his_o power_n and_o state_n 38._o power_n as_o inter-rex_a 39_o why_o he_o be_v entrust_v so_o much_o 40._o he_o see_v ibid._n who_o officiate_n where_o no_o inter-rex_a 127._o inter-rex_a resign_v 162._o physician_n polish_v their_o ability_n 81_o *_o not_o allow_v to_o study_v till_o qualify_v ib._n *_n palatine_n what_o 35._o their_o number_n and_o precedence_n from_o 55_o to_o 59_o duty_n and_o office_n 59_o palatine_n vice_n how_o they_o must_v be_v qualify_v 59_o etc._n etc._n posnan_n bishop_n of_o extent_n of_o his_o diocese_n 43_o etc._n etc._n plosko_fw-mi bishop_n of_o his_o jurisdiction_n and_o see_v 44._o premislaw_n bishop_n of_o 44._o premislaw_n city_n a_o greek-bishop_n here_o 44._o here_o first_o maintain_v that_o priest_n may_v marry_v ib._n etc._n etc._n high_a podolia_n palatinate_n of_o honorary_a 57_o protho-notary_n of_o a_o district_n 78._o project_n in_o the_o diet_n easy_o annul_v 107._o punishment_n in_o poland_n various_a and_o how_o differ_v 122._o manner_n of_o chastise_v servant_n ib._n etc._n etc._n pacta-conventa_a article_n of_o election_n 144._o when_o take_v by_o ambassador_n 145._o by_o who_o draw_v and_o how_o administer_v 146._o the_o form_n ib._n occasional_a article_n 149._o the_o oath_n take_v by_o the_o king_n 150._o peasant_n polish_v their_o condition_n 5_o 184._o wherefore_o enslave_v 5._o incapable_a of_o preferment_n except_o a_o few_o 167._o how_o first_o enslave_v 182._o live_v satisfy_v notwithstanding_o 183._o enrich_v their_o lord_n 184._o how_o fix_v in_o a_o farm_n 185._o their_o service_n annex_v thereto_o ibid._n meet_v to_o reap_v their_o lord_n corn_n 186._o their_o custom_n at_o bed_n and_o board_n 186._o child_n how_o teach_v to_o go_v 187._o habit_n of_o both_o man_n and_o woman_n ibid._n peasant_n condition_n in_o lithuania_n 226._o work_v on_o sunday_n ibid._n etc._n etc._n pay_v rigid_a duty_n 227._o their_o habit_n and_o carriage_n 228._o description_n of_o the_o last_o by_o a_o poet_n ib._n character_n of_o these_o rustic_n 230._o potable_n sort_n use_v in_o poland_n 212._o beer_n of_o what_o quality_n 213._o mead_n and_o wine_n ib._n what_o strong-water_n 214_o brimmer_n much_o practise_v 219._o sturdy_n drinker_n reward_v 231._o drink_v among_o the_o rustic_n of_o prussia_n 235._o prussia_n peculiar_a custom_n there_o vide_fw-la custom_n pospolite_n what_o 2_o *_o who_o oblige_v to_o serve_v in_o the_o horse_n ib._n *_n who_o in_o the_o foot_n 3_o *_o penalty_n for_o default_n ib._n *_n who_o excuse_v ib._n *_n number_n great_a former_o and_o now_o 5_o *_o manner_n of_o raise_v and_o muster_v they_o 6_o *_o meet_v at_o general-rendezvouz_n 8_o *_o pay_v of_o soldier_n from_o what_o it_o arise_v and_o how_o be_v raise_v 26_o etc._n etc._n *_o provision_n and_o ammunition_n what_o in_o the_o army_n 27_o *_o q._n queen_n consort_n her_o court_n how_o maintain_v 16._o artifice_n 17._o revenue_n 18._o to_o what_o amount_v ibid._n her_o court-officer_n 30._o where_o crown_v and_o where_o not_o 163_o etc._n etc._n place_n of_o her_o coronation_n 164._o what_o require_v to_o confirm_v it_o ib._n cause_n of_o j._n casimir_n queen_n be_v death_n 207._o queen_n dowager_n revenue_n conditional_a 18._o exclude_v queen_n consort_n while_o she_o enjoy_v it_o ib._n quartarians_n what_o and_o whence_o so_o call_v 17_o *_o r._n republic_n of_o poland_n wherefore_o institute_v 4._o it_o be_v division_n 10._o mean_v to_o support_v it_o for_o ever_o 177._o revenue_n crown_n what_o 17._o russian_n bishop_n why_o can_v marry_v 40_o etc._n etc._n their_o tenet_n ceremony_n and_o ornament_n 41._o religion_n in_o poland_n and_o lithuania_n conversion_n and_o persuasion_n 47._o former_a religion_n ibid._n etc._n etc._n roman-catholick_n how_o long_o continue_v 50._o zeal_n and_o bigotry_n ib._n none_o but_o roman-catholic_n admit_v of_o senate_n etc._n etc._n except_o in_o prussia_n ib._n bishop_n preside_v wherefore_o 51._o other_o clergy_n prefer_v ib._n four_o roman_n catholic_n church_n in_o dantzic_n 47_o *_o religion_n in_o curland_n 126_o *_o russia_n palatin_a of_o why_o have_v the_o title_n of_o the_o province_n 57_o referendary_n master_n of_o request_n their_o office_n power_n and_o qualification_n 77._o register_n in_o chancery_n 77._o reflection_n of_o hauteville_n 95_o etc._n etc._n rokosz_n what_o and_o its_o proceed_n 21_o *_o example_n ibid._n *_o rarity_n and_o observable_n in_o poland_n of_o wood_n and_o earth_n 82_o *_o strange_a water_n and_o their_o effect_n 83_o *_o monstrous_a fish_n 84_o *_o fowl_n of_o odd_a quality_n ibid._n etc._n etc._n *_o beast_n of_o strange_a kind_n 85_o *_o rarity_n communicate_v 86_o *_o closet_n of_o rarity_n 87_o *_o rose_n disease_n what_o and_o its_o cure_n 96_o *_o riga_n bishop_n and_o archbishop_n thereof_o 100_o *_o s._n senator_n polish_v who_o and_o their_o number_n 5._o sit_v by_o what_o authority_n 5_o etc._n etc._n by_o who_o make_v and_o their_o oath_n 34._o to_o what_o further_o bind_v 35._o not_o suffer_v to_o travel_v ibid._n title_n annex_v to_o dignity_n ibid._n their_o office_n 36._o who_o immediate_o become_v so_o ibid._n despise_v other_o honour_n ibid._n their_o division_n and_o sub-division_n ibid._n senate_n polish_v what_o and_o its_o office_n 34._o samogitia_n duchy_n wherein_o differ_v from_o lithuania_n 231._o proof_n of_o great_a age_n here_o 232._o inhabitant_n more_o robu_v ibid._n samogitia_n bishop_n of_o likewise_o bishop_n of_o curland_n 45._o have_v no_o see_v ibid._n samogitia_n starosta_n of_o why_o prefer_v and_o how_o choose_v 56._o smolensko_fw-mi bishop_n of_o former_o subject_a to_o lithuania_n and_o now_o honorary_a 46._o smolensko_fw-mi palatin_a of_o honorary_a 57_o socinian_n when_o and_o how_o often_o expel_v 48._o steward_n great_n vide_fw-la marshal_n great_a secretary_n great_a their_o qualification_n and_o authority_n 76_o etc._n etc._n starosta_n with_o jurisdiction_n 79._o without_o 80._o vice-starosta's_a 79._o jurisdiction_n of_o starosta_n ib._n power_n and_o office_n 119._o starostaships_n revenue_n from_o what_o arise_v 80._o have_v be_v sometime_o mortgage_v ibid._n speaker_n of_o the_o diet_n how_o choose_v and_o heat_n thereupon_o 94._o must_v treat_v the_o gentry_n ibid._n reason_n of_o stickle_v in_o his_o election_n ibid._n last_o speaker_n officiate_n till_o a_o new_a one_o be_v choose_v 95._o speaker-elect_a go_v to_o kiss_v the_o king_n hand_n ibid._n his_o request_n for_o the_o deputy_n 96._o his_o authority_n ibid._n his_o power_n devolve_v to_o great-marshal_n 97._o synod_n provincial_a awe_v by_o the_o pope_n 15._o that_o of_o leopol_n subject_n to_o the_o archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n ib._n successor_n election_n of_o a_o interest_n of_o foreign_a prince_n to_o oppose_v it_o 151_o etc._n etc._n reason_n for_o and_o against_o it_o 152_o etc._n etc._n state_n four_o thing_n require_v to_o defend_v it_o 19_o etc._n etc._n *_o salt_n far_o particular_n thereof_o 39_o *_o t._n title_n polish_v annex_v to_o employment_n 5._o tartar_n in_o lithuania_n their_o number_n and_o religion_n 49._o how_o long_o continue_v there_o ib._n upon_o what_o condition_n ibid._n troki_n castellan_n of_o wherefore_o prefer_v 56._o treasurer_n great_a their_o office_n and_o authority_n 72._o remarkable_a breach_n of_o trust_n in_o one_o of_o they_o 73._o treasurer_n of_o prussia_n his_o office_n 77._o travel_v custom_n in_o travel_v 219._o traveller_n oblige_v to_o carry_v provision_n etc._n etc._n 221._o travel_v cheap_a in_o other_o respect_n ibid._n etc._n etc._n manner_n of_o travel_v 222._o incommodity_n in_o travel_n how_o remedy_v ibid._n etc._n etc._n disturb_v a_o winter-nights_n by_o boor_n 223._o danger_n of_o lose_v nose_n ib._n etc._n etc._n trade_n pole_n not_o much_o incline_v thereto_o 35_o *_o commodity_n export_v and_o import_v 35_o etc._n etc._n *_o