to it through Scipioes liberalitie or else bicause he thought the time was come that it was the surest way to take part with the ROMANES which were the conquerors It is that Masinissa that afterwards through the goodnes of the ROMANES became the great and mighty king of NVMIDIA and in deede he was diuers wayes a profitable frende vnto the ROMANES Furthermore the selfe same yeare which was the fourteenth of the seconde warre with the AFRICANS SPAYNE was the first nation and people of the vpland men dwelling in the hart of the realme that was conquered vnder the happie conduct of the Viceconful Scipio howbeit it was the last realme that was made a prouince long time after by Augustus Caesar. Now Scipio not contenting him self with the great victories he had obteined in verie short time in SPAYNE for he had an imagination good hope also to cōquer AFRICKE he thought that his best way to make all the meanes he could possible to get Syphax king of the MASAESYLIANS a frend to the ROMANES Wherefore after he had felt the kinges minde perceiuing that he was well inclined to make league with the ROMANES he presently set all his other affaires aside and sailed into AFRIKE with two gallies onely at fiue owers to a bancke At the selfe same time also came Hasdrubal the sonne of Gisgo thither from GADES so that both these valliant lusty Captaines came of purpose to the king enuying one the other to craue the kinges good will vnto their contrie and common wealth Syphax welcomed them both into his Court and did vse them verie honorably and curteouslie and appointed that they should both eate at one table and lye in one selfe chamber bicause the one shoulde not thinke his enterteinment better then the other It is reported that Hasdrubal wondering at the magnanimity and great wisedom of Scipio that was present he considered with him selfe the great daunger the citie of CARTHAGE and all AFRIKE besides was in through that mans meanes for he saw him yet a young man quicke and excellent in all manner of great vertues and that had continuallie obtained such victories and therefore considering the lustie youth of this gentleman he imagined that it was vnpossible to perswade him to imbrace peace rather then warre Besides he was affraied also that Syphax moued by the personage and authoritie of him that was present would take parte with the ROMANES and in deede his minde gaue him rightlie for so it happened For though Syphax at the first shewed him selfe in different to them both and had moued talke to end the warre betwext the ROMANES and the CARTHAGINIANS yet afterwards when Scipio tolde him he coulde conclude no peace without consent of the Senate of ROME he reiected Hasdrubal and inclining to Scipioes request he made league with the people of ROME So Scipio being returned againe into SPAYNE him self partely by force and partely also by L. Martius meanes conquered ILITVRGIVM CASTVLO and certaine other places that refused to yeeld them selues vnto the ROMANES And to the end nothing should be lacking for all kinde of sports and pleasures after he had so fortunatelie obtained so many famous victories when he was come to newe CARTHAGE he caused the fensers to prepare them selues to fight with great pompe where there were many great estates not only to see that pastime but also they them selues to handle the weapons in person But amongest other SPANYARDES of noble houses there were two called Corbis Orsua which were at strife together for the kingdom but that day they ended their quarrell the one being slaine by the others hand The fight was verie lamentable grieuous to the beholders but the death of him that was slaine troubled them much more for they were both cousin germaines After all this Scipio hauing his mind still occupied in matters of greater waight and importance then those which he had already brought to passe he fell sicke His sickenes being caried through all SPAYNE and as it happeneth often his disease being reported to be muche greater and daungerous then it was in deede thereuppon not only the nations of SPAYNE beganne to rise in hope of chaunge but the armie selfe also of the ROMANES the which he had left at SVCRO First of all martiall discipline was corrupted through the absence of the Generall Afterwardes also the report of his sickenes and daunger of his life being spred abroad in the armie raised suche a rebellion among them that some of them litle regarding the authoritie and commaundement of the head Captaines of the bands they draue them away and chose two meane souldiers for their Captaines who presumptuouslie tooke vpon them the name geuen vnto them by men of no authority and yet with more arrogancie made the bundells of roddes and axes to be caried before them Such follie doth furie and vaine ambicion oftentimes worke in mens minds On the other side the SPANYARDS slept not and specially Mandonius and Indibilis who aspiring to the kingdom of SPAYNE came to Scipio when he was conqueror after he had taken newe CARTHAGE But afterwards being offended to see the power of the ROMANES increase daily they sought occasion to make some alteracion So after they had heard not onely of Scipioes sicknes but also how he was at deathes dore and did beleue it they presentlie leauied an armie and went and made warre with the SVBSSITANS which were confederates of the ROMANES But Scipio being recouered againe of his sickenes like as vpon the false rumor of his death euery man beganne to rise euen so after the truth was knowen in deede of his recouerie they were all put downe againe and not a man of them durst proceede any further in their rebellion Scipio being more skilfull in martiall discipline then acquainted with sedition and rebellion although he was maruelously offended with the souldiers that had committed this follie yet in the end least following his anger men should haue thought him to haue exceeded all boundes of reason in punishing of them he referred all vnto the counsell The most parte of them gaue aduise that the authors of the rebellion shoulde be punished and all the rest pardoned for by this meanes sayd they the punishment shall light vpon a few that haue deserued it and all the rest shall take example by them Scipio followed that aduise and presently sent for all the seditious bands to come to new CARTHAGE to receiue their pay The souldiers obeyed his commaundement some of them making their fault lesse then it was as men doe often flatter them selues others also trusting to the Captaines clemencie as knewing him not to be extreame in punishment For Scipio was wont to say that he had rather saue the life of one ROMANE citizen then to kill a thowsand enemies The rumor ranne also that Scipio had an other armie readie the which he looked for to ioyne with them and then
haue a naturall loue towardes her sonne hauinge sucked one milke and bene brought vp together When his sonne was come to age of discretion and that he was able to learne any thinge Cato him selfe did teache him notwithstanding he had a slaue in his house called Chilo a very honest man a good grammarian who did also teach many others but as he sayed him selfe he did not like a slaue should rebuke his sonne nor pull him by the eares when paraduenture he was not apt to take very sodainely that was taught him neither would he haue his sonne bounde to a slaue for so great a matter as that as to haue his learning of him Wherefore he him selfe taught him his grammer the law and to exercise his body not only to throw a dart to play at the sword to vawt to ride a horse and to handle all sortes of weapons but also to fight with fistes to abide colde and heate and to swimme ouer a swift running riuer He sayed moreouer that he wrote goodly histories in great letters with his owne hande bicause his sonne might learne in his fathers house the vertues of good men in times past that he taking example by their doinges should frame his life to excell them He sayed also that he tooke as great heede of speaking any fowle or vncomely wordes before his sonne as he would haue done if he had bene before the Vestall Nunnes He neuer was in the whotte house with his sonne for it was a common vse with the ROMAINES at that time that the sonnes in law did not bathe them selues with their fathers in law but were ashamed to see one an other naked But afterwardes they hauinge learned of the GREEKES to wash them selues naked with men it taught them also to be naked in the bathe euen with their wiues There lacked no towardlines nor good disposition in Catoes sonne to frame him selfe vertuous for he was of so good a nature that he shewed him selfe willing to followe whatsoeuer his father had taught him Howebeit he was such a weake pulinge that he coulde not away with much hardnesse and therefore his father was contented not to binde him to that straight and painfull life which him selfe had kept Yet he became valliant in the warres For he fought maruelous stowtely in the battell in which Perseus the kinge of MACEDON was ouerthrowen by Paulus AEmylius where his sword being striken out of his hand with a great blow that lightned on it and by reason his hand was somwhat sweaty besides he fell into a great fury and prayed of his frendes about him to recouer it So they all together ranne vppon the enemies in that place where his sword fell out of his hande and came in so fiercely on them that they made lane through them and clearing the place found it in the end but with much a do being vnder such a heape of dead bodies and other weapons as well ROMAINES as MACEDONIANS one lying on an other Paulus AEmylius the Generall hearing of this act of his did highly coÌ„mende the younge man And at this day there is a letter extant from Cato to his sonne in the which he praiseth this worthy fact and toile of his for the recoueringe of his sworde againe Afterwardes this Cato the younger maried Tertia one of Paulus AEmylius daughters and sister vnto Scipio the seconde and so was matched in this noble house not onely for his own vertues sake but for respect of his fathers dignity authority wherby the great care paines and study that Cato the father tooke in bringing vp his sonne in vertue and learninge was honorably rewarded in the happy bestowing of his sonne He euer had a great number of young litle slaues which he bought when any would sell their prisoners in the warres He did choose them thus young bicause they were apt yet to learne any thinge he would traine them vnto and that a man might breake them like young coltes or litle whelpes But none of them all how many soeuer he had did euer goe to any mans house but when him selfe or his wife did sende them If any man asked them what Cato did they aunswered they coulde not tell And when they were within either they must needes be occupied about somewhat or else they must sleepe for he loued them well that were sleepy holdinge opinion that slaues that loued sleepe were more tractable and willing to do any thing a man would set them to then those that were waking And bicause he thought that nothing more did prouoke slaues to mischiefe and naughtines then lust and desire of women he was contented his slaues might company with his bondewomen in his house for a peece of money he appointed them to pay but with straight commaundement besides that none of them should deale with any other woman abroade At the first when he gaue him selfe to follow the warres and was not greatly rich he neuer was angry for any fault his seruauntes did about his persone saying it was a fowle thing for a gentleman or noble man to fall out with his seruauntes for his belly Afterwardes as he rose to better state and grew to be wealthier if he had made a dinner or supper for any of his frendes and familiars they were no sooner gone but he woulde scourge them with whippes and leather thonges that had not waited as they should haue done at the borde or had forgotten any thing he would haue had done He would euer craftily make one of them fall out with an other for he could not abide they should be frendes beinge euer iealous of that If any of them had done a fault that deserued death he would declare his offence before them all and then if they condemned him to dye he would put him to death before them all Howebeit in his latter time he grewe greedy and gaue vp his tillage sayinge it was rather pleasaunt then profitable Therfore bicause he would lay out his money surely and bring a certaine reneâ—â—nâ— to his purse he bestowed it vppon pondes naturall hotte bathes places fit for fullers craft vpon meadowes and pastures vpon copises and young wodde and of all these he made a great and a more quiet reuenue yearely which he would say Iupiter him selfe could not diminishe Furthermore he was a great vserer both by land and by sea and the vsery he tooke by sea was most extreame of all other for he vsed it in this sorte He would haue them to whome he lent his money vnto that traffiked by sea to haue many parteners and to the number of fifty and that they should haue so many shippes Then he would venter among them for a parte onely whereof Quintius his slaue whom he had manumised was made his factor and vsed to sayle and traffiked with the marchaunts to whom he had lent his money out to vsery And thus he did not venter all the money he lent
the election of the number of the three hundred Who departing home to his house mery and iocond as might be sayed It did him good to see there were three hundred founde better in the cittie than him selfe Pisistratidas also being sent ambassadour with certen other to the lieutenants of the king of PERSIA the PERSIAN lordes asked him if they came of their owne desire or whether they were sent from the whole state if we obtaine sayed he it is from the state if we be denied then we come of our selues And Argileonida the mother of Brasidas asked some that went to visite her after they were returned home to LACEDAEMON from their iorney to AMPHIPOLIS if her sonne died like a man and a worthy SPARTAN And they straight did commend him highely saying there was not left in all LACEDAEMON suche a valliant man She replied vnto them Saye not so my friends I praye you for Brasidas was in dede a valliant man but the country of LACONIA hath many moe yet vallianter than he was Now touching their Senate Lycurgus was the first that erected it among them The first that were thereof were Lycurgus chief ayders assisters of that erection as we haue declared before but afterwards he ordeined that when any of those first should happen to dye they should choose in his place the most honest reported man in the cittie so he were three score yere olde and aboue This was the noblest glorie that could be among men when a man bare the bell and prise not that he was swiftest among the swift nor strongest amongest the strong but that he among the honest was honestest He had the reward of his vertue as for libertie to speake soueraine authoritie to gouerne and princely power ouer the common weale the honour the life and the goodes of the whole cittizens howbeit the election was made after this sorte The people first assembled in the marketplace where there were some appointed and shut vp thereabout in a house from whēce they could neither see nor be seene of those that were assembled but onely they might heare the noyse which they made there For the people by their crye and showte did declare whom they did choose and whom they did refuse of the competitours as they vsed to shewe their liking by the like crye in other things The competitours were not brought in and presented all together but one after another in order as by lot did fall out He on whom the lot fell passed through the middest of the assemblie of the people and sayed neuer a worde The people straight that liked made a crye or showte alowde The men appointed which were locked vp had bookes or tables in which they wrote and noted the greatnes of the crye and showte the people made as euery competitour passed by not knowing nor seing who he was These hidden men did onely set downe in their bookes the first the second the thirde and so many more as by showtes and cryes they perceyued dyd passe thus through the assemblie They noted also in their said bookes which of these had the greatest crye and showte of people at their passing thorough and him they came and declared to be Senatour chosen Then he wearing a garland of flowers on his head went to all the temples of the goddes in the cittie to geue thankes hauing a great traine of young men following and praysing of his vertues There went also with him a maruelous company of women singing songes of his prayse and howe blessed he was that he had liued so vertuously Then euery one of his kinne prepared a bancket for him at home at their houses and as he entred the house they sayed vnto him The cittie honoreth thee vvith this bancket That done he repayred afterwards to the ordinarie place of their eating where he dyd in all things as he was accustomed sauing he was serued nowe at his table with a double allowance whereof he reserued the one After supper all his kinsewomen stoode in the entrie of the hall where they had eaten so he called her whom he loued best and gaue her his allowaunce he had saued and sayed to her This was geuen me in token I was this daye rewarded for my vertue and euen so I geue it thee for a like token of rewarde for thy vertue Then was she brought home by all the women there to her house euen in like sorte as he was by the men Touching burialles Lycurgus made a wise order For first of all to cut of all superstition of burying places he commaunded they should burie their dead within the cittie that their graues should be round about their temples that young persones might haue them allwayes in their eyes not be affrayed to see a deadbodye as if to touche a corse or to passe by their graues it should defile a man Then did he forbid them to burie any thing with the corse and willed they should only lappe it vp in a redde clothe with oliue leaues It was not lawfull to graue the name of any dead bodye vpon his graue but only of suche a man as died in the warres or of some holy woman professed into their temples Furthermore the time appointed to mourne in was very shorte For it lasted not but a eleuen dayes and on the twelft daye they must doe sacrifice to Proserpina and so leaue of their mourning To conclude he left nothing idle or vnworking in his citizens for to all necessarie things which men can not lacke Lycurgus ioyned euer a certaine emulation of men As to desire vertue and to contemne vice and furnished his cittie with many good preceptes and examples emong which his cittizens being still borne and bred vp and hauing the same in euery place before their eyes where they went they came to passe in time to be framed after the very patterne and moulde of vertue it selfe For this cause he did not suffer any to trauell out of the countrie or to goe abroad as he would without speciall licence for feare least those which trauelled abroad for their pleasure should bring home straunge facions and manners and a corrupt disordered life which by litle and litle might get waye and bring an alteration and chaunge of the whole state Furthermore he kept out of SPARTA all straungers except those which had necessarie busines there or were come thither for some profit to the countrie not that he was affrayed they should learne some thing whereby to loue vertue or that they should desire to followe his facion and manner of gouernment as Thucydides was but rather fearing they should teache his citizens some naughty manners or some ill fauored vice For it must needes be that straungers bring euerstraunge and newe deuises with them which newe deuises bring with them also newe opinions and newe opinions beget newe affections and mindes that many times are repugnant to the lawe and to the forme of the
