse and stretcheth from the thumbe vnto the ioynte of the elbowe But the
it behoueth the Chirurgien to haue respecte howe he maketh incisions as in opening of apostemes or otherwise in these places For whye for as muche as all the muscles synewes tendones arteryes and veines of this place namely from the shoulders to the endes of the fingers goe and procede after the lengthe it requireth that the incisions and cauteries of those places shoulde be done alwaies accordinge to the procedynge of the aforsaide members in lengthe And it semeth that the veine Cephalica whyche is in the bought of the arme and sheweth hym selfe in the vpper focile goinge for the betwene the thumbe and the forefinger serueth to the head and the partes therof And likewise the veine that is in the lower parte of the bought of the arme called Basilica whose branche as I saide before appeareth betwene the litle finger and the ringe finger and there is named Saluatella serueth to the liuer and the splene because it procedeth from a parte of the veine that nurisheth the lower members And also the coÌ„mon veine whych apeareth in the midest of the bought of the arme semeth to serue both to the vpper and the nether partes and that because he groweth bothe of the shoulder veine called Humeralis and of the arme hole veyne called Axillaris as it euidently appereth And note that all the veines here specified procede of that parte of Vena concaua that ascendeth vp to the hart putting forthe one greate braunche into the holownesse of the same And after so ascendinge is yet deuided on eche syde into .ii. branches of the whiche one branche spredeth to all the rybbes to Pleura Diaphragma nourishing them The other goeth to the fore parte of the brest and so to the place of the furcle where it is againe triplye deuided Wherof one braunche ascendynge by the necke vp to the heade is deuyded into all partes of the same The seconde goeth to the shoulder and the thirde to the arme hole Of whyche two doe procede all the deuisyons whose names and places of section are here declared wherby it appeareth what coligance and vnity these veines haue with the heade the hart and the liuer THE THIRDE PARTE OF Anatomy which sheweth the shape forme of the furcules and of the ribbes of the brest and the chine bone of that part vnto the mouthe of the stomache The .i. Chapiter ¶ Of the brest and the .xii. turninge ioyntes of that region wyth the rybbes and other bones and partes as Pleura c. VNder the throte in the foreparte therof are ordeined the .ii. bones called Claues Furculae and of some Iugula in english the canell bones which he round wythout and holowe wythin And they are fastened at the one end in the shoulder as I haue shewed in the. ii chapiter At the other end they are fastened together with the vppermoste parte of the brest at the pit of the throte At which pit beginneth the region of the brest holdinge in the forepart of Pectorale called of Galen Sternon whych is constytute but of iii. bones althoughe some number them vii as you se Lanfranke doth accordinge to the. vii longe ribbes of eche side ioyning to them whiche are in dede fastened to those ribbes eche of them to other with a gristelly substance that extendeth it self with a sceâ—lder flexible poynt beneathe those bones like the poynt of a sworde ouer the mouthe of the stomach and therfore is called of dyuers authors in greke Xiphocides and in latin Scutiformis or Ensiformis Whiche by his bowing geueth roume to the stomache and yet by his gristlye hardnesse defendeth it from hurt And in that place or nighe to the same beneth is the mouth of the stomache And this lengthe with the knittinges together of gristlye substances and the makinge of these bones wyth the ribbes in the ridges is proprelye called the brest in Greke Thorax and in Latine Pectus And of rybâ—es there are on eche side .xii. called Costae whyche are fastened wyth xii of the spondils whiche are proprelye the sponâ—ils of the brest and called therefore Metaphreni Vertebrae as the nexte of the spondilles downe warde whiche be .v. in number are called Lumborum Vertebrae the spondilles of the reines And those xii ribbes are bowinge in the maner of halfe a compasse of the which there are vii called Costae Verae which beinge fastened at the hynder endes wyth the spondilles of the backe are byggest in the myddest whose former endes are fastened wyth the gristles of the. iii. bones of Sternon v. of those xii rybbes are shorte and reche not to Sternon as doe the other vii but are only fastened in the spondilles behynde therfore called Costae Spuriae in English fals ribbes or backwarde rybbes because when the formoste endes of them be bowed downe they bow vpward againe For they haue no fastening at the fore endes as haue the. vii greate ribbes whyche are fastened as I sayde ere while wyth the bones of the brest and take their knittinges of them note that alonge the syde vnder or within these ribbes is a pannycle or skyn called Pleura wherin is engendered the inflaÌ„mation called Pleuritis and in Englyshe the pleurisye The. ii Chapiter ¶ Of the hearte ANd wythin those bones that is to saye the bones of the brest the rybbes and the spondilles of the same wythin the holownesse that is made of them I saye is the heart named in Greeke Cardia and in Latyne Cor confyrmed and sette Whiche because he is the pryncipall member of all other members and the beginning of life is thus sette in the myddest of the breaste as â—orde and kinge to all the rest of whome he is obeyed and serued as a prince of hys subiectes And the hearte hathe bloude in hys owne substance wheras all other members haue it but in arteries and veines and in the hearte is the nutrityue bloude made liuelye spirite and caried forth in the arteries whiche in the hearte haue theyr beginnynge as I sayd sufficiently in the firste treatise And the heart is couered with a stronge pannicle called of the latines Capsula cordis and of the Grecians Pericardion And from the hearte procedeth the greate arterie whiche is called in latine Arteria magna from whome brauncheth and procedeth all the other arteries that are in anye member of the bodye by whiche meanes the spirite of life is caried to all the members of the same as it is sufficientlye saide in the firste treatise and the. vii chapiter And the hearte is an offyciall member spermatike and of a lacertous substance The greate ende wherof in his being leaneth and inclineth moste vnto the ryghte syde and the small ende leaneth moste vnto the lefte syde And in the hearte haue the venall arterye and the arteriall veine their begynninges of whose processes and offices I speake immediatlye
that the seame maye be conserued And so lette it be annoynted and chaunged that finallye it may be consolidate But if in this time the wounde be altered by the aer and doe geue Saniem the stitches also losynge their holde then mundifye it with a medicine made ex Vna parte farine Tritici Mellis partibus .ii. Aqua partibus .iii. boyled together in forme of a Cataplasma in the ende laye vpon the wounde stupes of towe wette in warme Wine Of the woundes of synewes cutte for the moste parte ouerthwart the member Cha. iiii IF the Sinewes of the arme hande or foote or anye other lyke member be cutte ouerthwarte all be it that Theodoricus diuers others say the contrary yet I say that it is good and profitable to stitche the sinewes with a needle when thou sowest the borders or lippes of the wounde takinge suche holde of the heades or endes of the sinewes that be cutte that thou mayste iustly drawe them together And vpon suche manner of stitchinge of the Sinewes putte Olium Rosarum wherein hathe beene sodden Vermes terrectres proprie lumbrici dicti and conserue the stitchinge aswell to consounde the Sinewes as the outwarde borders or lippes of the wounde For by thys manner of stitchinge is made the more noble Consolidation and perfecter reparation so that sometime and especially in the bodies of children by suche maner of stitchinge the mouinge of the member is recouered to the whiche the Sinewes that were cutte did serue whyche neuer coulde haue bene restored vnlesse the sinewe had beene stitched and haue no feare of anye ache or payne that is saide to come by the prickinge of the sinewe in the stitching with the needle for that is aswaged and immediatelye holpen with the aforesaide Oile nor the paine hereof can induce no Spasme for so muche as the whole sinewe was all readye cutte a sunder Annotations Vpon thys presente chapter ¶ Coâ—â—erâ—inge the stitchinge of sinewes mentioned here in thys Chapiter by the author I wishe no man to stay there on as an infallible grounde for it seemeth muche agaynste reason and the iudgemente of moste learned men Notwithstandinge manye thinges are tollerable in yonge children that maye not be done to olde men and other reasons may be made as weâ—â—e to defende this opynion as the contrarye But hereafter if God sende leisure thou shalte haue farther instruction in this and other like matters In the mean season haue this good opinion of Lanfranke that the lucky successe of some profes made in that case caused him so to wryte for we maye not iudge that suche learned men would publishe to the disgrace of all theyr whole worke that whiche they thoughte not perfectlye true Of the fluxe of Bloud Cap. v. IF the fluxe of bloud issuing from a veine or arterie do let thee in obseruing this ordinaunce thou mayste restreigne it thus Rec. thuris partes duâ—s aloes parte Vnam and make it into poulder and meddle all together cum albumine oui to the thicknesse of hony pilos leporis cutte as small as maye be possible and so temper all together and put thy finger in the place from whence the bloude issueth and touche the pulse holdinge it so the space of an houre administring thy medicine in great quantity and in the time of chaunginge haue good foresight that thou take it not away by violence But if it cleane faste to the place lay on more of the saide medicine in a more liquide forme vpoÌ„ the olde medicine till it falle froÌ„ the wounde alone without violence then shalle the veines and arteries be knit and healed and to this medicine there is none like in restreigning of bloud knitting the veine Of woundes with breaking of the bone wythin the Fleshe Cap. Vi. VUhen with a wounde in the Fleshe there is also a wound in the bone it behoueth not to heale the wouÌ„de of the flesh before the Restauration of the bone I saye Restauration because the bone is neuer consounded with a true Consolidation but in steade therof groweth a hard Callouse substance of fleshe called Porus Sarcoides or Caro Poroides seruing in place of the bone lacking which reparation must be loked for before the wounde in the fleshe be healed for otherwise there may be no repâ—ration because the moistnesse