particular_n of_o trade_n 39_o *_o no_o full_v nor_o papermill_n ibid._n *_o concern_v leather_n and_o fish_n 40_o *_o honey_n and_o its_o produce_v ibid._n etc._n etc._n *_o former_a trade_n of_o prussia_n 41_o *_o teutonic_n order_n its_o origin_n 53_o *_o who_o build_v their_o hospital_n at_o jerusalem_n 54_o *_o order_n confirm_v and_o by_o what_o title_n ibid._n *_o their_o removal_n into_o germany_n and_o prussia_n ibid._n etc._n etc._n *_o forsake_v prussia_n and_o wherefore_o 55_o *_o their_o statute_n habit_n number_n and_o manner_n ibid._n etc._n etc._n *_o be_v much_o favour_v by_o several_a prince_n 56_o *_o life_n of_o their_o great_a master_n from_o 56_o to_o 71_o *_o it_o be_v present_a state_n 72_o *_o tobago_n island_n discover_v by_o the_o duke_n of_o curland_n 106_o *_o be_v deprive_v of_o it_o ibid._n *_o proposes_n to_o recover_v it_o 107_o *_o a_o grant_n from_o king_n charles_n the_o second_o 108_o *_o french_z beg_v the_o island_n 112._o *_o a_o second_o letter_n from_o king_n charles_n ibid._n *_o intercept_v ibid._n *_o duke_n send_v governor_n 113_o *_o make_v a_o contract_n ib._n *_n description_n of_o the_o island_n ibid._n *_o necessary_a
primate_n of_o the_o kingdom_n a_o title_n give_v he_o by_o the_o council_n of_o constance_n and_o moreover_o style_v himself_o the_o pope_n legate_n bear_v by_o a_o grant_n of_o the_o council_n of_o lateran_n all_o ecclesiastical_a affair_n that_o have_v be_v determine_v in_o the_o archbishop_n of_o leopol_n or_o any_o of_o the_o other_o bishop_n court_n may_v be_v reverse_v or_o confirm_v in_o a_o appeal_n to_o he_o his_o power_n and_o authority_n be_v exceed_o great_a and_o even_o next_o to_o the_o king_n be_v it_o be_v death_n to_o draw_v a_o sword_n in_o his_o presence_n or_o to_o quarrel_v in_o any_o manner_n whatsoever_o before_o he_o when_o he_o go_v to_o the_o king_n or_o the_o diet_n there_o be_v always_o a_o golden_a cross_n carry_v before_o he_o and_o when_o he_o sit_v his_o chaplain_n hold_v it_o behind_o his_o chair_n he_o have_v his_o marshal_n who_o be_v a_o castellan_n and_o senator_n of_o the_o kingdom_n this_o person_n on_o horseback_n carry_v a_o staff_n before_o his_o coach_n but_o salute_v none_o with_o it_o except_o the_o king_n when_o the_o archbishop_n and_o he_o happen_v to_o meet_v this_o marshal_n have_v likewise_o the_o honour_n to_o carry_v the_o like_a staff_n before_o the_o king_n where_o the_o other_o marshal_n be_v absent_a when_o the_o archbishop_n come_v to_o wait_v on_o the_o king_n the_o great_a chamberlain_n or_o some_o other_o great_a officer_n always_o receive_v he_o at_o the_o stair-foot_n and_o the_o king_n afterward_o come_v out_o of_o his_o chamber_n to_o meet_v he_o in_o the_o antichamber_n he_o never_o pay_v any_o visit_n out_o of_o duty_n but_o to_o the_o pope_n nuncio_n and_o to_o he_o only_o but_o once_o he_o visit_v no_o king_n ambassador_n though_o they_o visit_v he_o first_o rex_fw-la after_o the_o king_n death_n he_o be_v the_o supreme_a regent_n of_o the_o kingdom_n till_o a_o new_a one_o be_v choose_v during_o which_o time_n he_o may_v coin_v money_n in_o his_o own_o name_n a_o privilege_n grant_v he_o by_o boleslaus_n the_o chaste_a but_o which_o nevertheless_o have_v not_o be_v practise_v no_o money_n have_v ever_o be_v see_v of_o his_o coin_n the_o revenue_n also_o of_o the_o crown_n belong_v to_o he_o in_o the_o inter-regnum_n he_o convoke_v the_o diet_n and_o dissolve_v it_o at_o pleasure_n and_o in_o case_n there_o happen_v any_o thing_n extraordinary_a the_o government_n assign_v he_o several_a senator_n for_o his_o assistant_n in_o short_a he_o be_v tantum_n non_fw-la rex_fw-la he_o only_o can_v proclaim_v the_o king_n when_o elect_v and_o crown_v he_o afterward_o except_o where_o he_o die_v as_o in_o the_o follow_a case_n which_o be_v so_o very_o considerable_a that_o he_o be_v look_v upon_o by_o the_o ambassador_n and_o envoy_n of_o the_o candidate_n as_o the_o only_a person_n upon_o who_o the_o success_n of_o their_o negotiation_n depend_v and_o therefore_o all_o of_o they_o do_v their_o utmost_a to_o make_v he_o their_o friend_n hereupon_o i_o must_v acquaint_v your_o grace_n with_o a_o passage_n in_o the_o election_n of_o the_o late_a king_n of_o poland_n john_n iii_o in_o the_o year_n 1674._o when_o one_o czartoreski_n be_v archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n who_o be_v entire_o in_o the_o austrian_a interest_n and_o a_o great_a friend_n to_o the_o chancellor_n patz_n and_o by_o consequence_n both_o a_o enemy_n to_o the_o french_a and_o john_n sobieski_n party_n can_v by_o no_o mean_n be_v bring_v to_o proclaim_v he_o but_o as_o it_o happen_v he_o die_v three_o day_n before_o the_o election_n and_o that_o power_n devolve_v to_o trzebicki_n bishop_n of_o cracow_n who_o be_v altogether_o for_o the_o grand_a marshal_n forthwith_o proclaim_v he_o with_o joy_n much_o the_o reason_n why_o the_o republic_n entrust_v this_o great_a authority_n to_o a_o clergyman_n be_v for_o fear_n that_o if_o it_o be_v bestow_v on_o a_o secular_a senator_n he_o may_v make_v use_n of_o it_o to_o advance_v himself_o to_o the_o throne_n see_n this_o archbishops_n see_v be_v at_o lowitz_n a_o city_n in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o rava_n in_o low_a poland_n he_o be_v bear_v a_o canon_n of_o the_o church_n of_o plosko_fw-mi the_o second_o ecclesiastical_a senator_n be_v the_o archbishop_n of_o leopol_n the_o capital_a city_n of_o red-russia_n so_o name_v from_o a_o sovereign_a duke_n of_o that_o province_n call_v leo_n who_o be_v subdue_v by_o a_o castellan_n of_o cracow_n in_o the_o year_n 1279_o and_o under_o the_o reign_n of_o lescus_n vi._n leopol_n this_o city_n be_v the_o seat_n of_o three_o bishop_n viz._n the_o roman-catholick_n archbishop_n the_o armenian-catholick_n archbishop_n and_o a_o russian_a greek_a schismatic_a bishop_n these_o two_o archbishop_n have_v the_o same_o belief_n and_o religion_n only_o the_o armenian_a have_v some_o particular_a ceremony_n wherein_o they_o differ_v and_o the_o woman_n be_v separate_v from_o the_o man_n in_o the_o church_n persuasion_n the_o russian_a or_o greek-schismatic_a bishop_n can_v marry_v because_o they_o must_v of_o necessity_n be_v choose_v out_o of_o the_o order_n of_o friar_n of_o st._n basil_n who_o all_o make_v a_o vow_n of_o chastity_n nevertheless_o the_o parish_n priest_n be_v not_o oblige_v to_o live_v in_o coelibacy_n that_o be_v if_o they_o be_v admit_v into_o order_n after_o their_o marriage_n for_o they_o can_v be_v constrain_v to_o leave_v their_o wife_n but_o however_o when_o their_o wife_n die_v they_o can_v marry_v again_o unless_o they_o have_v a_o mind_n to_o relinquish_v their_o priesthood_n ornoment_n their_o liturgy_n be_v in_o the_o russian_a language_n be_v as_o the_o polish_v a_o dialect_n of_o the_o sclavovian_a their_o tenet_n be_v that_o the_o holy_a ghost_n proceed_v from_o the_o father_n by_o the_o son_n and_o that_o the_o pope_n be_v not_o head_n of_o all_o the_o church_n but_o only_o the_o first_o of_o the_o two_o patriarch_n whereof_o they_o of_o constantinople_n be_v the_o second_o and_o independent_a of_o the_o first_o in_o other_o article_n of_o belief_n they_o agree_v with_o the_o roman_a church_n their_o ceremony_n and_o ornament_n differ_v from_o the_o roman_a and_o armenian_a they_o pray_v stand_v though_o they_o make_v frequent_a genuflexion_n they_o receive_v the_o communion_n in_o both_o kind_n after_o this_o manner_n the_o priest_n consecrate_v several_a little_a piece_n of_o bread_n make_v with_o leaven_n after_o which_o he_o receive_v himself_o and_o then_o break_v the_o bread_n in_o divers_a little_a piece_n which_o do_v he_o put_v they_o into_o the_o chalice_n with_o the_o consecrate_a wine_n and_o then_o with_o a_o little_a silver_n spoon_n make_v for_o that_o purpose_n he_o communicate_v