incontinently hauing liued as honorably and vertuously all the dayes of his life as any man liuing might doe The people then tooke order for his funeralles that the charges thereof should be defrayed by the citie as if they had neuer done him any honour in his life and that they had bene still debters vnto him for the noble seruice he had done vnto the state and common weale whilest he liued Therefore towardes his funeralle charges euery citizen gaue a pece of money called a Quatrine The women also for their parte to honour his funeralles agreed among them selues to mourne a whole yere in blackes for him which was a great and honorable memoriall He was buried also by expresse order of the people within the cittie in the streate called Velia and they graunted priuiledge also vnto all his posteritie to be buried in the selfe same place Howbeit they doe no more burie any of his there But when any dye they bring the corse vnto this place and one holding a torche burning in his hande doth put it vnder the place and take it straight awaye againe to shewe that they haue libertie to burie him there but that they willingly refuse this honour and this done they carie the corse awaye againe THE COMPARISON OF Solon with Publicola NOWE presently to compare these two personages together it seemeth they both had one vertue in them which is not founde in any other of their liues which we haue written of before And the same is that the one hath bene a witnes and the other a follower of him to whom he was like So as the sentence that Solon spake to king Croesus touching Tellus felicitie happines might haue better bene applied vnto Publicola than to Tellus whom he iudged to be very happy bicause he dyed honorably he had liued vertuously and had left behinde him goodly children And yet Solon speaketh nothing of his excellencie or vertue in any of his poemes neither dyd he euer beare any honorable office in all his time nor yet left any children that caried any great fame or renowme after his death Whereas Publicola so long as he liued was allwayes the chief man amongest the ROMAINES of credit and authoritie and afterwards since his death certaine of the noblest families and most auncient houses of ROME in these our dayes as the Publicoles the Messales the VALERIANS for six hundred yeres continuance doe referre the glorie of the nobilitie aunciētie of their house vnto him Furthermore Tellus was slaine by his enemies fighting valliantly like a worthy honest man But Publicola died after he had slaine his enemies which is farre more great good happe then to be slaine For after he as generall had honorably served his country in the warres had left them conquerers hauing in his life time receyued all honours triumphes due vnto his seruice he attained to that happy end of life which Solon accompted esteemed most happy blessed Also in wishing manner he would his end should be lamented to his prayse in a place where he confuteth Mimnermus about the continuaunce of mans life by saying Let not my death vvithout lamenting passe But rather let my friendes bevvayle the same VVhose grieuous teares and cries of out alas maye ofte resound the Eccho of my name If that be good happe then most happy maketh he Publicola for at his death not only his friends and kinsefolkes but the whole cittie also and many a thousand persone besides dyd bitterly bewayle the losse of him For all the women of ROME dyd mourne for him in blacks and dyd most pittiefully lament his death as euery one of them had lost either father brother or husband True it is that I couet goodes to haue but yet so got as maye me not depraue Solon sayeth this bicause vengeance followed ill gotten good And Publicola tooke great heede not only to get his goodes most iustly but had regarde that those which he had he spent most honestly in helping the needie So that if Solon was iustly reputed the wisest man we must needes confesse also that Publicola was the happiest For what the one desired for the greatest and most perfect good a man can haue in this worlde the other hath wonne it kept it and vsed it all his life time vntill the hower of his death And thus hath Solon honoured Publicola and Publicola hath done like vnto Solon shewing him self a perfect example and looking glasse where men maye see howe to gouerne a popular state when he made his Confulshippe voyde of all pride stately shewe and became him self affable curteous and beloued of euerie bodie So tooke he profit by many of his lawes As when he ordeined that the people only should haue authoritie to choose and create all common officers and magistrates and that they might appeale from any iudge to the people as Solon when he suffered them to appeale vnto the iudges of the people In deede Publicola dyd not create any newe Senate as Solon dyd but he dyd augment the first number with as many persones almost as there were before He dyd also first erect the office of Quastores for keeping of all fines taxes and other collections of money Bicause the chiefest magistrate if he were an honest man should not for so light an occasion be taken from the care of better and more weightie affayers and if he were wickedly geuen and ill disposed that he should haue no such meane or occasion to worke his wicked will by hauing the treasure of the cittie in his handes and to commaund what he lyst Moreouer in hating the tyrānes Publicola therein was farre more sharpe terrible For Solon in his lawes punished him that went about to make him selfe tyranne yet after he was conuicted thereof by lawe but Publicola ordeined that they should kill him before the lawe dyd passe on him that sought to be king And where Solon iustly and truely vaunteth him self that being offered to be King Lord of ATHENS and that with the whole consent of the citizens yet be dyd notwithstanding refuse it This vaunte and glorie is as due vnto Publicola who finding the dignitie of a Consul tyrannicall he brought it to be more lowly and favour 〈…〉 people not taking vpon him all the authoritie he might lawfully haue done And it seemeth that Solon knewe before him what was the true and direct waye to gouerne a common weale vprightly For he sayeth in one place Both great and small of povver the better vvill obaye if vve to little or to much vpon them doe not laye The discharging of dettes was proper to Solon which was a full confirmation of libertie For litle preuayleth lawe to make equalitie among cittizens when dettes doe hinder the poore people to enioye the benefit thereof And where it seemeth that they haue most libertie as in that they maye be chosen iudges and officers to speake their opinion in the counsell and geue
preseruing charme the women had tyed as a carkanet about his necke to let him vnderstand he was very ill since he suffered them to apply suche a foolishe bable to him In the ende Pericles drawing fast vnto his death the Nobilitie of the cittie and such his friendes as were left aliue standing about his bed beganne to speake of his vertue and of the great authoritie he had borne considering the greatnes of his noble actes and counting the number of his victories he had wonne for he had wonne nine foughten battells being generall of the ATHENIANS and had set vp so many tokens and triumphes in honour of his countrie they reckoned vp among them selues all these matters as if he had not vnderstoode them imagining his sences had bene gone But he contrarilie being yet of perfect memorie heard all what they had sayed and thus he beganne to speake vnto them That he marueled why they had so highly praysed that in him which was common to many other captaines and wherein fortune delt with them in equalitie a like and all this while they had forgotten to speake of the best most notable thing that was in him which was that no ATHENIAN had euer worne blacke gowne through his occasion And suer so was he a noble and worthie persone For he dyd not only shewe him selfe mercifull and curteous euen in most weightie matters of gouernment among so enuious people and hatefull enemies but he had this iudgement also to thincke that the most noble actes he dyd were these that he neuer gaue him selfe vnto hatred enuie nor choller to be reuenged of his most mortall enemie without mercy shewed towardes him though he had committed vnto him suche absolute power and sole gouernment among them And this made his surname to be Olympius as to saye diuine or celestiall which otherwise for him had bene to prowde and arrogant a name bicause he was of so good and gentle a nature and for that in so great libertie he had kept cleane handes vndefiled euen as we esteeme the goddes authors of all good and causers of no ill and so worthy to gouerne and rule the whole monarchie of the world And not as Poets saye which doe confounde our wittes by their follies and fonde faynings and are also contrarie to them felues considering that they call heauen which conteineth the goddes the euerlasting seate which trembleth not and is not driuen nor moued with windes neither is darkened with clowdes but is allwayes bright and cleare and at all times shyning equally with a pure bright light as being the only habitation and mansion place of the eternall God only happy and immortall And afterwardes they describe it them selues full of dissentions of enmities of anger and passions which doe nothing become wise and learned men But this discourse peraduenture would be better spoken of in some other booke Nowe the troubles the ATHENIANS felt immediatly after Pericles death made them then lament the losse of so noble a member For those who vnpaciently dyd brooke his great authoritie while he liued bicause it drowned their owne when they came after his death to proue other speakers and gouernours they were compelled then to confesse that no mans nature liuing could be more moderate nor graue with lenitie and mercie then his was And that most hated power which in his life time they called monarchie dyd then most plainely appeare vnto them to haue bene the manifest ramper and bullwarke of the safetie of their whole state and common weale suche corruption and vice in gouernment of the state dyd then spring vp immediatly after his death which when he was aliue he dyd euer suppresse and keepe vnder in suche sorte that either it dyd not appeare at all or at the least it came not to that hed and libertie that suche faultes were committed as were vnpossible to be remedied The ende of Pericles life THE LIFE OF Fabius Maximus HAVING already declared vnto you such things worthy memorie as we could collect and gather of the life of Pericles it is nowe good time we should proceede to write also of the life of Fabius Maximus It is sayed the first Fabius from whom the house and familie of the Fabians dyd descend being the greatest noblest house of all other in ROME was begotten by Herculos whom he gatte of a Nymphe or as other saye a woman of the coūtrie by the riuer of Tyber And some saye that the first of this house were called at the beginning Fodians bicause they dyd hunte wilde beastes with pittefalles and ditches For vnto this present the ROMAINES call ditches Fossae and to digge Fodere Since that time the two second letters haue bene chaunged and they haue called them Fabians But howsoeuer it was this is certaine that many noble men haue come out of that house and among other there was one of that house called Fabius Rullus whom the ROMAINES for his noble actes dyd surname Maximus very great After him Fabius Maximus whose life we haue now in hande was the fourth lineally descended of the same line and he was surnamed Verrucosus bicause of a certen birth marke he had vpon one of his lippes like a litle warte And he was also surnamed Ouicula a litle lamme for his softnes slownes and grauity of his doings whilest he was a childe But bicause of nature he was dull still and very silent and that he was seldome seene to playe at any pastime among the boyes and for that they sawe he was but of slowe capacitie and hard to learne and conceyue and withall that the boyes might doe to him what they would he was so lowly to his fellowes this made men iudge that looked not into him that he would proue a very foole and nigeot Yet other were of contrarie opinion of him who considering more deepely the man perceyued in his nature a certen secret constancie the maiestie of a lyon But Fabius selfe when he was called to serue the common weale dyd quickely shewe to the world that which they tooke for dullnes in him was his grauitie which neuer altered for no cause or respect and that which other iudged fearefullnes in him was very wisedome And where he shewed him selfe not hastie nor sodaine in any thing it was found in him an assured and setled constancie Wherefore when he came to consider the great soueraintie of their common weale and the continuall warres it was in he dyd vse his bodie to all hardnes and brought vp him selfe therewithall that he might be the better able to serue in the field and he gaue him selfe much to eloquence also as a necessary instrument to persuade souldiers vnto reason His tongue likewise dyd agree with his conditions and manner of life For he had no manner of affectation nor counterfeate finenes in his speach but his words were euer very graue and profounde and his sentences euen grafte in him by nature and as some saye were
the prisoners taken of either side For it was articled betweene them that they should chaunge prisoners deliuering man for man or els two hundred and fiftie siluer drachmas for a man if the one chaunced to haue moe prisoners then the other When exchaunge was made betweene them it appeared that Hannibal had left in his handes of ROMAINE prisoners two hundred and fortie moe then Fabius had to exchaunge of his The Senate cōmaunded there should be no money sent to redeeme them and greatly founde faulte with Fabius for making this accorde bicause it was neither honorable nor profitable for the common weale to redeeme men that cowardly suffered them selues to be taken prisoners of their enemies Fabius vnderstanding it dyd paciently beare this displeasure conceyued against him by the Senate Howbeit hauing no money and meaning to keepe his worde and not to leaue the poore citizens prisoners behinde him he sent his sonne to ROME with commission to sell his landes and to bring him money immediatly The young man went his waye to ROME and sold his fathers farmes and brought him money forthwith to the campe Fabius therewith redeemed the prisoners and sent their ransome vnto Hannibal Many of the prisoners whom he had redeemed offred to repaye him their ransome but he would neuer take any thing againe and gaue them all their ransome freely Afterwards being called to ROME by the priestes to doe certaine solemne sacrifices he left the armie in charge with Minutius to gouerne the same in his absence with condition not to set vpon the enemie nor to fight with him at all the which not only by his authoritie he dyd expressely forbid him but also as his very friende he dyd warne and intreate him in no wise to attempt Howbeit Minutius litle regarding his commaundementes or requestes so sorte as Fabius backe was turned beganne to be somewhat lustie and doing with his enemies So one daye amongest the rest Minutius perceyuing Hannibal had sent a great parte of his armie abroade to forrage and get vittells came and set vpon them that remained behinde and draue them into their campe with great slaughter and dyd put them in a maruelous feare that were saued as men that looked for no lesse but to haue bene besieged in their campe Afterwardes also when their whole armie came together againe he retired backe in spight of them all and lost not a man This exploite set Minutius in a pryde and brought the souldiers to be more rashe then they were before The newes of this ouerthrowe went with speede to ROME and there they made it a great deale more then it was Fabius hearing of it sayed he was more afeard of Minutius prosperitie then of his owne aduersitie But the common people reioyced maruelosly and made great shewe of ioye vp and downe the market place Whereupon Metellus one of the Tribunes going vp into the pulpit made an oration vnto the people in the which he highely magnified Minutius and commended his corage and contrarily charged Fabius no more of cowardlines but with flat treason Furthermore he dyd accuse the Nobilitie and greatest men of ROME saying that from the first beginning they had layed a platte to drawe these warres out at length only to destroye the peoples power and authoritie hauing brought the whole common weale to the state of a monarchy and into the handes of a priuate persone Who by his remissenes and delayes would geue Hannibal leysure to plante him selfe in ITALIE and by time geue open passage to the CARTHAGINIANS at their pleasure to send Hannibal a second ayde and armie to make a full conquest of all ITALIE Fabius hearing these wordes rose vp straight and spake to the people and taried not about the aunswering of the accusations the Tribune had burdened him withall but prayed them they would dispatche these sacrifices and ceremonies of the goddes that he might spedilie returne againe to the campe to punishe Minutius for breaking his commaundement in fighting with the enemie He had no soner spoken these wordes but there rose a maruelous tumulte and hurly burley presently among the people for the daunger Minutius stoode in then bicause the Dictator had absolute power and authoritie to imprisone and put to death whom he thought good without ordinary course of lawe or araynement Moreouer they dyd iudge since Fabius had alate left his accustomed mildnes and affabilitie that he would growe to such seueritie in his anger that it would be a hard thing to appease him Wherefore euery man held their peace for feare sauing only Metellus the Tribune He hauing authoritie by vertue of his office to saye what he thought good and who only of all other kept still his place and authoritie when any Dictator was chosen then all the officers that were put down instantly besought the people not to forsake Minutius nor to suffer the like to be done to him as Manlius Torquatus dyd alate to his sonne who strake of his head after he had valliantly fought with his enemies and ouercomed them for breaking his commaundement And beganne to persuade them further to take this tyrānicall power of the Dictatorshippe from Fabius and to put their affayers into the handes of him that would and could tell howe to bring them safely to passe The people were tickled maruelously with these seditious wordes but yet they durst not force Fabius to resigne his Dictatorshippe though they hare him great grudge and were angrie with him in their hartes Howbeit they ordeined that Minutius thenceforth should haue equall power and authoritie with the Dictator in the warres a thing that was neuer seene nor heard of before and yet the very same done in that sorte againe after the battell of Cannes For Marcus Iunius being at that time Dictator in the campe they dyd choose another Dictator at ROME which was Fabius Buteo to name and create newe Senators in the place of those that were slaine in the battell But after he had named them and restored the full number againe of the counsell of the Senate he discharged the selfe same daye the sergeants that caried the axes before him and sent awaye the traine that waited vpon him and dyd so put him selfe in prease of the people in the market place and followed his owne peculiar busines as a priuate persone Nowe the ROMAINES imagined that when Fabius should see howe they had made Minutius equall in authoritie with him it would greue him to harte for very anger but they came shorte to iudge of his nature for he dyd not thincke that their folly should hurte or dishonour him at all But as wise Diogenes aunswered one that sayed vnto him looke they mocke thee tushe sayd he they mocke not me Meaning thereby that he tooke them to be mocked that were offended with their mockes Thus Fabius tooke euery thing quietly that the people offered him and dyd comfort him selfe with the philosophers rules and examples who
