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authority_n aaron_n belong_v law_n 13 3 3.9950 3 false
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A43118 The politicks of France by Monsieur P.H. ... ; with Reflections on the 4th and 5th chapters, wherein he censures the Roman clergy and the Hugonots, by the Sr. l'Ormegreny.; Traitté de la politique de France. English Du Chastelet, Paul Hay, marquis, b. ca. 1630.; Du Moulin, Peter, 1601-1684. Reflections on the fourth chapter of The politicks of France. 1691 (1691) Wing H1202B; ESTC R40961 133,878 266

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discourse_n of_o virtue_n can_v have_v no_o other_o aim_n but_o at_o most_o the_o welfare_n of_o particular_a person_n which_o do_v not_o always_o produce_v that_o of_o the_o public_a and_o the_o politic_n regard_v the_o welfare_n of_o a_o whole_a state_n provide_v at_o once_o for_o that_o of_o each_o particular_a as_o a_o good_a pilot_n in_o endeavour_v the_o safety_n of_o his_o ship_n procure_v necessary_o the_o safety_n of_o all_o that_o be_v embark_v in_o it_o also_o the_o care_n of_o the_o welfare_n of_o particular_a person_n seem_v to_o be_v beneath_o the_o politic_n except_o so_o far_o as_o it_o be_v necessary_a for_o the_o public_a good_a yet_o sometime_o particular_a man_n must_v of_o force_n suffer_v for_o the_o public_a good_a as_o when_o a_o malefactor_n be_v punish_v and_o when_o some_o house_n be_v pull_v down_o to_o save_v a_o town_n from_o fire_n and_o from_o enemy_n the_o happiness_n of_o a_o state_n be_v of_o the_o same_o quality_n with_o that_o of_o particular_a person_n for_o as_o we_o say_v a_o man_n be_v happy_a when_o he_o have_v strength_n riches_n and_o virtue_n in_o like_a manner_n we_o say_v a_o commonwealth_n be_v happy_a when_o it_o be_v potent_a rich_a and_o just_o govern_v a_o monarch_n be_v in_o reference_n to_o his_o state_n what_o the_o soul_n be_v to_o man._n there_o be_v no_o doubt_n therefore_o but_o that_o the_o proper_a good_n of_o a_o king_n be_v those_o of_o the_o soul_n and_o that_o he_o can_v possess_v no_o other_o fortune_n be_v beneath_o a_o true_a sovereign_n and_o extrinsic_a to_o he_o can_v give_v he_o aught_o of_o that_o kind_n from_o gold_n or_o glory_n all_o that_o he_o have_v do_v arise_v from_o his_o own_o virtue_n his_o power_n his_o treasure_n and_o the_o various_a effect_n of_o beneficence_n which_o he_o hold_v in_o his_o hand_n do_v not_o constitute_v his_o happiness_n as_o god_n himself_o be_v not_o bless_v by_o external_a blessing_n but_o only_o
confer_v they_o as_o a_o distribution_n make_v to_o his_o creature_n and_o that_o he_o may_v cause_v they_o by_o sensible_a mean_n to_o experiment_n his_o goodness_n the_o magnificence_n of_o a_o man_n render_v he_o considerable_a if_o his_o spirit_n in_o it_o be_v great_a and_o heroick_n but_o it_o be_v not_o enough_o to_o have_v speak_v of_o that_o which_o constitute_v felicity_n we_o must_v take_v some_o account_n of_o the_o mean_n which_o conduce_v unto_o it_o nature_n constancy_n and_o reason_n do_v contribute_v to_o endue_v we_o with_o virtue_n the_o two_o former_a do_v enrich_v the_o mind_n and_o dispose_v it_o to_o receive_v virtue_n then_o reason_n be_v clear_v by_o the_o light_n of_o precept_n make_v it_o spring_v up_o and_o cultivate_v it_o of_o all_o precept_n those_o of_o great_a efficacy_n be_v the_o political_a which_o be_v indeed_o law_n do_v command_n and_o oblige_v man_n to_o obey_v in_o a_o manner_n blind_o necessitate_v and_o constrain_a we_o to_o live_v well_o whether_o we_o will_v or_o no._n it_o be_v