to_o the_o people_n who_o all_o stand_v with_o their_o arm_n across_o upon_o their_o breast_n when_o they_o receive_v this_o do_v the_o communicant_n follow_v the_o priest_n thrice_o about_o the_o altar_n with_o fold_a arm_n who_o all_o the_o while_n advise_v and_o charge_v they_o to_o make_v good_a cheer_n for_o seven_o day_n together_o and_o to_o fast_v the_o next_o seven_o day_n after_o that_o the_o russian_n likewise_o make_v their_o child_n communicate_v though_o never_o so_o young_a when_o they_o have_v all_o take_v the_o sacramenâ—â—_n the_o priest_n consume_v the_o rest_n at_o his_o pleasure_n this_o digression_n be_v curious_a i_o think_v it_o not_o amiss_o to_o insert_v it_o but_o now_o i_o must_v proceed_v to_o the_o three_o ecclesiastical_a senator_n who_o be_v the_o bishop_n of_o cracow_n the_o capital_a city_n of_o the_o kingdom_n lie_v in_o high_a or_o little_a poland_n power_n this_o be_v first_o a_o archbishopric_n establish_v by_o miecislaus_fw-la i._o in_o the_o year_n 964._o immediate_o after_o he_o have_v embrace_v the_o christian_a faith_n but_o be_v afterward_o lose_v by_o mean_n of_o one_o lampert_n who_o be_v make_v archbishop_n and_o value_v himself_o too_o much_o on_o his_o birth_n neglect_v to_o send_v to_o rome_n for_o consecration_n whereupon_o the_o pope_n order_v it_o for_o the_o future_a to_o remain_v only_o a_o bishopric_n what_o be_v remarkable_a in_o this_o bishopric_n be_v that_o the_o archbishopric_n and_o that_o have_v frequent_o be_v hold_v by_o the_o same_o person_n this_o bishop_n style_v himself_o duke_n of_o severia_n in_o which_o all_o the_o people_n be_v subject_a both_o to_o his_o ecclesiastical_a and_o temporal_a jurisdiction_n residence_n his_o usual_a residence_n be_v either_o at_o bozentium_n a_o small_a town_n at_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o bald_a mountain_n or_o else_o at_o kielsk_n in_o the_o same_o palatinate_n of_o sendomir_n he_o have_v in_o his_o diocese_n 1018._o church_n of_o which_o thirteen_o be_v collegiate_n precedence_n his_o seat_n in_o the_o senate_n be_v on_o the_o left_a hand_n of_o the_o king_n and_o next_o to_o the_o archbishop_n of_o leopol_n though_o it_o ought_v to_o be_v on_o the_o right_n he_o be_v the_o first_o bishop_n in_o the_o kingdom_n this_o bishopric_n be_v former_o join_v to_o
former_a of_o these_o quality_n yet_o they_o be_v a_o little_a want_v in_o the_o latter_a especial_o before_o they_o come_v into_o the_o field_n the_o cause_n of_o which_o may_v be_v the_o want_n of_o sufficient_a authority_n in_o the_o prince_n or_o the_o slow_a and_o defective_a supply_n of_o money_n which_o have_v always_o be_v just_o esteem_v the_o sinew_n of_o war._n the_o insufficiency_n of_o the_o prince_n power_n may_v appear_v all_o along_o in_o the_o read_n of_o this_o history_n and_o the_o defect_n in_o supply_n of_o money_n be_v apparent_a by_o the_o bad_a pay_v and_o provide_v for_o the_o army_n for_o the_o soldier_n that_o be_v to_o receive_v pay_n be_v never_o pay_v above_o once_o in_o half_a a_o year_n and_o oftentimes_o not_o at_o all_o but_o be_v force_v to_o subsist_v upon_o plunder_n or_o upon_o what_o they_o can_v find_v in_o the_o wood_n nay_o hauteville_n say_v they_o have_v sometime_o be_v reduce_v to_o eat_v horseflesh_n as_o for_o the_o officer_n they_o receive_v no_o pay_n above_o once_o a_o year_n and_o sometime_o but_o once_o in_o two_o army_n the_o manner_n of_o pay_v they_o be_v particular_a and_o therefore_o it_o may_v not_o be_v improper_a to_o present_v your_o grace_n with_o a_o account_n of_o it_o commissioner_n depute_v by_o the_o diet_n for_o this_o purpose_n be_v order_v to_o meet_v at_o a_o place_n that_o be_v a_o good_a way_n off_o from_o court_n to_o the_o end_n the_o king_n may_v not_o concern_v himself_o in_o it_o though_o every_o thing_n there_o be_v do_v in_o his_o name_n then_o they_o proceed_v to_o allot_v every_o officer_n his_o quota_fw-la but_o they_o common_o retrench_v part_n of_o their_o due_n especial_o where_o they_o be_v foreigner_n and_o which_o may_v the_o better_o be_v tolerate_v because_o the_o officer_n be_v general_o at_o no_o charge_n to_o subsist_v and_o recruit_v their_o company_n and_o yet_o their_o commission_n run_v as_o if_o they_o have_v take_v care_n of_o they_o so_o that_o however_o the_o soldier_n suffer_v the_o officer_n have_v no_o reason_n to_o complain_v proceed_v by_o the_o army_n be_v so_o seldom_o pay_v and_o sometime_o not_o at_o all_o for_o want_v of_o money_n the_o soldier_n frequent_o confederate_a together_o and_o mutiny_n the_o manner_n whereof_o be_v common_o this_o the_o officer_n after_o they_o have_v find_v that_o their_o repeat_v complaint_n both_o to_o court_n and_o the_o diet_n prove_v fruitless_a be_v wont_a to_o assemble_v and_o make_v a_o rokosz_n which_o in_o the_o polish_v language_n imply_n a_o forsake_v their_o general_n the_o subaltern_n officer_n be_v thus_o assemble_v elect_v two_o among_o they_o one_o for_o their_o marshal_n and_o another_o for_o their_o lieutenant_n which_o last_o they_o term_v their_o substitute_n both_o these_o they_o immediate_o make_v to_o swear_v that_o they_o will_v use_v their_o utmost_a endeavour_n to_o procure_v their_o pay_n from_o the_o republic_n after_o this_o the_o say_a marshal_n forthwith_o take_v upon_o he_o the_o office_n of_o general_n the_o sequel_n of_o which_o may_v be_v easy_o conjecture_v to_o be_v nothing_o but_o ruin_n and_o desolation_n for_o then_o the_o army_n instead_o of_o march_v against_o the_o enemy_n or_o secure_v the_o frontier_n mind_n nothing_o else_o but_o plunder_n rapine_n and_o destruction_n example_n a_o example_n of_o this_o kind_n happen_v under_o the_o reign_n of_o john_n casimir_n when_o one_o swiderski_n be_v marshal_n and_o one_o borzecki_n his_o lieutenant_n or_o substitute_n this_o confederacy_n which_o be_v not_o easy_o quell_v by_o the_o king_n be_v think_v to_o have_v be_v occasion_v more_o by_o the_o influence_n of_o some_o malcontent_n who_o hope_v to_o effect_v their_o design_n in_o such_o a_o confusion_n than_o for_o any_o great_a omission_n in_o pay_v the_o army_n power_n there_o be_v other_o inconvenience_n which_o introduce_v confusion_n and_o disorder_n into_o the_o polish_v army_n and_o consequent_o oppression_n of_o the_o people_n and_o these_o flow_v chief_o from_o the_o officer_n and_o first_o from_o the_o general_n be_v be_v perpetual_a the_o king_n be_v often_o oblige_v to_o give_v that_o great_a charge_n to_o a_o rich_a nobleman_n that_o know_v little_a or_o nothing_o of_o warlike_a matter_n yet_o when_o he_o have_v once_o bestow_v it_o he_o can_v recall_v his_o grant_n though_o he_o foresee_v never_o so_o many_o ill_a consequence_n that_o attend_v it_o so_o that_o it_o be_v no_o wonder_n if_o poland_n often_o make_v false_a step_n in_o martial_a affair_n when_o it_o have_v frequent_o so_o unexperienced_a a_o guide_n on_o the_o contrary_a if_o this_o high_a command_n be_v only_o confer_v on_o and_o continue_v to_o merit_v what_o wonder_n may_v not_o the_o polish_v cavalry_n be_v able_a to_o perform_v for_o be_v so_o vast_a a_o number_n of_o horse_n they_o may_v easy_o hem_v in_o and_o cut_v off_o the_o great_a body_n of_o foot_n of_o which_o the_o army_n of_o their_o enemy_n chief_o consist_v another_o inconvenience_n proceed_v from_o the_o ill_a conduct_n and_o remissness_n of_o the_o under_o officer_n the_o great_a whereof_o be_v that_o especial_o those_o of_o the_o gentry_n seldom_o come_v to_o the_o place_n of_o rendezvouz_n till_o a_o month_n or_o six_o week_n after_o the_o time_n appoint_v and_o this_o neither_o the_o king_n nor_o general_n dare_v offer_v to_o remedy_n for_o fear_v of_o disoblige_v that_o serviceable_a body_n in_o like_a manner_n the_o gentry_n be_v sometime_o accustom_a to_o leave_v the_o army_n a_o month_n before_o the_o campaign_n be_v