of the fleshe will let it For so much as there can be no reparation vnlesse the place be dried to the vttermooste For the bones are moost drye and the nourishmente of bones is the matter reparinge them whiche is naturallye drye for to nurishe is none other thinge but to assimulate nurishmente wyth that whiche is nurished Wherfore Nutrition is done by the like as Diminution is done by the contrarye And nowe for as muche as of all woundes of bones those of the heade are moste perillous I thinke it moste meete to begin firste with them for if the wounde in the head where cranion or the braine panne is broken shoulde be healed in the fleshe before the bones be repared it would surelye cause deathe bothe by reason of the braines Dilicasie and noblenesse and also that worse accidentes folowe thereof then of the breakinge of any other bone Of the wounde in the heade with breakinge of Cranion Chapi Vii VUhen the wounde is made in the heade with breakinge of the Sculle consider whether it be broken vnto the inward partes or no that is to saye to duram matrem â–ª whiche thou maiste knowe by diuers meanes and waies partelye by perseuerance and partlye by infallible experimentes the signes be these The feelinge of great paine vomiting teares of the eies crokednesse of the sighte inflammation or rowlinge of the eies c. the experimentes are these take a strong threde double twisted and wereit and let the patiente holde it stronglye in his teethe and begin thou at the mouthe of him and with thy nailes stretche and streigne oute the threde til thou come at the other ende of the same holding it streight a cubite lengthe from the tethe and make a sounde vpon the threde with thy nayle and doe so often times If the patiente maye susteine the sounde withoute feelynge of peine then is not the sculle broken to the Dura mater for if it be broken he maye in no wise susteine nor suffer the harping of the nayles vpon the threde or else thou mayst also take and smyte hys head with a smalle dry wand of wylowe or of the Pine tre holde thine eare to hys head And if the sculle be whole it wyll make an hole sounde but if it be cutte or broken it wyll make a dumme noyse after the comparison of a broken Bell and a whole And haue no truste in the well eatinge drinkinge sleapinge goinge to the stoole of that patieÌ„t suche like of the which bothe RolaÌ„dus Rogerus doe speake for
author calleth Hepaticam another calleth Succotrinam whiche also moued Iacobus Syluius to reporte that Dioscorides and Haliabbas praise Aloen Hepaticam but Auicenna and Mesues Aloen Succotrinam It is the iuyce of an herb called in Greke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and in Latine semper Viuum Marinum In English herbe Aloes or sea Aigren whose iuice is brought to vs froÌ„ Indiâ— for ther groweth the best is a proffitable medicin for many thinges through the drying that it hathe wythout corrosion It bindeth moderatlye but is verye bitter and therfore loseth the belly It drieth in the thirde degre heateth stronglye in the first or lightlye in the second and is gratefull to the stomacke It glueth together holowe places and healeth vlcers harde to be cured Maxime quae in ano pudendis simt and stieped in water healpeth the inflammatyons in them and also in the mouthe and Eyes In summe â–ª Of the fluxe of Bloud Cap. v. IF the fluxe of bloud issuing from a veine or arterie do let thee in obseruing this ordinaunce thou mayste restreigne it thus Rec. thuris partes duas aloâ—s paâ—te Vnam and make it into poulder and meddle all together cum albumine oui to the thicknesse of hony pilos leporis cutte as small as maye be possible and so temper all together and put thy finger in the place from whence the bloude issueth and touche the pulse holdinge it so the space of an houre administring thy medicine in great quantity and in the time of chaunginge haue good foresight that thou take it not away by violence But if it cleaue faste to the place lay on more of the saide medicine in a more liquide forme vpoÌ„ the olde medicine till it falle froÌ„ the wounde alone without violence then shalle the veines and arteries be knit and healed and to this medicine there is none like in restreigning of bloud knitting the veine Of woundes with breaking of the bone wythin the Fleshe Cap. Vi. VUhen with a wounde in the Fleshe there is also a wound in that bone it behoueth not to heale that wouÌ„de of the flesh before the Restauration of the bone I saye Restauration because the bone is neuer consounded with a true Consolidation but in steade therof groweth a hard Callouse substance of fleshe called Porus Sarcoides or Caro Poroides seruing in place of the bone lacking which reparation must be loked for before the wounde in the fleshe be healed for otherwise there may be no reparation because the moistnesse of the fleshe will let it For so much as there can be no reparation vnlesse the place be dried to the vttermooste For the bones are moost drye and the nourishmente of bones is the matter reparinge them whiche is naturallye drye for to nurishe is none other thinge but to assimulate nurishmente wyth that whiche is nurished Wherfore Nutrition is done by the like as Diminution is done by the contrarye And nowe for as muche as of all woundes of bones those of the heade are moste perillous I thinke it moste meete to begin firste with them for if the wounde in the head where cranion or the braine panne is broken shoulde be healed in the fleshe before the bones be repared it would surelye cause deathe bothe by reason of the braines Dilicasie and noblenesse and also that worse accidentes folowe thereof then of the breakinge of any other bone Of the wounde in the heade with breakinge of Cranion Chapi Vii VUhen the wounde is made in the heade with breakinge of the Sculle consider whether it be broken vnto the inward partes or no that is to saye to duram matrem whiche thou maiste knowe by diuers meanes and waies partelye by perseuerance and partlye by infallible experimentes the signes be these The feelinge of great paine vomiting teares of the eies crokednesse of the sighte inflammation or rowlinge of the eies c. the experimentes are these take a strong threde double twisted and wereit and let the patiente holde it stronglye in his teethe and begin thou at the mouthe of him and with thy nailes stretche and streigne oute the threde til thou come at the other ende of the same holding it streight a cubite lengthe from the tethe and make a sounde vpon the threde with thy nayle and doe so often times If the pattente maye susteine the sounde withoute feelynge of peine then is not the sculle broken to the Dura mater for if it be broken he maye in no wise susteine nor suffer the harping of the nayles vpon the threde or else thou mayst also take and smyte hys head with a smalle dry wand of moniacon of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 whiche is sande This shrubbe wyth hys roote and frute is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Galen saythe that Hammoniacum in mollyfyinge obteineth the principalitye and digesteth meanlye Amygdala IN Greke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Of Almondes that sort whiche for their bitternes are called Amara in Greke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 haue tenuating faculty wherby they purge both out of the bely and the brest by excreations grosse and tough humores help obstructions sprong of grosse and viscous iuyce They also helpe the paines of the side of the splene of Colon of the reynes comming of the same Howbeit they moue not the bely neither doe they nourishe muche The swete Almondes thoughe in the vertues abouesayde the weaker yet are they moderatly whot mete for meates They also moue vrine and amend the moist vices of the stomacke Amylum WHich we corruptly calle Amidian is that which that Grecians haue auncientlye called Amelon and is nothinge else but the milke or iuyce of wheate certaine daies steped in water and then pressed oute whiche for his myldnes is vsually put in â—â—llyries as a moste apte medicyne for maladyes of the eies For beinge exactlye washed it hath saith Galen neither sharpnesse nor adstriction neyther beating nor coolinge Anacardus OR after Ruellius anacardiuÌ„ is the frute of a tre growing in Sicilia and Apulia called vulgarly Pediculus Elephantis The iuyce wherof is called Mel Anacardi which is a ruptory medicine AnacardiuÌ„ saith Ruelltus of that later Grecians for the auÌ„cients make therof no meÌ„tion is a familiar tre among the Indians groweth also in the villes of Sicilia that throwe out flames of fire wyth a frute like a birdes harte wherof it is thoughte to haue his name hauinge therin a redde or bloudy iuyce whiche floweth oute lyke bloude Anatomia 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 â–ª is the dissection or cutting vp of man his body or the bodyes of beastes wherby knowledge may be attained by discerning and considering the partes therof with their formes offices processes and colligations one wyth an other Wherby certeintye is hadde as wel howe warely to worke as wiselye to Prognosticate Anethum DIlle whiche
euery member or parte Of the operation of members The. Vii Chapiter SEuenthly the operation that is in members is to be learned of him that will be a chirurgien And howe those operations are conueied and caried to serue the nede of euery part And to talke of operations it were mete to vse thys worde partes because it includeth more then this worde members for we can calle none of the. iiii humores members yet are they partes of the body So are the three spirites to wite the animall vitall and naturall though in dede many learned men haue vpon diuers reasons denyed any thyrde or naturalle spirite to be The animall spirite geuing the operatiōs of sense and motion The vitall geuinge spirite and life to all the members The natural nurishment to all the bodye The vitall spirite beinge made in the harte the animall in the braine the naturall in the lyuer And both these laste animall and naturall are made of the firste called vitall The vitall spirite is caried into all partes by the arteries The animall by the sinewes the naturall in the veines And of the operations of these all other partes of the body take their operations As the operation of feling of mouing of hearyng of seing of smelling of speaking yea all operatiōs procede of the first operations of whiche first operations procedeth the forsaide spirites The firste operations are these which are also called vertues or faculties and are in number foure namely attractiue retentiue alteratiue and expulsiue And these four are in euery part of the body that is nurished or that serueth to nurish other The attractiue faculty being done by hotnesse and drinesse the retentiue by coldnesse and drinesse