upon_o this_o ground_n it_o have_v be_v say_v that_o there_o lie_v no_o servitude_n at_o all_o in_o submit_v to_o the_o power_n of_o the_o law_n and_o that_o it_o be_v the_o proper_a act_n of_o man_n true_o free_a to_o reduce_v their_o inclination_n and_o subject_a their_o practice_n to_o the_o same_o forasmuch_o as_o the_o conform_v of_o life_n and_o manner_n to_o the_o impulse_n of_o virtue_n which_o be_v always_o right_a always_o uncorrupt_a be_v in_o truth_n a_o set_v our_o ourselves_o at_o full_a liberty_n and_o a_o enfranchisement_n from_o the_o empire_n of_o importunate_a and_o irregular_a passion_n but_o of_o these_o general_a thesis_n enough_o it_o be_v time_n at_o length_n to_o enter_v upon_o the_o subject_n which_o occasion_v my_o take_n up_o the_o design_n of_o this_o present_a treatise_n chap._n iii_o 1._o of_o the_o french_a monarchy_n 2._o of_o the_o situation_n and_o quality_n of_o france_n 3._o of_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o french_a the_o monarchick_a government_n do_v not_o more_o excel_v other_o government_n than_o the_o french_a monarchy_n do_v all_o other_o monarchy_n on_o earth_n it_o be_v hereditary_a and_o for_o twelve_o whole_a age_n there_o have_v be_v see_v reign_v from_o male_a to_o male_n upon_o the_o throne_n of_o france_n the_o august_n posterity_n of_o merove_n of_o charlemain_n and_o of_o hugh_n capet_n for_o it_o be_v exact_o prove_v that_o these_o three_o race_n of_o our_o king_n be_v branch_n issue_v out_o of_o the_o same_o stock_n this_o very_a succession_n so_o legitimate_a as_o it_o have_v be_v and_o so_o long_o continue_v make_v at_o present_a the_o sure_a foundation_n of_o the_o welfare_n of_o the_o state_n and_o carry_v in_o it_o splendour_n reputation_n and_o majesty_n indeed_o to_o how_o many_o ill_n be_v elective_a kingdom_n expose_v how_o many_o cabal_n how_o many_o complotting_n and_o in_o truth_n war_n be_v keep_v on_o foot_n by_o so_o many_o different_a agitation_n the_o one_o and_o the_o other_o roman_a empire_n and_o the_o kingdom_n of_o the_o pole_n do_v administer_v sensible_a proof_n of_o this_o opinion_n if_o the_o spartan_n heretofore_o do_v draw_v so_o great_a a_o advantage_n from_o the_o honour_n they_o have_v to_o be_v command_v by_o prince_n of_o the_o blood_n of_o hercules_n the_o french_a have_v far_o great_a cause_n to_o glory_n since_o in_o the_o catalogue_n of_o his_o majesty_n triumphant_a ancestor_n there_o may_v be_v count_v a_o hundred_o hero_n great_a than_o hercules_n himself_o be_v there_o a_o monarch_n in_o the_o world_n who_o just_a power_n be_v more_o absolute_a than_o that_o of_o our_o king_n and_o by_o consequent_a be_v there_o a_o monarchy_n comparable_a to_o the_o french_a monarchy_n it_o be_v necessary_a that_o the_o power_n of_o a_o good_a king_n be_v not_o confine_v within_o other_o bound_n than_o reason_n and_o equity_n do_v prescribe_v otherwise_o there_o will_v ever_o be_v division_n between_o prince_n and_o people_n to_o the_o ruin_n of_o they_o both_o what_o a_o disorder_n will_v it_o be_v in_o man_n if_o the_o eye_n or_o hand_n shall_v fail_v of_o follow_v the_o impulse_n of_o the_o soul_n this_o disobey_v and_o rebellious_a member_n will_v prove_v dead_a or_o seize_v with_o a_o palsy_n if_o then_o the_o whole_a body_n shall_v fall_v into_o a_o universal_a revolt_n against_o the_o spirit_n of_o man_n all_o the_o symmetry_n the_o order_n and_o oeconomy_n will_v be_v utter_o deface_v thus_o the_o subject_n in_o a_o monarchy_n once_o cease_v to_o yield_v their_o king_n a_o full_a obedience_n and_o the_o king_n cease_v to_o