end_v which_o grievance_n be_v also_o not_o to_o be_v redress_v without_o danger_n the_o cause_n of_o their_o be_v so_o tardy_a in_o appear_v be_v in_o a_o great_a measure_n to_o be_v attribute_v to_o the_o defective_a order_n give_v they_o for_o when_o the_o officer_n be_v command_v to_o march_n to_o such_o or_o such_o a_o place_n in_o the_o kingdom_n neither_o the_o time_n they_o be_v to_o march_v in_o nor_o the_o town_n they_o be_v to_o pass_v through_o be_v comprehend_v so_o that_o by_o these_o mean_v they_o be_v at_o liberty_n to_o delay_v on_o account_n of_o their_o own_o private_a business_n as_o much_o as_o they_o please_v or_o else_o to_o wander_v all_o over_o the_o kingdom_n either_o for_o their_o profit_n or_o pleasure_n whereby_o the_o country_n they_o march_v through_o be_v not_o a_o little_a damage_v and_o the_o best_a lay_v design_n of_o the_o army_n frustrate_v by_o their_o absence_n another_o inconvenience_n arise_v from_o the_o officer_n be_v that_o they_o employ_v so_o much_o money_n in_o fit_v themselves_o out_o with_o costly_a arm_n and_o splendid_a equipage_n that_o for_o want_v of_o timely_a pay_n they_o have_v seldom_o any_o thing_n leave_v in_o a_o little_a time_n to_o support_v their_o necessity_n which_o defect_n they_o be_v wont_n to_o make_v up_o by_o oppress_v the_o people_n after_o a_o unreasonable_a manner_n from_o this_o extravagance_n of_o they_o proceed_v another_o inconvenience_n to_o the_o state_n for_o after_o they_o have_v thus_o exhaust_v their_o pocket_n they_o usual_o lay_v the_o occasion_n of_o their_o misbehaviour_n either_o on_o the_o court_n or_o the_o government_n which_o in_o the_o succeed_a diet_n oftentimes_o produce_v great_a heat_n and_o disturbance_n when_o any_o new_a levy_n be_v to_o be_v make_v in_o poland_n the_o officer_n not_o only_o excuse_v for_o money_n what_o place_n they_o think_v sit_v but_o also_o as_o i_o observe_v before_o seldom_o pay_v the_o soldier_n the_o rate_n that_o they_o be_v allow_v for_o they_o so_o that_o these_o latter_a be_v in_o a_o manner_n force_v to_o pillage_n and_o plunder_v even_o their_o own_o country_n without_o their_o officer_n be_v able_a to_o hinder_v they_o by_o reason_n that_o they_o have_v first_o set_v they_o example_n for_o so_o do_v ever-ruâ—ed_a to_o avoid_v most_o of_o these_o inconvenience_n some_o discern_a politician_n have_v propose_v to_o the_o diet_n to_o keep_v the_o soldier_n always_o encamp_v to_o the_o end_n that_o they_o may_v be_v make_v more_o subject_a to_o discipline_n by_o disable_n they_o from_o pillage_n the_o country_n and_o by_o keep_v they_o together_o they_o may_v be_v always_o at_o hand_n to_o oppose_v the_o sudden_a inroad_n of_o a_o enemy_n by_o these_o mean_n also_o the_o people_n be_v deliver_v from_o oppression_n will_v be_v the_o better_a able_a to_o pay_v their_o tax_n which_o will_v remove_v that_o fatal_a inconvenience_n of_o the_o army_n be_v be_v ill_o pay_v this_o advice_n some_o approve_v of_o and_o argue_v for_o but_o other_o vigorous_o oppose_v it_o allege_v that_o it_o may_v be_v of_o very_o ill_a consequence_n to_o intrust_v so_o great_a a_o power_n in_o the_o hand_n of_o one_o person_n their_o general_n and_o to_o confide_v it_o to_o more_o than_o one_o will_v probable_o through_o emulation_n occasion_n no_o less_o disorder_n and_o danger_n to_o the_o
frederic_n augustus_n the_o present_a king_n of_o poland_n the_o history_n of_o poland_n in_o several_a letter_n to_o person_n of_o quality_n give_v a_o account_n of_o the_o present_a state_n of_o that_o kingdom_n viz._n historical_a political_n physical_a and_o ecclesiastical_a the_o form_n of_o government_n the_o king_n power_n court_n and_o revenue_n the_o senate_n senators_z and_o other_o officer_n the_o religion_n diet_n and_o little_a diet_n with_o other_o assembly_n and_o court_n of_o justice_n the_o inter-regnum_fw-la election_n and_o coronation_n of_o a_o king_n and_o queen_n with_o all_o the_o ceremony_n the_o present_a condition_n of_o the_o gentry_n and_o commonalty_n as_o likewise_o the_o genius_n character_n language_n custom_n manner_n military_a affair_n trade_n and_o riches_n of_o the_o pole_n together_o with_o a_o account_n of_o the_o city_n of_o dantzic_n the_o origin_n progress_n and_o present_a state_n of_o the_o teutonic_n order_n and_o the_o succession_n of_o all_o its_o great_a master_n likewise_o the_o present_a state_n of_o learning_n natural_a knowledge_n practice_n of_o physic_n and_o diseale_v in_o poland_n and_o last_o a_o succinct_a description_n of_o the_o duchy_n of_o curland_n and_o the_o livonian_a order_n with_o a_o series_n of_o the_o several_a duke_n and_o provincial_a master_n to_o this_o be_v also_o add_v a_o table_n for_o each_o volume_n and_o a_o sculpture_n of_o the_o diet_n in_o session_n with_o some_o memoirs_fw-fr from_o baron_fw-fr blomberg_n vol._n ii_o by_o bernard_n connor_n m._n d._n fellow_n of_o the_o royal_a society_n and_o member_n of_o the_o college_n of_o physician_n who_o in_o his_o travel_n in_o that_o country_n collect_v these_o memoir_n from_o the_o best_a author_n and_o his_o own_o observation_n compose_v and_o publish_a by_o â—ir_n savage_a london_n print_v for_o daâ—_n brown_a without_o templ-bar_n '_o and_o a._n roper_n and_o t._n leigh_n both_o in_o il_fw-fr et-street_n 1698._o d_o r._n connor_n '_o saint_n preface_n in_o my_o preface_n to_o the_o first_o volume_n of_o this_o historical_a relation_n of_o poland_n i_o have_v mention_v my_o incapacity_n for_o matter_n of_o this_o nature_n both_o because_o i_o be_v only_o twelve_o month_n in_o that_o kingdom_n and_o because_o i_o have_v no_o talon_n or_o genius_n for_o history_n i_o think_v write_v it_o by_o way_n of_o letter_n in_o imitation_n of_o some_o of_o our_o neighbour_n will_v be_v more_o easy_a to_o myself_o and_o more_o acceptable_a to_o the_o public_a i_o be_o proud_a to_o have_v this_o happy_a occasion_n of_o give_v the_o honourable_a person_n i_o write_v to_o so_o public_a a_o testimony_n of_o my_o respect_n i_o be_o sorry_a in_o the_o same_o time_n i_o can_v have_v leisure_n to_o honour_v myself_o in_o write_v to_o the_o noble_a person_n mention_v in_o the_o second_o volume_n as_o i_o have_v have_v in_o the_o first_o i_o follow_v a_o profession_n so_o remote_a from_o history_n particular_o a_o polish_v one_o that_o it_o neither_o allow_v i_o time_n nor_o leave_v i_o any_o inclination_n to_o attend_v any_o other_o business_n i_o hope_v notwithstanding_o the_o person_n i_o promise_v to_o write_v to_o will_v be_v please_v to_o excuse_v i_o for_o not_o be_v able_a to_o keep_v my_o word_n to_o they_o as_o i_o flatter_v myself_o i_o can_v since_o the_o ingenious_a gentleman_n i_o desire_v to_o undertake_v this_o work_n will_v give_v they_o the_o same_o satisfaction_n he_o have_v already_o assist_v i_o in_o my_o first_o volume_n and_o have_v have_v all_o my_o memoirs_fw-fr for_o this_o second_o the_o ancient_n and_o present_a state_n of_o poland_n part_n ii_o the_o present_a state_n letter_n i._n to_o his_o grace_n thomas_n lord_n archbishop_n of_o canterbury_n of_o the_o form_n of_o the_o government_n in_o poland_n and_o of_o the_o king_n power_n court_n and_o revenue_n my_o lord_n that_o high_a station_n wherewith_o the_o king_n have_v recompense_v your_o merit_n and_o the_o great_a trust_v his_o majesty_n have_v repose_v in_o your_o grace_n during_o his_o absence_n show_v his_o confidence_n in_o your_o ability_n as_o well_o to_o govern_v the_o state_n as_o the_o church_n since_o therefore_o be_v late_o invest_v with_o a_o share_n of_o the_o regal_a authority_n you_o have_v occasion_n to_o know_v more_o intimate_o our_o king_n power_n and_o prerogatives_n i_o think_v myself_o oblige_v to_o give_v your_o grace_n a_o account_n of_o those_o of_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n to_o the_o end_n that_o compare_v