the alteratiue by hotnesse and moistnesse the expulsiue by coldnesse and moistnesse And through these naturall vertues or faculties are the iii. digestions wrought and accomplished in the bodye The first of these digestions is in the stomache the seconde in the liuer the third is vniuersally in the veines I vnderstand also that there are iii. poures in the body Animall vitall Naturall this last poure called naturall is deuided into these iiii forsaid operations or vertues And as I said before all operations of euery mēber are receiued of these first operations whether it befeling mouing tasting seing hearing smelling or any other that any man can deuise or name For of the first foure is made nutrition without the whyche no member maye lyue nor growe Muche lesse haue anye operation or facultye Therefore when anye member is hurte or offended we oughte to call to minde what operation belongeth to the parte so hurt and howe that member receiueth the same As for example the operation of felyng and mouynge is caried by the animall spirite in the synewes vnto all members So dothe heate and lyte come to all members by the vitall spiryte in the arteryes And the nutrimentall bloud by the naturalle spirite in the veines If therfore in any member anye of these be so offended that there is no hope of recouerye we maye boldlye Prognosticate that the operatyon of that member so receyued is voyde and frustrate Because the meane wherby it was atchiued is destroyed Euen as no water can come by a conduict to a house or a city when the pype is cutte or broken by the waye But farthermore if anye member lacke hys natural or due operation so that he can not doe his office neuerthelesse no hurte perceiued in the outwarde partes then muste we consider whether it be felynge mouinge or strengthe that is lacking Which thinge knowne knowinge also by what meane the sayde member receiued his operation nowe beinge lost It shall be the easyer to deuise a remedy to cure and helpe the same Therfore that it is necessarye for the Chirurgien to know the office or operation of euerye member as I thinke neadeth no farther proofe Of the vtilitye or office of members The Viii. Chapiter EIghtlye the vtilitye or offyce that euery member hath in the bodye is greatly to be noted for euerye member in the bodye hathe a speciall office by hym selfe wherby he is necessarye to the body And therfore when he is lackinge the bodye is destitute o◠that necessarye thynge euen as a common weale that lacketh his officer What members in the body are called official ye shall vnderstand in the generall Anatomy Notwithstanding there is no mēber in the body that is wythout his vtility that is to say that hath not a profitable vse in the body But for as muche as in my collection of the symple members euerye member hathe his vtilitye declared where he is spoken of I shall nede the lesse in this place to tarye vpon it But this brieflye I saye the bones are the susteiners of the bodye The gristles are formable additions The ligamentes binde the ioyntes together The muscles make a comelye forme The synewes carye the felynge and mouinge vertue The veine caryeth the nutrityue bloude The arterye caryeth the vitall spirit The fleshe filleth the voyde places The fatte moysteneth the drye partes The skin couereth and clotheth the bodye These are brieflye the offices or the vtilities of all the symple members By whiche the chirurgien taketh great note As well to kepe the bodye in healthe as to cure it when it is diseased Of the diseases that the members are subiecte Vnto Capi. ix NInthlye and laste we oughte to note what diseases maye chance to anye member and whyche bene curable For there be diuers members that when they be wounded receaue no curation Namelye the brayne the heart the stomache and suche guttes are not fleshye and other suche lyke And farthermore as I sayde in my fyrste treatise ▪ that spermatike members receiue no true consolydation And as Galen sayth in li .iiii. therapeut in the cure of vlcers confutinge the error of Thessalus The diseases namelye solution of continuity receiue diuers names according to the diuersitye of the members and their substances For the breakynge of bones are called in Greke Catagma and in Latine Fractura To the fleshe happeneth woundes vlcers bruses tumores Apostemes Solution of continuity in the synewes is called Spasmos and in the lygaments Thlasma in the muscles Apospasma or Rhegma Or as we saye in playne Englyshe The synewes suffer crampes palsyes and conuuition The bones breakinge The ioyntes displacynges The Fleshe woundes bruses c. And to all the other members happeneth diuers peines of diuers names as well by the excesse or corruption of any of the .iiii. humores as also of ventositye or windinesse and waterye humores The ioyntes or sinewye members are greued wyth aches and gowtes And fathermore apostemes vlcers cancers fistules and such like Do happen among the members diuersly in diuers places of the bodye receuynge theyr names oftē times according to their places as it is wryttē of by our auncient authors whome I iudge it expedient to
So is this marrowe called Nâ—tiaeos myelos id est dorsalis uel spinalis medulla and vulgarlye Nucha The .ii. Chapiter ☞ Of the softe and also the harde panicles of the brayne and the vicinitye that they haue wyth the skyn coueringe the sculle and necessarye notes therof gathered Then of the braynes increasyng wyth the mone and by what meanes the brayne is purged of his excrementes ANd immediatlye aboue the brayne and the reast before spoken of is ordeyned a verye tender skyn or coueringe called in Englishe the softe pannicle in Latine Pia mater Tenuis meninx â–ª being yet of a more stronge and toughe substance then the brayne that it maye defend and saue the brayne and his delicate partes from the hardnesse of the harder pannicle and the bones of the scull And thys softe mother or tender pannicle is thinlye and fynely wouen together of veynes and arteries in a fine netlyke or copweblyke sorte And it is deuided lying lose from the brayne leaste it shoulde be a burden to the same offendynge it therby sauynge in certeyne places where veines and arteries procede from thys tender pannicle enterynge into the spaces and deuisyons of the partes and ventrycles of the brayne Wherby or by suche rather as he gathereth together froÌ„ al parts of the brain he sucketh of the brainy substance yelding also to the brain by those veines arteries nurishmet liuely spirit which spirit being ther farther digested or by the naturall workynge of the brayne altered is made accordant to the vertue animall And in thys paÌ„nicle are these veines implanted least otherwise lyinge lose they might be thruste together or disordered by the beatynge of the brayne Then nexte aboue thys tender pannicle or softe veyle is constitute the stronge mother or â—oughe veyle called the harde pannicle in latine Dura mater or Crassa meninx whyche is harder and tougher to the ende that it maye defende the brayne and the soft pannicle from the hardnesse of the bone by the valiente strengthe therof And it is wouen together clothlyke by a stronge holdinge or compaction together of arteries and veines wherby it is thicke and stronge It is also seuered and deuided from the softe pannicle generallye saue onlye where certeyne veines and arteries go from hym to the saide subtill veyle or delicate pannicle to helpe comfort and corroborate the same Neither hath this harde pannicle his continuance wyth the scul called Caluari after any touchinge or cleauinge sorte but is seperate from the same least it shoulde receiue generall hurte therof by reason of the bones hardnesse except only in the seames or commissures of the sculle wheras certeine fyne and small â—eary veines aud arteries procede from it through the sayde seames as well to preserue the same from fallynge downe on the brayne as also to the makinge of the skyn immediatlye coueringe the scull called therfore Pericarnion Wherefore it appeareth by reason that all cuttynges raspynges trepanynges or boringes are to be auoided in the seames of the scull vnlesse verye greate necessitye constreigne least dangerous and deadlye accidentes folow bothe to the hard and softe pannicle and also to the brayne and that by the naturall affinitye and vnity they haue â—ne wyth an other The like feare and consideration oughte to be as well at the coniunction as at the opposition of the mone wyth the Sonne For the brayne hathe then a merueilous semblance with the sea and waters whyche at those times haue their full spring tydes For euen so dothe the brayne seme to flowe bearinge vp the sayde pannicles so nighe the sculle that it myghte be sone hurte wyth instrumentes at suche a time And here is to be noted a maruelous prouision of nature in the scull that at suche risinge of the pannicles by flowinge of the braine the conspicuous veines and arteries of Dura mater be not hurte nor by the hardnesse of the bones pressed together wherby the course of the bloud myght be let For euery such veine and branche of veine hathe in the scull an holowe gutter to lye in safelye wythout hurte or let of course as in the insyde of euery scull maye be sene bothe greate and small gutters according to the quantity forme number and diuersitye of veine braunches in the harde pannicle Now the superfluityes of the braine are expelled in this sorte From the former and middle ventricles they fall downe by two euydente wayes into a rounde and holowe receptacle commonly called in Latyne Lacuna whiche doctor Langton englisheth a dropynge pan but the grecians because of the forme whyche is wide aboue and euer the lower the narower with a perforation in the bothome after the manâ—er of a funnell moste proprely call it Choanen and the latynes Infundibulum By the whyche funell hole it passeth the strainynge glandule called Aden colatorius and then throughe the strainynge holes of the bones hauyng the offyce of a syue the forme of a spunge and are therfore called in Greke Ostea Isthmoidea but more proprelye of Hippocrates spongoidea Whose passages ende into the holownesse of the palate ouer the mouthe whych holownesse being destingued with a pillourlike processe hath two perforations into the nose called in Latine Nares that is the nosethrilles throughe whyche the sayde superfluitnes are purged forwarde And it hathe also by the Gargarion backwarde other sufficient passage wherby by snuffing into the mouthe there maye be sufficiente purgation as necessitye requireth The thyrde Chapiter ☞ Of the scull wyth hys forme and office the number and names of bones wherof it is composed wyth theyr forme and propreâ—yâ—s and the like of the seames or commâ—â—res therof VPon these .ii. pannicles Duram matrem Piam matreÌ„ is ordained the bones of the scul called in greke 〈◊〉 and in latine Caluaria â—hiche is deuided into â—ire besyde the bone called Paxilla Whose begynning is at the end of the hinder bone of the head whose shape or forme is lyke the letter V. or as some wryte like that Greke letter Lambâ—a â— or as Iohannes de Vigo sayth lyke thys figure 7. And the aforsayd Paxilla vnderbeareth in the hinder part al the bones of the head therfore is called the bearer vp or the wedglike bone of the Grekes Sphenoide of the latins Cuneus for it is like a wedge The first bone of the scul is the bone of the foâ—â—ead and it is called Coronale whose forme shape is in maner of halfe a circle procedynge forthe into the fore parte and is fastened with the bone of the nose in the forepart therof in the maner of a sawe with the temple wyth other partes And he is fastened to the vpper iawe also in the maner of a sawe there is made a kynde of fasteninge in the 〈◊〉 or fashion of a crosse whose vpper seame is long Then the two wall