a lyon Another time being but a litle boye he played at skayles in the middest of the streete with other of his companions and when his turne came about to throwe there came a carte loden by chaunce that waye Alcibiades prayed the carter to staye a while vntill he had played out his game bicause the skailes were set right in the high way where the carte should passe ouer The carter was a stubborne knaue and would not staye for any request the boye could make but draue his horse on still in so much as other boyes gaue backe to let him goe on but Alcibiades fell flat to the grounde before the carte and bad the carter driue ouer and he durste The carter being afeard plucked backe his horse to staye them the neighbours flighted to see the daunger ranne to the boye in all hast crying out Afterwards when he was put to schoole to learne he was very obedient to all his masters that taught him any thing sauing that he disdained to learne to playe of the flute or recorder saying that it was no gentlemanly qualitie For sayed he to playe on the vyoll with a sticke doth not alter mans fauour nor disgraceth any gentleman but otherwise to playe on the flute his countenaunce altereth and chaungeth so ofte that his familliar friends can scant knowe him Moreouer the harpe or vyoll doth not let him that playeth on them from speaking or singing as he playeth where he that playeth on the flute holdeth his mouth so harde to it that it taketh not only his wordes from him but his voyce Therefore sayed he let the children of the THEBANS playe on the flute that cannot tell howe to speake as for vs ATHENIANS we haue as our forefathers tell vs for protect ours and patrones of our countrie and goddesse Pallas and the god Apollo of the which the one in olde time as it is sayed brake the flute and the other pulled his skinne ouer his eares that played vpon the flute Thus Alcibiades alledging these reasons partely in sporte and partely in good earnest dyd not only him selfe leaue to learne to playe on the flute but he turned his companions mindes also quite from it For these wordes of Alcibiades ranne from boye to boye incontinently that Alcibiades had reason to despise playing of the flute and that he mocked all those that learned to play of it So afterwards it fell out at ATHENS that teaching to playe of the flute was put out of the number of honest and liberall exercises and the flute it selfe was thought a vile instrument and of no reputation Furthermore in the accusations Antiphon wrote against Alcibiades it is declared that when he was a boye he fled out of his tutours house into the house of Democrates one of his louers and howe Ariphron one of his tutours thought to haue made a beadle crie him through the cittie But Pericles would not suffer him saying that if he were dead they should knowe it but one daye sooner by crying of him and if he were aliue that it would be such a shame to him while he liued that he had bene better he had neuer bene heard of againe The same Antiphon accuseth him further that he had killed a seruaunt of his that attended on him in the wrestling place of Sibyrtius with a blowe of a staffe But there is no reason to credit his writing who confesseth he speaketh all the ill he can of him for the ill will he dyd beare him Now straight there were many great riche men that made muche of Alcibiades and were glad to get his good will. But Socrates loue vnto him had another ende and cause which witnessed that Alcibiades had a naturall inclination to vertue Who perceyuing that vertue dyd appeare in him and was ioyned with the other beawtie of his face and bodye and fearing the corruption of riches dignitie and authoritie and the great number of his companions aswell of the chiefest of the cittie as of straungers seeking to entise him by flatterie and by many other pleasures he tooke vpon him to protect him from them all and not to suffer so goodly an ympe to lose the hope of the good fruite of his youthe For fortune doth neuer so intangle nor snare a man without with that which they commonly call riches as to let hinder him so that philosophie should not take holde on him with her free severe and quicke reasons So Alcibiades was at the beginning assayed with all delightes and shut vp as it were in their companie that feasted him with all pleasures only to turne him that he should not hearken to Socrates wordes who sought to bring him vp at his charge and to teach him But Alcibiades notwithstanding hauing a good naturall wit knewe that Socrates was and went to him refusing the companie of all his riche friendes and their flatteries and fell in a kinde of familliar friendshippe with Socrates Whom when he had heard speake he noted his wordes very well that they were no persuasions of a man seeking his dishonesty but one that gaue him good counsell went about to reforme his faultes and imperfections and to plucke downe the pride and presumption that was in him then as the common prouerbe sayeth Like to the crauen cocke he drovvped dovvne his vvinges vvhich covvardly doth ronne avvaye or from the pit out flinges And dyd thinke with selfe that all Socrates loue and following of young men was in dede a thing sent from the goddes and ordeined aboue for them whom they would haue preserued put into the pathe waye of honour Therefore be beganne to despise him selfe and greatly to reuerēce Socrates taking pleasure of his good vsing of him much imbraced his vertue so as he had he wist not howe an image of loue grauen in his harte or rather as Plato sayeth a mutuall loue to wit an holy honest affection towards Socrates Insomuch as all the world wondred at Alcibiades to see him commonly at Socrates borde to playe to wrestle to lodge in the warres with Socrates and contrarily to chide his other well willers who could not so much as haue a good looke at his handes and besides became daungerous to some as it is sayed he was vnto Anytus the sonne of Anthemion being one of those that loued him well Anytus making good cheere to certen straungers his friendes that were come to see him went and prayed Alcibiades to come and make merie with them but he refused to goe For he went to make merie with certen of his companions at his own house and after he had well taken in his cuppes he went to Anytus house to counterfeate the foole amongest them and staying at the halle doore and seeing Anytus table and cubberd full of plate of siluer gold he commaunded his seruants to take awaye half of it and carie it home to his house But when he had thus taken his pleasure he would come
Aristides drew very neere him in reputacion and creditte bicause he did very good seruice in obtaining the victorie specially when he agreed with Miltiades in counsaill to geue battell apon the barbarous people and also when he willingly gaue Miltiades the whole rule and order of the army For euery one of the tenne Captaines did by turnes leade the whole army for one whole day and when Aristides turne came about he gaue his preferment thereof vnto Miltiades teaching his other companions that it was no shame but honor for them to be ruled by the wisest Thus by his example he appealed all strife that might haue growen amonge them and perswaded them all to be contented to follow his direction and counsaill that had best experience in warre And so he did much aduaunce Miltiades honor For after that Aristides had once yelded his authority vnto him euery one of the rest did the like when it came to their turne and so they all submitted them selues vnto his rule and leading But on the day of the battel the place where the ATHENIANS were most combred was in the middest of the battell where they had set the tribes of the Leontides and of Antiochides for thither the barbarous people did bend all their force and made their greatest fight in that place By which occasion Themistocles and Aristides fighting one hard by an other for that the one was of the tribe Leontides and the other of Antiochides they valiantly fought it out with the enemies enuying one an other so as the barbarous people at the last being ouerthrowen they made them flie and draue them to their shippes But when they were imbarked gone the Captaines of the ATHENIANS perceiuing they made not towardes the Iles which was their direct course to returne into ASIA but that they were driuen backe by storme of winde and pyrries of the sea towardes the coast of ATTICA and the city of ATHENS fearinge least they might finde ATHENS vnfurnished for defence and might set apon it they thereupon sent away presently nine tribes that marched thither with such speede as they came to ATHENS the very same day and left Aristides in the campe at MARATHON with his tribe and contry men to looke to the prisoners and spoyle they hadde wonne of the barbarous people Who nothing deceiued the opinion they had of his wisdom For notwithstanding there was great store of golde and siluer much apparell moueables and other infinite goodes and riches in all their tentes and pauillions and in the shippes also they had taken of theirs he was not so couetous as once to touch them nor to suffer any other to medle with them vnlesse by stealth some prouided for them selues As amongst other there was one Callias one of Ceres Priestes called Dadouchos as you woulde saye the torche bearer for in the secret sacrifices of Ceres his office was to holde the torche whom when one of the barbarous people saw and how he ware a bande about his head and long heare he toke him for some king and falling on his knees at his feete kissed his hand and shewed him great store of golde he hadde hidden and buried in a ditche But Callias like a most cruell and cowardly wretch of all other on the earth tooke away the gold and killed the poore soule that had shewed him the place bicause he shoulde not tell it to others Hereof it commeth that the comicall Poets do call those that came of him in mockery Laccoplutes as made rich by a ditch bicause of the golde that Callias founde in it Immediatly after this battell Aristides was chosen prouost of ATHENS forthe yeare albeit Demetrius Phalerius writeth that it was a litle before his death after the iorney of PLATEES For in their Chronicles where they set in order their prouosts of ATHENS for they yere since Xanthippides time there appeareth no one name of Aristides in that yeare that Mardonius the kinge of PERSIAES Lieutenant was ouerthrowen by PLATEES which was many yeares after But contrariwise they finde Aristides enrolled amonge the prouostes immediatly after Phanippus in the yeare the battell was fought at MARATHON Now the people did most commende Aristides iustice as of all other his vertues and qualities bicause that vertue is most common and in vse in our life and deliuereth most benefute to men Hereof it came that he beinge a meane man obteined the worthiest name that one coulde haue to be called by the whole city a iust man. This surname was neuer desired of kinges princes nor of tyrannes but they alwayes delited to be surnamed some Poliorcetes to say conquerors of cities other Cerauni to say lightening or terrible other Nicanores to say subduers and some other Aeti and Hicraces to say Eagles or Fawcons or such like birdes that praye desiringe rather as it should appeare by those surnames the praise and reputacion growinge by force and power then the commendacion that riseth by vertue and goodnes And notwithstanding God whom men desire most to be likened to doth excell all humaine nature in three speciall thinges in immortality in power and in vertue of which three vertue is the most honorable and pretious thing For as the naturall Philosophers reason all the foure elements and Vacusm are immortall and vncorruptible and so are force and power earthquakes lighteninge terrible stormes runninge riuers and inundacions of waters but as for iustice and equity no man is partaker of them saue onely God by meanes of reason and vnderstandinge Therefore bicause men commonly haue three sundry honors to the gods the first that they thinke them blessed the second that they feare them the third that they reuerence them it appeareth then that they thinke them blessed for the eternitie and immortality of their godhead that they feare them bicause of their omnipotency power and that they loue and worshippe them for their iustice and equitie And yet notwithstanding of those three men do couet immortality which no flesh can attaine vnto and also power which dependeth most vppon fortune and in the meane time they leaue vertue alone whereof the goddes of their goodnes haue made vs capable But here they shewe them selues fooles For iustice maketh the life of a noble man and of one in great authority seeme diuine and celestiall where without iustice and dealinge vniustly his life is most beastly and odious to the worlde But now againe to Aristides This surname of a iust man at the beginning made him beloued of all the people but afterwardes it turned him to great ill will and specially by Themistocles practise Who gaue it out euery where that Aristides had ouerthrowen all iustice bicause by consent of the parties he was euer chosen Arbitrator to ende all controuersies how by this meanes he secretly had procured the absolute power of a kinge not needing any gard or souldiers about him The people moreouer beinge growen very dissolute and
Pluto stande in dread that he vvould bravvle in hell although his bones vvere drie and dead on earth he vvas so fell Furthermore touchinge the disposition of his body he was maruelous stronge and lusty and all bicause he did vse to labor and toyle euen from his youth and to liue sparingly as one that was euer brought vp in the warres from his youth so that he was of a very good constitucion both for strength of body as for health also As for vtterance he esteemed it as a seconde body and most necessarie gift not onely to make men honest but also as a thinge very requisite for a man that should beare sway and authoritie in the common wealth He practised to speake well in litle villages neere home whether he went many times to plead mennes causes in courtes iudiciall that would retaine him of counsell so as in shorte time he became a perfect pleader and had tongue at will and in processe of time became an excellent orator After he was thus well knowen they that were familiar with him began to perceiue a graue manner and behauiour in his life and a certaine noble minde in him worthie to be employed in matters of state and great importance and to be called into the common wealth For he did not onely refuse to take fees for his pleading and following the causes he mainteined but furthermore made no reckening of the estimacion he wanne by that manner and practise as though that was not the only marke he shot at But his desire reached further rather to winne him selfe fame by seruice in the warres and by valliant fightinge with his enemie then with such a quiet and pleasing manner of life Insomuch as when he was but a younge striplinge in maner he had many cuttes apon his brest which he had receiued in diuerse battells and encounters against the enemies For he him selfe wryteth that he was but seuenteene yeare old when he went first vnto the warres which was about the time of Hanniballs chiefe prosperitie when he spoyled and destroyed all ITALIE So when he came to fight he would strike lustely and neuer sturre foote nor geue backe and woulde looke cruelly vppon his enemie and threaten him with a fearefull and terrible voyce which he vsed him selfe and wisely taught other also to vse the like for such countenaunces sayed he many times doe feare the enemies more then the sworde ye offer them When he went any iorney he euer marched a foote and caried his armour apon his backe and had a man waytinge on him that caried his vittells with him with whom he was neuer angry as they say for any thing he had prepared for his dinner or supper but did helpe to dresse it him selfe for the most parte if he had any leasure when he had done the duety of a priuate souldier in fortifying the campe or such other nedefull businesse All the while he was abroade in seruice in the warres he neuer drancke other then cleane water vnlesse it were when he founde he was not well and then he woulde take a litle vineger but if he saw he were weake he woulde then drinke a litle wine Now it fortuned that Manius Curius the ROMAINE who had triumphed thrise hadde a prety house and lande hard by Cato where he kept in times past which Cato for a walke would visite oft And he considering how litle lande he had to his house and what a litle house he had withall and how poorely it was built wondered with him selfe what maner of man Curius had bene that hauing bene the greatest man of ROME in his time and hauing subdued the mightiest â—aâ—â—es and people of all ITALIE and driuen kinge Pyrrus also out of the same yet him selfe with his owne handes did manure that litle patche of grounde and dwel in so poore and small a farme Whether notwithstaÌ„ding after his three triumphes the SAMNYTES sent their Ambassadors to visite him who founde him by the fyers side seething of perseneapes and presented him maruelous deale of golde from their state and communalty But Curius returned them againe with their gold and told them that such as were contented with that supper had no neede of gold nor siluer and that for his parte he thought it greater honor to commaunde them that had gold then to haue it him selfe Cato remembring these thinges to him selfe went home againe and beganne to thinke vpon his house of his liuinge of his family and seruauntes and also of his expences and to cut of all superfluous charges and fell him selfe to labor with his owne handes more then euer he hadde done before Furthermore when Fabius Maximus tooke the city of TARENTVM againe Cato serued vnder him being very younge where he fell into familiar acquaintaÌ„ce with Nearchus the PYTHAGORIAN philosopher in whom he tooke maruelous delight to heare him talke of Philosophy Which Nearchus held the same opinion of pleasure that Plato did by callinge it the sweete poyson and chiefest bayte to allure men to ill and saying that the body was the first plague vnto the soule and that her onely health remedy and purgation stoode apon rules of reason good examples and contemplations that driue sinful thoughts and carnall pleasures of the body farre of from her Cato moreouer gaue him selfe much to sobriety and temperaunce and framed him selfe to be contented with litle They say he fell in his very olde age to the study of the Greeke tongue and to reade Greeke bookes and that he profited somwhat by Thucydides but much more by Demosthenes to frame his matter and also to be eloquent Which plainly appeareth in all his bookes and writinges full of authorities examples stories taken out of Greeke authors and many of his sentences and moralls his adages quicke answers are translated out of the same word for word Now there was a noble man of ROME at that time one of great authoritie and a deepe wise man besides who coulde easily discerne buddes of vertue sprowtinge out of any towardly youth who was of a good and honorable disposition to helpe forwarde and to aduaunce such His name was Valerius Flaccus a neere neighboure vnto Cato who was informed by his seruaunts of Catoes straunge life how he would be doing in his ground with his owne hands and how he would be gone euery day betimes in the morning to litle villages thereabout to pleade mens causes that prayed his counsaill that when he had done he would come home againe and if it were in winter that he would but cast a litle coate on his shoulders and being sommer he would go out bare naked to the wast to worke in his ground among his seruaunts and other workemen would besides sit and eate with them together at one borde and drinke as they did Moreouer they told him also a world of such maners facions which he vsed that shewed to be a