both_o together_o you_o may_v more_o sensible_o perceive_v the_o excellency_n of_o our_o own_o constitution_n which_o make_v the_o greatness_n of_o the_o king_n inseparable_a from_o the_o interest_n of_o the_o people_n for_o when_o the_o executive_a power_n be_v as_o vigilant_a to_o see_v our_o law_n obey_v as_o the_o legislative_a have_v be_v provident_a in_o make_v they_o england_n can_v just_o boast_v of_o a_o much_o great_a happiness_n than_o either_o poland_n or_o any_o other_o kingdom_n of_o europe_n 1698._o have_v my_o lord_n not_o be_v a_o full_a twelve_o month_n at_o the_o late_a king_n of_o poland_n court_n i_o can_v pretend_v to_o be_v thorough_o acquaint_v with_o that_o kingdom_n yet_o i_o find_v that_o like_o most_o other_o country_n it_o have_v undergo_v several_a change_n in_o its_o constitution_n since_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o vith_o century_n at_o which_o time_n it_o begin_v to_o be_v a_o distinct_a nation_n during_o the_o reign_n of_o the_o two_o great_a house_n of_o piastus_n and_o jagello_n poland_n ever_o since_o the_o time_n of_o lechus_n its_o founder_n the_o king_n thereof_o have_v be_v elect_v to_o the_o crown_n after_o a_o hereditary_a manner_n though_o not_o by_o a_o hereditary_a title_n they_o have_v real_o be_v absolute_a and_o their_o will_n go_v for_o a_o law_n for_o than_o they_o make_v peace_n and_o war_n when_o they_o please_v levy_v as_o many_o troop_n as_o they_o think_v fit_a punish_v or_o pardon_v at_o pleasure_n and_o reward_v where_o they_o see_v convenient_a and_o all_o the_o administration_n either_o of_o public_a or_o private_a affair_n be_v so_o whole_o lodge_v in_o the_o king_n hand_n that_o i_o have_v hear_v the_o pole_n themselves_o say_v that_o sigismond_n ii_o 1574._o the_o last_o king_n of_o the_o jagellonic_a family_n be_v to_o the_o full_a as_o absolute_a as_o either_o the_o king_n of_o france_n or_o denmark_n be_v now_o whilst_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n thus_o maintain_v thereby_o a_o supreme_a power_n over_o their_o subject_n they_o exceed_o enlarge_v their_o dominion_n be_v both_o fear_v abroad_o and_o belove_v at_o home_n command_v potent_a and_o numerous_a army_n into_o the_o field_n execute_v most_o erterprise_n speedy_o and_o be_v almost_o always_o sure_o of_o success_n and_o this_o because_o they_o do_v not_o then_o as_o now_o depend_v upon_o the_o linger_a determination_n and_o tedious_a conclusion_n of_o a_o turbulent_a diet._n but_o the_o family_n of_o jagello_n be_v once_o extinct_a by_o the_o death_n of_o sigismond_n ii_o who_o have_v resign_v his_o kingdom_n to_o the_o senate_n and_o polish_v gentry_n and_o give_v they_o full_a power_n and_o authority_n to_o dispose_v thereof_o as_o they_o think_v fit_a the_o crown_n of_o poland_n be_v anew_o declare_v elective_a to_o the_o end_n that_o all_o the_o prince_n of_o christendom_n who_o have_v due_a merit_n and_o qualification_n may_v have_v a_o right_a to_o aspire_v thereunto_o gentry_n this_o give_v occasion_n to_o most_o of_o the_o prince_n of_o europe_n ever_o since_o to_o court_v the_o polish_v nobility_n after_o their_o king_n death_n and_o that_o either_o to_o get_v the_o succeed_a election_n determine_v in_o their_o own_o favour_n or_o else_o to_o have_v some_o of_o their_o friend_n advance_v to_o that_o great_a dignity_n but_o this_o most_o common_o rather_o with_o regard_n to_o their_o own_o private_a interest_n than_o out_o of_o any_o respect_n to_o the_o person_n they_o desire_v to_o promote_v as_o the_o house_n of_o austria_n and_o bourbon_n have_v always_o practise_v thereupon_o the_o gentry_n of_o poland_n therefore_o observe_v that_o several_a prince_n at_o a_o time_n always_o aspire_v to_o their_o crown_n and_o consider_v that_o not_o one_o of_o they_o have_v more_o right_o than_o the_o rest_n as_o likewise_o that_o it_o lay_v altogether_o in_o their_o power_n to_o choose_v who_o they_o please_v resolve_v unanimous_o to_o elect_n none_o but_o such_o as_o shall_v condescend_v nay_o swear_v to_o observe_v the_o term_n and_o condition_n they_o propose_v prince_n hereby_o the_o pole_n by_o degree_n have_v clip_v and_o limit_v the_o ancient_a power_n of_o their_o king_n and_o have_v reduce_v they_o to_o the_o bound_n we_o now_o find_v they_o to_o have_v that_o be_v bare_o to_o a_o three_o part_n of_o the_o grand_a diet_n for_o the_o pole_n know_v very_o well_o that_o no_o prince_n will_v be_v so_o imprudent_a as_o to_o scruple_n submit_v to_o
the_o little_a and_o poor_a sort_n think_v it_o no_o disgrace_n to_o serve_v they_o that_o can_v maintain_v they_o it_o be_v true_a the_o gentleman_n they_o serve_v be_v common_o very_o civil_a to_o they_o for_o the_o elder_a of_o they_o general_o eat_v with_o he_o at_o table_n with_o his_o cap_n off_o and_o every_o one_o of_o they_o have_v a_o peasant-boy_n to_o wait_v on_o he_o which_o the_o master_n maintain_v yet_o if_o any_o one_o of_o these_o gentlemen-servant_n neglect_v his_o duty_n his_o master_n punish_v he_o severe_o though_o he_o have_v no_o power_n to_o take_v away_o his_o life_n because_o he_o be_v a_o gentleman_n but_o he_o may_v get_v he_o whip_v naked_a with_o a_o certain_a formality_n which_o i_o have_v mention_v before_o republic_n it_o may_v not_o be_v here_o amiss_o to_o observe_v to_o your_o lordship_n some_o few_o maxim_n whereby_o the_o republic_n of_o poland_n may_v always_o subsist_v and_o the_o gentry_n retain_v their_o ancient_a privilege_n first_o by_o reduce_v all_o the_o gentry_n of_o the_o kingdom_n to_o a_o equal_a authority_n in_o the_o election_n of_o a_o king_n and_o other_o public_a deliberation_n by_o which_o the_o king_n or_o senate_n will_v be_v deprive_v of_o a_o power_n of_o raise_v any_o considerable_a faction_n and_o the_o grandee_n be_v discourage_v from_o affect_v and_o hunt_v after_o foreign_a title_n which_o common_o ensnare_v they_o to_o the_o prejudice_n of_o their_o country_n second_o by_o keep_v up_o the_o free_a choice_n of_o their_o nuncios_fw-la which_o will_v disable_v the_o court_n and_o senate_n from_o get_v their_o creature_n elect_v to_o the_o utter_a abrogate_a of_o the_o privilege_n of_o the_o gentry_n wherein_o the_o pole_n now_o follow_v the_o prudent_a example_n of_o the_o roman_a commonwealth_n three_o by_o preserve_v the_o custom_n of_o the_o gentry_n appear_v in_o great_a number_n at_o the_o diet_n which_o animate_v both_o the_o senate_n and_o deputy_n in_o the_o prosecution_n of_o affair_n for_o the_o good_a of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o deter_v they_o from_o be_v biased_a by_o any_o sinister_a mean_n four_o by_o oblige_v both_o senator_n and_o deputy_n to_o give_v a_o account_n of_o their_o proceed_n which_o must_v needs_o incline_v they_o to_o act_v with_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o precaution_n five_o by_o prohibit_v the_o army_n to_o come_v near_o the_o great_a assembly_n of_o the_o state_n for_o rome_n never_o enjoy_v so_o great_a happiness_n as_o when_o the_o gown_n have_v preference_n of_o the_o sword_n sixthly_a to_o maintain_v the_o law_n of_o equality_n in_o matter_n of_o descent_n whereby_o the_o gentry_n will_v be_v keep_v at_o a_o even_o lay_v and_o hinder_v from_o disturb_v the_o government_n by_o too_o great_a a_o power_n seven_o never_o to_o prefer_v any_o native_a to_o the_o crown_n because_o of_o the_o great_a disorder_n it_o may_v in_o all_o likelihood_n occasion_n eight_o to_o maintaim_v the_o authority_n of_o their_o democracy_n establish_v for_o so_o many_o age_n by_o the_o prudence_n of_o their_o ancestor_n and_o all_o along_o continue_v with_o no_o small_a hazard_n and_o trouble_v and_o nine_o never_o to_o permit_v any_o foreign_a prince_n to_o intermeddle_v with_o their_o affair_n to_o there_o be_v no_o country_n where_o ambassador_n be_v oblige_v to_o make_v so_o great_a a_o