as thou tenderest thine owne worshippe and honesty I require thee that thou deliuer it to no rusticall Fooles or Idiotes leaste by the ignorance of suche and by theyr rude and vncunninge ministration this my worke made for thy loue to a common vtilitye myghte redownde to some personnes hurte or anoyaunce ¶ ⸫ ¶ ¶ The firste parte of thys worke treatinge of woundes conteineth .ix. Chapiters Of the Intention of a Chirurgien in generall The first Chapiter AMONG AL OTHER thinges it is expedieÌ„t that a good Chirurgien in euery woorke determine a certaine Intention in generalle namelye in wounds wherof we intend first to treate then to vse such thinges as may conueniently helpe hym to hys Intent Firste therfore in woundes to be healed the Intention is a true Consolidation or knitting together whiche only is done in a symple wounde made in the fleshe For other Consimilare members as bones sinewes gristles pannicles the skinne be not restored by true Restauration or consolidation For the first mater of them was Sperme in the parentes and therfore are called Spermatike Howe be it when solution of continuitye chaâ—uceth in suche members there is a certaine meane where by the voyde place of that which is loste is filled againe yet there are diuers opinions among men For some say that Nerues veines and Arteries receiue true Consolidation some say naye they be otherwise restored But certainly I say if the cuttings or departinges be greate they are neuer restored by true Consolidation thoughe sometymes in small woundes they are yet that very seldome Notwythstandinge the fleshe wherof the fyrst mater is bloud and is therfore called Sanguine is euery daye generate or made in the bodye thereof receiueth very restauration Wherfore in euery wound made in the fleshe let thine intent alway be to consolidate it except any of these vii thynges folowing be there vnto a let or hinderance The first is if there be any Puncture in the sinewes the second if the wound extend to the bone the third if wyth the wouÌ„d be anye Aposteme The fourth if there be any euel distemperaunce The fift is if there be anye holownesse in the wound The sixt if the wound be made with contution The seuenth is if the wound be made with any vememous beast for any of these of necessity leadeth the Chirurgien to an other intention As I wyl hereafter expresse beginning first at a symple wound that waÌ„teth all the .vii. thinges aforesaid Of a Symple wound Cap ii BE therfore in assurance whether the wound be made with the poynt of any instrumeÌ„t whether it be knife speare or arowe or any other like For they of all other are sonest conioyned if it touche no Sinewe Chorde Panicle nor the Muscles that couer the bone which thou maist know by that it is withoute all payne and ache It shall be sufficient that thou onlye put in a tent enfused in Oile of Roses warme which necessarily shall for one day holde the skinne open make the patient rest from all manner of exercise of the wounded member And then if it be without al ache and swelling thon maiste suffer the wounde to close Prouided alwayes that the patient rest .ii. or .iii. daies and he shall be whole but if there in be any aking or paine it is a signe of the hurte of a Sinewe Muscle Panicle or Chorde And then it shal be conueniente to iniunde or poure into the whole wounde oyle of Roses whot make a tente not to greate nor to loÌ„ge and that it be suche as constreigne not the sinewe least that there by paine shoulde be induced and dip the same in Oyle of Roses and the yolke of an egge warmed laying there on a Repercussiue of the same medicine and annoynte the member all about wyth a medicine made ex Olei Rosati Vncia Vna aceti Vnciis ii Boli armoni Vnciae dimidio vse thys vntil the paine be slaked that the wound yeld Saniem for then it is sure from Apostemation and Spasme After that put in a dry tent of lint made of soft linneÌ„ cloth and vppon that a mundificatiue made after the ordinaunce hereafter folowing Rec. Mellis Rosacei colati Vncias tres farine Hordei subtilissimae unciâ—â— i. Terebinthinae lotae Vnciae semisse Boile them a litle together to the perfectnesse of an emplaster and note that the Terebinthine oughte not to be boyled with the reast but should be added in the ende of the boiling so at the ende he shal be healed But if the paine cease not by the infusion of the Oyle of Roses defence of Bole Armeniacke afore sayde Then let the pacient bloud if he be stronge on the contrary side but if he be weake make scarification or boxe hym daily prouoking the duetye of the wombe by a Clyster or suppository if nede require enioyning hym a streyght and sclender diet til the paine of the aposteme and the inflaÌ„mation be asswaged and annoynt it al about with the oyntment made de Bolo armeno Oleo Rosato aceto continuing still as I haue taught Prouided alwayes that for inflaÌ„mation of the pricking of a sinewe ye administer there to no manner of plaster made of herbes and greace nor Maturatiues and for the ache of the meÌ„ber see that thou suffer no hotte water to touche the same for all these are causes of putrefaction and perdition whyche is desolation and losse of the member Of wounds cutte after the length of the members Chap. iii. ANd if the wounde be made with a sweard or any other cutting thing after the leÌ„gth and being so smal that only a rowle a boulster maye holde together the partes conioyned It shalle suffice that you binde the partes together laying there vpoÌ„ a bowlster or pressure of tow wete in the white of an egge binde it with conuenient bondes so shalt thou nede no other medicine But if it be so greate that binding only suffyceth not then stytch the wound with a square nedle and an euen threde wexed And alwayes let the stitches be odde if it be possible beginning fyrst at the one end of the wounde then at the other ende after that in the middest Then on eche syde of the middle stytch make as many mo as shal be tredeful obseruing that betwene eche stitch be left the space of an vnche that is the bredth of the litle finger or the middle fynger leauinge in the inferior or dependant part of the wounde an open Orifice wherin thou maist put a tent by the whiche the wounde may be expurged And vpon the seame laie pouder made de Vna parte thuris duabus partibus Sanguinis Draconis tribus partibus calcis Viâ—ae and somtime Calx Viua alone shalle serue your neede Vppon the pouder laye a fine clothe dipped in the whyte of an Egge bindinge it with conueniente ligature and boulsters
of the .vii. paier of sinewes of the brayne in the fore parte of the heade commeth .ii. sinewes passing oute of the brayne by the fore parte of the sculle whyche payer doe make one holow coniunction before they passe the sculle after this maner X. and as they passe the sculle are againe deuided in .ii. which doe beare the visible spirite to the Crystalline humore whiche is the Instrumente of sight And yet is holpen in the visible action of the humores Albugineus and Vitreus and also of the .vii. coates One of whiche coates called Vuea is throughe persed whych percinge is called Pupilla wherby the proper coloures formes and figures are sent to the visible spirite throughe a cleare aer Ther are also made outwardlye eye liddes hauynge lacertes to moue them whiche by their closinge defende the eyes from outwarde hurtes and also reste them from laboures and by a smalle passage doe worke theyr actions whiche are to se thinges visible It were verye profytable in thys place to multiplye wordes vpon the declaratyon of the Anatomye of the eyes and exactlye to notifye all diseases that myghte happen vnto them the whyche are very manye But if I shoulde doe so I shoulde passe that bouÌ„des of thys lyttle booke But I wyll geue thee here the cures of infirmities whiche come to the handes of Chirurgiens althoughe not all but some that are coÌ„mon best known as Obtalâ—nia Pruritus Lachrima Scabies Vlcera Maculae Catoracta c. whych all do ofteÌ„ come to that hands of the Chirurgien Of a disease in the eye called Obtalmia Cha. ii OBtalmia is an aposteme or inflation or a course of humores to the eyes whiche somtime is litell somtime greate somtime very greate euel that whiche is litell is made of smale humores and soÌ„time only of an euel whote coÌ„plexion or of the heate of the sunne of duste of smoke or of muche watchinge whiche wil sone be dissolued made whole with temperaâ—er of diete and the white of an egge beaten skummed and so laied to the eyes This medicine is good for burninge heat and rednesse of the eyes wheÌ„ it is but lytell vnto many other infirmities whiche comme of heat because the white of an egge is colde washing apt for collyries hauing a certeine glâ—ines being applyed to the eies whiche is not founde in other symple medicines The greate Obtalmia is when the eye aketh The Coniunctiua being red and the eye vexed with heat sharpnes teares The greatest and worste Obtalmia is that wherin there appeareth no parte of the Coniunctiua but is couered ouer wyth a greate redde fleshinesse the whole eye beinge inflated and also the eie liddes whiche are as it weare reuersed thys doth sone vlcerate the eye In the greater greatest kindes it is necessarye accordinge to their quantities to draw bloude from the Cephalica veyne and also to purge whotte humores geuinge him lastly a diete so sclender as the patiente maye continewe wyth geuinge him also all hys meates actuallye colde and in like manner what so euer is putte into the eye whiche when it waxeth whotte muste be remoued You maye also for thys purpose laye to the eye Collyrium Album distemperatum cum lacte mulieris puellaÌ„ nutrientis And emplaster the eye vntill the inflaÌ„mation be remoued wyth an emplaster made ex Rosarum Albarum Santali Rubriana Vncia Vna Farinae Hordeaceae Vnciis duabus Caphurae drachma Vna distemperatis cum Aqua Rosacea And