exercise_v his_o sovereign_a authority_n over_o they_o the_o political_a ligature_n be_v break_v the_o government_n be_v dissolve_v by_o little_a and_o little_a all_o be_v reduce_v to_o extreme_a calamity_n and_o ofttimes_o to_o anarchy_n and_o a_o annihilation_n such_o be_v the_o inconvenience_n that_o occur_v in_o royalty_n of_o the_o lacedaemonian_a kind_n where_o the_o prince_n have_v but_o a_o limit_a authority_n and_o if_o all_o that_o england_n suffer_v in_o the_o late_a time_n be_v portray_v here_o it_o will_v be_v easy_a to_o observe_v of_o what_o importance_n it_o be_v unto_o the_o felicity_n of_o a_o monarchy_n that_o the_o prince_n do_v in_o it_o command_v without_o restriction_n in_o fine_a the_o obedience_n of_o instrumental_a part_n as_o those_o of_o organical_a body_n and_o the_o subject_n of_o a_o state_n be_v of_o so_o indispensible_a a_o necessity_n that_o the_o common_a good_a and_o conservation_n of_o that_o whole_a which_o they_o compose_v depend_v upon_o it_o in_o democracy_n even_o the_o most_o tumultuous_a and_o disorderly_a all_o must_v bow_v under_o the_o will_n of_o the_o multitude_n though_o blind_a ignorant_a and_o seduce_v in_o like_a manner_n the_o part_n of_o the_o body_n of_o brute_n must_v act_v by_o their_o motion_n though_o they_o be_v in_o rage_n and_o madness_n and_o the_o reason_n of_o this_o necessity_n be_v that_o the_o body_n and_o the_o soul_n which_o be_v the_o form_n thereof_o be_v but_o one_o indivisible_a whole_a so_o a_o king_n and_o subject_n be_v together_o but_o one_o whole_a that_o be_v one_o state_n in_o fine_a the_o french_a monarchy_n be_v accompany_v with_o all_o the_o mixture_n that_o can_v be_v desire_v for_o a_o complete_a and_o perfect_a government_n the_o counsellor_n of_o state_n do_v compose_v a_o excellent_a oligarchy_n in_o it_o the_o parliament_n and_o other_o officer_n of_o judicature_n do_v form_n a_o aristocracy_n the_o provost_n of_o merchant_n the_o mayor_n the_o consul_n and_o the_o general_a estate_n do_v represent_v rare_o well_o limit_v democracy_n so_o that_o all_o the_o different_a mode_n of_o govern_n by_o law_n be_v unite_v in_o the_o monarchy_n do_v render_v it_o as_o excellent_a and_o consummate_a as_o reason_n can_v propose_v the_o regality_n of_o france_n be_v therefore_o of_o the_o oeconomick_a kind_n in_o which_o the_o king_n have_v a_o absolute_a power_n in_o his_o state_n as_o the_o father_n of_o a_o family_n in_o his_o house_n and_o though_o he_o govern_v at_o his_o pleasure_n and_o without_o contradiction_n it_o be_v always_o for_o the_o good_a of_o his_o kingdom_n even_o as_o the_o master_n of_o a_o house_n do_v rule_v it_o with_o a_o entire_a authority_n and_o incessant_o provide_v for_o the_o accommodate_v of_o this_o family_n there_o be_v nothing_o despotical_a nor_o barbarous_a in_o france_n as_o in_o the_o state_n of_o the_o moscovite_n and_o turk_n in_o short_a our_o law_n be_v holy_a and_o equitable_a to_o a_o great_a degree_n than_o in_o any_o commonwealth_n that_o ever_o be_v and_o they_o be_v conceive_v with_o so_o much_o prudence_n and_o judgement_n that_o they_o be_v apt_a to_o make_v the_o people_n happy_a in_o the_o gentle_a time_n of_o peace_n and_o enable_v they_o to_o triumph_v in_o the_o occasion_n of_o war._n the_o situation_n and_o compactness_n of_o france_n be_v know_v to_o all_o the_o world_n so_o that_o it_o will_v be_v a_o needless_a labour_n shall_v i_o here_o expatiate_v to_o show_v the_o beauty_n and_o richness_n of_o our_o ground_n and_o of_o our_o river_n or_o declare_v how_o we_o abound_v in_o wine_n in_o corn_n in_o