maruelous plaine man without pride and of a good nature Then they tolde him what notable wise sayinges and graue sentences they heard him speake Valerius Flaccus hearing this reporte of him willed his men one day to pray him to come to supper to him Who falling in acquaintance with Cato and perceiuing he was of a very good nature and wel giuen that he was a good griffe to be set in a better ground he perswaded him to come to ROME and to practise there in the assembly of the people in the common causes and affayres of the common weale Cato followed his counsail who hauing bene no long practiser among them did grow straight into great estimacion and wanne him many frends by reason of the causes he tooke in hand to defend and was the better preferred and taken also by meanes of the speciall fauour and countenaunce Valerius Flaccus gaue him For first of all by voyce of the people he was chosen Tribune of the souldiers to say colonell of a thousand footemen afterwards was made treasorer and so went forwards and grew to so great credit authority as he became Valerius Flaccus cōpanion in the chiefest offices of state being chosen Consul with him then Censor But to begin withal Cato made choise of Quintus Fabius Maximus aboue all the Senators of ROME gaue him selfe to follow him altogether not so much for the credit estimacion Fabius Maximus was of who therein exceded all the ROMAINES of that time as for the modesty and discrete gouernment he sawe in him whome he determined to followe as a worthy myrror and example At which time Cato passed not for the malice and euil will of Scipio the great who did striue at that present being but a young man with the authoritie and greatnesse of Fabius Maximus as one that seemed to enuy his risinge and greatnesse For Cato being sent treasorer with Scipio when he vndertooke the iorney into AFRIKE and perceiuing Scipioes bountifull nature and disposition to large giftes without meane to the souldiers he tolde him plainly one day that he did not so much hurt the common wealth in wasting their treasure as he did great harme in chaūging the auncient maner of their auncesters who vsed their souldiers to be contented with litle but he taught them to spende their superfluous money all necessaries prouided for in vaine toyes and trifles to serue their pleasure Scipio made him aunswere he woulde haue no treasorer shoulde controll him in that sorte nor that should looke so narrowly to his expences for his intent was to go to the wars with full sayles as it were and that he woulde and did also determine to make the state priuie to all his doinges but not to the money he spent Cato hearing this aunswer returned with spede out of SICILE vnto ROME crying out with Fabius Maximus in open Senate that Scipio spent infinitely and that he tended playes commedies and wrestlinges as if he had not bene sent to make warres inuasions and attemptes apon their enemies Apon this complaint the Senate appointed certeine Tribunes of the people to goe and see if their informations were true and finding them so that they should bring him backe againe to ROME But Scipio shewed farre otherwise to the commissioners that came thither and made them see apparaunt victorie through the necessary preparacion and prouision he had made for the warres and he confessed also that when he had dispatched his great businesse and was at any leasure he would be priuately mery with his frends and though he was liberall to his souldiers yet that made him not negligent of his duety and charge in any matter of importance So Scipio tooke shippinge and sayled towards AFRIKE whether he was sent to make warre Now to returne to Cato He daily increased still in authority and credit by meanes of his eloquence so that diuerse called him the Demosthenes of ROME howbeit the maner of his life was in more estimacion then his eloquence For all the youth of ROME did seeke to attaine to his eloquence and commendacion of wordes and one enuied an other which of them should come nearest but few of them woulde fyle their handes with any labor as their forefathers did and make a light supper and dinner without fire or prouision or woulde be content with a meane gowne and a poore lodging finally woulde thinke it more honorable to defye fansies pleasures then to haue and enioy them Bicause the state was waxen now of such power wealth as it could no more retaine the auncient discipline and former austeritie and straitnes of life it vsed but by reason of the largenes of their dominion and seigniory and the numbers of people and nations that were become their subiects it was euen forced to receiue a medley of sundry contry facions examples and maners This was a cause why in reason men did so greatly wonder at Catoes vertue when they sawe other straight wearyed with paines and labor tenderly brought vp like pulers and Cato on the other side neuer ouercommen either with the one or with the other no not in his youth when he most coueted honor nor in his age also when he was gray headed and balde after his Consullship and triumphe but like a conqueror that had gotten the maistery he would neuer geue ouer labor euen vnto his dying day For he writeth him selfe that there neuer came gowne on his backe that cost him aboue a hundred pence that his hyndes and worke men alwayes dronke no worse wine when he was Consull and generall of the armie then he did him selfe and that his cater neuer bestowed in meate for his supper aboue thirty Asses of ROMAINE money and yet he sayed it was bicause he might be the stronger and apter to do seruice in the warres for his contry and the common wealth He sayd furthermore that being heire to one of his frends that dyed he had a peece of tapestry by him with a deepe border which they called then the babilonian border and he caused it straight to be solde and that of all his houses he had abroade in the contry he had not one wall-plastered nor rough cast Moreouer he would say he neuer bought bondeman or slaue dearer then a thowsande fiue hundred pence as one that sought not for fine made men and goodly personages but strong fellowes that could away with paynes as carters horsekepers neatheardes and such like and againe he woulde sell them when they were olde bicause he would not keepe them when they coulde do no seruice To conclude he was of opinion that a manne bought any thinge deere that was for litle purpose yea though he gaue but a farthing for it he thought it to much to bestow so litle for that which needed not He would haue men purchase houses that hadde more store of errable lande and pasture then of fine orteyardes or gardeins
followed their enemies so fiercely till they recouered straight narrow waies of great strength for them These three huÌ„dred were in maner all those that were suspected in THEBES to fauor the LACEDAEMONIANS secretly wherfore for the desire they had to take away this opinioÌ„ froÌ„ their citizens they hazarded theÌ„selues to no purpose were cast away in this chase King Pausanias heard newes of this ouerthrow going froÌ„ PLATEES vnto THESPIES went on further marching still in battel ray towards ALIARTE where Thrasybulus also arriued at the selfe same time bringing the aide of the ATHENIANS froÌ„ THEBES And when Pausanias was purposed to send to aske liceÌ„ce of the enemies to take away the bodies of their men which they had slaine to thintent to bury them the olde SPARTANS that were in his army misliking it much at the first were angry in them selues But afterwardes they went vnto the king him selfe to tell him that he dishonored SPARTA to offer to take vp Lysanders bodie by his enemies leaue 〈…〉 and that he should valliantly recouer him by force of armes and honorably burie him after that he had ouercome their enemies or else if it were their fortune to be ouerthroweÌ„ that yâ—â— it should be more honorable for them to iye dead in the field by their Captaine then to aske leaue to take vp his body But notwithstanding all these wordes of the old men king Pausanias seeing that it was a hard matter to ouercome the THEBANS in battell now that they had gotten the victory and furthermore that the body of Lysander lay hard by the walls of ALIARTE and that he could not come to take it away without great daunger although they should win the battell he sent a herauld to the enemies And hauing made truce for certaine dayes he led his army away and tooke vp Lysanders body with him and buried him after they were out of the confynes of BOEOTIA within the territory of the PANOPEIANS where vntill this day his tombe remaineth apon the high way goinge from DELPHES vnto the city of CHAERONIA Thus Pausanias campe being lodged there it is sayd there was a PHOCIAN who reporting the battell vnto one that was not there sayd that the enemies came to geue a charge vpon them as Lysander had passed the Oplites Thother wondring at that there was a SPARTAN a very frend of Lysanders by hauing heard all their talke asked him what that was which he called Oplites for that he had not heard that word named before What aunswered the PHOCIAN to him againe Euen there it was where the enemies did ouerthrow the first of our men which were slaine in the fieldes for the riuer that runneth by the walles of the city is called Oplites The SPARTAN hearing that burst out of weping for sorrow saying then I see it is impossible for a man to auoyde his destinie For Lysander aforetime had an oracle that tolde him thus Lysander take good heede come not I thee aduise Neere Oplites that riuers banckes in any kinde of vvise Nor neere the Dragon he vvhich is the earth her sonne VVho at the length vvill thee assault and on thy backe vvill runne Howebeit some take it that this riuer of Oplites is not that which passeth by the walles of ALIARTE but it is the riuer that runneth neere vnto the city of CORONEA and falleth into the riuer of Phliarus hard by the city and they say that in olde time it was called Hoplia but now they call it Isomantus He that slue Lysander was an ALIARTIAN called Neochorus who caried a Dragon painted apon his target and this was that which the oracle of likelyhoode did signifie They say also that in the time of the warres of PELOPONNESVS the THEBANS had an oracle from the teÌ„ple of Apollo Ismenias which oracle did prophecy the battell which they wanne by the castell of DELIVM and the battell of ALIARTE also which was thirty yeares after that The effect of that oracle was this VVhen thou thy nets shalt spread the vvolues for to intrappe Bevvare thou come not neere vnto a litle hill by happe Of Orchalide Nor neere to any his confynes For there the crafty foxes keepe their dennes and priuy mines He calleth the territory that is about DELIVM the vttermost confynes bicause BOEOTA doth confine there with the contry of ATTICA and the hill Orchalide which is now called Alopecon to say the foxe denne which lieth on that side of the citie of ALIARTE that looketh towardes mounte Helicon Lysander being slaine the SPARTANS tooke his death so ill that they would haue condemned king Pausanias of treason by law who durst not abide the tryall but fled vnto the citie of TEGEA where he ended the rest of his life within the sanctuarie of the temple of Minerua When Lysander was dead his pouertie appeared to the world which made his vertue farre more famous than when he liued For then they sawe that for all the gold siluer which had passed through his hands for all his great authority countenaunce that he had caried and for all that so many cities townes did come to honor him briefly for al that he had so great puissant a kingdom in maner in his hands yet he did neuer enrich nor increase his house with so much as one farthing So writeth Theopompus whom we should rather beleue when he praiseth then when he discommendeth for commonly he taketh more delite to dispraise then to praise any It fortuned not longe after as Ephorus writeth that the LACEDAEMONIANS and their confederats fel at variance together wherupon Lysanders letters were to be seene that were in his house Kinge Agesilaus goinge thither to peruse them amongest other writinges founde the oration penned by Cleon Halicarnasseus which Lysander had prepared to perswade the SPARTANS to chaunge their gouernment and to declare vnto them that they shoulde reuoke the prerogatiue which the Eurytiontides and the Agiades had that the kinges of SPARTA could not be chosen but out of those two families and to leue the prerogatiue at liberty that the chiefest magistrats might be laufully chosen kings of SPARTA Agesilaus stood indiffereÌ„t to haue shewed this oratioÌ„ openly to the people that the SPARTANS might see what manner a citizen Lysander had bene in his harte But Lacratidas a graue wise man president at that time of the counsel of the Ephori would not suffer him saying that he shoulde not digge Lysander out of his graue againe but rather bury his oration with him that was so passingly well and eloquently penned to perswade Yet notwithstandinge they did him great honor after his death and amongest others condemned two citizens in a great summe of money that were made sure to two of his daughters while he liued and refused to marye them which he was dead seeing their father dyed so poore bicause they sought to matche in his house supposing he had
Thelesinus had taken ROME Now about midnight came certaine souldeirs from Crassus to Syllaes campe asked for meate for Crassus supper and his mens who hauing chased his flying enemies whom he had ouerthrowen vnto the city of ANTEMNA which they tooke for refuge had lodged his campe there Sylla vnderstaÌ„ding that being aduertised that the most parte of his enemies were ouerthrowen at this battell went him selfe the next morning betimes vnto ANTEMNA where three thowsand of his enemies sent to know if he would receiue them to mercy if they yelded them selues vnto him His aunswer was that he would pardon their liues so as they would do some mischiefe to their fellowes before they came to him These three thowsand hereupon trusting to his promise fell apon their companions and for the most parte one of them killed an other NotwithstaÌ„ding Sylla hauing gathered all those together that remained of his enemies as wel the three thowsand as the rest amouÌ„ting in all to the number of six thowsand men within the show place where they vsed to run their horses whilest he him self held a counsell in the teÌ„ple of the goddesse Bellona was making his oratioÌ„ there he had appointed certeÌ„ to set vpoÌ„ those six thowsand put them to the sword euery man Great and terrible were the cries of such a number of men slaine in so small a roome as many may easily coniecture insomuch as the Senators sitting in counsell heard them very easily and marueled what the matter was But Sylla continuing on his oration which he had begon with a set steady countenance without chauÌ„ging of colour willed theÌ„ only to hearken what he sayd not to trouble them selues with any thing done abroade for they were but certen offenders lewd persons that were punished by his coÌ„maundemeÌ„t This was enough to shew the simplest ROMANE in ROME that they had but only chaunged the tryan but not the tyranny Now for Marius had bene euer of a churlish seuere nature euen from his childhood he neuer chauÌ„ged for any authority but did rather hardeÌ„ his natural stubbornes Where Sylla coÌ„trarily in the beginning was very modest ciuill in all his prosperity gaue great good hope that if he came to the authority of a prince he would fauor nobility wel yet loue notwithstanding the benefit of the people And being moreouer a man in his youth geueÌ„ all to pleasure deliting to laugh ready to pity weepe for tender hart in that he became after so cruell bloody the great alteracioÌ„ gaue manifest cause to condemne the increase of honor authority as thonly meanes wherby mens maners continue not such as they were at the first but still do chaunge vary making some fooles others vaine fantasticall others extreame cruel vnnaturall But whether that alteracion of nature came by chaunging his state condicion or that it was otherwise a violent breaking out of hidden malice which then came to shewe it selfe when they way of liberty was layed open this matter is to be decided in some other treatise So it came to passe that Sylla fell to sheading of blood filled all ROME with infinite vnspeakable murthers for diuerse were killed for priuate quarrels that had nothing to do with Sylla at any time who suffered his frends those about him to worke their wicked wills Vntil at the length there was a young man called Caius Metellus that was so bold to aske Sylla in open Senate when all these miseries should end and when they should know that all the mischieues were finished the which they dayly sawe For said he we will not intreate you to pardoÌ„ life where you haue threatned death but only to put theÌ„ out of dout whom you haue determined to saue Whereunto Sylla made aunswer that he was not resolued whom he would saue Metellus replied theÌ„ tell vs quod be who they are that shall dye Sylla aunswered he would Howbiet some say it was not Metellus but Aufidius one of his flatterers that spake this last word vnto him Wherefore Sylla immediatly without making any of the magistrats priuy caused foure score mens names to be set vp vpon postes whom he would put to death Euery maÌ„ being offeÌ„ded withal the next day following he set vp two hundred twenty mens names more likewise the third day as many more Hereupon making an oration to the people he told theÌ„ openly that he had appointed all them to dye that he could call to remeÌ„braunce howbiet that hereafter he would appoint them that should dye by daies as he did call them to minde Whosoeuer saued an outlaw in his house for reward of his kindnes he himselfe was condeÌ„ned to dye not excepting theÌ„ that had receiued their brothers their sonnes their fathers nor mothers And the reward of euery homycide murtherer that killed one of the outlawes was two talentes though it were a slaue that had killed his master on the sonne that had slaine the father But the most wicked vniust act of all was that he depriued the sonnes sonnes sonnes of them whom he had killed of all credit good name besides that had takeÌ„ all their goods as coÌ„fiscate And this was not only done in ROME but also in al the cities of ITALIE through out there was no reÌ„ple of any god whatsoeuer no aulter in any bodies house no liberty of hospital nor fathers house that was not embrued with blood horrible murder For the husbaÌ„ds were slaine in their wiues armes the childreÌ„ in their mothers laps and yet they which were slaine for priuate hatred malice were nothing in respect of those that were murdered only for their goods And they that killed them might well say his goodly great house made that man dye his goodly fayer garden the other and his hotte batheâ—â— other As amongest others Quintus Aurelius a man that neuer medled with any thinge and least looked that these euills should light vpon him and that only pitied those which he sawe so miserably murdered went one day into the market place and reading the bill set vp of the outlawes names found his owne name amongest the rest and cried outalowde alas the day that euer I was borne my house of ALEA maketh me to be put to death He went not fawe from the market place but met with one that killed him presently In the meane time Mariâ—â— the younger seeing he could by no meanes escape if he were taken slue him selfe And Sylla comming to PRAENESTE did first execute them by one and by one keeping a certaine forme of iustice in putting them to death but afterwardes as if he had no lenger leasure to remaine there he caused them all to be put in a place together to the number of twelue thowsandâ— men whom he caused to be put to the sword euery man sauing his host only vnto whom he sayd