when the course of humores and the payne is ceased make fomeÌ„tation cum aqua decoctionis Rosarum pauco Sale But if thys helpe not it is nedefulle to aplye therto Collyrium de Thure to maturate it after that Puluerem Citrinum to muÌ„dify it If after the Obtalmia or by the same there be made an vlcer in the eye wherof these are the signes that in Coiunctiua there is a redde poynte and in the cornea is a white poynte Then vse agayne collyrio Albo to aswage the peine or if the Ulcer be so greate that thou feareste the goynge oute of Vuca or that the disease called Bothor shoulde ensue whiche is a certayne eminence appearinge in the eye resemblynge the graine of a grape then shalle Helesâ—r be necessarye whiche is to saye Penetratiuum But if thou feare not thys and wouldest heale the vlcer vse collyrio de plumbo If farthermore after consolidation of the vlcer there do remaine Albula id est Cicatrix you maye cure the same cum collyrio de Stercore Lacerti Collyrium Album Rec. Cerussae Ablutae drachmas decem Sarcocollae grossae drach tres Amyli drach duas Tragacanthae drach vnam Opii drachmae semissem Beate all these well and incorporate them with cleane rayne water Then let it be very well wrought on a marble stone and after make it vp in smalle pelletes lyke lentilles whiche at your times of nede you may temper with the milke of a woman that nourisheth a maideÌ„ childe and administer it wyth a fether Collyrium de Thure Whiche maturateth apostemes of the eyes Rec. Thuris drach x. Antimonii Singulorum drach v. Sarcocollae Singulorum drach v. Croci drach ii Conficiantur cum aqua Foenugraeci ac fiat Collyrium Puluis Citrinus Rec. Sarcocollae drach x. Aloes ana drachmas ii Croci ana drachmas ii Lycii ana drachmas ii Mirrhae drachmam i. Bruse all these together and vse them Confectio Collyrii de Plumbo Whiche mundifieth and healeth the Ulcers of the eies Recipe Plumbi vsti Antimonii Tutiae ablutae aeris vsti GuÌ„mi arabici Tragacanthae SinguloruÌ„ drach viii Opii drachmam dimidiam Confectio Helesir Whiche is to be vsed when thou fearest the eminence of Vuca to passe out or the disease of the eye called Bothor Rec. Antimonii Hematitae ana drach x. Acaciae drach iiii Aloes drach i. Bruse them and forme them after the maner and bignesse of Peper cum succo Verbenae Vel corrigiolae and when nede shal be temper one of theÌ„ wyth the whyte of an egge and applye it Of Itche in the eyes Pruritus called in Englishe Itche beinge in the eie is cured by washinge the eye eueninge and mornynge wyth white wine wherin hathe lyne Aloe Succotrina poudered inclosed in a piece of linen clothe Of Scabbes in the eye Scabies englished scabes if they be lighte and newe are cured by washinge the eie with white wine wherin hathe bene disolued Coperosa siue Vitriolum Romanum Of Teares Lacrymae or teares are cured cuÌ„ collyrio de Mirobalanis whose composition foloweth Rec. Tutiae drach x. Coralli Ossium Mirobalanorum Aloes Succotrinae Sing drach ii Piperis drach dimidium Make these in powder moste subtillye and put therof a litle in the angle of the eye with a fether Of spottes in the eyes Maculae or spottes are remoued cum collyrio de Stercore lacerti made on this wise Rec. de Raspatura Vasorum terraceoruÌ„
I haue knowne certeyne of our contreymen that by geuyng mans bones burned in drinke haue cured in many Epilepsiam and Arthritin all this Galen A great desiccatiue they must nedes be for that burnynge addeth to the bone more drynes whiche was before of his owne nature colde and drye Oua EGges sayth Galen in his boke last cited are not partes of animals but answer in proportion to thynges superfluous or more then nedeful They are made for propagation and perpetuitie and are profitable as for foode Whervnto the egges of Phesantes and hennes are the beste As of the Goose and the Ostriche are the worste Egges that are meanly sodden called therfore Tremula are for nourishment best of all other Sorbilia oua which be sodde in water tyll it be whyte doe nuryshe lesse but are easyer to put downe and smothe the roughnes of the sharpe arterie Sodden egges are of harde concoction of grosse nourishment and are hardly put ouer but grosser and more fumous iuice doe rosted egges make and tary longer in the stomache But fried egges are euery way of worste nurishment and doe corrupte other meates eaten with them Lastly egges prepared with oyle wyne and the sauce Garo and after meanly baked or rosted and called Oua suffocata are better then sodde egges or rosted and are colder then the equall temperament The whyte of the egge is accompted of the number of medicines not byting and is vsed not onely to the eyes but also to all other thynges that require gentyll medicines as ad Vlcera coÌ„tuinacia pudendoruÌ„ acâ—edis so is also the yolke whiche aswageth payne The whole egge is vsed Cum oleo Rosato for inflammations but in all these thynges oughte newe egges to be taken and the olde refused Oua formicarum SO vnspeakable is the careful loue of our merciful God towardes his creatures that he maketh the litle Ante hir egges medicines for their health Thei ar foode for Beares and their egges sayeth Plinie are to them a holsome medicine when they are greued Oxalis 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 so called as well of the Apothecaries as of the Grecians of the sharpe taste that it hath is one of the. iiii kyndes of Rumecis or Lapathi in Dioscorides called also of some 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and commonly Acetosa and is of two kyndes Maior and Minor the first knowne to all the other not so It cooleth with a pleasant sharpnes and is therfore with vs in great vse The iuyce therof cooleth represseth cholericke inflammatioÌ„s of the stomache and the liuer and preserueth from pestilent infections if the leaues be chawed and the iuice swallowed downe as haue dyuers learned men of late practise writen by whose iudgement it is of teÌ„perament colde and drye in the seconde degree Papauer OF Popy with the Grecians called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 there are many kyndes as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. satiuum 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. syluestre 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. fluidum uelerraticum 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 cornutum uel corniculatum 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Spumeum Herculeum of euerye of the whiche there are also diuers kyndes whiche here it were to longe to discusse They doe all coole The whyte seade of Papaueris Satiui prouoketh sleape moderatly and therfore it is eaten in bread and with hony But of the wylde ones the seade of Papaueris fluidi called also Rhoeas because his floures doe sodaynly falle doth coole more myghtyly and therfore can not be vsed alone without hurte That of the kynde of Papaueris syluestri or wylde Popye whiche hath a sittynge bowle hathe in the same a blacke medycinable seade whiche cooleth myghtylye but the seade that is founde in the longe wylde popye bowles is of all other the metest for medicine somniferous and stoppeth suche spyttinges as the cough bryngeth from the lunges and the brest and is conuenient for Catarrhes and thynne destillations from the head It cooleth so muche that it may induce bothe dead sleapes and death also vnwarly vsed for it cooleth in the fourth and last degree Parietaria VUlgarly Muralium because it deliteth to growe on stonewalles Of some Vrceolaris because it serueth well to scowre glasen vessels It is called in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 sayeth Fuchsius of the rough scade therof which wyl hange on mens clothes and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because the byrde Perdix whiche is englyshed the Partriche deliteth to fede theron It constreigneth or bindeth strongly and scoureth awaye with colde moisture and therfore healeth whotte inflammations from the begynnyng to the state and is also layde in Cataplasmatibus ad Phygethlon in the begynning The iuice therof dropped into the eares helpeth their phlegmonous paynes Passula CAlled also Vuapassa and in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 with vs reysons ar grapes prepared by arte as are fygges and therfore sayeth Galen haue Vuae passae the same affinitie with grapes that Caricae haue with figges Whiche beynge made of tame or tylled grapes haue concoctiue adstringente and meane digestiue facultie but the wylde are vehement sharpe and therfore doe purge and scoure the head myghtyly Grapes doe not exquisitly maturate in colde regions muche lesse reysons and as they beyng swete are the whotter so are the sharpe ones colder whiche doe roborate the stomache and constipate the belly and that the tarter the more among the whyche the reysons that are of a meane swetnes keepe a meane constitution In these as there is a moderatiue vertue so haue they also a meane clensinge facultie wherby they put awaye the small gnawynges of the monthe of the stomache If they be not adstryngent they helpe not the lyuer or the splene but the affectes of the brest lunges Of reysons they are beste that are fatte and haue a tender skynne whiche if they be colde are made the better by takyng from them their graynes when they haue been steped in water Though in Cilicia there doe growe reysons bothe full and small without graynes Pes milui It is mencioned vnder the title Flamula Phlegmone 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Id est inflammatio uel collectio 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 hoc esta sanguine dicta written moste commoÌ„ly hithervnto with muche rudenes Flegmon is properly a symple tumore as Galen sayeth and an affecte of the fleshie partes comming of a greater fluxe of bloude then they nede or can naturally susteyne Whiche sweateth through the coates of the veynes lyke a dewe wherin they gather together to them selues a tumore with heate rednes stretching resisting and pulsatiue or beating payne whiche is propre to great inflammations And thus much of the simple tumore For when so euer it chaunceth to haue some portion of anye of the other three humerall tumores adioyned therwith there resulteth a compounde