silk_n in_o wool_n in_o cloth_n in_o wood_n in_o cattle_n in_o salt_n in_o mine_n and_o in_o money_n how_o necessary_a we_o be_v to_o our_o neighbour_n and_o to_o what_o degree_n we_o may_v forego_v their_o succour_n and_o their_o merchandise_n i_o may_v just_o be_v accuse_v of_o a_o fondness_n for_o superfluous_a discourse_n if_o i_o shall_v particular_o consider_v all_o these_o great_a advantage_n and_o as_o much_o if_o i_o shall_v speak_v of_o the_o pureness_n of_o the_o air_n and_o the_o incredible_a number_n of_o inhabitant_n the_o most_o ignorant_a have_v a_o full_a and_o a_o assure_a knowledge_n of_o '_o they_o i_o shall_v only_o say_v that_o it_o need_v not_o
rather_o renew_v in_o france_n be_v to_o banish_v thence_o all_o usury_n of_o whatever_o quality_n except_o among_o merchant_n and_o those_o shall_v be_v express_o prohibit_v which_o arise_v from_o personal_a obligation_n under_o pretence_n of_o damage_n and_o interest_n even_o interest_n adjudge_v by_o sentence_n not_o exclude_v this_o pretence_n be_v but_o a_o mean_n to_o authorise_v usury_n and_o defraud_v the_o law_n which_o forbid_v it_o usury_n be_v strict_o prohibit_v among_o the_o ancient_a inhabitant_n of_o candie_n but_o the_o covet_v of_o riches_n to_o elude_v the_o severity_n of_o this_o statute_n dispose_v the_o borrower_n that_o he_o shall_v seem_v to_o have_v steal_v the_o money_n he_o have_v need_n of_o and_o which_o in_o reality_n be_v lend_v he_o by_o this_o artifice_n the_o debtor_n be_v constrain_v to_o pay_v the_o interest_n which_o be_v not_o adjudge_v to_o the_o creditor_n on_o the_o account_n of_o any_o loan_n but_o in_o hatred_n of_o robbery_n which_o he_o say_v have_v be_v commit_v upon_o he_o this_o mean_n can_v be_v use_v in_o france_n for_o that_o theft_n be_v there_o a_o capital_a crime_n both_o in_o religion_n and_o in_o policy_n but_o the_o spirit_n of_o man_n be_v unbounded_a and_o have_v more_o craft_n when_o bend_v to_o transgress_v than_o the_o law_n have_v prudence_n to_o hinder_v evil_a do_v the_o take_n of_o damage_n and_o interest_n have_v be_v introduce_v among_o we_o which_o be_v a_o equivalent_a to_o the_o cretan_a expedient_a for_o the_o feign_v a_o detension_n of_o money_n against_o the_o owner_n will_v as_o be_v do_v in_o france_n and_o the_o debtor_n thereupon_o condemn_v to_o pay_v the_o interest_n can_v be_v no_o other_o thing_n for_o substance_n than_o the_o feign_v a_o robbery_n as_o be_v do_v in_o candie_n there_o be_v not_o any_o nation_n of_o note_n in_o which_o usurious_a contract_n have_v not_o be_v prohibit_v among_o the_o subject_n it_o be_v know_v what_o the_o law_n of_o the_o church_n in_o this_o behalf_n be_v and_o what_o that_o of_o the_o old_a testament_n so_o often_o repeat_v in_o scripture_n be_v usury_n sure_a have_v cause_v the_o great_a disorder_n that_o have_v hitherto_o trouble_v the_o tranquillity_n of_o state_n the_o athenian_n the_o spartan_n and_o the_o roman_n do_v not_o forbid_v it_o only_o but_o be_v also_o force_v to_o abolish_v debt_n contract_v and_o for_o public_a benefit_n rescine_v the_o compact_n and_o promise_n that_o private_a man_n have_v make_v though_o they_o seem_v inviolable_a as_o have_v be_v make_v under_o the_o authority_n of_o the_o law_n and_o upon_o the_o security_n of_o general_a custom_n which_o they_o be_v not_o wont_a to_o over-rule_v a_o act_n of_o very_o particular_a consequence_n all_o usurious_a contract_n shall_v be_v annul_v yea_o the_o culpable_a and_o complice_n as_o to_o the_o crime_n of_o usury_n put_v to_o death_n the_o usurer_n in_o plato_n opinion_n be_v worse_o