burnt at a tryce and the fire going out fell a great shower of raine that held on till night so that it seemed good fortune following him euen to his ende did also helpe his obsequies after his death His tombe is to be seene in the fielde of Mars and they say that he him selfe made his owne epitaphe that is wrytten vpon it which was that no man did euer passe him neither in doing good to his frendes nor in doing mischiefe to his enemies THE COMPARISON OF Sylla with Lysander NOw that we haue at large also set forth the life of the ROMANE let vs come to compare them both together In this they are both a like that both of them grew to be great men rising of thē selues through their owne vertue but this only is proper to Lysander that all the offices dignities which he attained vnto in the common wealth were layed apon him through the peoples good wills and consents For he compelled them to nothinge neither vsurped he any extraordinarie authoritie vppon them contrarie to lawe for as the common saying is VVhere partialitie and discorde once doe raigne There vvicked men are most esteemde and rule vvith greatest gaine As at that time in ROME the people being corrupted and the state of gouernment vtterly subuerted and brought to nought to day there rose vp one tyranne to morow an other And therefore we may not wonder if Sylla vsurped and ruled all when such fellowes as Glaucia and Saturninus did both banish and driue out of ROME such men as Metellus was and where also in open assembly they slue Consuls sonnes in the market place and where force of armes was bought sold for gold and siluer with the which the souldiers were corrupted where they made new lawes with fire and sword and forced men to obey the same Yet I speake not this in reproache of him that in such troublesome times founde meanes to make him selfe the greatest man but to shew that I measure not his honesty by the dignity he grew vnto in so vnfortunate a city although he became the chiefe And as touching him that came from SPARTA at what time it florished most and was the best gouerned common weale he in all great causes and in most honorable offices was reputed for the best of all bests and the chiefe of all chiefes Wherefore it happened that the one resigned vp the authority to his contry men the citizens which they had geuen him who also restored it to him againe many and sundry times for the honor of his vertue did alwayes remaine and made him iustly accompted for the worthiest man Where the other being once only chosen generall of an army remained tenne yeares continually in warres and hostilitie making him selfe by force sometime Consull somtime vice Consull and somtime Dictator but alwayes continued a tyranne In ede Lysander attempted to chaunge and alter the state of gouernment in his contrie howbeit it was with greater lenity and more lawfully then Sylla did For he sought it by reason and good perswasion not by the sword neither would he make a chaunge of the whole at one selfe time as Sylla did but sought only to reforme the election of kinges The which thing according to nature doubtlesse seemed very iust that he which was the best amongest good men should be chosen king of that citie which was the chiefe ouer all GREECE not for her nobility but for her vertue only For like as a good hunter doth not seeke for the whelpe of a good dogge but for the good dogge him selfe not a wise man of armes also the colte that commeth of a good horse but the good horse him selfe Euen so he that taketh vpon him to stablish a civill gouernment committeth a fowle fault if he looke of whom his Prince should be borne and not what the Prince him selfe should be considering that the LACEDAEMONIANS them selues haue depriued diuerse of their kinges from their crowne and realme bicause they were not Princely but vnprofitable and good for nothing Vice although it be in a noble man yet is it alwayes ill of it selfe but vertue is honored for her selfe alone and not bicause she is placed with nobility Now for the wronges and iniuries they both committed the one did worke only to pleasure his frendes and the other to offend them to whom he was bounden For it is certaine that Lysander did great wronges to gratifie his familliars and the most parte of them whom he put to death was to establish the tyrannicall power of certaine his frendes Where Sylla sought for spite to take away his army from Pompey and the Admirality from Dolobelle which he him selfe geuen caused Lucretius Offella to be slaine openly in his owne sight bicause he sought to be Consull for recompence of the good seruice he had done for which cruelty of his causinge his owne frendes to beslaine in such sorte he made euery man a feard of him Furthermore their behauiors touching couetousnes and pleasure doth shew that the intent of the one was the desire of a good Prince and the other that of a tyranne For we doe not finde that Lysander for all his great Princely authority did euer vse any insolency or lasciuiousnes in his deedes but alwayes auoyded as much as a man might the reproache of this common prouerbe Lyons at home and Foxes abroade He led such a true LACONIAN life straightly reformed in all poyntes Where Sylla could neuer moderate his vnlawfull lustes neither for pouerty when he was young nor yet for age when it came vpon him But whilest he gaue lawes to the ROMANES touching matrimoniall honestie and chastitie him selfe in the meane time did nothing but follow loue and commit adultries as Salust wryteth By meanes whereof he so much impouerished ROME and left it so voyde of gold and siluer that for ready money he sold absolute freedome vnto the cities their confederates yet was it his dayly study to confiscate and take for forfeit the richest and most wealthiest houses in all the whole citie of ROME But all this spoyle and hauoke was nothing in comparison of that which he dayly cast away vpon his ieasters flatterers What sparing or measure may we thinke he kept in his giftes at priuate banckets when openly in the day time all the people of ROME being present to see him sell the goodes which he had caused to be confiscate he made one of his frendes and familiars to trusse vp a great deale of household stuffe for a very litle price And when any other had out bidden his price that the crier had cried it out a lowde then was he angry and sayd My frendes I haue great wrong done me here not to suffer me sell the spoile I haue gotten at mine owne pleasure and dispose it as I list my selfe Where Lysander contrarily sent to the common wealth of SPARTA with other money the very presentes that were geuen to
market place and was easie to be repayred vnto by any man that required his helpe dayly following those exercises in deuoring him selfe to pleasure euery man so that by this easie accesse and familiaritie for fauor and good will be grew to exceede the grauety and maiesty of Pompey But as for the worthines of their persone their eloquence of speeche their good grace countenaunce in all those it is sayd Pompey and Crassus were both alike And this enuy and emulation neuer carried Crassus away with any open malice and ill will. For though he was sory to see Pompey and Caesar honored about him yet the worme of ambition neuer bred malice in him No though Caesar when he was taken by pyrates in ASIA as he was once and being kept prisoner cryed out alowde O Crassus what ioy will this be to thee when thou shalt heare I am in prison This notwithstanding they were afterwardes good frendes as it appeareth For Caesar being ready on a time to depart out of ROME for Praetor into SPAYNE and not being able to satisfie his creditors that came flocking all at once about him to stay arrest his cariage Crassus in that time of neede forsooke him not but became his surety for the summe of eight hundred and thirty talentes In fine all ROME being deuided into three factions to wit of Pompey Caesar and Crassus for as for Cato the estimacion they had of his fidelity was greater than his authority and his vertue more wondered at then practised insomuch as the grauest and wisest men tooke parte with Pompey The liueliest youthes and likeliest to runne into desperate attemptes they followed Caesars hope Crassus keeping the middest of the streame was indifferent to them both and oftentimes chaunged his minde and purpose For in matters of gouernment in the common weale he neither shewed him selfe a constant frend nor a daungerous enemy but for gaine was easily made frend or foe So that in a moment they saw him praise and reproue defende and condemne the same lawes and the same men His estimacion grewe more through the peoples feare of him than for any good will they bare him As appeareth by the aunswere that one Sicinius a very busie headed man and one that troubled euery gouernor of the common weale in his time made to one that asked him why he was not busie with Crassus amongest the rest and howe it happened that he so scaped his handes O sayd he he caries haye on his home The maner was then at ROME if any man had a curst bullocke that would strike with his horne to winde haye about his heade that the people might beware of him when they met him The commocion of fensers which some call Spartacus warre their wasting and destroying of ITALIE came apon this occasion In the citie of CAPVA there was one Lentulus Batistus that kept a great number of fensers at vnrebated foyles whom the ROMANES call Gladiatores whereof the most parte were GAVLES and THRACIANS These men were kept locked vp not for any fault they had coÌ„mitted but only for the wickednes of their master that had bought them and compelled them by force one to fight with an other at the sharpe On a time two hundred of them were minded to steale away but their conspiracy being bewrayed three score and eighteene of them entred into a cookes house and with the spittes and kitching kniues which there they got went quite out of the city By the way they fortuned to meete with cartes loden with fensers weapons that were brought from CAPVA going to some other city those they also tooke by force and arming them selues therewith got them then to a strong place of scituacion Where amongest them selues they chose three Captaines and one Spartacus a THRACIAN borne and of those contrymen that go wandring vp and downe with their heards of beastes neuer staying long in a place they made their Generall This Spartacus was not onely valliant but strong made withall and endned with more wisedom and honesty than is commonly found in men of his state and condicion and for ciuility and good vnderstanding a man more like to the GRAECIANS than any of his coâ—â—â—â—emen coÌ„monly be It is reported that when Spartacus came first to ROME to be sold for a slain there was founde as he slept a snake wound about his face His wise seeing it being his 〈…〉 contry woman a wise woman besides possest with Bacchus spirite of diuination said planely that it did signifie that one day he shoulde be of great power much dread and haue very good successe This same woman prophetesse was then with him and followed him likewise when he fled Now first they ouerthrewe certaine souldiers that came out of CAPVA against them thinking to take them and stripping them of their armor weapons made them glad to take the sensers weapons which they threw away as vile vnseemely After that the ROMANES sent Clodius Praetor against them with three thowsand men Who besieged them in their sorte scituate apon a hill that had a verie steepe and narowe ascent vnto it and kept the passage vp to them all the rest of the grounde rounde about it was nothing but high rockes hanging ouer apon theÌ„ great store of wilde vines Of them the bondmen cut the strongest stirppes and made thereof ladders like to these shippe ladders of ropes of such a length and so strong that they reached from the toppe of the hill euen to the very bottome apon those they all came safely downe sauing one that taried aboue to throwe downe their armor after them who afterwards by the same ladder saued him selfe last of all The ROMANES mistrusting no such matter these bondmen compassed the hill round assailed them behinde put them in such a feare with the sodaine onset as they fled apon in euery man and so was their campe taken Thereupon diuers heardmen and sheapherds that kept cattell hard by the hill ioyned with the ROMANES that fled being strong and hardy men of which some they armed and others they vsed as scowtes and spialls to discouer Apon this ouerthrowe was sent an other Captaine from ROME called Publius Varinus against these bondmen who first ouercame Furius The Lieutenant of Varinus in battell two thowsand of his men after that againe they slue one Cossinius and ouerthrew a great army of his being ioyned with P. Varinus as his fellow counseller Spartacus hauing intelligence that Cossinius was bathing him selfe at a place called the salte pittes had almost taken him tardy hauing much a do by flight to saue himselfe notwithstanding Spartacus wanne all his cariage at that time and hauing him hard in chase tooke his whole caÌ„pe with great slaughter of his men among whom Cossinus selfe was slaine Spartacus hauing thus now in sundry battells and encounters ouercome the Praetor him selfe P. Varinus and at the length taken his
only to spoyle ouerrun the kinges contry at their pleasure but also to see the reuenge taken of Tisaphernes that was a vile man and a cruell enemie to the GRAECIANS For the king of PERSIA made an other his Lieutenaunt immediatly in his roome called Tithraustes who strake of Tisaphernes head and sent vnto Agesilaus to pray him to take peace with them and to offer him store of golde and siluer to departe out of his contrie Thereto Agesilaus aunswered that for peace it was not in him to make it but in the LACEDAEMONIANS and that for his owne parte it was an easier maner to enriche his souldiers than him selfe And furthermore that the GRAECIANS thought it dishonor to them to take any gift of their enemies other then spoyles This notwithstanding to gratifie Tithraustes somewhat for that he had taken reuenge of a common enemy of all the GRAECIANS for the summe of thirtie talentes geuen him to defray his charges he withdrue his army out of LYDIA and went into PHRYGIA In his iorney he receiued from the counsell of LACEDAEMON the Scytala or scrolle of parchement wreathed about aduertising him that the citizens had made him also their Generall by sea as he was by lande Agesilaus onely of all men obtained this honor who without cōparison was of all other the worthiest man of fame in his time as Theopompus witnesseth and yet gloried rather to be commended for his vertue than for the greatnes of his authority In this notwithstanding he was to be blamed when he made choyse of one Pisander his wiues brother to be Lieutenaunt of the nauy forsooke other Captaines of better experience and elder yeares seeking rather to please his wife and to aduaunce one of his kinne than to regarde the weale and safety of his contrie Afterwardes he led his army into Pharnabazus contrie which he had in charge where he founde not onely plenty of all sortes of vittells but gathered together also a wonderfull masse of money From thence he went into the realme of PAPHLAGONIA and made league there with kinge Cotys who for his vertue and constant fidelity was very desirous of his frendship The like did Spathridates forsaking Pharnabazus and came vnto Agesilaus and after he was come to him he neuer went from him but alwayes followed him wheresoeuer he went Spithridates had a young sonne that was passing faier called Megabetes of whom Agesilaus had great liking and likewise a fayer young woman to his daughter of age to be maried whom Agesilaus caused king Cotys to marry So taking of king Cotys a thowsand horsemen and two thowsand footemen light armed he returned backe into PHRYGIA and there destroyed Pharnabazus contrie which he had in gouernment who durst not meete him in the fielde nor trust to his holdes but still fed from him carying all his chiefest thinges with him flitting from place to place vntill that Spithridates accompanied with Erippidas the SPARTAN followed him so neere that he tooke his campe and all his treasure in it But there did Erippidas shewe him selfe so hard and cruell ouerstraightly searching our parte of the spoyle that had bene imbeaceled compelling the barbarous people to deliuer it againe ransacking euery corner for it that Spithridates was so offended withall that on a sodaine he tooke the PAPHLAGONIANS with him and went backe vnto the citie of SARDIS This more grieued Agesilaus than any thing that happened to him in all his iorney for that he had lost so valliant a man as Spithridates and such a number of good souldiers as he caried away with him Moreouer he was afrayed least they would detect him of miserable couetousnes a thing which he euer was carefull to auoid not onely in his owne persone but also to keepe all his contriemen from it But besides these knowen causes the loue he bare to Spithridates sonne pinched him neerely though when the boy was with him he striued with his owne nature to subdue that naughty affection and desire he had of him For when Megabates on a time came to make much of him to kisse him Agesilaus turned his face from the boy The boy being ashamed of the repulse durst no more come so familiarly but saluted him aloofe of Agesilaus then repenting him that he had not suffered Megabates to kisse him made as though he marueled why he did not kisse him as he was wont to doe Then aunswered some of his familiars about him your selfe O king is in faulte bicause you durst not tarie but were afrayed to kisse so fayer a boy For if he knewe your minde he would come againe so that you turned your face no more away When Agesilaus had heard them he pawsed a while and said neuer a word but in fine aunswered them It shall nor neede you say any thing to him for it would doe me more good I could refuse such an other kisse againe then if all that I see before me were golde Thus was Agesilaus disposed whē Megabates was with him but in his absence he did so loue him that I dare scantly say that if the boy had come againe into his presence he would haue refused a kisse at his hands After that Pharnabazus sought to speake with him and one Apollophanes a CYZICENIAN brought them together that was a frende vnto them both Agesilaus was the first that met at the place appointed with his frends and tarying for Pharnabazus comming he layed him downe vpon the depe grasse in the shadow vnder a fayer great tree Pharnabazus also came thither they spred soft skinnes long heared and tapestry excellently wrought of diuers colours for him to sit on apon the grounde But being ashamed to see Agesilaus laied on the bare grounde in that sorte he also lay downe by him though he had vppon him a maruelous riche gowne of excellent tissue passing colour Now when they had embraced one an other Pharnabazus began first to speake and lacked no good perswasions iust complaints for that he hauing bene as he was a frende vnto the LACEDAEMONIANS in the warre against the ATHENIANS was then spoyled and sacked by them Agesilaus then finding that the SPARTANS that were about him at that meting hong downe their heades for shame not knowing how to aunswere him considering that Pharnabazus had iniuty offered him began to speake in this maner Heretofore when we were frendes with the king my Lord Pharnabazus we haue vsed his goodes like frends but now that we are his enemies like enemies we vse them and sence we see that thou wilt needes be a slaue of his maruell not though we hurt thee for his sake But when thou shalt like rather to be a frend of the GRAECIANS then a slaue to the king of PERSIA then make account that all these souldiers this armor our shippes and all we are to defend thy goodes and liberty against him without which nothing that is honest can be looked for of mortall men