therfore iudge the same to haue a certeyne lykenes with the heauenly nature And as the world hath two notable lyghtes to gouerne the same namely the Sonne and the Moone so hath the body of man planred lykewyse in the hyghest place twoo lyghtes called eyes whiche are the lyghtes of the body as the Sonne and the Moone are the lyghtes of the worlde And it is also wrytten of some doctors that the brayne hath .vii. concauites being instrumentes of the wyttes which answere vnto the .vii. spheres of the planetes And to be briefe it is a worlde â—o beholde and a wonderful wonder to thynke that as great merueyles maye bee seene wrought by God in nature in this litle worlde man his body as ther is to be considered in any thyng in the vnyuersall great worlde aboue or benethe at any tyme. Secondly it is called a common weale for as muche as there is therin conseyned as it were a ryghteous regiment betwene a prynce and this subiectes as for example Let vs call the harte of maÌ„ a king the brayne and the lyuer the chiefe gouernours vnder hym the stomache and the guttes with other aperteinyng to nutrymente the officers of his courte and all the members vniuersally his subiectes And then let vs see if any man can deuyse any necessary instrument of a common weale nedefull for the wealth of the same from the hyghest to the lowest that the lyke shall not be founde in the body of man as it is so well knowne to all those that trauel in the knowledge of Anatomie that I nede not here muche therof to wryte Can it be perceyued that the hande or the fote or any part of them or such lyke which we may lyken to the labourers or as some call them vyle meÌ„bers of a common weale at any tyme to resiste or rebel against the harte their soueraigne lorde or any other officer vnder hym their superiors no truly The body of man is a common weale without rebellion the kyng so louyng his subiectes and the subiectes so louyng their kyng that the one is euer redy to mynister vnto the other all thynges nedefull as if the harte by any occasion susteyne damage as we may see in the disease called Sincope or swoundyng At suche a tyme I saye the face the handes and the fete are founde colde and without felynge strengthe or lyfe and what proueth it but that as louynge and obedient subiectes they thynke nothyng theyr own wherof the harte hath nede whiche is their lorde and gouernor yea they vtterly depryue theÌ„ selues of altogether to serue and please theyr lord Immediatly as the swoundyng ceaseth the bloude resorteth to the face she handes and the feete are warme agayne as it were benefites done rendered agayne with thankes and ioye And is not suche a lorde and kyng worthye of good subiectes that for the helpe of one of the leaste of them wyl spend all that he hath so long as lyte endureth as if a meÌ„ber be hurte wherby any veyne or artery is cutte the bloud or spirite will issue in suche wyse that it wyll not cease commyng thyther so longe as any is lette if it be not in tyme preuented Oh kynd and gentyll gouernour oh wel wyllyng and obedient subiectes Thirdly the body of man is called in greeke Anthropos in latin by interpretation Arbor euersa as we myght saye in Englysh a tree turned vpside downe For as a tree hath his roote in the earth growyng with his body and branches from the earth vp towardes the heauens so contrariwyse man hath his roote whiche is the head vpwarde towardes the heauens all other partes descendyng downwards to the earth which standeth by good reason that for this cause man of al otherthinges vnder heauen should be most excellent by the vse of reason receiued of the soule and of the same immortalitie most like vnto god Consideryng therfore that the body of man is so precious it shoulde seme that the science that serueth to kepe the same in healthe or to restore health beyng loste to the same should be a thyng of no smal value but rather of great regarde Therfore as I iudge they erre not that esteme the medicinall arte next vnto diuinitie for as muche as diuynitie is the meane wherby the soule is saued chirurgery the meane to saue the body whiche is next in value vnto the soule Wherfore as they which lytle esteme that arte wherof the office is so precious seme very vnwyse and to wante vtterly the vse of reason so is it a great enormitie for any to enterpryse to vse that arte not able to coÌ„prehende the knowledge of the same For the which cause that I myght partly helpe younge studentes as I am one my selfe to the ataynyng of some perfectioÌ„ I haue here gathered a lytle worke conteynyng three shorte treatyses of the Anatomy or dissection of the partes of man his body Wherin I wyl not he so curious as to take vpon me the precise numberyng of euery smal and difficulte parte nor to be exquisite in the dyuersitie of names but only shewyng suche number and names briefly as serue moste to the commodities of the chyrurgiens intelection with an order of conducible notes howe to vse our handy worke of medicine called in greke Chirurgia vpon the body of man or any parte therof whether it be â—ncisions cauterizations bloudlettyng called phlebotomy or ventosing called also cuppyng or boxyng scarification or openyng of apostemes on what parte of the body so euer it be that none error be committed in the same For of the contrary as of the vncunnyng doynges of any of these commeth dyuers dangers as the depriuation and losse both of members and lyfe And as it may euidently apeare for that cause was the cutting out of dead bodies first put in vse and the large volumes wrytten therof by auncient authors declare their intent to be chiefly for that thing So that as Guido affirmeth Anatomy is .ij. wayes to be learned The first and beste by cuttyng of dead bodyes The seconde by doctrine wrytten in bookes Of this later maner we shall by the grace of God in this short treatyse saye a lytle as occasion serueth and as the smalnes of the volume wyll geue me leaue Beyng therto somwhat encouraged by the example of good maister Uâ—carie late sargeante chyrurgien to the queâ—nes highnes Who was the firste that euer wrote a treatyse of Anatomie in Englyshe to the profite of his brethren chirurgiens and the helpe of younge studentes as farre as I can learne Wherin I haue omytted narracion by tables or payntyng out of pyctures thinkyng it more profitable for learners to exercyse the cuttyng out of bodyes them selues then to beholde the grauyng or paynting of others For Galen sayeth in his seconde boke of the vse of partes that whosoeuer wyll be a dyligent beholder of the workes of nature It behoueth hym not to beleue only bokes of Anatomie but rather his owne
precyselye of all for they braunche oute into innumerable braunches tyll they come to the verye smalnesse of heares as it maye be perceyued in the pannicles and some thyn skynnes as the eye lyddes and the skyn of the yarde and diuers other places and are therefore called Venae Capillares Of the Fleshe Chap .ix. NInthelye the fleshe called in Greke Sarx and in Latine Caro â— a symple member and sanguine ingendered of bloude and congeyled by naturall heate therefore it is whotte and moyste of complexion And I vnderstande that there are thre kindes of Fleshe founde in the body of man The fyrste kinde is very or true fleshe wher of there is but lyttle fore founde in the bodye and that is amonge the gummes or tethe and in the heade of the yard The second is vniuersall mixed wyth the muscles â—asertes or brawnes The thirde is founde in knottes and curnels And the profytable vses of the fleshe in the bodye are diuers and many For some are as clothes or garmentes so defende the bodye from distemperaÌ„ce And some defende the bruâ—ynge of harde thynges and other some serue to keepe the bodye moyste and temperate in the time of heate and labor More ouer the true and pure fleshe wherof I spake fyrste serueth to fulfylle the voyde places and is founde in the partes aforesayd And of the vse of musculous fleshe I partly spake afore wher I treated of the chordes or tendones The vse and profitte of the glandulous or curnelly flesh is to turne the bloud which it receyueth into hys owne coloure as the fleshe of the ma◠〈◊〉 or womans brestes turneth the 〈…〉 And as the â—esticles thorow theyr glandulous or 〈◊〉 substance turne the bloude vnto sperms and likewise I reade that the curnels vnder the iawe turne the bloude into â—â—ttell to moist the mouth and the tuâ—ge Oh wonderfull prouidence of nature that ordeyne 〈◊〉 nothynge wythout a special cause 〈…〉 euer one thing serueth in helpe and supply the necessitye and lacke of another Of the fatâ— â–ª The .x. Chapiter TEnthlye the fatte called Pimele and in latyne Seuuâ— is a symple member but not Spermatike And three kyndes of fatnesses are founde in the body namelye Pinguedo Aleps and Axungia That whiche is called in latine Pinguedo is made of a subtill portion of the bloude beynge congeyled together by the coldnesse of the outwarde partes and it is of complexion colde and moiste Insensible and intermedled betwene the skyn and the fleshe Aâ—eps dyffereth not muche from Piâ—guedine sauynge that it is departed from the fleshe and is muche lyke vnto a fatty oyle beinge poured or spreade oute amonge the synewye or thinne skinnye partes that theyr drinesse mighte alwayes be moisted wyth suche naturall lyquor or fatnesse And this Adeps is ingendered oute of the fatter partes of the bloude in Vena porta and spredde forthe by thin and small vaines whych as it approcheth to the colde and drye partes congeyleth to such a thicke substance For the proofe wherof as wel those persons whose bodyes are cold and Phlegmatike as those places that are in bothe moste cold and temperate by their distance from the liuer haue more quantity of fatte then suche as are of hotter complexion or the nygher to the lyuer as wytnesseth Galen in libro 16. de Vsu partium ac in libro 1. de tempera nentis Muche lyke vnto thys is Seuum which yet is somewhat thicker Axungia whiche the Grekes calle Oxyngion is of the kynde of Pinguedo sauinge onlye that it is outwardlye departed from the fleshe where it moysteneth the drye partes by reason of his vnctiousnesse as dothe Adeps in the partes aboue specifyed Of the skyn Cap. xi THe eleuenthe and the laste of the symple members is the skyn whiche is officiall and partly Spermatike stronge and toughe flexible and sensible thyn and temperate and two kyndes of skynnes principallye are found in the body The fyrste is called Panniculus carnosus or membrana carnosa thys skyn be wrappeth all the bodye wythin and vnder the vttermoste skyn And as Galen saythe in libro 3. de anatomicis administrationibus libro 16. de Vsu partium ther commeth vnto thys Fleshye panicle and through it the veines fibres and stringes of the sinewes that nourishe and geue felyng to the outwarde skyn The second skin is that which couereth be wrappeth all the body outwardly and is the very tâ—ue skyn which is properly called in latin Cutis in greke Derma And this skin hathe diuers natures and properties accordynge to the dyuersityes of places in the bodye For as Galen wryteth in hys second booke De Vsu partiâ—â—â— the skin of the palmes of the handes of the soles of the feete of the forheade and allmoste all the face wyth other partes can hardlye be fleyne by reason of the muscles and tendones that are graffed and rooted in it And thys skyn as I reade and learne is throughe the cunnynge of nature