than_o the_o thief_n the_o second_o law_n shall_v be_v to_o permit_v contract_n for_o annual_a rent_n out_o of_o land_n yet_o with_o charge_n that_o they_o be_v publish_v for_o public_a security_n as_o i_o have_v say_v elsewhere_o when_o i_o treat_v of_o the_o shorten_n of_o lawsuit_n withal_o regulate_v to_o a_o denier_n the_o arrearage_n which_o be_v a_o kind_n of_o usury_n but_o the_o most_o tolerable_a of_o any_o see_v there_o be_v a_o alienation_n of_o the_o land_n and_o it_o be_v a_o fiction_n prudent_o hit_v upon_o by_o the_o pope_n calixtus_n the_o three_o and_o martin_n the_o five_o as_o for_o the_o declaration_n in_o form_n of_o a_o edict_n which_o be_v to_o be_v make_v herein_o contract_n even_o the_o former_o make_v shall_v be_v reduce_v to_o the_o thirty_o denier_n the_o roman_n limit_v use_v to_o the_o hundred_o afterward_o to_o the_o two_o hundred_o and_o at_o length_n abolish_v it_o altogether_o a_o three_o law_n shall_v be_v that_o no_o sum_n lend_v to_o any_o son_n of_o a_o family_n or_o to_o other_o under_o 25_o year_n of_o age_n without_o the_o consent_n and_o authority_n of_o their_o relation_n do_v produce_v any_o action_n no_o not_o think_v the_o contract_n be_v ratify_v by_o the_o debtor_n after_o they_o come_v of_o age_n vespasian_n make_v a_o like_a ordinance_n and_o there_o be_v nothing_o more_o effectual_a to_o repress_v the_o greediness_n of_o usurer_n or_o the_o debauch_n of_o young_a people_n whereupon_o they_o will_v set_v themselves_o to_o labour_n to_o exercise_n and_o study_n the_o profit_n which_o these_o law_n will_v yield_v the_o state_n beside_o their_o stop_v the_o course_n of_o great_a evil_n will_v be_v that_o person_n who_o be_v always_o concern_v and_o impatient_a to_o be_v get_v see_v they_o can_v not_o put_v out_o their_o money_n at_o interest_n easy_o and_o that_o the_o interest_n of_o their_o contract_n will_v be_v at_o too_o low_a a_o rate_n must_v of_o force_n apply_v themselves_o to_o two_o thing_n each_o of_o which_o be_v eminent_o advantageous_a to_o the_o kingdom_n for_o they_o will_v addict_v themselves_o to_o trade_n and_o husbandry_n or_o put_v their_o money_n in_o the_o hand_n of_o merchant_n to_o make_v benefit_n of_o it_o if_o not_o enter_v into_o partnership_n with_o they_o which_o they_o shall_v be_v permit_v to_o do_v for_o usury_n in_o matter_n of_o commerce_n be_v never_o forbid_v and_o be_v the_o secret_a that_o the_o hollander_n have_v find_v to_o make_v all_o their_o people_n merchant_n on_o the_o other_o hand_n the_o genoeses_n have_v engage_v themselves_o in_o traffic_n upon_o observe_v the_o profit_n it_o yield_v the_o four_o law_n may_v be_v that_o gentleman_n be_v disable_v to_o sell_v their_o fief_n or_o inheritance_n until_o they_o have_v make_v declaration_n of_o their_o poverty_n in_o open_a court._n among_o the_o israelite_n land_n engage_v revert_v to_o their_o ancient_a owner_n at_o the_o jubilee_n the_o spartan_n land_n be_v not_o divide_v at_o all_o i_o mean_v those_o 7000_o portion_n which_o lycurgus_n have_v lot_v out_o the_o locrian_n in_o like_a manner_n sell_v not_o their_o estate_n the_o same_o be_v observe_v in_o flanders_n the_o fief_n of_o the_o great_a house_n of_o bretanie_n be_v never_o part_v out_o substitution_n of_o heir_n in_o france_n do_v hinder_v the_o alienation_n of_o land_n in_o spain_n gentleman_n cannor_n sell_v their_o estate_n and_o last_o the_o demesne_n of_o the_o crown_n in_o france_n be_v in-alienable_a which_o may_v prescribe_v a_o law_n for_o all_o noble_a family_n this_o ordinance_n will_v make_v gentleman_n good_a husband_n