for both the kinges when they were in the citie did eate together in one halle Then Agesilaus knowing that Agesipolis as him selfe was geuen to loue would euer minister talke to him of the goodly young boyes of the citie intising him to loue some one of them which he him selfe did loue and therein he was both his companion and helper For in these LACONIAN loues there was no manner of dishonestie offered but a true affection and honest regarde to frame the boy beloued vnto vertue and honest condicions as we haue more amply declared in the life of Lycurgus Agesilaus by this meanes hauinge the whole authoritie aboue all men in the citie in his handes made his halfe brother Teleutias Generall by sea and him selfe with the armie by land went to besiege the citie of CORINTHE where with his brothers helpe by sea he tooke the long walls of the same The ARGIVES which kept CORINTHE at that time at Agesilaus arriuall there were solemnisinge the feast of the Isthmian games who made them flie euen as they came from sacrificing vnto the god Neptune driuing them to leaue all their preparation and solemnity Then diuers banished men of CORINTHE that were in his armie besought him that he woulde keepe these Isthmian games But he denyed them yet was contented they shoulde them selues solemnize them and so him selfe remained there during the time of the feast for their safetie Afterwardes when Agesilaus was gone thence the ARGIVES returned and did celebrate the Isthmian games and there weresome of them which hauing wonne the game at the first did also winne it at the second time and others that were victours before were this second time ouercome Whereupon Agesilaus sayd that the ARGIVES shewed them selues rancke cowardes that esteeming so much as they did these playes and sacrifices they durst not once offer to fight with him for defence of the same For him selfe touchinge such like sportes and games he euer thought it good to keepe a meane not to be too curious For he was contented to honor such solemne assemblies and common feastes with his presence as were commonly vsed in SPARTA tooke great pleasure to see the sportes betwene the yong boyes and girles of SPARTA howbeit touching the games he seemed not to be acquainted with some of them wherein others had great delight As we read that Callipides an excellent stage player wonderfully esteemed of among the GRAECIANS for a singular man in that arte meeting Agesilaus on a time at the first did his duetie to him and then arrogantly thrust him selfe amonge them that walked with him thinking the king would haue made much of him but perceiuing he made no countenaunce to him in the end he asked him O king Agesilaus doe you not know me Agesilaus looking apon him aunswered what art not thou Callipides the stage player And so made no further account of him An other time beinge desired to heare a man that naturally counterfeated the nightingalls voyce he would not heare him saying I haue oftentimes heard the nightingall it selfe An other time also when Menecrates the Phisitian hauing by good fortune cured a desperate disease called him selfe Iupiter and arrogantly vsurped that name presuminge in a letter he wrote vnto Agesilaus to subscribe it in this manner Menecrates Iupiter vnto king Agesilaus greeting Agesilaus wrote againe vnto him Agesilaus vnto Menecrates health So whilest Agesilaus was in the territorie of CORINTHE where he had taken the temple of Iuno beholding his souldiers forraging spoiling the contrie rounde about Ambassadors came to him from THEBES to pray him to make peace with the THEBANS But he that alwayes hated the THEBANS and besides that thought it then very requisite for the good successe of his doinges to make light of it seemed as he neither heard nor saw them that spake vnto him But euen at that very instant as by diuine reuenge to crie quittance there fell a great mishappe vpon him For before the Ambassadors were gone from him he had newes that one of their bandes called the mothers were slaine euery man by Iphicrates which was the greatest losse that they in long time before had susteined For they lost a great number of valliant souldiers all naturall LACEDAEMONIANS who being well armed euery man were slaine by naked or light armed hierlinges Thereupon Agesilaus went straight into the field with hope to saue them or at the least to be reuenged But receiuing certaine intelligence by the way that they were all slaine he returned againe to the temple of Iuno from whence he came and then sent for the Ambassadors of the BOEOTIANS to geue them audience But they to requite his former disdaine vnto them made no manner of speache of peace but onely requested him to suffer them to enter into CORINTHE Agesilaus being offended aunswered them if it be to see your frendes triumphe of their victorie ye may safely do it to morrow Thereupon the next morning taking the Ambassadors with him he destroyed the CORINTHIANS contrie euen to the walles of their citie And when he had made the Ambassadors see that the citizens of CORINTHE durst not come out into the field to defend their contrie he gaue them leaue to depart Then taking the remaine of that band that was ouerthrowen which by flight had escaped he brought them into LACEDAEMON againe alwayes remouing his campe before day and neuer encamped till darke night bicause the ARCADIANS their mortall enemies should not reioyce at their losse After this voyage to gratefie the ACHAIANS he entred in with them into the contry of ACARNANIA brought great spoyles from thence after he had ouercomē them in battel Moreouer when the ACHAIANS besought him to remaine with them all the winter to keepe their enemies from sowing of their grownd he made them aunswere he would not For sayde he they will be afraide of warre the next yeare when all their fieldes shall be sowen with corne and so in deede it came to passe For the army returning againe they made peace incontinently with the ACHAIANS About that time Pharnabazus and Conon with the king of PERSIENS armye being Lordes of the sea without let of any destroyed and spoyled all the coast of LACONIA Moreouer the city of ATHENS did reare vp her walls againe by helpe of Pharnabazus money wherewith he had furnished them Thereuppon the LACEDAEMONIANS thought good to make peace with the king of PERSIA and to that ende sent Antalcidas Ambassadour vnto Tiribazus most shamely and cruelly betraying to the king the GRAECIANS inhabiting in ASIA for whose libertie Agesilaus had made warres with him before So it was Agesilaus happe not to be foyled with any part of his shame for Antalcidas that was his enemie sought all the meanes he could to conclude this peace for that he saw warre did daily increase the authoritie honor and fame of Agesilaus Notwithstanding he aunswered one then that reproued him for that the LACEDAEMONIANS did
had bene enemies open warre proclaimed Contrarily also if Phocion had bene Capteine and generall they would send out their shippes to the sea to meete him farre of crowned with garlands in token of common ioy and so would bringe him to their cities King Philip secretly seking to winne the I le of EVZOEA sent an armie thither out of MACEDON and intised the townes by tyrannes to rebell whereuppon Plutarke ERETRIAN praied in ayde of the ATHENIANS to take this Iland from the MACEDONIANS which they daily wanne more and more if they came not presently to ayde them So Phocion was sent general thither but with a fewe men onely bicause they made account the men of that contry would straight ioyne with him for the good will they bare him But when he came thither he found them all traytors and rebells and brybed with king Philippes money which he lauished out amonge them so that he was brought into great daunger Thereupon he retyred to a litle hill that is seuered from the fieldes of Tamynes with a great large valley and there fortified him selfe with that litle armie he had Then he perswaded his Captaines not to care for all those rebels pratlers and cowards which fled out of their tents and forsooke their ensignes and Captaines but that they should let them goe out of the campe where they would For sayd he such disobedient souldiers here will doe vs no seruice and moreouer will hinder them that haue good will to serue well and at home also knowing them selues in faulte for that they forsooke the campe without licence they dare not complayne apon vs Afterwards when the enemies came to set apon him he commaunded his men to arme and put them selues in readines and not to sturre vntill he had done sacrifice but he stayed long before he came either bicause he could haue no lucky signes of the sacrifices or els for that he would draw his enemies nearer Thereuppon Plutarke ERETRIAN supposing he deferred to marche for feare went him selfe first into the field with certen light horsemen he had in pay Then the men of armes seeing them giue charge could hold no longer but followed him also stragling out of the campe one after an other disorderly and so did set apon their enemies The first being ouerthrowen all the other dispersed them selues and Plutarke him self fled Then certen bandes of the enemies thinking all had bene theirs followed them euen into their campe and came to throw downe their rampiers In the meane time Phocion hauing ended his sacrifice the ATHENIANS came out of their campe and set apon them and made part of them flie immediatly and part of them also they slue hard by the trenches of their campe Then Phocion commaunded that the battell should stand still to receiue their men that were scattered vp and downe the fieldes and in the meane space he him selfe with the choycest men of his armie gaue charge apon the enemies The fight was cruell betwene them For the ATHENIANS sought very valiantly ventring their persons but of them all two young men fighting by their generall Glaucus the sonne of Polymedes and Thâ—llus the sonne of Cineas caried the praise away And so did Cleophanes that daye also shewe him selfe very valiant For the crying out still apon the horsemen that fled perswading them to come and helpe their generall that was in daunger brought them backe againe and thereby goâ—â— the footemen the victorie After this battell he draue Plutarke out of ERETRIA and tooke the castell of ZARETRA standing in a very commodious place for this warre where the I le draweth to a straightnes enuyronned on either side with the sea and would not suffer his men to take any GRAECIANS prisoners fearing least the Orators at ATHENS might moue the people sodeinly in a rage to put them to death After all these thinges were done Phocion returned backe to ATHENS But then did the confederats of the ATHENIANS straight wishe for his iustice and curtesie and the ATHENIANS them selues also knewe his skilfulnes and manhood For his successor Molossus that was generall for the rest of the warre delt so vndiscreetelye that he him selfe was taken prisoner there Then king Philip beeing put in maruailous great hope went with all his armie into HELLESPONT perswading him selfe that he should straight take all CHERRONESVS the cities of PERINTHE and BYZANTIVM The ATHENIANS thereuppon determining to send ayde to preuent king Philips comming the Orators made great sute that Chares might be chosen Captaine But he being sent thither with a good number of shippes did no seruice worthy commendacion neither would the cities receiue his nauie into their hauens but being suspected of euery man and despised of his enemies he was driuen to sayle vp and downe and to get money of the allyes The people being incensed by the Orators were maruelously offended repented them selues that they had sentayde vnto the BIZANTINES Then Phocion rising vp spake vnto the people told them that it was no reason that mistrusting their confederats they should be offended with them but to be angry with their Captaines that deserued to be mistrusted For they said he doe make your confederats affraide of you who without you notwithstanding can not saue themselues The people chaunging their mindes by his oration made Phocion againe their Captaine and sent him with an armie into HELLESPONT to helpe their confederats there which was of great importance to saue the citie of BYZANTIVM Furthermore Phocions fame was so great that Cleon the greatest man of vertue and authoritie in BYZANTIVM and had before bene Phocions companion and familiar in the Academy he made sute for him vnto the citie Then the BYZANTINES would not suffer him though he desired it to campe without the walls of their citie but opening their gates receiued him in and mingled the ATHENIANS amongest them Who perceiuing how much the Citizens trusted them did so honestly behaue them selues in their conuersation amongest them that they gaue them no maner of cause to complaine of them and shewed them selues so valiant besides in all battells and conflicts that Philip which before was thought dreadfull and inuincible euery man beeing affraid to fight any battell with him returned out of HELLESPONT without any thing done and to his great discredit where Phocion wanne some of his shippes and recouered againe the strong holdes in the which he had placed his garrisons Furthermore making diuers inuasions into his contries he destroyed his borders till that at length he was sore hurt there and so driuen to returne home againe by meanes of a great armie that came against him to defend the contry Shortly after the MEGARIANS secretly sent vnto him to deliuer their citie into his hands Phocion fearing if the BOBOTIANS vnderstood it that they would preuent him he called a common assembly earely in the morning told the people what message the MAGARIANS had sent vnto
For thus it was as Thraseas writeth who referreth all to the report and credit of one Munatius Catoes very famillier friend Amonge many that loued Catoes vertues and had them in admiration some of them did shew him more what he was then other some did amongest the which was Q. Hortensius a man of great honestie and authoritie He desiring not onely to be Catoes friend and famillier but also to ioyne with him in alliance and by affinitie to make both their houses one was not abashed to moue him to let him haue his Daughter Porcia in mariage which was Bibulus wife had brought him two children that he might also cast abroade the seede of goodly children in that pleasant fertile ground And though to men this might seeme a straunge mind and desire yet that in respect of nature it was both honest and profitable to the common wealth not to suffer a young woman in the prime of her youth to lose the frute of her wombe being apt to beare children nor also that he should impouerish his sonne in lawe with moe children then one house needed And further that communicating women in this sort from one to another specially beeing bestowed apon worthy and vertuous men that vertue should thereby bee increased the more being so dispersed in diuers families the citie likewise should be the stronger by making alliances in this sort together And if it be so q he that Bibulus doe loue his wife so dearly that he wil not depart from her altogether then that he would restore her to him again when he had a child by her that therby he might be the more bound in frendship to him by meanes of this communication of children with Bibulus selfe and with him Cato aunswered him that he loued Hortensius well and liked of his alliance howbeit that he maruelled he would speake to him to let him haue his Daughter to get children of sith he knew that she was maried to an other Then Hortensius altering his tale stucke not to tell him his mind plainly and to desire his wife of him the which was yet a young woman and Cato had children enough But a man can not tell whether Hortensius made this sute bicause he saw Cato make no reckoning of Martia for that she was then with child by him In fine Cato seeing the earnest desire of Hortensius he did not deny him her but told him that he must also get Philips good wil the father of Martia He knowing that Cato had graunted his good wil would not therfore let him haue his daughter before that Cato him selfe by his presence did confirme the contract mariage with him Though these thinges were done longe after yet hauing occasion to talke of Catoes wiues I thought it not amisse to anticipate the time Now Lentulus and his consorts of Catilines conspiracie being put to death Caesar to cloke the accusations wherewith Cato charged him in open Senate did put him self into the peoples hands and gathering the rakehells and seditious persons together which sought to set al at six and seuen he did further encorage them in their mischieuous intent practises Whereuppon Cato fearing least such rabble of people should put all the common wealth in vprore daunger he perswaded the Senat to winne the poore needy people that had nothing by distributing of corne amongest them the which was done For the charge thereof amownted yearely vnto twelue hundred and fifty talents This liberalitie did manifestly drinke vp and quench all those troubles which they stoode in feare of But on thother side Metellus entring into his Tribuneship made certen seditious orations and assemblies preferred a law to the people that Pompey the great should presently be called into ITALY with his armie that he should keepe the citie by his comming from the present daunger of Catilins conspiracie These were but words spoken for facions sake but in deede the law had a secret meaning to put the whole common wealth and Empire of ROME into Pompeys hands Hereuppon the Senate assembled wherein Cato at his first comming spake somewhat gently and not to vehemently against Metellus as his maner was to be sharpe vnto them that were against him but modestly perswaded him and fell to intreate him in the end and highly to extoll his house for that they had alwaies taken part with the Senate and nobilitie But Metellus therewith tooke such pride conceit of him selfe that he began to despise Cato thinking he had vsed that mildnes as though he had beene affraide of him insomuch as he gaue out prowd speeches against him and cruell threats that in despite of the Senate he would do that which he had vndertaken Then Cato chaunging his countenaunce his voice and speech after he had spoken very sharply against him in the ende he roughly protested that while he liued he would neuer suffer Pompey to come into ROME with his armie The Senate hearing them both thought neither of both well in their witts but that Metellus doings was a furie which proceeding of a cancred stomake and extreame malice would put all in hazard that which Cato did was a rauishment and extacy of his vertue that made him beside him selfe contending for iustice and equitie When the day came that this law should passe by voyces of the people Metellus fayled not to be in the market place with a worlde of straungers slaues and sensers armed and set in battell raye besides a number of the common people that were desirous to see Pompeys returne hoping after chaunge Besides all those Caesar then being Praetor gaue ayde likewise with his men in the behalf of Metellus On the contrary part also the noble men and Senators of the citie were as angry as Cato and said it was a horrible shame howbeit they were his friendes rather in misliking the matter then in defending the common wealth Whereuppon all his friendes at home and his whole family were maruailously perplexed sorowfull that they both refused their meate and also could take no rest in the night for feare of Cato But he as one without feare hauing a good hart with him did comfort his people and bad them not sorow for him and after he had supped as he commonly vsed to doe he went to bed and slept soundly all night till the morning that Minutius Thermus his colleague fellow Tribune came called him So they both went together into the market place accompanied with a very few after them Whereuppon diuers of their friends came and met them by the way bad them take heede vnto them selues When they were come into the market place and that Cato saw the temple of Castor and Pollux full of armed men and the degrees or steppes kept by sword players and fensers and Metellus on the top of them set by Caesar turning to his friends he sayd see I pray you the coward there what a number of armed men he