made and ordeyned of dyuers and sondrye partes as of Fybres of Nerues of veines and arteries and suche other And thys worke hathe nature wroughte for dyuers causes The one is that therby it myghte be temperate by the hauynge of parte of euerye qualitye Wherby also it obteineth the vertue of felynge and sensible iudgynge of euerye qualitye as excesse of heate or colde c. and myghte therof informe the common wyttes that the partes agreued myghte attayne from them some helpe or succour Another cause is that by the meanes of veynes and arteryes so produced it myghte euer be nouryshed made moyste warmed and comforted Wherby also the partes lying and beyng vnder it inwardlye might be the better preserued And also that woundes vlcers contusions wyth other like chaunces myght be the soner and the easilyer cured healed and closed vp agayne by the reason therof And note that on the vppermost partes of this skin is a very thin insensible rimme or skyn which is of the Grecians called Epidermis and of the Latynes Cuticula or Eflorescentia cutis and ryseth in blisters when the skin is burned scalded or by any meanes excoriated Of the heares and nailes The .xii. Chapter FInally Anatomistes recken the nailes and the heares which yet are no meÌ„bers but rather the superfluityes of members as I sayde in the beginning Whiche superfluityes come of grosse vapores myâ—ed and condescended with viscous matter by reason wherof the pores in the skin suffyce not to auoyde or expell them wherefore they growe forthe in suche harde toughe and dry substances yet thoughe it be true in dede that they are but superfluities of meÌ„bers they haue vses verye necessarye in the bodye The nayles defende the fyngers and the toes from greate bruses and they comely beutifye the fyngers causynge them to take the better holde and serue to clawe and
sette in the highest place of a city and they are called in Greke Ophthalmi and in latine Oculi And they are constitute and made of thre humores vii coates or tunicles after this maner as foloweth First out of that forepart of the braine procedeth ii holow sinewes called Nerui optici whiche as GaleÌ„ declareth in the .iiii. boke de morbo accideÌ„tibus in the first chapiter are holow as a rede that for .ii. principal causes The first is that the visible spirit might passe aptly to the eies The second is that through theÌ„ the forme of visyble thinges might redily be presented to the common wittes they are the fyrste paire of the synewes of the brain And immediatlye after their procedinges they vnite theÌ„ selues into one sole holownes from the holownes they go forth in twaine as they go out at the holes of the scull they be clothed with the .ii. panicies of the braine eche panicle geuing a propre coate of his owne substance vnto them And of these synewes with their two clothinges aforsaid and of the skin couering the scul are br 〈…〉 the forsayd tunicles or orbes in which the .ii. humores are holden and conteined These coates are numbred .vii. by reson of their diuersities in place forme and office as ye shal hear First of the optike sinewes bredeth the most fine and tender tunicle called of Galen backwardly or inwardly Amphiblestrocides in latine Retiformis tunica because it reseÌ„bleth a nette but forwardly or outwardlye it is called in Greke Arachnoeides and in latine Aranea tela because it is like a copweb and herein is holden the cristal humore which is likened of diuers authors to a haile stone and is called in latine Humor Crystallinus Then of Pia mater bredeth a skinne whose inwarde parte because in some poynte it is lyke to Chorion whyche is the seconde birthe couerynge is therefore called in greke Cheroeides and in Latine Secundina but in the forparte it is called in Greke Rhagoeides and in Latine Vuea because there it resembleth the grayne of a grape beynge as some wryte of a blacke coloure A part wherof is planted in the myddest beinge in forme lyke the couer of a morter composed of many fyne streames lyke the heares of the eye lyddes or beames of the Sunne deuyding through that forme the waterye humore before called Aqueus and Albugineus and the glasy humore behynde called Vitreus a sonder and hauynge a rounde hole in the middest conteineth edglynge the crystalline humore muche lyke as the Horizonte comprehendeth the Globe And then the rest of Vâ—â—ea forwarde which hath in the middest a certeyne hole wherin is made the pupille conteyneth in his circuit the humore Vitreus Thirdlye of dura mater is made an other tunicle named in greke Ceratoeides and commonlye in Latine in the hynder parte or inwardlye Scâ—erotica and in the forparte outwardly Cornea because it hathe there the likenesse of a most brighte or cleare lanterne horne and this conteineth within it all these coates and humores all ready sayde Then laste of all of the pannicle Peric anaeum bredeth an other tunicle called Cohaerens â–ª and Agnata and vulgarlye Coniunctiua whiche couereth all the eye sauinge that part of Cornea whiche appeareth in the middest of the eie outward and couereth the Pupilla whiche is the blacke of the eye aboute the whyche is a circuite called Iris or Corona And this Coniunctiua is it that is called the whyte of the eye and the circles of these tunicles in theyr endinges or goinge together in the fore parte of the eye do make the circuite aboue sayde which beinge of diuers and for drye coloures is called Iris because in that propretye it resembleth a rainbowe Thus loe haue I shewed as briefly as may be how and wherof these tunicles are constitute in what manner also and order they conteine the .iii. humores of the eye and for what cause these tunicles are numbred seuen althoughe it maye be as trulye sayde that there are but .iiii. as the ingenious of the wordes afore maye easilye gather And from the seconde coniugation of sinewes of the brayne doe procede the sinewes whiche enter into the makyng of the .vii. muscles wherof the eye hathe power to moue and turne euerye way according to the will In the corners of the eyes are fartharmore curnels by the whyche are ingendered and from the whiche are shedde the teares that at anye time flowe from the eyes after the opinyon of diuers learned Outwardlye also the eyes haue lyddes whose offyces are as well to preserue by winckinge the eyes from hurte outwardlye as also to close them from the lyghte geuyng them rest in tyme of sleape but chieflye of all they defende and couer the eyes from to muche vehemente brightnesse of any lyght or from the sodainnesse therof least the visible light of the eies should therby be coÌ„founded For by thys benefite of liddes the eies are meruailously eased comforted and the syght as it were by renuing refreshed And the veynes that come to the eyes and eie liddes do come brauÌ„chynge from the veine of the temples wherof it appeareth that when anye course of humores as whot bloude or any other moisture doe runne from the brayne and the head into the eyes it shall be profitable to cutte the braunche that commeth from the temple veine ouerthwarte or a crosse for so shall the superfluous course of suche humores be stopped And I fynde also in good authores that the Phlebotomy of the foreheade veyne also of the veines by the nose called Triplices are moste necessarye for to helpe the diseases of the eyes The .vii. Chapiter ¶ Of the vpper and the nether Jawes with the number figure and seuerall offyces of the teethe VNder the eyes in the forparte and vnder the nose is the vpper iawe called Maxilla superior the bones wherof are of diuers authores diuersly nuÌ„bred For Guido aledginge Galen for his authority saythe that there be ix bones in the vpper iawe vnto whome Brunswike consenteth wythoute contradictyon whiche opinyon Geminus thinckinge to disproue reasoneth thus There can not be founde .ix. bones saythe he vnlesse the nether iawe be accounted wyth the vpper and then there shoulde be .x. for the nether iawe is made of .ii. bones wherof I gather that Geminus accompted but .viii. thoughe he after forgettyng him selfe wher he numbereth generally all the bones affirmeth xii But Lanfrancus and Vigo accompte vpon .xiiii. not shewinge their compactions but affirmynge the same to be vnknowne or at the leaste harde to be founde Notwythstandynge Carolus Stephanus notinge their negligence doth proue xv particuler bones in the vpper iawe But that is by accomptinge the Basilare bone among them where the two former authores put it among the bones of the scul so that the number
the growing of sperme into Embrio and of Embrio to a lyuinge creature of delyuerance or byrthe the issuinge of the secundine abortion and the causes therof wyth also all their circumstances as the vartetye of vayne opynyons aboute the number of celles in the wombe the openynge and closinge of the same the course of menstruous termes Wyth also the consection and takinge oute of a lyuinge chylde from a deade woman or a deade childe from a liuing woman I here willingly omyt as thyngs only appertaining to the wise discrete and learned who are wel able to seke the same in suche learned authores as haue largelye and plainelye wrytten thereof and I will procede orderlye to the bones and muscles of these partes Notwithstandinge note this that the fleshe and skynnes of these partes are to be delte wythall to chirurgerye as is to be done with the yarde the coddes and the partes to them nyghe adiacente The .iii. Chapiter ☞ Of the bones of the backe parte of these partes called turnynge ioyntes and the muscles of the belly with theyr forme proprety IMmediatlye after the .xii. rybbes and the spondilles of the brest are ordeyned as I sayde in the firste chapiter of the third part Lumborum uertebrae whiche are the v. spondilles of the reynes And they are fastened and ioyned in the nether part towardes the fundament wyth the brode bone of the rumpe called Platy Hieron in greke in latine Sacrum Latum Amplum whyche after Carolus Stephanus and others is made of .v. bones ye some say of .vi. ioyned by Symphysin How be it Galē saith in li◠▪ de ossibus but of iiii being vnlike in forme to the rest of the spondilles Whervnto at hys inferior partes is the laste gristiye bone of the ridge knytte called in greke Coceyx in latine Os caudae beinge also made of iii. partes The last third part wherof is simply gristly And from euery ii opposite holes of the spondiis is duely brought forth a pair of synewes from the tail or end of the chine goeth forthe but one syne we alone for it hathe but one hole and is therfore called Neruus sine pari And these synewes that come from these v. spondilles come to the making of the muscles of the belly And from the holow veine commeth certeyne braunches of veines to the nurishing of the sayde muscles as from the greate arterye commeth also branches of arteryes vnto the sayde muscles of