figure_n as_o in_o poland_n especial_o if_o they_o have_v any_o interest_n of_o the_o prince_n their_o master_n to_o maintain_v or_o carry_v on_o in_o the_o diet_n or_o among_o the_o gentry_n for_o the_o great_a man_n there_o general_o despise_v all_o such_o as_o either_o do_v not_o or_o can_v make_v the_o same_o figure_n with_o themselves_o which_o be_v so_o excessive_a that_o a_o ambassador_n must_v have_v three_o remarkable_a quality_n to_o keep_v up_o with_o it_o for_o first_o he_o must_v have_v a_o great_a train_n of_o coach_n and_o servant_n proportionable_a next_o keep_v a_o plentiful_a and_o open_a house_n continual_o to_o treat_v and_o fuddle_v the_o gentry_n and_o where_o he_o must_v be_v very_o humble_a and_o familiar_a with_o they_o they_o be_v general_o very_o civil_a and_o easy_a in_o their_o conversation_n and_o last_o which_o be_v the_o sure_a way_n to_o gain_v their_o affection_n and_o suffrage_n he_o must_v give_v they_o ever_o now_o and_o then_o a_o little_a money_n and_o he_o still_o promise_v they_o more_o for_o reason_n i_o have_v mention_v before_o sword_n when_o the_o great_a man_n of_o poland_n have_v any_o suit_n at_o law_n or_o other_o difference_n to_o be_v determine_v the_o justice_n of_o the_o kingdom_n be_v common_o too_o weak_a for_o they_o for_o though_o the_o diet_n or_o other_o tribunal_n have_v decide_v the_o matter_n in_o favour_n of_o one_o of_o the_o two_o party_n yet_o the_o execution_n of_o their_o judgement_n must_v be_v leave_v to_o the_o power_n of_o the_o strong_a sword_n for_o these_o grandee_n general_o think_v it_o beneath_o they_o to_o submit_v to_o the_o sentence_n of_o a_o company_n of_o judge_n without_o a_o field-battle_n sometime_o they_o will_v raise_v five_o or_o six_o thousand_o of_o a_o side_n plunder_v and_o burn_v one_o another_o town_n and_o city_n and_o besiege_v each_o other_o castle_n and_o fort_n and_o after_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o bloodshed_n fatigue_n and_o expense_n the_o unjust_a cause_o shall_v common_o get_v the_o upper_a hand_n example_n dr._n connor_n say_v when_o he_o be_v in_o poland_n there_o be_v a_o quarrel_n between_o duke_n raazivil_n and_o prince_n sapieha_n about_o whether_o of_o the_o two_o shall_v be_v guardian_n to_o the_o young_a princess_n of_o newbourg_n niece_n to_o the_o present_a empress_n for_o her_o mother_n be_v duchess_n radzivil_n of_o lithuania_n and_o heiress_n of_o the_o great_a estate_n in_o the_o kingdom_n both_o party_n have_v their_o troop_n in_o the_o field_n and_o have_v some_o skirmish_n but_o it_o be_v think_v that_o prince_n sapieha_n be_v great_a general_n of_o the_o force_n of_o lithuania_n will_v get_v the_o better_a though_o it_o seem_v duke_n radzivil_n as_o be_v her_o mother_n relation_n have_v more_o right_o to_o the_o guardianship_n of_o she_o all_o this_o while_n the_o king_n never_o concern_v himself_o in_o the_o quarrel_n nor_o declare_v for_o either_o party_n poland_n as_o to_o matter_n of_o descent_n the_o father_n estate_n be_v always_o equal_o divide_v among_o his_o child_n in_o like_a manner_n as_o in_o italy_n germany_n and_o most_o foreign_a country_n but_o when_o the_o father_n be_v dead_a the_o mother_n can_v enjoy_v all_o his_o estate_n for_o life_n and_o it_o be_v absolute_o in_o her_o breast_n to_o allot_v every_o one_o of_o the_o child_n their_o quota_fw-la or_o to_o keep_v all_o the_o estate_n to_o her_o own_o use_n during_o her_o life_n some_o mother_n marry_v after_o the_o husband_n death_n and_o so_o spend_v their_o first_o child_n fortune_n with_o their_o second_o husband_n this_o make_v the_o child_n more_o than_o ordinary_a obedient_a to_o their_o mother_n especial_o during_o their_o widowhood_n family_n although_o estate_n in_o poland_n be_v equal_o divide_v among_o the_o child_n which_o one_o will_v think_v shall_v absolute_o weaken_v or_o ruin_v their_o family_n yet_o do_v they_o general_o find_v mean_n to_o support_v and_o keep_v they_o up_o for_o most_o common_o some_o of_o the_o brother_n turn_v monk_n and_o so_o get_v to_o be_v make_v abbot_n or_o bishop_n who_o revenue_n be_v here_o sufficient_a to_o enrich_v any_o family_n and_o the_o rest_n look_v after_o state-employment_n which_o be_v likewise_o considerable_a some_o of_o the_o daughter_n also_o many_o time_n become_v nun_n so_o that_o be_v in_o the_o church_n service_n they_o be_v oblige_v to_o live_v in_o celibacy_n and_o consequent_o leave_v no_o heir_n all_o their_o good_n or_o estate_n fall_v to_o their_o marry_v brother_n or_o sister_n or_o to_o their_o child_n in_o this_o country_n the_o daughter_n always_o walk_v before_o their_o mother_n as_o in_o italy_n and_o the_o unmarried_a sister_n before_o the_o marry_a effect_n i_o can_v but_o admire_v at_o the_o honest_a and_o good_a temper_n of_o the_o polish_v gentry_n for_o though_o their_o liberty_n be_v extraordinary_a though_o they_o have_v power_n of_o life_n and_o death_n over_o their_o subject_n though_o they_o be_v in_o a_o manner_n above_o their_o own_o law_n and_o though_o justice_n be_v administer_v in_o poland_n more_o slight_o than_o in_o any_o other_o country_n yet_o dr._n connor_n say_v that_o all_o the_o while_n that_o he_o be_v in_o that_o kingdom_n he_o neither_o see_v nor_o hear_v of_o any_o murder_n or_o slaughter_n or_o of_o any_o barbarity_n or_o cruelty_n commit_v by_o the_o gentry_n on_o their_o subject_n nor_o what_o be_v a_o great_a wonder_n of_o any_o highway_n robber_n but_o always_o observe_v the_o pole_n in_o general_a to_o be_v good_a humour_a harmless_a and_o generous_a when_o it_o be_v certain_a have_v
zytomierz_n afterward_o at_o woldzimiers_n in_o volhynia_n volhynia_n in_o the_o province_n of_o volhynia_n in_o the_o town_n of_o vinnicza_n afterward_o at_o woldzimierz_n samogitia_n in_o the_o duchy_n of_o samogitia_n in_o the_o town_n of_o rosienia_n and_o all_o sort_n of_o gentleman_n both_o rich_a and_o poor_a provide_v they_o have_v but_o three_o acre_n of_o land_n in_o their_o possession_n which_o must_v be_v worth_a at_o least_o eight_o crown_n sterling_a a_o year_n have_v a_o right_a to_o come_v to_o these_o little_a diet_n where_o they_o all_o have_v equal_a authority_n and_o vote_n but_o however_o no_o body_n under_o a_o polish_v gentleman_n have_v a_o suffrage_n there_o one_o of_o these_o gentry_n once_o hinder_v a_o person_n from_o be_v choose_v chairman_n of_o a_o little_a diet_n till_o the_o candidate_n have_v give_v he_o a_o pair_n of_o polish_v boot_n for_o he_o be_v before_o almost_o barefooted_a after_o which_o he_o consent_v and_o come_v in_o and_o approve_v of_o the_o election_n diet_n all_o the_o decision_n here_o as_o in_o the_o great_a diet_n do_v not_o former_o go_v by_o plurality_n of_o voice_n but_o by_o unanimous_a consent_n which_o frequent_o breed_v abundance_n of_o disorder_n and_o oftentimes_o the_o diet_n break_v up_o without_o have_v conclude_v any_o thing_n and_o that_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o contest_v and_o obstinacy_n of_o some_o private_a member_n who_o have_v the_o power_n to_o oppose_v all_o the_o rest_n and_o who_o most_o common_o be_v bribe_v by_o one_o side_n or_o other_o at_o these_o little_a diet_n the_o poor_a sort_n of_o gentry_n always_o side_n with_o their_o seigneur_n and_o ever_o approve_v of_o what_o he_o say_v without_o know_v sometime_o what_o the_o matter_n in_o hand_n be_v a_o example_n whereof_o dr._n connor_n say_v happen_v in_o his_o time_n at_o one_o of_o these_o assembly_n in_o the_o province_n of_o masovia_n where_o some_o affair_n of_o the_o province_n be_v in_o debate_n and_o one_o of_o the_o gentry_n declare_v against_o they_o his_o party_n or_o mob_n not_o know_v what_o the_o business_n be_v cry_v like_o madman_n that_o such_o a_o affair_n shall_v not_o pass_v whereupon_o a_o witty_a fellow_n observe_v their_o senseless_a rage_n