he had not that shamefast modestie and lenitie which the other had but somewhat more sturring of nature and readier to put any good matter in execution So he thought it greate honestie to bringe the Citizens if he could to be contented to liue after an honest sorte but contrarily he thought it no dishonestie to bringe them vnto good life by compulsion also Furthermore the manners of the Citizens of SPARTA giuing them selues ouer to idlenes and pleasure did nothing like him at all neither that the king did suffer the common wealth to be ruled as they listed so no man impeached his pleasure and that they did let him alone insomuch no man regarding the profit of the common wealth euery man was for him self and his familie And contrarily it was not lawfull for any man to speake for the exercises of the youth for their education in temperancie and for the restoring a gaine of equality of life the preferment whereof was the only cause of the late death of Agis They say also that Cleomenes being a young stripling had heard some disputacion of Philosophie when the Philosopher Sphaerus of the contry of BORYSTHENES came to LACEDAEMON and louingly stayed there to teache younge men and children He was one of the chiefest schollers of Zenon CITIAN and delighted as it seemed in Cleomenes noble minde and had a great desire to pricke him forward vnto honor For as it is reported that the auncient Leonidas beeing demaunded what Poet he thought Tyrtaeus to be aunswered he was good to flatter younge mens myndes for he sette their hartes a fire by his verses when they beganne to fight any battell fearing no daunger they were so incoraged by them So the Stoicke discipline is somewhat daungerous for the stowte and valiant myndes which otherwise doth make them desperate but when they are ioyned vnto a graue and gentle nature first it lyfteth vp his hart and then maketh him taste the profit thereof Nowe Leonidas the father of Cleomenes beeing deceased and he him selfe comen vnto the crowne finding that the Citizens of SPARTA at that tyme were very dissolute that the riche men followed their pleasure and profit taking no care of the common weale that the poore men also for very want and neede went with no good life and courage to the warres nether cared for the bringing vp of their children and that he him selfe had but the name of a king and the Ephori the absolute authoritie to doe what they listed at his first comming to his kingdome he determined to alter the whole state and gouernment of the common wealth Who hauing a friend called Xenares that had beene his louer in his youth which the LACEDAEMONIANS called Empnistae as much as inspired he beganne to sownd his opinion asking what maner of man king Agis had bene and by what reason and whose aduise he had followed in his attempt for the reformation of the common wealth Xenares at the first did not willingly rehearse these things vnto him declaring euery thing what had passed But when he found that Cleomenes was affected vnto king Agis intent still desired to heare of it then Xenares sharply and angrily reproued him and tolde him he was not wise nor well aduised and at length would no more come and talke with him as he was wont yet making no man priuye why he absteyned from comming to him but told them that asked him he knewe a cause well enough why Xenares nowe hauing thus refused him and thinking all the rest woulde doe the like to bringe this matter to passe he tooke this resolution with him selfe Bicause he thought he might the rather doe it in warre then in peace he set the citie of SPARTA and the ACHAIANS at variance together who did them selues giue the first occasion to be complayned vppon For Aratus beeing President and chiefe of all the ACHAIANS had practised a longe tyme to bringe all PELOPONNESVS into one bodye and had therefore onely susteyned great troubles in warres and at home in peace thinking that there was no other waye to deliuer them from forreyne warres Nowe when he had wonne all the other people to be of his opinion there remained no more but the ELIANS the LACEDAEMONIANS and a few of the ARCHADIANS which were subiect vnto the LACEDAEMONIANS When king Leonidas was deade Aratus beganne to inuade the ARCHADIANS those specially that bordered apon the ARGIVES to proue how the LACEDAEMONIANS would take it making no accompt of Cleomenes being but a young king had no experience of warres Thereuppon the Ephori sent Cleomenes vnto ATHAENIVM a temple of Minerua hard by the citie of BELBINA with an armie to take it bicause it was a passage entry into the contry of LACONIA howbeit the place at that time was in question betwixt the MEGALOPOLITANES and the LACEDAEMONIANS Cleomenes got it and fortefied it Aratus making no complaint otherwise of the matter stale out one night with his army to set apon the TEGEANS and ORCHOMENIANS hoping to haue taken those cities by treason But the traitors that were of his confederacy their harts failed them when they should haue gonne about it so that Aratus returned hauing lost his iorney thinking that this secret attempt of his was not discouered But Cleomenes finely wrote vnto him as his friend and asked him whether he had led his armie by night Aratus returned aunswer againe that vnderstanding Cleomenes ment to fortifie BELBINA he went forth with his armye thinking to haue let him Cleomenes wrote againe vnto him and said he did beleeue that which he spake was true howbeit he earnestly requested him if it were no trouble to him to aduertise him why he brought schaling ladders and lightes after him Aratus smiling at this mocke asked what this young man was Democritus LACEDAEMONIAN being a banished man out of his cōtry aunswered if thou hast any thing to doe against the LACEDAEMONIANS thou hadst neede make haste before this young Cockerel haue on his spurres Then Cleomenes being in the field in the contry of ARCHADIA with a few horsemen and three hundred footemen onely the Ephori being affraid of warres sent for him to returne againe His backe was no sooner turned obeying their commaundement but Aratus sodainly tooke the citie of CAPHYES Thereuppon the Ephori incontinently sent Cleomenes backe againe with his armie who tooke the fort of Methydrium and burnt the borders of the ARGIVES The ACHAIANS came against him with an army of twenty thowsand footemen and a thowsand horsemen led by Aristomachus Cleomenes met with them by the city of PALANTIVM and offred battell But Aratus quaking at the hardines of this young man would not suffer Aristomachus to hazard battell but went his way derided by the ACHAIANS and despised by the LACEDAEMONIANS who in all were not aboue fiue thowsand fighting men Cleomenes corage beeing now lift vp and brauely speaking to his citizens he remembred them of a saying of one of
the king referred him to be iudged by his peeres For the king him selfe would not be present to geue iudgement of him but deputed other in his place to accuse him howbeit he commaunded his secretaries to set downe in writing the opinion and sentence of euerie one of the Iudges and to bring it him In fine they all cast him and condemned him to dye Then the officers layed hold on him and brought him into a chamber of the prison where the hangman came with a raser in his hande with the which he vsed to cut mens throates so condemned to dye So the hangman comming into the chamber when he saw it was Darius he was affrayed and came out of the chamber againe his hart failing him and durst not lay handes vpon the person of the king But the Iudges that stoode without the chamber bad him goe and doe it vnlesse he would haue his owne throate cut So the hangman then came in and tooke Darius by the heare of the head and made him hold downe his head and so cut his necke with his raser he had in his other hand Others doe write that this sentence was geuen in the presence of king Artaxerxes selfe and that Darius seeing him selfe conuicted by manifest proofes brought in against him he fell downe at his fathers feete and besought him to pardon him and then that his father being angrie rose vp and drew out his curtelax and wounded him in so many places withall that at lenght he slue him Then returning into the Court he worshipped the sunne and turning him to his Lords that were about him he sayd vnto them My Lordes God be with you and be merie at home in your houses and tell them that were not here how the great Oromazes hath taken reuenge of them that practised treason against me This was the end of Darius treason Now Darius being dead Ochus his brother stoode in good hope to be next heire to the crowne the rather through the meanes and frendshippe of his sister Atossa but yet of his legitimate brethren he feared him called Ariaspes who was onely left of all the rest that were legitimate and of his bastard brethren Arsames not bicause Ariaspes was elder than he but for that he was of a soft plaine nature the PERSIANS desired he might be their king On the other side Arsames was wise and valliant and Ochus sawe that his father loued him dearely So he determined to intrappe them both Now Ochus being a suttle and malicious natured man he first shewed his crueltie vpon Arsames and his malice vpon Ariaspes his legitimate brother For bicause he knewe he was but simple and plaine he sent dayly some of the kings Euenukes vnto him who brought him threatning words and messages as from the king telling him that he had determined to put him to a shamefull and cruell death So forging these newes continuallie as things verie secret they did so terrifie poore Ariaspes telling him that the king was fullie bent to put some of his threats in execution out of hand that he was put in such feare and dispaire of his life that he prepared him selfe apoyson and dranke it to ridde him selfe of his life King Artaxerxes vnderstanding of his death tooke it very heauily began to mistrust the cause that made him to make him selfe away howebeit he coulde not seeke the proofe of it for his extreame age But this chaunce made him loue Arsames better then before shewing plainly that he trusted him better then Ochus and did make him priuie to all things Ochus could no lenger abide to deserte his intent and therefore entised Harpaces Tiribazus sonne to kill his bastard brother Arsames the which he did Now Artaxerxes was so extreame olde that he was as good as done with age but after he heard his sonne Arsames was murdered he coulde beare it no lenger but tooke it so to his hart for sorow that when he had liued foure score and fouretene yeares and raigned three score and two he dyed When he was dead they then found that he had bene a gratious curteous Prince and one that loued his people and subiectes when they saw the proofe of his successor Ochus that passed all men liuing in crueltie and seuerity THE LIFE OF Dion LIke as Simonides ô Sossius Senecio saith that the city of ILIVN was not offended with the CORINTHIANS for that they came to make warre with them with other GRAECIANS bicause Glaucus whose first auncesters came from CORINTHE had taken armes louingly fought for the same euen so me thinkes that neither the GRAECIANS nor ROMANES haue cause to complaine of the Academy sith they be both alike praised of the same in this present booke in the which are conteined the liues of Dion and Brutus Of the which the one of them hauing bene verie familiar with Plato him selfe and the other from his childhoode brought vp in Platoes doctrine they both as it were came out of one selfe schoolehouse to attempt the greatest enterprises amongest men And it is no maruell if they two were muche like in many of their doinges prouing that true which their schoolemaister Plato wrote of vertue that to do any noble act in the gouernment of a common wealth which should be famous and of credit authoritie and good fortune must both meete in one selfe person ioined with iustice and wisedom For as a certaine fenser called Hippomachus said that he knewe his schollers farre of if he did but see them comming from the market with meate in their handes so it must needes follow that men hauing bene vertuously brought vp must nedes be wise in all their doings and beside that it bringeth them to ciuilitie and honesty euen so it frameth their condicions muche like one vnto an other Furthermore their fortunes hauing also fallen out both alike more by chaunce then by any reason do make their liues verie like to eache other For they were both of them slaine before they coulde bring their enterprises to passe which they had determined But the greatest wonder of all is this that their deathes were foreshewed vnto them both by a wicked spirit that visible appeared vnto either of them albeit there be some that can not abide those opinions and doe maintaine that these sights and euill spirits doe neuer appeare to any man that hath his right wits but that they are fancies of litle children or old women or of some men that their wits are weakened by sickenes and so haue a certaine imagination of suche straunge sightes being of this superstitious minde that they haue a wicked spirit and an euill angell in them But if Dion and Brutus both of them graue and learned Philosophers and verie constant men not ouercome by any sodaine passion or imagination of minde haue bene moued by such sights and spirits and haue also tolde it vnto their frendes I can not tell whether we shall inforced to
that this contencion did sette them further out though they were allyed together For Cassius had maried Iunia Brutus sister Others say that this contencion betwext them come by Caesar himselfe who secretly gaue either of them both hope of his fauour So their sute for the Praetorshippe was so followed and laboured of either partie that one of them put an other in sute of lawe Brutus with his vertue and good name contended against many noble exploytes in armes which Cassius had done against the PARTHIANS So Caesar after he had heard both their obiections he told his frendes with whom he consulted about this matter Cassius cause is the iuster sayd he but Brutus must be first preferred Thus Brutus had the first Praetorshippe and Cassius the second who thanked not Caesar so much for the Praetorshippe he had as he was angrie with him for that he had lost But Brutus in many other thinges tasted of the benefite of Caesars fauour in any thing he requested For if he had listed he might haue bene one of Caesars chiefest frendes and of greatest authoritie and credit about him Howebeit Cassius frendes did disswade him from it for Cassius and he were not yet reconciled together sithence their first contencion and strife for the Praetorship and prayed him to beware of Caesars sweete intisements and to flie his tyrannicall fauors the which they sayd Caesar gaue him not to honor his vertue but to weaken his constant minde framing it to the bent of his bowe Now Caesar on the other side did not trust him ouermuch nor was not without tales brought vnto him against him howbeit he feared his great minde authority frends Yet on the other side also he trusted his good nature fayer condicions For intelligence being brought him one day that Antonius and Dolabella did conspire against him he aunswered that these fat long heared men made him not affrayed but the leane and whitely faced fellowes meaning that by Brutus and Cassius At an other time also when one accused Brutus vnto him and bad him beware of him What sayd he againe clapping his hand on his brest thinke ye that Brutus will not tarie till this bodie dye Meaning that none but Brutus after him was meete to haue suche power as he had And surelie in my opinion I am perswaded that Brutus might in dede haue come to haue bene the chiefest man of ROME if he could haue contented him selfe for a time to haue bene next vnto Caesar to haue suffred his glorie and authoritie which he had gotten by his great victories to consume with time But Cassius being a chollericke man and hating Caesar priuatlie more then he did the tyrannie openlie he incensed Brutus against him It is also reported that Brutus coulde euill away with the tyrannie and that Cassius hated the tyranne making many complayntes for the iniuries he had done him and amongest others for that he had taken away his Lyons from him Cassius had prouided them for his sportes when he should be AEdilis and they were found in the citie of MEGARA when it was wonne by Calenus and Caesar kept them The rumor went that these Lyons did maruelous great hurt to the MAGARIANS For when the citie was taken they brake their cages where they were tied vp and turned them loose thinking they would haue done great mischiefe to the enemies and haue kept them from setting vppon them but the Lyons contrarie to expectacion turned vpon them selues that fled vnarmed did so cruelly tare some in peces that it pitied their enemies to see them And this was the cause as some do report that made Cassius conspire against Caesar. But this holdeth no water For Cassius euen frō his cradell could not abide any maner of tyrans as it appeared when he was but a boy went vnto the same schoole that Faustus the sonne of Sylla did And Faustus bragging among other boyes highly boasted of his fathers kingdom Cassius rose vp on his feete and gaue him two good wlirts on the eare Faustus gouernors would haue put this matter in sute against Cassius But Pompey woulde not suffer them but caused the two boyes to be brought before him and asked them howe the matter came to passe Then Cassius as it is wrytten of him sayd vnto the other goe to Faustus speake againe and thou darest before this noble man here the same wordes that made me angrie with thee that my fistes may walke once againe about thine eares Suche was Cassius hotte stirring nature But of Brutus his frendes and contrie men both by diuers procurementes and sundrie rumors of the citie and by many bills also did openlie call and procure him to doe that he did For vnder the image of his auncester Iunius Brutus that draue the kinges out of ROME they wrote O that it pleased the goddes thou wert nowe aliue Brutus and againe that thou wert here amonge vs nowe His tribunall or chaire where he gaue audience duringe the time he was Praetor was full of suche billes Brutus thou art a sleepe and art not Brutus in deede And of all this Caesars flatterers were the cause who beside many other exceeding and vnspeakeable honors they dayly deuised for him in the night time they did put Diadeames vppon the heades of his images supposinge thereby to allure the common people to call him kinge in steade of Dictator Howebeit it turned to the contrarie as we haue wrytten more at large in Iulius Caesars life Nowe when Cassius felt his frendes and did stirre them vp against Caesar they all agreed and promised to take parte with him so Brutus were the chiefe of their conspiracie For they told him that so high an enterprise and attempt as that did not so muche require men of manhoode and courage to drawe their swordes as it stoode them vppon to haue a man of suche estimacion as Brutus to make euerie man boldlie thinke that by his onelie presence the fact were holie and iust If he tooke not this course then that they shoulde goe to it with fainter hartes and when they had done it they shoulde be more fearefull bicause euerie man woulde thinke that Brutus woulde not haue refused to haue made one with them if the cause had bene good and honest Therefore Cassius considering this matter with him selfe did first of all speake to Brutus since they grewe straunge together for the sute they had for the Praetorshippe So when he was reconciled to him againe and that they had imbraced one an other Cassius asked him if he were determined to be in the Senate house the first day of the moneth of Marche bicause he heard say that Caesars frendes shoulde moue the counsell that day that Caesar shoulde he called king by the Senate Brutus aunswered him he would not be there But if we be sent for sayd Cassius howe then For my selfe then sayd Brutus I meane not to holde my peace but to