when_o the_o jew_n the_o lacedaemonian_n the_o syracusian_n the_o roman_n and_o all_o civilized-people_n make_v a_o partition_n of_o their_o land_n they_o consider_v the_o benefit_n that_o may_v thence_o redound_v to_o their_o state_n and_o very_o wise_o provide_v that_o all_o such_o as_o possess_v inheritance_n shall_v fix_v in_o the_o country_n have_v a_o estate_n there_o which_o they_o can_v not_o carry_v away_o they_o will_v love_v the_o place_n where_o they_o have_v their_o subsistence_n and_o every_o one_o defend_v his_o own_o possession_n all_o will_v joint_o defend_v the_o commonwealth_n and_o fight_v for_o the_o public_a interest_n the_o five_o law_n shall_v be_v that_o a_o gentleman_n be_v ruin_v and_o have_v acknowledge_v his_o poverty_n in_o court_n shall_v be_v no_o long_o noble_a there_o be_v no_o estate_n so_o shameful_a as_o that_o of_o a_o man_n of_o quality_n reduce_v to_o a_o extreme_a misery_n on_o the_o contrary_a that_o a_o plebeian_n when_o he_o have_v raise_v himself_o a_o advantageous_a fortune_n which_o may_v be_v limit_v at_o 50000_o crown_n shall_v be_v ennoble_v provide_v always_o that_o the_o profit_n have_v be_v make_v by_o laudable_a and_o lawful_a mean_n a_o six_o law_n shall_v be_v to_o hinder_v the_o public_a beg_n of_o the_o poor_a by_o appoint_v the_o great_a penalty_n upon_o it_o and_o ordain_v for_o that_o end_n that_o every_o parish_n both_o in_o town_n and_o country_n do_v maintain_v 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not_o i_o command_v that_o the_o priest_n cato_n be_v make_v a_o bishop_n why_o be_v my_o command_n slight_v and_o chap._n 18._o pascentius_n be_v make_v bishop_n of_o paris_n ex_fw-la jussu_fw-la regis_fw-la chariberti_fw-la by_o the_o command_n of_o king_n heribert_n the_o same_o king_n be_v provoke_v because_o emerius_n have_v be_v turn_v out_o of_o the_o bishopric_n of_o xainte_n cause_v he_o to_o be_v beat_v who_o come_v to_o signify_v to_o he_o that_o deposition_n and_o make_v he_o be_v draw_v upon_o a_o cart_n load_v with_o thorn_n into_o banishment_n and_o restore_v emerius_n to_o his_o place_n from_o whence_o he_o have_v be_v cast_v out_o l._n 6._o c._n 27._o fellix_fw-la bishop_n of_o xainte_n be_v decease_v nonnichius_fw-la consobrinus_fw-la rege_fw-la ordinante_fw-la successit_fw-la his_o cousin_n nonnichius_fw-la succeed_v he_o by_o the_o king_n order_n c._n 39_o king_n guntram_n create_v sulpitius_n bishop_n of_o bourge_n reject_v the_o present_n offer_v he_o for_o 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priest_n and_o of_o the_o chief_a of_o the_o realm_n we_o have_v appoint_v bishop_n for_o the_o town_n and_o have_v set_v over_o they_o boniface_n archbishop_n pope_n adrian_n the_o first_o by_o a_o council_n make_v this_o law_n to_o pass_v that_o charlemagne_n shall_v have_v the_o right_n and_o power_n to_o choose_v the_o pope_n and_o to_o govern_v the_o roman_a see_n which_o constitution_n be_v insert_v in_o the_o roman_a decretal_a the_o council_n of_o mayence_n hold_v under_o charlemagne_n a_o 813._o do_v 63._o can._n hadrian_o begin_v thus_o to_o charles_n august_n rector_n of_o the_o true_a religion_n and_o defendor_n of_o the_o holy_a church_n of_o god_n and_o the_o second_o council_n of_o mayence_n under_o lewis_n the_o debonnaire_a to_o lewis_n the_o most_o sovereign_a rector_n of_o the_o true_a religion_n at_o this_o day_n these_o title_n will_v be_v count_v wicked_a now_o for_o all_o that_o charlemagne_n and_o lewis_n the_o debonnaire_a have_v advance_v the_o pope_n out_o 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