start_v up_o and_o cry_v brethren_n you_o be_v fool_n to_o oppose_v this_o affair_n for_o the_o question_n be_v only_o to_o abate_v the_o price_n of_o wheat_n and_o aquavitae_n whereat_o they_o immediate_o consent_v to_o and_o approve_v of_o the_o matter_n propose_v and_o cry_v that_o their_o seigneur_n be_v a_o rogue_n that_o have_v betray_v they_o and_o moreover_o threaten_v he_o with_o their_o sabres_fw-es instruction_n notwithstanding_o every_o little_a gentleman_n can_v vote_n for_o who_o he_o please_v yet_o the_o election_n always_o fall_v upon_o some_o rich_a nobleman_n who_o can_v treat_v high_a and_o make_v a_o figure_n suitable_a to_o this_o honourable_a charge_n most_o common_o they_o choose_v two_o or_o three_o deputy_n for_o every_o palatinate_n one_o of_o which_o be_v always_o a_o understand_a man_n and_o the_o rest_n be_v young_a nobleman_n choose_v only_o for_o honour_n sake_n or_o that_o they_o may_v be_v train_v up_o betimes_o in_o the_o service_n of_o their_o country_n when_o the_o deputy_n be_v choose_v they_o receive_v full_a instruction_n from_o the_o gentry_n of_o their_o province_n of_o what_o they_o be_v to_o consent_v or_o dissent_v to_o in_o the_o general_a diet_n and_o when_o once_o they_o be_v entrust_v with_o these_o instruction_n they_o dare_v not_o for_o their_o life_n transgress_v they_o so_o that_o if_o but_o one_o deputy_n have_v order_n contrary_a to_o the_o rest_n it_o lie_v in_o his_o single_a power_n to_o break_v all_o their_o measure_n diet_n in_o these_o little_a diet_n their_o first_o care_n be_v to_o choose_v a_o marshal_n or_o chairman_n who_o office_n be_v much_o the_o same_o with_o the_o marshal_n or_o speaker_n of_o the_o general_a diet._n etc._n this_o chairman_n in_o lithuania_n when_o once_o choose_v continue_v the_o same_o for_o life_n this_o officer_n be_v elect_v they_o next_o proceed_v to_o the_o receive_n of_o the_o king_n nuncio_n which_o be_v do_v by_o the_o chief_a deputy_n and_o by_o he_o place_v at_o the_o upper_a end_n of_o the_o table_n this_o person_n propose_v in_o the_o king_n name_n what_o they_o be_v to_o debate_v upon_o have_v first_o satisfy_v they_o of_o his_o commission_n but_o here_o it_o must_v be_v observe_v that_o to_o some_o of_o these_o convention_n the_o king_n transmits_n his_n instruction_n by_o a_o starosta_n choose_v the_o nunioes_n or_o deputy_n be_v now_o elect_v by_o plurality_n of_o voice_n to_o avoid_v confusion_n and_o disorder_n 689._o the_o number_n of_o all_o these_o nuncios_fw-la amount_n common_o to_o 174._o beside_o those_o of_o prussia_n which_o be_v uncertain_a and_o which_o in_o the_o year_n 1685._o be_v 70._o of_o themselves_o senator_n these_o deputy_n can_v be_v choose_v senator_n and_o be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n elect_v out_o of_o the_o common_a magistrate_n except_v the_o judge_n of_o the_o high_a tribunal_n assessor_n collector_n of_o the_o revenue_n etc._n etc._n salary_n it_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v that_o these_o deputy_n have_v certain_a salary_n assign_v they_o by_o the_o constitution_n in_o the_o year_n 1540_o send_v these_o nuncios_fw-la be_v first_o send_v to_o the_o diet_n under_o the_o reign_n of_o casimir_n iii_o who_o have_v have_v thirteen_o year_n war_n with_o the_o knight_n of_o the_o teutonic_n order_n and_o be_v at_o a_o loss_n to_o pay_v his_o army_n order_v the_o province_n to_o send_v deputy_n to_o lay_v imposition_n which_o they_o be_v representative_n of_o their_o country_n may_v 375._o be_v the_o easy_a comply_v with_o these_o deputy_n have_v continue_v ever_o since_o meeting_n beside_o the_o convention_n at_o the_o little_a diet_n the_o senator_n and_o deputy_n when_o elect_v have_v general_a meeting_n before_o they_o come_v to_o the_o grand_a diet_n at_o these_o several_a place_n for_o great_a poland_n at_o kolo_n in_o kalisch_n to_o which_o belong_v the_o palatinate_n of_o posnania_n kalisch_n siradia_n lanschet_fw-mi bresty_n inowlocz_n ploczkow_n dobrina_n rava_n with_o the_o territory_n of_o vielunia_n for_o lesser_n poland_n at_o corzin_n in_o sendomir_n to_o which_o belong_v the_o palatinate_n of_o cracovia_n sendomir_n russia_n podolia_n belsko_n and_o lublin_n by_o the_o constitution_n in_o the_o year_n 1613._o for_o prussia_n at_o graudent_n or_o marienbourg_n to_o which_o belong_v all_o royal_a russia_n or_o the_o palatinate_v of_o culm_n marienbourg_n pomerania_n as_o also_o the_o bishopric_n of_o varmia_n for_o the_o great_a duchy_n of_o lithuania_n at_o slonim_n in_o novogrodec_n to_o which_o belong_v the_o palatinate_n of_o vilna_n troki_n briescia_n novogrodec_n minski_n polocz_n witebsko_n mscislaw_n zlucz_n braclaw_n by_o the_o constitution_n in_o the_o year_n 1631._o the_o other_o palatinate_v which_o be_v not_o mention_v in_o this_o division_n have_v all_o general_a meeting_n though_o i_o do_v not_o find_v where_o nation_n when_o all_o the_o deputy_n of_o the_o province_n be_v assemble_v at_o the_o place_n appoint_v for_o the_o grand_a diet_n they_o divide_v themselves_o into_o three_o nation_n viz._n into_o the_o deputy_n of_o high_a and_o low_a lithuania_n poland_n and_o thereupon_o out_o of_o these_o three_o they_o next_o proceed_v to_o choose_v their_o marshal_n or_o speaker_n the_o first_o time_n they_o choose_v he_o out_o of_o the_o deputy_n of_o high_a poland_n the_o second_o out_o of_o the_o deputy_n of_o low_a poland_n and_o at_o the_o three_o diet_n out_o of_o the_o deputy_n of_o lithuania_n oftentimes_o they_o spend_v several_a day_n in_o bloody_a contest_v before_o they_o can_v agree_v about_o a_o election_n nay_o it_o happen_v sometime_o that_o they_o never_o agree_v at_o all_o as_o in_o the_o diet_n convene_v in_o the_o year_n 1695._o when_o all_o the_o senator_n and_o deputy_n which_o have_v make_v great_a preparation_n to_o appear_v in_o their_o grandeur_n whereof_o some_o come_v above_o three_o hundred_o mile_n be_v force_v to_o return_v home_o again_o without_o effect_v any_o thing_n for_o want_n of_o agree_v about_o a_o marshal_n he_o that_o design_n to_o get_v to_o be_v elect_v marshal_n must_v treat_v the_o gentry_n all_o the_o while_n otherwise_o he_o will_v have_v no_o vote_n for_o he_o and_o common_o they_o prolong_v the_o election_n that_o they_o may_v live_v the_o long_o at_o the_o candidate_n charge_n occasion_v the_o reason_n of_o this_o great_a stickle_a be_v because_o the_o dignity_n of_o this_o marshal_n be_v not_o only_o very_o honourable_a but_o also_o exceed_o beneficial_a which_o occasion_n several_a nobleman_n among_o the_o deputy_n to_o raise_v cabal_n and_o intrigue_n to_o secure_v it_o for_o themselves_o he_o have_v likewise_o great_a authority_n and_o can_v by_o his_o eloquent_a and_o subtle_a speech_n turn_v affair_n on_o what_o side_n he_o please_v