amongest such a heape of euills hauing but one onely ioy to haue a vertuous sonne he put him to death for spyte and malice that he saw the ROMANES honor him left his other sonne Persaeus successor of his realme who as it is reported was not his lawfull begotten sonne but taken for his sonne and borne of a taylors wife called Gnatheniuâ—â— It is that Persaeus whom Paulus AEmylius ouercame and led in triumphe in Rome and at him the race of the kings discended from Antigonus failed Where the issue and ofspring of Aratus cominueth yet vntill our time in the cities of SICYONE and PALLENA THE LIFE OF Galba IPhicrates the ATHENIAN Captaine sayd that a mercenarie souldier should be couetous a louer and voluptuous that to get wherewith to maintaine his pleasure he should be the vallianter and readier to put him selfe into any daunger But most men thinke that souldiers should be as one entere strong body that sturreth not of it selfe without the mouing of the general And to approue this opinion it is said that Paulus AEmylius ariuing in MACEDON and finding the souldiers full of words and curiositie euerie man meddling with the affaires of the General he made open proclamacion no man so hardy to medle with his office and affaires but euery man only to keepe his sword sharpe and to be quicke of hand against the enemy and for the rest to referre all to him who would take sufficient order for things of his charge and gouernment Therefore Plato that saith it litle preuaileth to haue a good and wise Captaine if the souldiers also be not wise and obedient thinking it as requisite for the vertue of obedience to haue men of a noble minde and good education as otherwise it is meere for a Captaine to know how to direct and commaunde well considering it is that which with lenity mildnes doth mitigate all fury and choller he hath diuers other examples and sufficient proofes to proue his words true and namely the great miseries and calamities which came to the ROMANES after the death of Nero do plainly shew that nothing is more daungerous nor dreadfull in an Empire then a great armie liuing licentiouslie and disorderly For Demades after the death of Alexander the great compared Alexanders armie vnto Cyclops Polyphemus after his eye was put out considering howe blindly and looselie they were gouerned Howebeit the Empire of ROME being deuided into sundrie factions at one selfe time and rising against it selfe in many places it fell into the like misfortunes and calamities sained of the Poets by the TITANS not so much through the ambiciousnes of the Emperours as by meanes of the couetousnes insolency of the souldiers who draue the Emperours out of their Imperiall seares one after an other as one naile driueth out an other And Dionysius also the tyranne of SYCILTA was wont to call Phetaus who had bene onely tyran of THESSALY tenne monethes space a tyran in a play deriding his so sodaine chaunge of state But the Imperiall house of the Caesars at ROME receiued foure Emperours in lesse then tenne monethes space the souldiers now putting in one and then taking out an other as if they had bene in a play on a scaffolde So that the ROMANES being thus grieuouslie oppressed had yet this comfort that they needed not to seeke to be reuenged of them that did oppresse them For they sawe one of them murther an other and him first and most iustlie of all other murthered that had first of all corrupted the souldiers in teaching them to make gaine of the chaunge of Emperours and so deprauing a worthie deede of it selfe which was their forsaking of Nero and mingling it with briberie made it plaine treason For Nymphidius Sabinus being Captaine of the Emperours gard which are called the Praetorian souldiers together with Tigellinus when he saw Nero in dispaire of him selfe of his estate that he was readie to flie into AEGYPT he perswaded the gard they shoulde call Galba Emperour as if Nero had not bene at ROME but fled and gone and promised euerie one seuen thowsande fiue hundred Drachmas a peece And to the rest of the souldiers that were dispersed vp and downe in garrison vpon the prouinces twelue hundred fifty Drachmas a man For the leauying of which summe they could not possiblie doe it but they must needes commit tenne thowsand times more extorcion to euery bodie then Nero had done This large promise made them presently put Nero to death and shortly after him Galba him selfe also For the souldiers forsooke Nero for the hope they had to receiue this promised gift and shortlie after they slewe the second which was Galba bicause they receiued not their gifts in time to their contentment Afterwards also in seeking who should still feede them with like gifts before could obtaine their wished hope one of them destroyed an other by treason and rebellion But nowe to set downe all thinges particularlie which hapned at that time it were to wryte one whole entere historie and therefore I will content my selfe not to passe ouer wih silence the notablest deedes and lamentable calamities which happened at that time vnto the Caesars It is manifestly knowen to all men that Sulpitius Galba of a priuate man was the richest and wealthiest that came to be in the number of the Caesars who though he came of a verie noble house deriuing him selfe from the race and family of the Seruij yet he was honored the more bicause he was a kinne vnto Quintus Catulus who for vertue and estimacion was one of the chiefest men of his time albeit that otherwise he willingly rezined his authoritie and power vnto others So Galba thereby was somwhat a kinne vnto Linia the wife of Augustus Caesar and therefore for her sake he came out of the Emperours pallace when he went to take possession of his Consulshippe Moreouer it is reported that when he had charge of the armie in GERMANIE he did valliantlie behaue him selfe And in the gouernment of LIBYA also where he was Viceconsul he did as honorablie behaue him selfe as any man whatsoeuer Howbeit his meane and simple ordinary of dyet voyde of all excesse was imputed misary niggardlines in him when he was proclaimed Emperour bicause the praise of sober temperate died which he would haue brought in vse was then so raw a thing that it was taken for a new straunge deuise He was sent Gouernor also into SPAYNE by Nero before he had learned to be astrayed of the citizens of great authority howbeit besides that he was of a curteous gentle nature his age moreouer increased the opinion they had of him that he was timerous and fearefull For when the wretched officers of Nero did cruelly vexe torment the prouinces and that it lay not in Galba any way to help them yet was it some comfort to them which were iudged sold as slaues
priuate man. Marcellus constancy Marcellus curtesie to the Syracusans Marcellus actes against Hanniball in his fourth Consullship Cneus Fuluius viceconsull slaine in Apulia by Hanniball Marcellus fought a battell with Hanniball at Numistron in Apulia The Dictator chosen by the Consull or Praetor not by the people nor Senate VVhereof Dictator commeth Quintus Fuluius chosen Dictator by the people Marcellus Proconsull Hannibals oration to his souldiers Marcellus stratageame Marcellus ouercome in battell by Hanniball Marcellus had wordes vnto his souldiers Hannibals wordes of Marcellus Battell betwixt Hanniball and Marcellus The worthy act of Flauius Tribunus milium Marcellus victory of Hannibal Hanniball lay in garrison in the city of Sinuesse in Campania P. Bibulus Tribune of the people accuseth Marcellus Circus Flaminius Marcellus chosen Consul the fift time The temples of honor and vertue built by Marcellus VVonderfull signes were seene in Rome vnfortunate to Marcellus Marcellus three score yeare olde beinge chosen Consull the fift time Q. Crispinus Consull Hanniball lay betwixt the cities of Bancia and Venousa Mons Petelium An ambush layd by Hanniball Ill signes to Marcellus Quintus Crispinus fellowe Consull with Marcellus Marcellus slaine in an ambush at the hill of Pâ—â—elie The Consull Crispinus slaine Marcellus funerall honored by Hanniball Marcellus monuments Marcellus posterity Pelopidas Marcellus actes in wars Marcellus actes preferred before Pelopidas The maner of Marcellus Pelopidas deedes Marcellus made the Romaines coragious Rashneâ— in a Captaine deserueth blame The valliantnes and obedience of Chrysantas a souldier Plutarch excuseth his free speech and Iudgement of these famous men Pelopidas Marcellus funeralls vnlike Aristides wealth Good men may take giftes but after a sorie Damon banished bicause he was to wise Socrates was not poore Aristocratia what it signifieth Aristides and Themistocles enemies in the common wealth Themistocles disposition Aristides nature Themistocles saying for partiality Aristides maner of dealing in the common wealth Barathrum a prison or dungeon Aristides constancy Aristides iustice Aristides wise saying Aristides chosen treasorer Themistocles couetously geuen Aristides accused condemned for abusing his office Aristides fine released and he made treasorer againe Aristides openly reproueth close theeues in the coÌ„mon wealth and detesteth their praise Miltiades chiefe of the ten Captaines that went against Dathis the king of Persiaes Lieutenant Miltiades victory of the Parsians The wicked parte of Callias the torche bearer Aristides chosen prouost of Athens Aristides called the Iust. The praise of iustice Authority would be with out corruptioÌ„ Themistocles enuieth Aristides iustice Aristides banished with the Ostracismon The nature of the Ostracismon Hyperbolus the last man banished with the Ostracismon The cause of Hyperbolus banishment A description of the Ostracismon A tale of a plaine man that came to Aristides with his shell to pray him to write Aristides name in it Aristides called from exile Aristides acts and councells against kinge Xerxes Aristides wordes of Themistocles Aristides victory as Psyttalea Aristides wise counsell for Xerxes flying out of Greece A stratageame of Themistocles Xerxes left Mardonius his Lieutenant in Greece with 300000. men The noble minde of the Athenians Aristides Lieutenant generall of the AtheniaÌ„s against Mardonius Pausanias king of Lacedaemon generall of all Greece Asopus flu Oracles of the victory of Plateas The Nymphes Sphragitides Arymnestus dreame The magnanimity of the Plataeians Alexander the great doth honor the Plateians for their noble mindes Strife betwene the Athenians Tegeates Aristides wisely pacifieth the mutinie The conspiracy of the rich noble men of Athens Mount Cithaeron Masistius generall of the horsemen of the Persians Masistius slaine by the Athenians Alexander kinge of Macedon reuealeth the Persian secrete counsell vnto Aristides The treason of the Thebans The stubbornnes of Amompharetus Captaine of the Lacedaemonians The battell of the GreeciaÌ„s with the Persians at the city of Plataees Callicrates slaine without fighting Note the obedience of the Spartan souldiers vnto death Barteâ—â—l betwixt the Greecians Persians The Greecian victorie of the Persians as Platees Mardonius slaine of Arimnestus a Spartan with a blow of a stone Two hundred and three score thousand Persians slain A thowsande three hundred three score Greecians slaine Strife betwixt the AtheniaÌ„s and Lacedaemonians for honor of the victory Corinthe the third city of estimacion in Greece Sparta Athens Corinthe The Greecians graâ—â—nt the honor of the victory vnto the Plataeians The wonderfull speede of Euchidas the Plataeian a foâ—â—e Diana Euclia Euchidas death A generall counsell holden at the city of Plataees Solemne sacrifices and funeralls kepe by the Plataeians yerely for the Greecians that were slaine as the battaill of Plataees Aristides preferreth the popular state A wicked deuise of Themistocles Aristides sentence apon Themistocles deuise The iustice of the AtheniaÌ„s Aristides and Cimon generalls of the Athenians against the barbarous people Aristides iustice and vertue tooke from the Lacedaemonians all their rule and authority in Greece Pausanias proude and couetous Pausanias cruell punishing of his souldiers Aristides fine triall of traytors The rebellious act of Vliades and Antagoras against Pausanias The temperance of the Lacedaemonians Aristides did sesse the cities of GREECE Aristides a true cesser Tauntes betwixt Themistocles and Aristides Aristides preferred necessity of time before law reason Aristides gloried in his pouerty A hard thing to away with pouerty VVho may be ashamed of pouerty Aristides coÌ„mended of Plato Aristides temperance vnto Themistocles Aristides death Aristides coÌ„demned for extorcion Aristides tombe The Athenians thankefulnes vnto Aristides children Myrto Aristides daughters daughter maried vnto Socrates The Athenians commended for their liberality Cato called an vpstare The definition of this worde Cato Catoes maners and life Cato an excellent orator Cato a souldier at 17. yeares of age A grimme looke geueth terror to the enemy This Manius Curius ouerthrew kinge Pyrrus being generall of the Tarâ—â—inas Cato the elder wondered as the thrifâ—nes of Manius Curius The moderacion of Manius Curius Nearchus the Pythagorian Philosopher Caenes scholemaister Platâ—â—s opinion of pleasure Cato learned the Greeke tongue in his olde age Cato profited most by Demosthenes eloquence Valerius Flaccus a great wise man. Catoes strauÌ„ge life Cato goeth to Rome by Valerius Flaccus perswasion Cato chosen Tribunus militum Catoes offices in the Senate Cato followed Fabius Maximus Catoes emulacion with Scipio the great Cato beinge treasorer vnder Scipio Afrikan reproued him for his wastfull expences Cato accuseth Scipio of riot Catoes eloquence his continent life and extreame paynes Catoes wonderfull thrift Catoes sharpnes Gentlenesse goeth further then iustice Gentlenesse to be vsed vnto brute beastes A gentle lawe made by the Athenians in fauer of their laboringe moyles Xanthippus buried his dogge that swame by his gallyes side from Athens to Salamina and dyed wheÌ„ he landed Catoes straight life Cato Praetor in Sardinia Catoes neerenes in his circuite Catoes seuerity Catoes speech and writing Catoes sayinges Themistocles saying Honor nourisheth â—â—ie Cato
Tenterides people of Germany Caesars horsemen put to flight The Ipes and Tenterides slaine by Caesar Sicambri a people of the Germaines Caesar made a bridge ouer the riuer of Rheyn Caesars iorney into England The death of Iulia Caesars Daughter The rebellion of the Gaules Cotta and Titurius with their armie slaine Caesar slue the Gaules led by Ambiorix The second rebellion of the Gaules against Caesar. Vercingentorix Captaine of the rebells against Caesar. * Some say that in this place is to be redde in the Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which is the riuer Saone The Hedul rebell against the Romanes * Sequani Vercingentorix ouerthrowen by Caesar. The seege of Alexia Caesars daunger and wise policie Caesars great victorie at Alexie Alexia yelded vp to Caesar The discord betwixt Caesar and Pompey and the cause of the ciuill warres Caesars crassines The peoples voices bought at Rome for money Pompey gouerned Spain and Africk Caesar sueth the second time to be coÌ„sul and to haue his gouernment proroged Caesar bribeth the Magistrates at Rome Pompey abused by slauerers Caesars requests vnto the Senate Antonius Curio Tribunes of the people fly from Rome to Caesar Caesars doubtfull thoughts at the riuer of Rubicon The Greeke vseth this phrase of speech cast the dye Caesar tooke the citie of Arminum Caesars damnable dreame Rome in vprore with Caesars comming Pompey flyeth from Rome Labienus forsooke Caesar and fled to Pompey Domitius escaped from Caesar fled to Pompey Pompey flyeth into Epirus Silent leges inter arma Caesar taketh money out of the temple of Saturne Caesars iorney into Spayne against Pompeys Lieuetenants Caesar Dictator Caesar and Isauricus Consulls Caesar goeth into the kingdom of Epirus Complaints of the olde souldiers against Caesar. A great aduenture of Caesar. Anius â—â— Caesars daungers troubles in the Realme of Epirus Caesars armie fled from Pompey Caesars wordes of Pompeys victory Caesar troubled in mind after his losse Pompeys determination for the warre Pompey called Agamemnon and king of kings The citie of Gomphes in Thessaly Pompeys dreame in Pharsalia The securitie of the Pompeians Pompeys armie at great againe as Caesars A wonder seene in the element before the battell in Pharsalia Caesars armie and his order of battell in the fieldes of Pharsalia Pompeys army and his order of battell An ill counsel and fowle fault of Pompey The battell in the fieldes of Pharsalia Caesars strategeme Caesar ouercommeth Pompey Pompeys flight Brutus that slue Caesar taken prisoner at the battell of Pharsalia Signes tokens of Caesars victory A straunge tale of Cornelius an excellent Prognosticatos Caesars clemeÌ„cy in victory The cause of Caesars warre in Alexandria Pothinus the Euenuke caused Pompey to be slayne Cleopatra came to Caesar Cleopatra trussed vp in a mattresse and so brought to Caesar vpon Apollodorus backe The great library of Alexandria burnt Caesars swimming with bookes in his hand Caesar made Cleopatra Queene of AEgypt Caesarion Caesars sonne begotteÌ„ of Cleopatra Caesars victorie of king Pharnaces Caesar wyteth three wordes to certifie his victory Caesars iorney into Africke against Cato and Scipio Caesars troubles in Africke Alga and dogges tooth geuen to the horse to eate Caesars daungers in Africke Caesars great victorie and small losse Caesar trobled with the falling sickenes Caesar was sory for the death of Cato Caesar wrote against Cato being dead Cicero wrote a booke in praise of Cato being dead Iuba the sonne of king Iuba a famous historiographer Caesars feasting of the Romanes The muster taken of the Romanes Caesar Consull the fourth time Battell fought betwext Caesar and the young Pompeyes by the city of Mvnda Caesars victory of the sonnes of Pompey Caesar triumphe of Pompeis sonnes Caesar Dictator perpetuall The temple of clemency dedicated vnto Caesar for his curtesie Cassius and Brutus Praetors Caesars saying of death Good will of subiectes the best gard and safety for Palaces Caninius Rebilius Consull for one day Anienes Tiber flu Caesar reformed the inequality of the yeare * Mercedonius mensis intercularis VVhy Caesar was hated The feast Lipercalia Antonius being Consull was one of the Lupercalians Antonius presented the Diadeame to Caesar. Caesar saued Marcus Brutus life after the battell of Pharsalia Brutus conspireth against Caesar. Cassius stâ—roeth vp Brutus against Caesar. Predictions foreshewes of Caesars death Caesars day of his death prognosticased by a Soothsayeth The dreame of Calpurnia Caesars wife Decius Brutus Albinus perswasion to Caesar. Decius Brutus brought Caesar into the Senate house The tokens of the conspiracy against Caesar. The place where Caesar was slaine Antonius Caesars faithfull frend Casca the first that strake at Caesar. Caesar slaine and had 23. wounds apon him The murtherers of Caesar doe goe to the Capitall Caesars funeralls Cinnaes dreame of Caesar. The murther of Cinna Caesar 56. yere olde at his death The reuenge of Caesars death Cassius being ouerthrowen at the battell of Philippes slue himselfe with the selfe same sword wherewith he strake Caesar. VVonders seene in the element after Caesars death A great Comet Brutus vision A spirit appeared vnto Brutus The second appearing of the spirit vnto Brutus Demades arrogaÌ„t saying The power of vertue and fortune Aduersitie maketh men hasty Ciceroes saying of Cato the common wealth at Rome Catoes plaine maner became not the corrupt and suretie time The parâ—â—age of Phocion Phocion neuer wept nor laughed Phocions maners VVherein excellencie of speech consifieth Phocions first souldier saâ—e The victory of Chabrias and Phocion in the I le of Naxos Phocions notable sayings Aristogiton a Sycophant coward Phocion called by surname goâ—â— Phocions iorney into Euboâ—a Phocion perswadeth his Captaines to suffer the musinous souldiers cowards to depart the campe Phocions victory in Eubâ—â—a Phocion saued the citie of Byzantium PhocioÌ„ draws Philip out of Hellespont Phocion ioyned Megara vnto Athens To reioyce at any mans hurt sheweth a base mind vile nature Alexander pacified with the Athenians by Phocions meanes Phocions vertue and integrity refusing of Alexanders money Phocions house and wiues Phocus Phocions sonne what he was Phocion despiseth Harpalus money Phocion refused to defend his sonne in law in an ill cause Phocions victory of the Macedonians The Graecians ouercomeÌ„ by Antipater Phocion Ambassador vnto Antipater Xenocrates authoritie Xenocrates despised of Antipater Presages of the miseries of the Athenians The crueltie of Antipater Phocion refuseth Menyllus giftes Phocion loued pouertie The insolencie of Demades the Orator Cassander king Antipaters sonne The 〈…〉 end of Demades Polyperchon Generall of the armie of the Macedonians Polyperchon conspiracie against Phocion Nicanor to receiue then to offer an iniury Alexander the sonne of Polyperchon practiseth treason against the Athenians Phocion accused of treason Polyperchon did put Dinarchus to death Phocion sent prisoner to Athens to be condemned The furie of the Athenians against Phocion The crueltie of the Athenians vnto Phocion Phocion condemned to death The constancy and corage of Phocion being condemned