the belly whych bring quicknesse and heat vnto them And of these muscles of the belly are .viii. as I sayde before of the whyche there be .ii. that come downe straighte a longest the bellye hauinge their begynninge at the sharpe gristle or shielde of the brest and ende at the bones aboue the priuy members called Ossa pectinis and therfore are called Musculi recti Then ther are other two fixed to the rydge whyche goe transuers from the sydes crosse the bredthe of the bellye and therfore are called Musculi transuersi or Laterales Then are there .iiii. that are called Musculi obliqui of the which there are .ii. that are called Obliqui ascendentes because they spreade as it were cater cornered vpwarde and the other ii are called Obliqui descendentes because they crosse slope wise the other .ii. cater cornered downwardes So that the graynes of the descendentes crosse the graynes of the ascēdentes in maner and forme of this letter X. and by the vertues of the longe strayte muscles is made the power attractiue throughe the whyche is drawne downe as well by the intraels as otherwyse all the superfluities of the dygestions as vrine wynde and earthly ercrementes And by the vertues of the transuers muscles is holden the power retentiue wherby all thinges are kepte and conteined til nature hathe wroughte in them her kynde and offyce in digestion And by the oblique muscles is made the power and strengthe to expell auoide and put oute suche voide excrementes as nature willeth to be expelled whether it be vrine ventosity or ordure And note that after Galen in hys treatise De iuuamentis all woundes or incisyens made in the myddest of the bellye are more daungerous then those that are made in the sydes because the partes on the sydes are more apte to be handled to take forth the entraels then the middle partes be And also that the woundes persynge the wombe wyll scarselye receaue incarnation excepte Siphach be stitched to Mirach The .iiii. Chapiter ☞ Of the midriffe and the partes nexte vnder it as the lyuer the gaule the milte wyth the .ii. greate veynes as Porta concana WIthin this holownesse of the belly are the nouryshing members aboue the whyche and vnder the spirituall mēbers is a certeine sinewy member broade and flat wouen together of muscles great arteries and veines and is therfore of Galen numbered amonge muscles of the brest Which doth moue and is caused to moue by the drawing in and out of aer Thys member departeth and deuideth the spirituall mēbers from the nourishynge members and is called of the Grecians Diaphragma or Phrenes and in latine Septum transuersum in Englishe the midriffe Which holdeth his place like the flappe of a bellowes in that operation And when that member is hurte or wounded it is sayde to be incurable and mortall because of hys noble makinge and delicate substance and his nedefull and profitable workinge whyche when it is wounded is made voyde and of none effecte Under the mydryffe is the lyuer set on the ryghte syde called in Greke Hepar and in latine Iecur whyche is a pryncipall member officiall and concernynge his firste creatyon spermatike of substance as it were coagulated bloud And to hym is knyt and bound a lyttle nette which is the roote of all the veines in the bodye bothe inwardlye and outwardlye and he is clothed with a synewy pannicle And of thys nette beyng the spermatike substaunce of the lyuer there is by natures prouidence ingendered .ii. great veynes Whereof the fyrste is called Vena porta Porta Hepatis 〈◊〉 Porta Iecoris from whome proceadeth the number of veines called Meseraicae which are vnto Verae portae as the branches of a tree vnto the roote or stocke of the same The office of whiche veines is to drawe the Chilous iuyce from the bothome of the stomach and diuers guttes to the lyuer where the seconde digestion is made The seconde veyne is called Vena choele or Vena concaua and of some Vena Ramosa And this veyne wyth hys rootes draweth all the bloude from the lyuer caryinge the same by hys vniuersalle branches into all the bodye and in thys veyne wyth hys branches is the thyrde digestion fulfiiled and made From thys Vena Choecle there are certeine veines which goe from hym to the reynes called Venae Emulgentes or
veynes and arteries of whyche it purchaseth nurishmente and lyfe The necke of it passeth for the vnder the bone of the share whiche in his goinge forthe vnto the outmoste partes is made small and the waye of vrine that cometh from it is made in the maner of a greate veine and it entereth the substance of the yarde passynge forthe throughe the fleshe in the lower partes of the bladder and parteth in a maner the fleshe of the yarde in the middest and by that parte goeth oute the vrine In the yard there are .ii. holes though both not through persing the same One passing through by the which vrine is cast out and that is fastened wyth the necke of the bladder The other cominge from the stones entereth the aforesaid by the which the sede of man is cast out And this is fastened wyth the vessels of sperme and is called Eiaculatorium Vas wherof also aboue And in the beginning of the yardes holownesse these two are made one And in the necke of a womans blader there is nothyng soughte nor purchased concernyng knowledge for it is very shorte and strayte and the nature of hir is not caste oute in this maner but commeth à fundo Vteri per ceruicem eius nether dothe the vrine passage helpe anye thynge thereto but serueth onlye for the expulsion of vrine wherein yet both great and small stones are often sene In the ende of the .xii. spondils of the rybbes and vnder the firste spondill of the reines are set the reines or kydneis called in Latine Renes in Greeke Nephroi wythin the holownesse of the bodye the righte kydney beinge euer placed hygher then the lefte Whose offyce is to conuerte the aforesayde whayey substance of bloude conueyed into them by the meanes a lyttle before in the .iiii. chapiter mencyoned into perfecte vryne In echo of the whyche kidneis is a certeine fyne straiuynge waye implanted called of Galen Porus Vreticus throughe whyche the whey of bloude sucked in by Vasa Emulgentia from the holowe veine and greate arterye is conueyed oute of the kidneis into the water pipes called in Greeke Vretheres and in Latine Meatus Vrinarii whyche from thence descende passynge crokedlye downe tyll they be ioyned by the nether endes wyth the vtter skyn nyghe the necke of the bladder percynge also immediatlye the inner skyn thereof Wherof it obteyneth a certayne lyttle couerynge like a flappe resembling bothe in forme and function suche as we see in pumpes and sluces whyche by the fallynge course of vrine is driuen open at the entrance therof into the bladder but after wardes fallynge to agayne it so closelye shutteth the entrance that as Galen saythe not onlye vrine but also ayer is prohibyted to goe backe agayne into the sayde water pype And it is manifest that the synewes of those places come from the spondilles of that parte and the veines and arteries of those members goe as doe the veines of the bellye and the flanke That is to saye after and accordinge to the riuels wrinckles graines and the growinge of heare in those partes And therefore it is good that the incisyons of those places be done after the procedinge of the graines and also openinge of apostemes and workinge wyth cauteryes oughte to be doone in these places in the forsayde maner that we commit none error THE FIFTHE PART OF ANAtomye whiche expresseth the forme and shape of the hanches the thighes the hammes the shynnes and the feete and of the members conteined in them The i. Chapiter ☞ Of the hippes and hanches the grindes the thighes and the knee wyth theyr partes IT behoueth nowe that we speake orderlye of the bones of the hanches or hippes whyche are two in number one on the ryghte syde an other on the lefte fastened by gristles ligameÌ„ts behinde to the holye bone likewise before one wyth an other wheras the vpper partes of theÌ„ bearing vp the guts so named are called Ossa Ilium and vulgarly Anchas and at the nether partes dependynge Ossa pubis or Pectinis where also they are streighter narower together in men then in women Towarde the sydes furthermore outwardlye they haue in eche a manyfest greatnesse wherin is a holownesse called the bore or cuppe of the hippe and there are they called in Greke Ischia and in latine Coxendices Through at whyche boxe passeth a hard and stronge insensible ligament from a muscle lying wythin the share enteringe the rounde ende of the thyghe bone wherby it is therin firmlye fastened Which ligameÌ„t if it be broken by the dislocation of the thighe bone the bone can neuer be restored to endure in hys place nor the ioynte made perfecte gaine Wherfore the chirurgien may helpe the ache payne of the member caused by the dislocatyon but restore it to continue he caÌ„ not for it wil eftsones leape oute againe Outwardlye is thys ioynte bound with strong insensible ligamentes and also wyth synewes Chordes And in the insyde of this ioynte betwene the legges are the emunctorye places called the grindes or shares where as the lyuer hathe his clensinge place in the tyme of Pestilence or anye lyke venemous infection as ye may perceiue by the apostemes there put forthe at suche tymes euen as the harte putteth forthe in the arme holes and the brayne vnder the eares or in the throte And in the grindes are founde certayne curnels or glandulous fleshe euen sâ—che as are founde vnder the iawes and in lyke places Then after the ioyntes of the hyppes are ordeyned the thigh bones called Femora Femina and of some Coxa whych wythin are holow and ful of marow and wythout round and the vpper ende of thys bone as I sayde afore is fastned wyth the cuppe or boxe of the hippe wher as it turneth and moueth in the time of mouing of the thigh legge or foote And the nether ende entereth into the boxe or cuppe of the focill of the shinne and there it is fastened wyth the shinne bones This ioynte is also bounde wyth stronge insensible ligamentes which be ordeined in euery iuncture that the rubbynge or mouinge of the ioyntes should not be felte painfull or vneasye as we sufficientlye haue declared in the firste treatise of the symple members in the third chapiter And vpon this ioynte of the knee in the forparte therof is sette a rounde gristlye bone called in greeke Epigomatis Mola in latine Patella uel Rotula Genu in Englishe the rotule of the knee whose offyce is to defende the ioynte and to make the mouinge therof the more easy The .ii. Chapiter ☞ Of the shynnes of the ancles the feete and the toes the bones and other partes of their composityon with the figure and number of them ANd after the knee are ordeined the .ii. bones of the legge Whyche are fastened after the lengthe in the nether ende wyth the ancle