which_o be_v the_o reason_n that_o he_o be_v often_o bribe_v either_o by_o the_o king_n foreign_a prince_n or_o some_o great_a man_n of_o the_o kingdom_n proceed_v on_o the_o day_n prefix_v for_o the_o meeting_n of_o the_o diet_n the_o king_n with_o all_o the_o senator_n and_o nuncios_fw-la go_v to_o hear_v a_o sermon_n which_o be_v end_v he_o retire_v into_o the_o senate_n where_o he_o be_v several_o salute_v by_o the_o member_n thereof_o and_o the_o nuncios_fw-la retire_v likewise_o into_o their_o house_n call_v by_o the_o pole_n izba_n poselska_n confer_v together_o about_o elect_v a_o speaker_n during_o which_o the_o last_o speaker_n or_o marshal_n officiate_n till_o a_o new_a one_o be_v choose_v and_o then_o be_v oblige_v to_o resign_v his_o staff_n to_o the_o marshal_n elect_v who_o be_v to_o take_v a_o oath_n to_o be_v true_a and_o faithful_a before_o he_o enter_v upon_o his_o office_n proceed_n when_o the_o marshal_n or_o speaker_n be_v elect_v he_o with_o all_o the_o deputy_n of_o the_o province_n go_v to_o kiss_v the_o king_n hand_n in_o the_o diet-chamber_n where_o his_o majesty_n sit_v on_o a_o throne_n erect_v for_o that_o purpose_n then_o the_o chancellor_n in_o the_o king_n name_n propose_v all_o the_o point_n to_o be_v debate_v in_o the_o diet_n and_o desire_v the_o senator_n and_o nobility_n to_o take_v they_o into_o consideration_n whereupon_o the_o king_n immediate_o leave_v they_o lest_o his_o presence_n may_v be_v a_o awe_n upon_o they_o and_o then_o the_o senator_n retire_v into_o their_o room_n by_o themselves_o and_o the_o nuncios_fw-la into_o they_o by_o they_o call_v izba_n poselska_n they_o forthwith_o set_v about_o deliberate_v on_o the_o article_n propose_v hauteville_n here_z sir_n i_o may_v remark_n a_o pleasant_a reflection_n of_o hauteville_n in_o his_o account_n of_o poland_n where_o he_o say_v that_o the_o pole_n employ_v more_o time_n in_o drink_v and_o feast_v than_o in_o debate_v matter_n of_o state_n for_o that_o they_o never_o think_v on_o that_o work_n till_o they_o begin_v to_o want_v money_n to_o buy_v hungarian_a wine_n deputy_n after_o the_o chancellor_n have_v thus_o propose_v to_o the_o diet_n in_o the_o king_n name_n all_o the_o article_n they_o be_v to_o go_v upon_o the_o marshal_n of_o the_o nuncios_fw-la likewise_o on_o the_o part_n of_o the_o deputy_n present_n to_o the_o king_n what_o they_o desire_v of_o his_o majesty_n which_o be_v 1._o to_o make_v void_a all_o intrenchment_n either_o upon_o the_o state_n or_o the_o people_n and_o 2._o to_o bestow_v all_o vacant_a office_n upon_o person_n of_o worth_n and_o merit_n authority_n this_o marshal_n of_o the_o deputy_n have_v a_o great_a authority_n over_o they_o in_o the_o diet_n for_o he_o it_o be_v that_o command_v silence_n among_o they_o and_o who_o transmits_n all_o their_o request_n to_o the_o king_n or_o senate_n and_o see_v that_o by_o his_o power_n he_o can_v either_o animate_v or_o moderate_v they_o it_o be_v not_o to_o be_v wonder_v at_o if_o he_o be_v a_o person_n of_o no_o ordinary_a esteem_n and_o that_o the_o court_n always_o endeavour_n by_o various_a favour_n to_o secure_v he_o for_o their_o friend_n house_n the_o manner_n of_o proceed_n in_o the_o nuncios_fw-la house_n be_v much_o the_o same_o as_o in_o the_o little_a diet_n no_o body_n offer_v his_o opinion_n there_o till_o have_v first_o ask_v leave_v of_o the_o marshal_n who_o alone_o introduce_v all_o messenger_n from_o the_o king_n senators_z army_z or_o foreign_a prince_n and_o answer_v they_o all_o in_o the_o name_n of_o the_o house_n if_o any_o disserence_n arise_v among_o the_o nuncios_fw-la or_o other_o tumult_n be_v raise_v by_o the_o spectator_n he_o cause_v silence_n immediate_o by_o strike_v his_o staff_n against_o the_o ground_n power_n the_o two_o order_n be_v thus_o separate_v there_o be_v nevertheless_o frequent_a intercourse_n between_o they_o as_o be_v between_o our_o two_o most_o honourable_a house_n the_o nuncios_fw-la have_v a_o power_n of_o impeach_v all_o magistrate_n and_o officer_n for_o male_a administration_n and_o to_o put_v the_o king_n in_o mind_n as_o often_o as_o they_o think_v fit_a of_o his_o coronation-oath_n moreover_o the_o nuncios_fw-la power_n and_o authority_n appear_v the_o great_a in_o that_o no_o constitution_n or_o law_n be_v of_o any_o validity_n or_o force_n that_o be_v not_o first_o begin_v in_o their_o house_n nay_o their_o marshal_n be_v to_o be_v the_o first_o starter_n of_o all_o law_n and_o when_o conclude_v upon_o it_o be_v his_o office_n only_o to_o read_v they_o before_o the_o senate_n for_o this_o reason_n in_o the_o year_n 1668._o the_o marshal_n protest_v against_o a_o certain_a law_n because_o it_o be_v first_o concert_v in_o the_o senate_n but_o what_o be_v more_o to_o be_v admire_v than_o all_o this_o be_v that_o the_o dissent_n of_o one_o single_a nuncio_n be_v sufficient_a to_o annul_v the_o whole_a proceed_n and_o to_o occasion_v the_o diet_n to_o be_v dissolve_v encourage_v to_o confirm_v this_o authority_n and_o for_o the_o further_o security_n of_o the_o nuncios_fw-la sigismond_n i._o in_o the_o year_n 1510._o ordain_v that_o it_o shall_v be_v high_a treason_n to_o injure_v any_o member_n of_o the_o diet_n though_o he_o afterward_o in_o the_o year_n 1539._o restrain_v this_o law_n to_o the_o royal_a person_n but_o which_o notwithstanding_o john_n casimir_n in_o some_o measure_n renew_v in_o the_o year_n 1649._o privilege_n 1649._o if_o one_o of_o these_o nuncios_fw-la commit_v any_o crime_n he_o be_v to_o be_v try_v only_o by_o his_o fellow-member_n this_o privilege_n of_o the_o nuncios_fw-la begin_v a_o month_n before_o and_o last_v as_o long_o after_o the_o diet._n committee_n upon_o some_o occasion_n the_o marshal_n assign_v committee_n of_o these_o nuncios_fw-la who_o be_v to_o transact_v apart_o such_o matter_n as_o be_v entrust_v to_o they_o sit_v the_o nuncios_fw-la remain_v in_o their_o house_n till_o the_o five_o day_n before_o the_o conclusion_n of_o the_o diet_n when_o they_o be_v all_o to_o go_v to_o the_o senate_n et_fw-la sic_fw-la comitia_fw-la ad_fw-la patres_fw-la transfer_v dicuntur_fw-la but_o if_o within_o the_o time_n assign_v by_o the_o law_n they_o find_v they_o be_v not_o able_a to_o finish_v their_o business_n they_o humble_o petition_v the_o king_n that_o the_o diet_n may_v be_v prorogue_v employ_v whilst_o the_o nuncios_fw-la be_v thus_o provide_v for_o the_o public_a good_a in_o their_o house_n the_o king_n and_o senate_n do_v not_o pass_v their_o time_n idle_o in_o they_o for_o after_o the_o chancellor_n have_v give_v the_o charge_n to_o the_o low_a house_n and_o they_o be_v retire_v he_o together_o with_o the_o senator_n tries_z criminal_a cause_n for_o a_o whole_a week_n which_o be_v end_v there_o be_v several_a other_o matter_n assign_v for_o certain_a day_n until_o the_o low_a house_n bring_v up_o bill_n to_o be_v debate_v low_a near_o the_o conclusion_n of_o the_o diet_n and_o before_o the_o senator_n and_o nuncios_fw-la be_v join_v the_o marshal_n of_o the_o low_a house_n in_o a_o set_a speech_n give_v thanks_o to_o the_o deputy_n for_o the_o honour_n and_o favour_n they_o have_v confer_v upon_o he_o and_o be_v answer_v by_o one_o of_o the_o nuncios_fw-la in_o the_o name_n of_o the_o rest_n who_o return_v he_o their_o acknowledgement_n for_o his_o faithful_a execution_n of_o his_o office_n join_v when_o the_o nuncios_fw-la be_v come_v to_o the_o upper_a house_n their_o marshal_n or_o speaker_n sit_v on_o a_o form_n below_o the_o senator_n marshal_n and_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o deputy_n stand_v behind_o the_o other_o senator_n who_o be_v seat_v all_o in_o their_o order_n be_v thus_o join_v they_o proceed_v to_o confirm_v create_v or_o abrogate_v law_n no_o body_n speak_v here_o without_o have_v first_o obtain_v leave_n of_o the_o great_a marshal_n marshal_n in_o this_o meeting_n the_o nuncio-marshal_n power_n be_v at_o a_o end_n his_o office_n be_v then_o officiate_v by_o the_o great_a marshal_n either_o of_o poland_n or_o lithuania_n or_o in_o their_o absence_n by_o some_o other_o of_o the_o senator_n officer_n the_o great_a marshal_n have_v authority_n not_o only_o to_o check_v a_o nuncio_n but_o also_o a_o senator_n in_o speak_v if_o he_o exceed_v his_o bound_n he_o also_o in_o case_n of_o great_a disorder_n impose_v silence_n by_o strike_v his_o staff_n on_o the_o ground_n opinion_n in_o case_n of_o controversy_n the_o king_n always_o suspend_v his_o opinion_n till_o the_o difference_n be_v reconcile_v this_o the_o king_n henry_n and_o stephen_n promise_v faithful_o to_o observe_v as_o may_v appear_v by_o the_o book_n of_o their_o law_n page_n 254._o law_n to_o establish_v a_o law_n or_o constitution_n in_o the_o diet_n the_o deputy_n must_v first_o propose_v it_o by_o their_o marshal_n and_o then_o the_o king_n and_o senate_n be_v to_o approve_v of_o it_o but_o however_o before_o it_o